tutorial 2 Questions & Solutions
研究生英语综合教程(下)-全部答案及解析
The correct answer is A. The interviewer asks about the best way to learn a new language, and the guest recommendations introduction
Listening Analysis
VS
Answer to Question 2
The correct answer is C. The author suggestions that improve their writing skills, students should read a variety of materials, write regularly, and seek feedback from peers and teachers
Analysis of tutorial characteristics
The tutorial is designed to be highly interactive and student-centered, encouraging active participation and discussion
Question 2
The correct answer is C. The speaker advice that to improve memory, one should exercise regularly, eat a balanced die, and practice relaxation techniques
Analysis 3
The interview is conducted in a case and conversational style, with the interviewer asking insightful questions and the guest offering practical tips on language learning The language used is accessible and engaging
tutorial_1 soluation
Hardware Macstuff Winstuff 200 100
Software 1000 1500
In this economy the firm whose opportunity cost of producing a good is lowest is said to have a comparative advantage (CA) in producing that good. The firm with an absolute advantage (AA) in producing a good produces that good with the least amount of resources. Opportunity cost of producing 1 unit of: Hardware Macstuff Winstuff 5 units of software 15 units of software Software 1/5 units of hardware 1/15 units of hardware
Question 3 There are two firms: Macstuff and Winstuff. Each firm can produce either software or hardware using their resources. With one unit of its own resources Macstuff can produce 200 units of hardware or 1000 units of software. With one unit of its own resources Winstuff can produce 100 units of hardware or 1500 units of software. Each firm has 10 units of resources to allocate to the production of software and hardware. Suppose Macstuff and Winstuff agree to specialise their production according to their comparative advantage in producing software and hardware, and to then exchange with each other. Identify the bounds on the terms at which they would agree to trade software for hardware? Express your answer in terms of the amount of hardware that would be ‘paid’ for software. Explain your answer.
英语阅读教程2翻译
英语阅读教程2翻译English Reading Tutorial 2Welcome to the second part of our English Reading Tutorial. In this tutorial, we will focus on building vocabulary, improving reading comprehension, and practicing various reading strategies. This tutorial aims to help you become a proficient reader in English.Building VocabularyOne of the essential factors in developing reading skills is building a strong vocabulary. The wider the range of words you know, the easier it becomes to understand written texts. Here are a few strategies to expand your vocabulary:1. Read regularly: Make reading a daily habit. Choose materials that interest you, such as novels, magazines, or newspapers. When you encounter unfamiliar words, look them up in a dictionary and learn their meanings.2. Use context clues: Context clues are the words, phrases, or sentences surrounding an unfamiliar word that can provide hints about its meaning. Pay attention to the surrounding sentences and try to deduce the meaning of the unknown word based on the context.3. Make use of technology: Nowadays, there are many vocabulary-building apps and websites available. These resources offer word games, flashcards, and quizzes to enhance your vocabulary skills.Take advantage of these tools to practice and learn new words. Improving Reading ComprehensionReading comprehension is the ability to understand and interpret written texts. Here are some tips to improve your reading comprehension:1. Preview the text: Before reading the entire text, skim through it to get an overall idea of the content. Look at headings, subheadings, and any visual aids like graphs or pictures. This step will help you anticipate the main ideas and structure of the text.2. Ask questions: While reading, ask yourself questions about the text. What is the main idea? What are the supporting details? How does the author argue their point? Answering these questions will enhance your understanding of the material.3. Summarize and paraphrase: After reading a section or a whole text, summarize the main ideas in your own words. This practice helps consolidate your understanding and retention of the material. Additionally, try to paraphrase complex sentences or passages to ensure you fully comprehend the information.Reading StrategiesMastering various reading strategies can significantly improve your reading skills. Here are a few strategies to consider:1. Skimming and scanning: Skimming is reading quickly to get themain idea or gist of a text. Scanning is searching for specific information by quickly looking through the text. These techniques are handy when you need to find information promptly or determine if an article is worth reading in detail.2. Predicting: Look at the title, headings, and visuals to predict what the text might be about. This strategy helps you create expectations and activate relevant background knowledge, making the reading process more efficient.3. Making connections: Connect the new information you encounter in texts with your prior knowledge and personal experiences. Relating the material to familiar concepts helps deepen understanding and improves memory retention.By incorporating these strategies into your reading routine, you will gradually build your vocabulary, enhance your comprehension skills, and become a more proficient reader in English.In conclusion, this tutorial has provided insights into building vocabulary, improving reading comprehension, and utilizing reading strategies. Remember, practice is key! The more you read and engage with various texts, the more your reading abilities will develop. Good luck with your reading journey!。
HintsforTutorialDiscussionQuestions
Answer Hints for ECON3110-Tutorial Discussion Questions #09 (Read chapter 22, 23)1.Notice that the interest rate differential is 0.52%: (i hk - i*sg)=(6.37 - 6.86)=-0.49, sothere is a 0.49% interest rate differential in favor of Singapore. However, the forward discount is 0.0396: (($4.4757-0.174)-$4.4789)/$4.4789=-0.0396The return of investment in HKG: 1.0637x HK$1,000,000 = HK$1,063,700The return of investment in Singapore:(HK$1,000,000/S$4.4789)*(1.0686)*(S$4.3017) = 1,026,323.673Therefore, you should invest in HKG rather than in Singapore make the highest return. If you don't have the 1 million, you may borrow from Singapore and invest in HKG. Unless the forward rate is 4.458, which means the forward rate points should be-156.3 rather than -174 points, and there is a forward premium.The return of investment in Singapore equals to the return from HKG:(HK$1,000,000/S$4.4789)*(1.0689)*(S$4.458) = HK$1,063,7002. (a) If everyone became risk-lover, there is no need to have forward contract, because everyone is a risk-taking speculator.(b) Refer to textbook p.441-448 for detail discussion.The interest rate should be adjusted to remain the 90-day forward rate unchanged according to the additional risk premium.There are many factors such as capital market imperfections, different transaction costs to affect the equilibrium result.2.(a) Under the monetary approach, an autonomous decline in the demand for moneywould have an excess supply of money. (e.g. M s > M d). Therefore, in the short run price adjust is fast than interest rate, so when the price adjusts and the real money supply will be decreased. And under PPP argument (i.e., e=P/P*), the exchange rate increases, e↑, according to the price rises.(M s/P)1si0Under the portfolio balance approach, money demand decreases; an excess supply of money would reduce the domestic interest rate. Then, the demand for domestic bond reduces (B ↓) and the demand for foreign bond rises (B*↑). So capital outflows, demand for foreign currency increases and pushes up the exchange rate, e ↑, (i.e., home currency depreciates).(b) Under the monetary approach, less home inflation in the future (i.e., increasing purchasing power) would cause an excess demand for domestic currencies. To hold the rule, price level drops and the real money supply rises. As a result, the exchange rate drops, e ↓, (i.e., home currency appreciates).Under portfolio approach, less home inflation pressure implies that home currency purchasing power would be increased. Then, as xa reduces, both home money demand and domestic bond demand would be increased. When foreigners and home residents like to purchase more of domestic bonds (B*↓, B ↑), it would cause the capital inflows and an excess demand for home currency , therefore, the exchange rate would drop, e ↓, (i.e., home currency would be appreciated). 4.e 1e 2i 0 i 1As long as the demand for foreign currency can be satisfied by the supply , then the exchange rate is no need to be devaluated. The BOP deficit could be come from any sources of the disequilibrium in the economy , such as trade deficit, capital outflows, insufficient real balance, and inefficient productivity in the output.Real balance effect and capital flows would have the important impact on short run devaluation, but the trade deficit and real output would have a long run impact on the devaluation.5. According to the monetary equation: M = kPY , as money supply decreases, the price level will be expected to decline in the next few periods when output is assumed to be constant in the short run. Therefore, according to the PPP argument, the spot exchange rate will also be expected to decline following by the inflation expectation, taking the expectation on e to fall, speculators will take action now and forces the e to go down.ii 0。
ACCT 2522 Week2_Tutorial
Overall Theme This topic sets the scene for the course by highlighting the role of contemporary management accounting practices – providing information and tools for managing resources and creating value. Fundamental concepts and ideas of management accounting are also introduced. In addition we introduce and explore two central themes that permeate this course – processes and value. Desired Learning Outcomes and Essential Reading Langfield-Smith, K., H. Thorne, and R. W. Hilton (2012). Management Accounting 6e: Information for Managing and Creating Value, 6th ed, McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. (Hereapter 16 p. 736-745 Briers, M., J. Macmullen, M. Dyball, & H. Mahama (2004). Management Accounting for Change: Process Improvement and Innovation, 4th edition. (Hereafter referred to as BDMM) Chapter 2 pp.25-57 - Available on Blackboard TOPIC 1 UNDERSTANDING PROCESSES AND VALUE CREATION After completing this topic, you should be able to: 1. Understand the role of management accounting practice in sustaining and creating value within organisations 2. Appreciate how new management accounting techniques have been developed to support a firm’s competitive advantage 3. Identify and understand value and its various elements. 4. Understand the objectives and progression of process analysis 5. Understand the purpose of Activity-Based Management and what it involves
新探索研究生英语(基础级)读写教程unit2
新探索研究生英语(基础级)读写教程unit2New Discoveries in Graduate English (Basic Level) Reading and Writing Tutorial Unit 2Unit 2: Academic Reading SkillsIntroduction:In this unit, we will explore various academic reading skills that are essential for graduate students. These skills are crucial for comprehending and analyzing complex texts encountered in the academic setting. By mastering these skills, students can enhance their understanding of academic materials and improve their overall reading abilities.I. Skimming and ScanningSkimming and scanning are efficient reading techniques that help readers quickly grasp the main ideas or locate specific information within a text. These techniques are particularly useful when dealing with lengthy academic articles or research papers.A. SkimmingSkimming involves quickly glancing through the text to get a general idea of its content. By reading the headings, subheadings, and the first and last sentences of each paragraph, readers can identify the main topics and the structure of the text. Skimming is beneficial for previewing the material, determining its relevance, and enhancing comprehension before engaging in a more detailed reading.B. ScanningScanning is used to locate specific information within a text by rapidly moving the eyes over the page, focusing on keywords or phrases. This technique is helpful when searching for a particular piece of information, such as a statistic or a citation. Scanning allows readers to save time by bypassing irrelevant details and honing in on the desired content.II. Active Reading StrategiesActive reading involves interacting with the text to enhance understanding and retention. This approach requires readers to engage in critical thinking, ask questions, make connections, and take notes while reading.A. AnnotatingAnnotating involves marking the text by underlining or highlighting key points, adding marginal notes, or using symbols to indicate significant ideas or unfamiliar terms. This technique promotes active engagement and helps readers remember important information for later reference.B. QuestioningAsking questions while reading encourages deeper comprehension and analysis of the text. By posing questions about the main argument, supporting evidence, or the author's perspective, readers can actively interact with the material and develop a more comprehensive understanding.C. Making ConnectionsMaking connections involves relating the text to one's own experiences, prior knowledge, or other texts. By drawing connections between the newmaterial and existing knowledge, readers can deepen their understanding and establish a broader context for the information presented.III. Vocabulary StrategiesBuilding a strong vocabulary is essential for academic reading. The following strategies can aid in expanding vocabulary skills.A. Using Context CluesContext clues refer to the surrounding words or phrases that provide hints about the meaning of an unfamiliar word. By paying attention to the context, readers can deduce the meaning and incorporate new vocabulary into their lexicon.B. Utilizing Word PartsWord parts, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root words, can provide valuable clues to word meaning. Identifying and understanding these parts can help readers decipher the meaning of complex words encountered in academic texts.IV. Reading Comprehension StrategiesEffective reading comprehension strategies enable readers to actively engage with a text and extract meaning from it.A. SummarizingSummarizing involves condensing the main ideas of a text into a brief, coherent statement. This strategy promotes comprehension by requiring readers to identify the central themes, key arguments, and supporting details within a text.B. InferencingInferencing involves drawing conclusions or making educated guesses based on the information presented in the text. By combining explicit information with their background knowledge, readers can infer meanings, motives, or implications that may not be explicitly stated in the text.V. ConclusionMastering academic reading skills is crucial for graduate students to succeed in their studies. By implementing effective strategies such as skimming, scanning, active reading, vocabulary building, and reading comprehension techniques, students can enhance their understanding of complex texts and develop into proficient readers in an academic setting.Note: The above article is for instructional purposes only and does not represent an actual chapter from any specific book.。
hku tutorial sign up select course -回复
hku tutorial sign up select course -回复【HKU Tutorial Sign Up - Select Course】As the new academic year approaches, students at the University of Hong Kong (HKU) are eagerly planning their schedules and selecting courses for the upcoming semester. One important aspect of this process is signing up for tutorials. In this article, we will provide a step-by-step guide on how to choose a tutorial course at HKU.Step 1: Understand the Tutorial System at HKUBefore diving into the tutorial sign-up process, it's essential to have a clear understanding of how the tutorial system works at HKU. Tutorials are small-group sessions that accompany lectures and allow students to deepen their understanding of the course material through active participation, discussions, and group work. Each tutorial group is led by an experienced tutor, creating an environment conducive to interactive learning.Step 2: Access the Tutorial Sign-Up SystemTo sign up for tutorials at HKU, you need to log in to the university's designated online portal. This portal can be accessed through the official HKU website or through the Student Information System(SIS). After logging in, navigate to the course registration section to begin the tutorial sign-up process.Step 3: Review Course Offerings and TimetablesOnce you've entered the tutorial sign-up system, you will find a list of courses available for the upcoming semester. Take some time to review the course offerings and their respective timetables. Pay attention to any prerequisites or restrictions mentioned for each course and consider your academic goals, interests, and schedule constraints while making your selection.Step 4: Prioritize Your Course ChoicesWith the list of courses in hand, it's crucial to prioritize your preferences. Keep in mind that some courses may be in high demand, making it necessary to have alternate choices. Consider the number of available tutorial time slots for each course and evaluate which options align best with your schedule and preferences. Additionally, think about the courses that complement your major or minor program, or those that align with your career aspirations.Step 5: Check Tutorial Group AvailabilityOnce you've identified your preferred courses, it's time to check the availability of tutorial groups. Some courses offer multiple tutorial options, and you need to select a specific group during the sign-up process. Ensure that there are still vacancies in the tutorial groups corresponding to your preferred time slots. Keep in mind that popular tutorial groups may fill up quickly, so it's advisable to have alternatives ready.Step 6: Finalize Your Selection and ConfirmAfter carefully examining course offerings, timetables, and tutorial group availability, it's time to finalize your tutorial selection. Choose the course and tutorial group that best suits your preferences and academic requirements. Ensure that you meet any prerequisites or restrictions for the course and double-check your timetable to avoid any scheduling conflicts. Once you have made your final decision, confirm your tutorial selection through the online portal.Step 7: Monitor your HKU Email and SIS UpdatesAfter completing the tutorial sign-up process, it is crucial to monitor your HKU email account regularly for any updates. In case of any changes to tutorial schedules, tutorials being canceled, or other relevant information, HKU will communicate these updatesthrough your university email or the Student Information System. It is essential to stay informed to avoid any unnecessary confusion or missed opportunities.In conclusion, selecting tutorial courses at HKU requires careful consideration and planning. By understanding the tutorial system, reviewing course offerings, prioritizing choices, and checking tutorial group availability, you can make an informed decision. Remember to finalize your selection and regularly monitor your HKU email and SIS for any updates. With this step-by-step guide, you'll be well-prepared to sign up for tutorial courses at the University of Hong Kong.。
零起点大学英语基础教程2-UnitPPT
03
reading comprehension
reading skill
Reading for Meaning: It is essential to read the text carefully and understand the main idea, as well as the details that support it. Skills such as predicting the main idea from the title or first paragraph, and summarizing the text in your own words, are crucial.
Answer Questions
Answering comprehension questions after reading an article can help you assess your understanding. It also helps in identifying areas where you may need to improve.
Multiple choice questions can be used to test listeners' comprehension of listening materials by providing them with a choice of possible answers.
Practice with fill-in-the-blank questions
Listening materials
Authentic
materials
Materials that are similar to real-life English usage, such as podcasts, news broadcasts, and conversations between native speakers.
全国英语等级考试第一级教程
The primary objective of NEPT Level 1 is to evaluate the test taker's basic English proficiency, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills
It is widely recognized and used for various purposes such as academic admissions, job applications, and immigration
The test is divided into different levels, with Level 1 being the entry level examination
• Vocabulary: A rich vocabulary allows for more precision and express communication Expand your vocabulary by reading broadly and actively learning new words and phrases
Analysis and Practice of Listening Sample
Questions
01
Sample question 1
Multiple choice question Listen to a conversation between two people and choose the correct answer based on what you hear
02
Sample question 2
国际贸易 英文题 带详细解析
Tutorial 2: Questions for Topic 2 of Part I BSuggested AnswersChapter 3 Page 126:Questions: 1, 2,5 & 9Problems: 1, 3, 4 & 5Questions1. a. What are the five basic mechanisms for establishing exchange rates?A NSWER.The five basic mechanisms for establishing exchange rates are free float, managed float, target-zone arrangement, fixed-rate system, and the current hybrid system.b. How does each work?A NSWER.In a free float, exchange rates are determined by the interaction of currency supplies and demands. Under a system of managed floating, governments intervene actively in the foreign exchange market to smooth out exchange rate fluctuations in order to reduce the economic uncertainty associated with a free float. Under a target-zone arrangement, countries adjust their national economic policies to maintain their exchange rates within a specific margin around agreed-upon, fixed central exchange rates. Under a fixed-rate system, such as the Bretton Woods system, governments are committed to maintaining target exchange rates. Each central bank actively buys or sells its currency in the foreign exchange market whenever its exchange rate threatens to deviate from its stated par value by more than an agreed-on percentage. Currently, the international monetary system is a hybrid system, with major currencies floating on a managed basis, some currencies freely floating, and other currencies moving in and out of various types of pegged exchange rate relationships.c. What costs and benefits are associated with each mechanism?A NSWER.Benefits of a Floating Rate System. At the time floating rates were adopted in 1973, proponents said that the new system would reduce economic volatility and facilitate free trade. In particular, floating exchange rates would offset international differences in inflation rates so that trade, wages, employment, and output would not have to adjust. High-inflation countries would see their currencies depreciate, allowing their firms to stay competitive without having to cut wages or employment. At the same time, currency appreciation would not place firms in low-inflation countries at a competitive disadvantage. Real exchange rates would stabilize, even if permitted to float in principle, because the underlying conditions affecting trade and the relative productivity of capital would change only gradually; and if countries would coordinate their monetary policies to achieve a convergence of inflation rates, then nominal exchange rates would also stabilize. Another benefit is that–as Milton Friedman points out–with a floating exchange rate, there never has been a foreign exchange crisis. The reason is simple: The floating rate absorbs the pressures that would otherwise build up in countries that try to peg the exchange rate while simultaneously pursuing an independent monetary policy. Forexample, the Asian currency crisis did not spill over to Australia and New Zealand because the latter countries had floating exchange rates. A floating rate system can also act as a shock absorber to cushion real economic shocks that change the equilibrium exchange rate.Costs of a Floating Rate System. Many economists point to excessive volatility as a major cost of a floating rate system. The experience to date is that the dollar's ups and downs have had little to do with actual inflation and a lot to do with expectations of future government policies and economic conditions. Put another way, real exchange rate volatility has increased, not decreased, since floating began. This instability reflects, in part, nonmonetary (or real) shocks to the world economy, such as changing oil prices and shifting competitiveness among countries, but these real shocks were not obviously greater during the 1980s than they were in earlier periods. Instead, uncertainty over future government policies has increased.Benefits of a Managed Float. The potential benefit of a managed float is that governments can reduce the volatility associated with a freely floating exchange rate.Costs of a Managed Float.The costs of a managed float stem from the demonstrated inability of governments to recognize the difference between a temporary exchange rate disequilibrium and a permanent one. By trying to manage exchange rates when a permanent shift in the equilibrium exchange rate has occurred, governments run the risk of creating an exchange rate crisis and wasting reserves.Benefits of a Target Zone Arrangement. The experience with the European Monetary System is that the target zone arrangement in effect forced convergence of monetary policy to that of the country–Germany–with the most disciplined anti-inflation policy and led to low inflation.Costs of a Target Zone Arrangement.Maintaining a genuinely stable target zone arrangement requires the political will to direct fiscal and monetary policies at that goal and not at purely national ones. This turns out to be difficult for countries to achieve. In the case of the European Monetary System, the result was periodic currency crises. Another cost of this system is that fundamental changes in the equilibrium exchange rate cannot get reflected in actual exchange rate changes without a currency crisis occurring.Benefits of a Fixed Rate System. A permanently fixed exchange rate system–such as that achieved by a currency board, dollarization, or monetary union–results in currency stability and the absence of currency crises. In a system such as existed under Bretton Woods, where there is a commitment to a fixed exchange rate system, but no mechanism to bind that commitment, you will have more monetary discipline than in a freely floating system and hence lower inflation than might otherwise be the case.Costs of a Fixed Rate System. In a permanently fixed system, the exchange rate cannot cushion the effects of real economic shocks, such as devaluation of a major competitor’s currency. Instead, prices must adjust. Given the lack of flexibility of many prices–because of government regulations or union restrictions–the result of these economic shocks can be higher unemployment and less economic growth. In a system such as Bretton Woods, the result of changes in the equilibrium exchange rate willlikely be currency crises and eventual devaluation or revaluation.Benefits of a Hybrid System. The current system gives countries the option to select the system that best meets their needs. However, all too often, the decision is based on political rather than economic calculations.Costs of a Hybrid System. The costs of a hybrid system, such as the one currently in place, is that there is no constraint on the choices that governments can make. The resulting choices can be good ones or bad ones.d. Have exchange rate movements under the current system of managed floating been excessive?Explain.A NSWER.Excessive movements would indicate that there are profits to be earned by betting against the market. In effect, if currency fluctuations are excessive they would exhibit the phenomenon of overshooting (i.e., currency rates would overreact to economic events and then return to equilibrium). There is no evidence that one could profit by betting that rate movements are excessive.2. Find a recent example of a nation's foreign exchange market intervention and note what thegovernment's justification was. Does this justification make economic sense?A NSWER.Finding an example of foreign exchange market intervention by a government should be pretty easy to do. The trick will be to find a coherent statement of what the government's justification was. Most of these justifications make little or no economic sense.5. The experiences of fixed exchange-rate systems and target-zone arrangements have not beenentirely satisfactory.a. What lessons can economists draw from the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system?A NSWER.Adjusting monetary growth rates is the principal way to stabilize exchange rates. For example, raising the value of the dollar relative to the yen requires tightening U.S. monetary policy relative to Japanese monetary policy. The experience of Bretton Woods and similar experiments demonstrates that conscious and explicit coordination of monetary policies among sovereign authorities is difficult. The problem stems from the inability of sovereign authorities to coordinate their monetary growth rates. An agreement to stabilize the dollar at, say, 150 yen would be relatively easy if it did not entail interdependent monetary policies, robbing the Federal Reserve, or the Bank of Japan, or both, of important degrees of monetary freedom.Both Japan and the United States have their own targets for growth and inflation and their own independent assessment of the macroeconomic policies required to attain those targets. Except by coincidence, independent policies and preferences will not mesh at a stable exchange rate. Given clashing preferences, the only alternatives to the "chaos" of floating are:(1) One side persuades the other to change its policies;(2) One side subordinates its policies to those of the other; or(3) Both sides subordinate their monetary policies to an external mechanism, such as a goldstandard.Absent (3), "international monetary reform" is the search for new ways to implement (1) or (2), or some combination. We saw that Bretton Woods collapsed because the subordination it entailed was intolerable to the United State. That is, the United States refused to follow economic policies that would maintain the value of gold at $35 an ounce. The basic lesson from Bretton Woods, therefore, is that stabilizing exchange rates requires dependence and subordination, not the freedom for everybody to do their own thing. But instead of changing policies to stay with the Bretton Woods system, the major countries simply dropped the system.b. What lessons can economists draw from the exchange rate experiences of the European MonetarySystem?A NSWER.Exchange rate stability requires that monetary policies be coordinated and geared towards maintaining exchange rate parities. The slow progress of the European community with respect to the EMS and policy coordination exemplifies the difficulties of achieving agreements on the many facets of economic policymaking. Implementing target zones on a wider scale would be all the more difficult. Differences in preferences, policy objectives, and economic structures account in part for these difficulties. More fundamentally, however, coordination of macroeconomic policies will not necessarily benefit all participant countries equally, and those that benefit the most may not be willing to compensate those that benefit least. In the EMS, Germany is less inflation-prone than the other members and is reluctant to cooperate at the risk of increasing its inflation rate.Another lesson is that in target-zone arrangements such as the EMS, a disproportionately large share of the adjustment burden will fall on the "weak" currency countries. Countries with appreciating currencies, trade surpluses, and increasing reserves are less prone to adjust than countries with depreciating currencies, trade deficits, or reserve losses. The convergence of inflation rates among the EMS countries supports this view. An equal sharing of the adjustment burden implies that inflation rates among member nations would converge to the average rate.Germany, however, has maintained a domestic monetary target of low or zero inflation, and often has refused to alter domestic monetary policy because of exchange rate considerations. Because of Germany's economic importance, the other member countries have had to adjust their domestic policies or their exchange rates to remain competitive in international markets. As a result, inflation rates have tended to converge toward Germany's lower rate.9. Comment on the following statement: "With monetary union, the era of protection for Europeanfirms and workers has come to an end."A NSWER. As explained in the answer to the previous question, wage flexibility is a substitute, albeit an imperfect one, for exchange rate flexibility. If exchange rates can no longer adjust in response todomestic imbalances, then wages need to become more flexible to avoid an increase in the already high rate of European unemployment. But labor market institutions in Europe tend to impede such flexibility. Their very purpose is to protect those currently working from the pressure of the unemployed. Nobody loses his or her job, or is obliged to accept a wage cut, even though there is a large pool of unemployed who would be willing to work at a lower wage. Job protection schemes, minimum wages, and generous unemployment benefits make it possible for unions to negotiate wage increases that are largely independent of the state of the labor market. Market flexibility is also critical for adapting to economic shocks without the aid of exchange rate changes. If a country has high unemployment because of low demand for its products, it is essential in a monetary union for firms to be able to shift resources rapidly toward products with greater demand. But throughout Europe, state subsidies, costly regulations, insufficient competition, government monopolies, and barriers to entry slow the pace of adjustment. Monetary union will force governments and society to confront the prospect that maintaining the current generous social welfare state will force a substantial increase in their already high level of unemployment, but--because of the strict Maestricht fiscal criteria–without the possibility of more state aid to mitigate the suffering.Problems1. During the currency crisis of September 1992, the Bank of England borrowed DM 33 billion fromthe Bundesbank when a pound was worth DM 2.78 or $1.912. It sold these DM in the foreign exchange market for pounds in a futile attempt to prevent a devaluation of the pound. It repaid these DM at the post-crisis rate of DM 2.50:£1. By then, the dollar:pound exchange rate was $1.782:£1.a. By what percentage had the pound sterling devalued in the interim against the Deutsche mark?Against the dollar?A NSWER. During this period, the pound depreciated by 10.1% against the poundand by 6.8% against the dollarb. What was the cost of intervention to the Bank of England in pounds? In dollars?A NSWER.The Bank of England borrowed DM 33 billion and must repay DM 33 billion. When it borrowed these DM, the DM was worth £0.3597, valuing the loan at £11.87 billion (DM 33 billion x 0.3597). After devaluation, the DM was worth £0.4000. Hence, the Bank of England's cost of repayingthe DM loan was £13.20 billion (DM 33 billion x 0.4), a rise of £1.33 billion. Thus, the cost to the Bank of England of this DM borrowing and intervention was £1.33 billion.In dollar terms, intervention cost the Bank of England $825 million. This estimate is based on the difference of $0.025 between the DM's initial value of $0.6878 (1.912/2.78) and its ending value of $0.7128 (1/2.50) times the DM 33 billion borrowed and spent defending the pound. Specifically, the cost calculation is $0.025 x 33,000,000,000 = $825 million.3. A Dutch company exporting to France has FF 3 million due in 90 days. Suppose that the currentexchange rate is FF 1 = Dfl 0.3291.a. Under the exchange rate mechanism, and assuming central rates of FF 6.45863/ECU and Dfl2.16979/ECU, what is the central cross-exchange rate between the two currencies?A NSWER.Given central rates of DFl 2.16979:ECU and FF 6.45863:ECU for the Dutch guilder and French franc, respectively, the central cross rate between the two currencies is DFl 1 = FF 2.97662 (6.45863/2.16979). Equivalently, FF 1 = DFl 0.335952 (2.16979/6.45863).b. Based on the answer to part a, what is the most the Dutch company could lose on its French francreceivable, assuming that France and the Netherlands stick to the ERM with a 15% band on either side of their central cross rate?A NSWER.At worst, the French franc can fall by 15% relative to its central guilder cross rate, to a cross-exchange rate of FF 1 = DFl 0.285559 (0.335952 x 0.85). Since the current exchange rate is FF 1 = DFl 0.3291, the most the Dutch company can lose on its FF 3 million receivable is 3,000,000 x (0.3291 - 0.285559) = DFl 130,622.c. Redo part b, assuming the band was narrowed to 2.25%.A NSWER. If the band were narrowed to 2.25%, then the minimum value for the French franc would be DFl 0.328393 and the maximum loss that the Dutch company could sustain would be 3,000,000 x (0.3291 - 0.328393) = DFl 2,121.d. Redo part b, assuming you know nothing about the current cross-exchange rate.A NSWER. Knowing nothing about the current cross-exchange rate, the worst that could happen is that the cross rate would be at its upper bound of DFl 0.386345 (0.335952 x 1.15) and it falls to its lower bound of 0.285559 (established in the answer to part b). In this case, the maximum possible loss is 3,000,000 x (0.386345 - 0. 285559) = DFl 302,357.4. Panama adopted the U.S. dollar as its official paper money in 1904. There is currently about $400million to $500 million in U.S. dollars circulating in Panama. If interest rates on U.S. Treasury securities are 7%, what is the value of the seigniorage that Panama is forgoing by using the U.S.dollar instead of its own-issue money?A NSWER. Instead of using U.S. dollars as its currency in circulation, the Panamanian government could substitute its own currency and invest the $400 million to $500 million in U.S. Treasury securities. This policy would earn the Panamanian government $28 million to $35 million annually at the current 7% interest rate. Thus, the Panamanian government is foregoing seigniorage worth $28 million to $35 million annually. The present value of this seigniorage equals the amount of U.S. dollars in circulation, or $400 million ($28 million/.07) to $500 million ($35 million/.07).5. By some estimates, $185 billion to $260 billion in currency is held outside the United States.a. What is the value to the United States of the seigniorage associated with these overseas dollars ?Assume that dollar interest rates are about 6%.A NSWER. The annual value of seigniorage equals the foregone interest on the currency held outside the United States. Based on the numbers presented in the question, this annual value varies between $11.1 billion (0.06 x $185 billion) and $15.6 billion (0.06 x $260 billion). If this money stays overseas permanently, then the value of seigniorage is just equal to the amount of dollars held outside the United States, or $185 billion to $260 billion. In other words, the United States receives goods and services worth this amount of money from foreigners and paid for them with pieces of green paper that are never redeemed for U.S. goods and services.b. Who in the United States realizes this seigniorage?A NSWER. The U.S. government realizes this seigniorage. Who in the United States benefits from this seigniorage is an issue in political economy and depends what the government does with the money: cuts taxes, spends it (which raises the further question of on whom), uses it to reduce the deficit, etc.。
Tutorial_2_solutions
1.Maria can read 20 pages of economics in an hour. She can also read 50 pages of sociology inan hour. She spends 5 hours per day studying.a.Draw Maria production possibilities frontier for reading economics and sociology.b.What is Maria’s opportunity cost o f reading 100 pages of sociology?2.Suppose that there are 10 million workers in Canada and that each of these workers canproduce either 2 cars or 30 bushels of wheat in a year.a.What is the opportunity cost of producing a car in Canada? What is the opportunitycost of producing a bushel of wheat in Canada? Explain the relationship between theopportunity costs of the two goods.b.Draw Canada’s production possibilities frontier. If Canada chooses to consume 10million cars, how much wheat can it consume without trade? Label this point on theproduction possibilities frontier.c.Now suppose that the United States offers to buy 10 million cars from Canada inexchange for 20 bushels of wheat per car. If Canada continues to consume 10 millioncars, how much what does this deal allow Canada to consume? Label this point onyour diagram. Should Canada accept the deal?3.Are these statements true or false?a.It is possible for two countries to achieve gains from trade even if one of thecountries has an absolute comparative advantage in the production of all goods.b.Some people have a comparative advantage in everything they do.c.When two people decide to trade, if the trade is good for one person it cannot begood for the other person.d.Trades that make a country better off cannot harm any individual of that country.4.Suppose that all goods can be produced with fewer worker hours in Germany than in France:a.In what sense is the cost of all goods lower in Germany than in France?b.In what sense is the cost of some goods lower in France?c.If Germany and France traded with each other, would both countries be better off asa result?5.England and Scotland both produce scones and sweaters. Suppose that an English workercan produce 50 scones per hour or 1 sweater per hour. Suppose that a Scottish worker can produce 40 scones per hour or 2 sweaters per hour.a.Which country has the absolute advantage in the production of each good? Whichcountry has the comparative advantage?b.If England and Scotland decide to trade, which commodity will Scotland trade toEngland? Explain.c.If a Scottish worker could produce only 1 sweater per hour, would Scotland still gainfrom trade? Explain.1.a. See graph below. If Maria spends all five hours studying economics, she can read 100 pages, so that isthe vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. If she spends all five hours studying sociology, she can read 250 pages, so that is the horizontal intercept. The opportunity costs are constant, so the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.b. It takes Maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. In that time, she could read 40 pages ofeconomics. So the opportunity cost of 100 pages of sociology is 40 pages of economics.2.a. Because a Canadian worker can make either two cars a year or 30 bushels of wheat, the opportunity costof a car is 15 bushels of wheat. Similarly, the opportunity cost of a bushel of wheat is 1/15 of a car. The opportunity costs are the reciprocals of each other.b. See graph below. If all ten million workers produce two cars each, they produce a total of 20 million cars,which is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. If all ten million workers produce 30 bushels of wheat each, they produce a total of 300 million bushels, which is the horizontal intercept of the production possibilities frontier. Because the trade-off between cars and wheat is always the same, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line. If Canada chooses to consume ten million cars, it will need five million workers devoted to car production. That leaves five million workers to produce wheat, who will produce a total of 150 million bushels (five million workers times 30 bushels per worker). This is shown as point A in the graph.c. If the United States buys 10 million cars from Canada and Canada continues to consume10 million cars, then Canada will need to produce a total of 20 million cars. So Canadawill be producing at the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. However, if Canada gets20 bushels of wheat per car, it will be able to consume 200 million bushels of wheat, along with the 10million cars. This is shown as point B in the figure. Canada should accept the deal because it gets the same number of cars and 50 million more bushels of wheat.3.a. True; two countries can achieve gains from trade even if one of the countries has an absolute advantagein the production of all goods. All that's necessary is that each country have a comparative advantage in some good.b. False; it is not true that some people have a comparative advantage in everything they do. In fact, noone can have a comparative advantage in everything. Comparative advantage reflects the opportunity cost of one good or activity in terms of another. If you have a comparative advantage in one thing, you must have a comparative disadvantage in the other thing.c. False; it is not true that if a trade is good for one person, it can't be good for the other one. Trades canand do benefit both sides especially trades based on comparative advantage. If both sides didn't benefit, trades would never occur.d. False; trade that makes the country better off can harm certain individuals in the country. For example,suppose a country has a comparative advantage in producing wheat and a comparative disadvantage in producing cars. Exporting wheat and importing cars will benefit the nation as a whole, as it will be able to consume more of all goods. However, the introduction of trade will likely be harmful to domestic autoworkers and manufacturers.4.a. The cost of all goods is lower in Germany than in France in the sense that all goods can be produced withfewer worker hours.b. The cost of any good for which France has a comparative advantage is lower in France than in Germany.Though Germany produces all goods with less labor, that labor may be more valuable in the production of some goods and services. So the cost of production, in terms of opportunity cost, will be lower in France for some goods.c. Trade between Germany and France will benefit both countries. For each good in which it has acomparative advantage, each country should produce more goods than it consumes, trading the rest to the other country. Total consumption will be higher in both countries as a result.5.a. English workers have an absolute advantage over Scottish workers in producing scones, since Englishworkers produce more scones per hour (50 vs. 40). Scottish workers have an absolute advantage over English workers in producing sweaters, since Scottish workers produce more sweaters per hour (2 vs. 1).Comparative advantage runs the same way. English workers, who have an opportunity cost of 1/50 sweater per scone (1 sweater per hour divided by 50 scones per hour), have a comparative advantage in scone production over Scottish workers, who have an opportunity cost of 1/20 sweater per scone (2 sweaters per hour divided by 40 scones per hour). Scottish workers, who have an opportunity cost of 20 scones per sweater (40 scones per hour divided by 2 sweaters per hour), have a comparative advantage in sweater production over English workers, who have an opportunity cost of 50 scones per sweater (50 scones per hour divided by 1 sweater per hour).b. If England and Scotland decide to trade, Scotland will produce sweaters and trade them for sconesproduced in England. A trade with a price between 20 and 50 scones per sweater will benefit both countries, as they'll be getting the traded good at a lower price than their opportunity cost of producing the good in their own country.c. Even if a Scottish worker produced just one sweater per hour, the countries would still gain from trade,because Scotland would still have a comparative advantage in producing sweaters. Its opportunity cost for sweaters would be higher than before (40 scones per sweater, instead of 20 scones per sweater before).But there are still gains from trade since England has a higher opportunity cost (50 scones per sweater).。
tutorial节选
Things to Know Before Getting Started with eQUEST Whole building analysis. eQUEST is designed to provide whole Building performance analysis to buildings professionals, i.e., owners, designers, operators, utility & regulatory personnel, and educators. Whole building analysis recognizes that a building is a system of systems and that energy responsive design is a creative process of integrating the performance of interacting systems, e.g., envelope, fenestration, lighting, HVAC, and DHW.在开始之前需要知道的事情与eQUEST关于整个建筑的分析。
eQUEST旨在提供整个建筑性能分析建筑专业人士,即所有者,设计师、运营商、实用工具和监管人员,和教育家。
从整个建筑分析认识到建筑是一个系统的系统和能量响应设计是一种创造性的整合过程性能交互的系统,例如,维护结构、开窗、照明、空调和DHW。
Therefore, any analysis of the performance consequences of these building systems must consider the inter actions between them … in a manner that is both compre hensive and affordable (i.e., model preparation time, simulation runtime, results trouble shooting time, and results reporting).因此,任何分析的性能影响这些建筑系统必须考虑…它们之间的交互的方式,既全面和负担得起的(例如,模型的准备时间,模拟运行时间,结果故障排除时间,和结果报告)。
大学体验英语视听说教程(第三册)-2.
3. People don’t differ in behavior as they differ in skin pigments. Extroverts, introverts, optimists, pessimists, criminals, liberals, etc. are found in all societies and cultures. Even identical twins (with 100% similar genes) and fraternal twins (with 50% similar genes) behave differently in most of the cases.
Answer: Is it nature or is it nurture?
2. According to the passage, what’s the definition of genius?
Answer: Geniuses are those who have the intelligence, enthusiasm and endurance to acquire the needed expertise in a broadly valued domain of achievement and who then make contributions to that field that are considered by peers to be original.
eee220_tutorial_questions
UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELDDepartment of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringEEE220 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDSTUTORIAL QUESTIONSILF/AT/JLW 20061. What is the force between two point charges of 1C, separated by lm? What mass would havea weight of this magnitude?Ans. : 8.99 × 109 N, 106 tonnes approximately2. (a) What is the field at (3,2,1) due to a charge +3 × 10-6C at (0,0,0)?(b) What is the field at (3,2,1) due to a charge -3 × 10-6C at (0,0,0)?(c) What is the field at (1,2,3) due to a charge +3 × 10-6C at (0,0,0)?(d) What is the field at (-1,-2,-3) due to a charge +3 × 10-6C at (0,0,0)?(e) Are the fields in these four cases equal in magnitude? Explain your answer.Ans. : (a) : (1.54 × 103, 1.03 × 103, 5.15 × 102) Vm-1(b) : (-1.54 × 103, -1.03 × 103, -5.15 × 102) Vm-1(c) : (5.15 × 102, 1.03 × 103, 1.54 × 103) Vm-1(d) : (-5.15 × 102, -1.03 × 103, -1.54 × 103) Vm-13. (a) What is the field at (5,5,0) due to a charge +10-5 C at (2,2,0) ?(b) What is the field at (5,5,0) due to a charge -2 × 10-5 C at (7,1,0) ?(c) What is the total field at (5,5,0) due to these two charges?(d) What force acts on a charge 10-6C at (5,5,0) due to these two charges?Ans. : (a) (3.53 × 103, 3.53 × 103, 0) Vm-1(b) (4.02 × I03, -8.04 × 103, 0) Vm-1(c) (7.55 × 103, -4.51 × 103, 0) Vm-1(d) (7.55 × 10-3, -4.51 × 10-3, 0) N4. (a) An infinitely long wire parallel to the Z axis passes through the point (0,1,0) andcarries a charge per unit length of +3 × 10-6 Cm-1. Calculate the electric field at thepoint (1,0,0).(b) A second infinitely long wire parallel to the Z axis passes through the point (0,-1,0)and carries a charge +10-6 Cm-1. What is the total field due to the two wires at thepoint (1,0,0)?(c) What force would act on a charge of 10-7 C at (1,0,0) due to this total field?(2.70× 104, -2.70 × 104, 0) Vm-1(a):Ans.(b) (3.60 × 104, -1.80 × 104, 0) Vm-1(c) (3.60 × 10-3, -1.80 × 10-3, 0) N5.For a wire of length 2L , with a charge per unit length of q , show that the E y component of the field would be given at (x,y) by :()()1122022224y q L x L xE y L x y L x y πε⎡⎤⎢⎥+−=+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎡⎤⎡⎤++−+⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦The origin is at the centre of the wire, and the X-axis along the wire. [Hint : the calculation is exactly as for an infinitely long wire, except the limits of integration will be different. Therefore all that is needed is to work out the new limits to put into the result of the integration].6.An engineer knows that a particular straight wire of length 10m carries a charge of 10-5 Cm -1, and wants to calculate the electric field due to this at a perpendicular distance of 1m from the centre point of the wire. Unfortunately, the engineer cannot remember the formula derived in question 5 for the field due to a wire of finite length, but does remember that due to an infinitely long wire. What percentage error will result from using the latter?Ans. : 2%7.Three infinite plane parallel sheets of charge S 1, S 2 and S 3 carry uniformly distributed charges of density +10-7 Cm -2, -2 × 10-7 Cm -2, and +3 × 10-7 Cm -2 respectively. The sheets are perpendicular to the X-direction, with S 1 at x = 10mm, S 2 at x = 30mm, and S 3 at x = 40mm. (a) What is the electric field due to these charge sheets? (b) What is the potential difference between S 1 and S 2, and between S 2 and S 3?Ans. :(a) E y = 0, E z = 0. E x depends on position relative to charge sheets;to left of S 1 E x = -11.3 × 103 Vm -1, between S 1 and S 2 0 Vm -1, between S 2 and S 3 -22.6 × 103 Vm -1, and to right of S 3 11.3 × 103 Vm -1 (b) 0V; 226V8.Two infinite plane parallel sheets separated by 10mm, carry charges of density +10-6 Cm -2 and -10-6 Cm -2. What is the force per unit area on these charge sheets?Ans. : 5.65 × 10-2 Nm -29. A charge q 1 = 10-3 C is situated at A in the figure, and a charge q 2 = 10-5 C at B .(a) How much work has to be done to move q 2 from B to C along path 1? (b) How much work has to be done to move q 2 from B to D along path 2? (c) How much work has to be done to move q 2 from B to D along path 3? (d) Is the work done in moving q 2 from B to C done by the field of q 1? (e) If q 2 = -10-5 C how much work has to be done to move q 2 from B to C ? (f) Is work done by the field of q 1?Ans. : (a) 60J; (b) 60J; (c) 60J; (d) yes; (e) 60J; (f) no10.A distribution of charge produces an electric potential given by :223x yz Φ=+What is the electric field at the points (1, 2, 3) and (-1, -1, -1) ?Ans. : (-4, -9, -6) Vm -1 , (4, 3, 3) Vm -111. A point charge +q 1 is located at (0, a, 0), and a point charge -q 1 is located at (0, -a, 0). (a) What is the potential due to these charges at the point (x, y, z)(b)Simplify this expression assuming a and using the binomialexpansion ()11nu nu +≈+(c) Differentiate the expression for φ from (b) to get the field components at (x, y, z).Ans. (b) : ()13222202q ayx y z φπε=++(c)()152220232x q a xy E x y z πε⎛⎞⎜⎟=⎜⎟⎜⎟++⎝⎠()()2153222222022312y q a y E x y z x y z πε⎛⎞⎜⎟=−⎜⎟⎜⎟++++⎝⎠()12220232z q a zy E x y z ⎛⎞⎜⎟=⎜⎟⎜⎟++⎝⎠12.The figure shows a cross-section of two parallel wires each of radius a separated by a distance h in free space. One carries a charge q + Cm -1 the other a charge q − Cm -1(a) Calculate the electric field at P, a distance x from the centre of one of the conductors on a line joining their centres.(b) Calculate the potential difference between the wires by integrating the expression for the electric field.(c) Derive an expression for the capacitance per unit length of the wires.Ans. : (a)0112q x h x πε⎛⎞+⎜⎟−⎝⎠ ; (b) 0ln q h a a πε−⎛⎞⎜⎟⎝⎠ ; (c) 0ln h a a πε−⎛⎞⎜⎟⎝⎠13.A plane capacitor consists of two metal foils separated by a thin dielectric layer. The relative permittivity of the dielectric is 8, and the thickness of the layer is 10-2 mm. If the capacitor is charged to l00V, what is the charge per unit area on the plates, and what is the electric field inside the capacitor?Ans. : 7.08 × 10-4 Cm -2, 107 Vm -114.The figure shows a long straight rod of radius a and length L , which has a total charge Q uniformly distributed along its length. L is much greater than a , so end effects can be neglected. The imaginary surface S is cylindrical and coaxial with the rod.(a) What is the total charge enclosed by S ? (b) What is the electric flux out of S ?(c) What is the electric field due to the rod at the surface of S ?Ans. : (a)Q L ; (b) 0Q L ε; (c) 02Q rL πε15.A capacitor is made of two coaxial conducting cylinders of length L , separated by air. The inner cylinder is of radius a and carries a charge Q ; the outer is of radius b and carries a charge -Q . Assume that L is much greater than a or b so that end effects can be neglected.(a) Draw the electric field lines between the cylinders(b) What is the electric field in the region between the two cylinders?(c) Integrate this expression for the electric field to calculate the potential difference between the cylinders(d) Hence deduce an expression for the capacitance between the two conductorsAns. : (b)02Q rL πε; (c) 0ln 2Q b L a πε⎛⎞⎜⎟⎝⎠; (d) 02ln L b a πε⎛⎞⎜⎟⎝⎠16. A long straight wire of diameter 1mm carries a current of 50A.(a) Calculate the B field at the surface of the wire, and at distances of 10mm, 0.1m and 1m from the axis of the wire using the formula for an infinitely long wire.(b)If the wire is 1m long, calculate the B field 10cm. from the axis of the wire at its mid-point. You may neglect the B field due to the current flowing in the rest of the circuit. What would be the percentage error in assuming that the formula for an infinitely long wire applied in this case?Ans. : (a) 20mT, 1mT, 0.1mT, 10µT (b) 2%17.A long wire carrying a current of 100A is placed in a uniform field of 5mT. The wire is at right angles to field. Find where the resultant field is zero.Ans. : On a line parallel to the wire and 4mm from it.18.The figure shows an infinite number of infinitely long parallel fine wires each carrying a current I , the currents all being in the same direction. Show that the B field is of the form shown in the figure and of magnitude02nIB μ=where n is the number of wires per unit length.19.The figure shows two identical current loops of radius a , carrying the same current I , and separated by a distance d . What is the field at P , a distance x from the centre of one of the loops, along their common axis? If the separation of the loops is equal to their radius, i.e. d = a , deduce an expression for the variation of B along the axis from x = 0 to x = a . What is the value of B at the mid-point between the loops for I = 10A, and a = 0.1m? Sketch the form of the variation of B from x = 0 to x = a .Ans. : 8.98 × 10-5 T20.The figure shows the cross-section of several current carrying conductors; the magnitudes and directions of the currents are indicated. What is the value of the line integral of B for the paths indicated? Ans. : (a) 20μA; (b) 10μA; (c) -40μA; (d) -70μA; (e) 021. A wire of radius 2mm carries a current of 10A. Assuming the wire is infinitely long, so thatthe field is symmetric about the wire, use Ampère's law to calculate the B field at distances of 50mm, 10mm, 2mm and 1mm from the axis of the wire. For the last distance assume that the current is uniformly distributed inside the wire. Ans. : 4 × 10-5 T; 2 × 10-4 T; 10-3 T; 5 × 10-4 T22.The figure shows the cross-section of a long coaxial cable, which consists of two concentric conductors, shown shaded, insulated from each other. A current I flows out of the figure, in the inner conductor, and into the figure in the outer conductor, the currents being assumed to be distributed uniformly within each conductor. Calculate the variation of the B field with position, (a) inside the inner conductor, i.e. r a ≤ (b) between the two conductors, i.e. a r b ≤≤ (c) within the outer conductor, i.e. b r c ≤≤ (d) outside the outer conductor, i.e. c r ≤Ans. : (a) 022Ir a μπ; (b) 02Ir μπ; (c) ()()220222I c rr c bμπ−−; (d) 023. The figure shows an infinite number of parallel fine wires, n per unit length, each carrying acurrent I. The form of the B field is as shown. Using Ampere's law for the path labelled (a),show that the B field on either side of the wires is/2 nIμ.24. The figure shows a wire M carrying a 50Hz, 4A, rms current from the mains, which runsclose to a circuit R which a student has constructed. This circuit is shown for simplicity as a rectangle but could well consist of resistors, transistors, etc. mounted on a printed circuit board. What emf is induced in the circuit R?Ans. : 22µV rms25. The figure shows a rectangular loop which is drawn out of an applied uniform magnetic fieldB with a constant velocity v. If 100mm=, B = 1T, and v = 10ms-1, what emf is induced?Ans. : 1V26. Estimate the magnitude of the force per unit length on a mains cable carrying a current of 1Arms, assuming that the centres of the live and neutral leads are 2mm apart. In which direction does the force act?Ans. : 10-4 Nm-127. (a) Estimate the magnitude of the force per unit length between the cables of an overheadtransmission line if the cables are 1m apart. Assume that the current is 1000A.(b) Estimate the magnitude of the force per unit length on one of these cables due to theearth's magnetic field of 10-4 T.(c) Are the forces calculated in parts (a) and (b) above comparable to the gravitationalforces on the cables?Ans. : (a) 0.2 Nm-1; (b) 0.1 Nm-128. (a) For the linear electrical generator, show that the power consumed by the resistor R is222B vR(b) The work done in moving the slider A1A2 is (force) × (distance) where the forcearises from the interaction of the current in the circuit with the B field. Show that therate of doing work is BI v .(c) Show that the rate of doing mechanical work is equal to the power consumed by theresistor.29. A copper wire of square cross-section, side 1mm, carries a current of 0.1A perpendicular to amagnetic field of 0.8T. What is the Hall voltage if the number of charge carriers in copper is8.4 × 1028 m-3 ?Ans. : 5.95 nV30. The electrons in a cathode ray tube (CRT) are accelerated by a 5kV voltage to a velocity ofabout 4 × 107 ms-1. Estimate the magnitude of the force on each electron due to the earth's magnetic field of 10-4 T. How does this force compare to the gravitational force on the electron? What electric field would produce a force of magnitude of that due to the magnetic field?Ans. : 6.4 × 10-16 N, 8.9 × 10-30 N, 4 × 103 Vm-1。
英语泛读教程第二册(第三版)Unit5Cheating
Types and impacts of deception
Paragraph 3
Discuss the second point in detail, again providing evidence and examples.
Paragraph 4
Summarize the main points and provide a conclusion or
a call to action.
03
Violating this duty can lead to feelings of guilt and remorse, as well as damage to personal reputation and character.
05
Intentional deception can be illegal, depending on the circumstances and the law of the jurisdiction.
to body language, facial expressions, and other cues.
Words and expressions
Some important words and expressions in this unit include "effective communication", "clear", "honest", "respectful", "conflict resolution", "nonverbal communication", "body language", "facial expressions", and "cues".
研究生英语听说教程任林静第四版原文
研究生英语听说教程任林静第四版原文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Graduate English Listening and Speaking Tutorial 4th Edition by Ren LinjingThe Graduate English Listening and Speaking Tutorial, written by Ren Linjing, is a comprehensive and practical guide for graduate students looking to improve their English language skills. The fourth edition of this textbook has been updated to include new exercises, activities, and audio recordings to help students develop their listening and speaking abilities.The book is divided into several units, each focusing on a different aspect of English language learning. Unit 1 introduces students to basic listening skills, such as identifying main ideas, supporting details, and inferences. Students will also learn how to listen for specific information and make predictions based on context.In Unit 2, students will practice listening for different accents and dialects, as well as understanding different speech rates and levels of formality. This unit also includes activities to helpstudents improve their note-taking skills and summarize spoken information.Unit 3 focuses on academic listening skills, including understanding lectures, participating in seminars, and conducting research interviews. Students will learn how to listen for key points, recognize organizational patterns, and ask clarifying questions.Unit 4 covers effective speaking techniques, such as organizing ideas, using appropriate language, and practicing pronunciation. Students will also learn how to give presentations, participate in group discussions, and engage in debates.Throughout the book, students will have the opportunity to practice their listening and speaking skills through a variety of exercises, including role plays, discussions, and listening comprehension activities. The accompanying audio recordings provide additional practice and reinforcement of the concepts covered in the text.Overall, the Graduate English Listening and Speaking Tutorial by Ren Linjing is a valuable resource for graduate students seeking to improve their English language proficiency. With its practical approach, engaging activities, and comprehensive coverage of listening and speaking skills, thistextbook is sure to help students succeed in their academic and professional endeavors.篇2Title: Review of Graduate English Listening and Speaking Tutorial by Ren Linjing Fourth EditionIntroductionThe Graduate English Listening and Speaking Tutorial by Ren Linjing Fourth Edition is a comprehensive language guide designed specifically for graduate students who want to improve their English proficiency. With its focus on both listening and speaking skills, this book offers a wide range of exercises and activities that aim to enhance the students' ability to communicate effectively in English.Key FeaturesOne of the key features of this book is its organization and structure. The chapters are organized in a logical manner, starting with basic listening and speaking exercises and gradually moving towards more advanced topics. Each chapter also includes a variety of activities such as dialogues, listening comprehension exercises, pronunciation drills, and role-playing scenarios.The book also contains a wide range of listening materials that cover different accents and dialects, allowing students to familiarize themselves with various English-speaking styles. Additionally, the audio recordings that accompany the book provide ample opportunities for students to practice their listening skills and improve their understanding of spoken English.Furthermore, the book includes a section on speaking strategies and techniques, which provides practical tips on how to improve fluency, pronunciation, and overall communication skills. The exercises in this section focus on conversational skills, public speaking, and presentation techniques, helping students to build confidence and express themselves effectively in English.Pros and ConsOne of the major strengths of this book is its focus on practical skills that are essential for academic and professional success. The variety of activities and exercises offered in the book make it engaging and interactive, allowing students to practice and improve their English skills in a fun and effective way.However, some students may find the pace of the book to be too fast, especially if they are not already proficient in English.The book assumes a certain level of proficiency in the language, which may be challenging for some students who are just beginning their English language learning journey.ConclusionOverall, the Graduate English Listening and Speaking Tutorial by Ren Linjing Fourth Edition is a valuable resource for graduate students who want to enhance their English listening and speaking skills. With its well-organized structure, diverse listening materials, and practical speaking exercises, this book provides students with the tools they need to succeed in their academic and professional endeavors.篇3Research Graduate English Listening and Speaking Tutorial Lin Jing Fourth Edition Original TextIntroductionThe fourth edition of the Graduate English Listening and Speaking Tutorial by Lin Jing offers a comprehensive guide for graduate students to improve their English proficiency in listening and speaking. This textbook is designed to help students enhance their academic communication skills, as well asprepare them for presentations, discussions, and other communication tasks in an academic setting.Overview of the TextbookThe textbook is divided into six units, covering a range of topics from general academic communication skills to specific strategies for giving presentations and participating in discussions. Each unit includes listening and speaking activities, as well as exercises to practice key skills such as note-taking, summarizing, and presenting ideas clearly and effectively.Unit 1 focuses on building foundational listening skills, such as understanding main ideas, supporting details, and opinions in academic lectures and discussions. Students are introduced to strategies for improving their listening comprehension, such as identifying key words and phrases, and making connections between ideas.Unit 2 explores effective note-taking techniques, as well as strategies for summarizing and paraphrasing information from lectures and readings. Students learn how to organize and structure their notes, as well as how to use them to create a coherent summary of a lecture or presentation.Unit 3 focuses on developing speaking skills, such as presenting ideas clearly and persuasively, participating in discussions, and asking questions. Students learn how to structure their arguments, use appropriate language and tone, and engage with their audience effectively.Unit 4 covers strategies for giving presentations, including organizing content, using visual aids, and managing nervousness. Students learn how to create a compelling introduction, body, and conclusion for their presentations, as well as how to engage their audience and handle questions and feedback.Unit 5 explores strategies for participating in academic discussions, such as expressing opinions, asking for clarification, and responding to others' ideas. Students learn how to engage in active listening, contribute to the discussion, and build on others' ideas to create a dynamic and productive conversation.Unit 6 provides additional practice and review of key skills, as well as tips for continuing to improve English listening and speaking proficiency outside the classroom.ConclusionOverall, the Graduate English Listening and Speaking Tutorial by Lin Jing offers a comprehensive and practical guidefor graduate students looking to improve their English communication skills. By focusing on key listening and speaking strategies, as well as providing plenty of opportunities for practice and feedback, this textbook provides a valuable resource for students seeking to excel in academic communication tasks.。
NationalPublicEnglishTest(PETS)Level3Tutori
Listening comprehension exercises and answer analysis
Exercise 1
Listen to a short passage and answer questions about it.
Exercise 2
Listen to a longer passage and complete a cloze exercise.
and Analysis
01
Introduction to the PETS Level 3 Examination
Purpose and positioning of the exam
Purpose
The PETS Level 3 examination is designed to assess the English proficiency of non-native English speakers who are at an intermediate level of English
01
02
03
04
Skim the passage
Understand the Pay attention
main idea
to details
Use context clues
Before answering the questions, skim the passage quickly to get a general understanding of the contnsion exercise questions and answer analysis
True/False questions
These questions require students to analyze the information in the passage and determine if it is true or false.
英语专业写作教程答案
02 Writing skills
Paragraph organization
Clear topic sentence
Each paragraph should have a clear topic sentence to summarize the main content of the paragraph and help readers understand the author's ideas.
04
Authentic dialogue: Ensure that dialogue sounds natural and fits the characters
Inventory writing
Inventory Writing: Definition and Purpose
Inventory writing is used to explain or inform, focusing on facts, evidence, and logic It's often used in academic settings and requires a formalriting: Definition and Characteristics
Narrative writing is the art of telling a story through words, focusing on the plot, characters, and settings It often includes dialogue and descriptive details to bring the story to life
03
Logical rigor
英语二自学教程课后作文题目和答案
英语二自学教程课后作文题目和答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Self-study Tutorial for English Language Ⅱ: After-class Essay Topics and AnswersTopic 1: Describe a place you have visited and explain why you would recommend it to others.Answer: One of the most memorable places I have visited is Kyoto, Japan. Kyoto is a city rich in traditional culture and history, with stunning temples, shrines, and gardens that transport you back in time. The highlight of my trip was visiting Kinkaku-ji, also known as the Golden Pavilion, a beautiful temple covered in gold leaf that shimmers in the sunlight. I was also impressed by the Fushimi Inari Shrine, with its thousands of torii gates winding through the forested mountainside.I would highly recommend Kyoto to others for its peaceful atmosphere and the chance to experience authentic Japanese culture. The city is also known for its delicious cuisine, including Kyoto-style kaiseki meals and matcha tea. Overall, Kyoto offers aperfect mix of history, nature, and gastronomy that makes it a must-visit destination.Topic 2: Discuss the impact of technology on communication in today's society.Answer: Technology has revolutionized communication in today's society, making it easier and faster to connect with others around the world. Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter allow us to share our thoughts and experiences instantly, while messaging apps like WhatsApp and WeChat enable real-time conversations with friends and family.While technology has made communication more convenient, it has also raised concerns about the quality of our interactions. Some argue that people are becoming too reliant on digital devices, leading to a lack of face-to-face communication and meaningful connections. In addition, the rise of fake news and online trolling has fueled misinformation and toxicity in online discourse.Overall, technology has undeniably transformed how we communicate, but it is important for us to strike a balance between the virtual and real world to maintain genuine human connections.Topic 3: Write about a significant event or a person who has had a profound impact on your life.Answer: One of the most significant events in my life was studying abroad in the United States. It was a life-changing experience that opened my eyes to different cultures, perspectives, and opportunities. Living in a foreign country challenged me to step out of my comfort zone, adapt to new surroundings, and make friends from all walks of life.One person who had a profound impact on me during my time abroad was my host mother. She welcomed me into her home with open arms, treated me like a member of her family, and helped me navigate the complexities of American culture. Through her kindness and support, I learned the true meaning of generosity, empathy, and resilience.Studying abroad not only broadened my horizons but also shaped me into a more independent and open-minded individual. It was a transformative experience that I will cherish for the rest of my life.In conclusion, the English Language Ⅱ self-study tutorial has equipped me with the skills to express my thoughts and ideas effectively through writing. The after-class essay topics have challenged me to think critically, analyze complex issues, andarticulate my viewpoints clearly. I look forward to applying these newfound skills in my academic and professional pursuits.篇2Title: Self-Study Guide for English II: Class Essay Questions and AnswersIntroductionIn this self-study guide for English II, we will explore a variety of class essay questions and provide detailed answers to help students improve their writing skills and critical thinking abilities. By studying these sample essay questions and their corresponding answers, students can enhance their understanding of different topics and learn how to effectively structure and develop their essays. Let's dive into the world of English writing and expand our knowledge together!Essay Question 1: Discuss the role of technology in modern society.Answer: Technology plays a crucial role in modern society, affecting various aspects of our lives such as communication, education, healthcare, and transportation. The advancements in technology have brought about significant changes, making our lives more convenient and efficient. For example, the internet hasrevolutionized the way we access information, connect with others, and conduct business. However, technology also poses challenges such as privacy concerns, dependence on devices, and cyber threats. It is essential for individuals to strike a balance between utilizing technology for productivity and maintaining a healthy lifestyle away from screens. Overall, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, shaping the way we interact with the world and each other.Essay Question 2: Discuss the impact of globalization on culture.Answer: Globalization has led to the spread of ideas, values, and practices across borders, influencing cultures around the world. While globalization promotes cultural exchange and diversity, it also poses threats to traditional customs and identities. Many societies face the challenge of preserving their cultural heritage in the face of Westernization and homogenization. It is crucial for individuals to appreciate and celebrate their cultural roots while embracing the benefits of globalization, such as increased connectivity and economic opportunities. By fostering cultural awareness and understanding, we can create a more harmonious and inclusiveglobal community that respects and values diverse traditions and perspectives.Essay Question 3: Analyze the theme of power in Shakespeare's play "Macbeth."Answer: In "Macbeth," Shakespeare explores the theme of power through the character of Macbeth, who becomes consumed by ambition and greed for power. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a noble and loyal soldier, but as he is tempted by the prophecies of the witches and his wife, he descends into a ruthless tyrant willing to commit murder to secure his position as king. The pursuit of power ultimately leads to Macbeth's downfall and tragic end, illustrating the corrupting influence of unchecked ambition. Through Macbeth's story, Shakespeare warns against the destructive nature of power and the consequences of abusing it for selfish gains. The play serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of ambition and the moral implications of seeking power at any cost.ConclusionIn conclusion, by exploring these class essay questions and answers, students can enhance their understanding of various topics and develop their writing and analytical skills. It is essential to practice writing essays regularly to improve clarity,coherence, and critical thinking abilities. By engaging with different themes and perspectives, students can broaden their knowledge and deepen their understanding of complex issues. We encourage students to continue exploring diverse topics and honing their writing skills to become effective communicators and critical thinkers. Good luck on your journey to mastering English writing!篇3Title: Self-Study Guide for English II - After-Class Writing Prompts and AnswersIntroduction:Self-study is an essential part of learning a language, especially for subjects like English II. To help students improve their writing skills, here are some after-class writing prompts and sample answers for reference.Writing Prompt 1: Discuss the impact of technology on communication.Answer:In today's digital age, technology has revolutionized the way we communicate. From instant messaging to video calls,technology has made it easier for people to connect with each other regardless of distance. However, this convenience has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions, which can affect the quality of communication. Overall, technology has both positive and negative impacts on communication, and it is important for individuals to strike a balance between virtual and real-life interactions.Writing Prompt 2: Describe your favorite book and explain why it resonates with you.Answer:One of my favorite books is "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee. This classic novel explores themes of racism, prejudice, and justice through the eyes of a young girl growing up in the American South. The characters are well-developed, and the story is both heartwarming and thought-provoking. What resonates with me the most is the message of standing up for what is right, even in the face of adversity. "To Kill a Mockingbird" is a timeless work that continues to inspire readers around the world.Writing Prompt 3: Discuss the importance of cultural diversity in today's society.Answer:Cultural diversity plays a crucial role in shaping our society. It enriches our lives by exposing us to different perspectives, traditions, and values. Embracing diversity promotes tolerance, understanding, and mutual respect among individuals from various backgrounds. It also fosters creativity and innovation by bringing together different ideas and experiences. In a globalized world, cultural diversity is more important than ever, as it helps us build a more inclusive and harmonious society.Conclusion:These writing prompts and sample answers are designed to help students practice their writing skills and develop critical thinking. By exploring various topics and expressing their thoughts in written form, students can improve their language proficiency and communication abilities. Self-study is an effective way to enhance learning and achieve academic success in English II.。
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Tutorial 2 – Questions & Solutions17 August– 21 August 2009(Employment and Personal Property)Question 1(a) Kerry Grey is in the ladies’ fashion business geared towards the younger fashion-conscious end of the market, and she has been selling her lines of clothes from a shop at No. 1001 Parnell Road for several years. Last November, another retailer named Susan Cristal opened a shop about 200 metres down the road at No.1055 Parnell Road, and from which she sold a similar range of clothing. The two shops are called “Kerry’s” and “Susan’s” respectively.Over recent months, Kerry Grey experienced a serious downturn in her turnover caused by the new shop attracting customers away from her. She suspects the situation was exacerbated by the similarity in the styles of the two shops.Last week Kerry negotiated with Susan to pay her $35,000 to cease trading, reinforced by a restrictive covenant under which Susan is not to compete with Kerry within a radius of 1 kilometre of her shop at 1001 Parnell Road and for a period of 5 years. Kerry borrowed the money for this from ASB Bank.Discuss the tax treatment of the payment of $35,000 which has been made to Susan. Is the payment deductible for Kerry against her income receipts? Will Susan be liable to pay tax on the receipt of the money?(b) On receipt of the payment she has received, Susan immediately closed down her 1055 Parnell Road premises and opened up a new fashion shop in Ponsonby Road selling a similar line of products.Susan then negotiated a surrender of the lease of her Parnell Road shop premises to her landlords CS Investments Ltd. and she paid $5,500 for this. The lease was only a short-term lease for a term of two years at a rent of $8,000 per annumDiscuss the tax treatment of the surrender payment of $5,500 for both Susan and CS Investments Ltd. Is the payment deductible for Susan, and is it taxable in the hands of CS Investments Ltd.?(c) Some months later, Kerry decided that she could do with additional premises in order to expand following an upturn in her business. It happened that 1055 Parnell Road, recently vacated by Susan, was still on the market to rent.Kerry is able to negotiate for a payment by CS Investments Ltd. to her of $10,000 in consideration of her entering into a new lease for a term of 5 years at a rent of $7,500 per annum. This payment is particularly useful for Kerry since it will provide funding for fitting-out the premises.Discuss the tax treatment of the payment of $10,000 for both parties. Is the payment deductible against CS Investments Ltd.’s income profits, and is the rec eipt taxable in the hands of Kerry?Question 2Todd is an accountant who returned from working in the UK a few years ago with $75,000 in savings. He was concerned about rising inflation in New Zealand, and he wanted to invest the money in such a way that will protect the value of his capital.Todd decided to invest in the share market.He deliberately bought shares that were not performing well in the hope that they would increase both their dividend yield and their share value. When this happened, Todd sold the shares and re-invested the money in other undervalued shares. Over a period of 4 years Todd purchased 15 parcels of shares, holding them for periods of between 6 months and 2 years. During this time he increased the value of his capital by $15,000, while making $8,000 in dividends.(a)The IRD claim that Todd was in the business of trading in shares. Do you agree?(b) The IRD claim that Todd bought all the shares for the purpose of resale. Do youagree?(c) The IRD claim that Todd was engaged in an undertaking or scheme using theshares in order to make a profit. Do you agree?ComLaw301 Tutorial 2 SolutionsQ1: (a)Is the payment deductible for Kerry against her income receipts?Issue: whether $35,000 is capital or revenue?Facts: elimination of competitionAdvantage: Kerry will have no competition.It’s not a normal thing that people doing business every day.The money was a loan from bank, it is on the balance sheet, so it’s a fixed capital.Enduring benefit test: In fashion industry, 5-year is a long period, so it has a capital nature.The $35,000 will help Kerry earn income, so there is a Nexus. But the capital limitation says there is no deduction.Therefore, she cannot get deduction for the $35,000, since it is capital. Section DA2(1): the capital limitation.Will Susan be liable to pay tax on the receipt of the money?Receiving $35,000 is not a part of Susan’s ordinary business activity, and by applying the enduring benefit test, Susan could get cash flow money to come in. Although she could not operate a shop on Parnell, it does not affect the business structure. The payment to her is not circulating because it is not a part of trading clothes, it is a fixed capital. (Apply the same tests which applied on Kerry)(b)Is the payment deductible for SusanSusan’s case is different from CIR v McKenzies, in McKenzies’ case, the tenants only paid 2 year’s rent for surrender of the 32 years lease, it gives more revenue favor than in Susan’s case (2 years lease, $8000/yr, paid $5,500 for surrender of the lease). When company enters into long-term lease, it takes on a burden, because it ties to the lease, it loses its flexibility. In McKenzies’ case, the surrender of lease took off the burden on McKenzies, which gave McKenzies a big relief. Another difference is that, after McKenzies’surrender, they ceased trading, so any payments would be on capital account anyway, because they were not in business anymore. They could not have got deductions and they would not have returned the income, because it was part of the income and they were not in trading. And here, Susan is still in trading.Is it taxable in the hands of CS Investments Ltd.?If CS investments Ltd.’s ordinary course of business is leasing, then $5,500 is a revenue, and it is taxable. FCT v Cooling will support this issue.If the only premise that CS Investments Ltd. owns is this one, then this premise represent theseries structure of asset, then the negotiation of the lease will have an impact on the structure of business.(c).It is deductible to the landlord, but not taxable in hands of Kerry. Wattie and Another v CIR.Question 2(a)Issue: if Todd was in the business of trading in shares?Section: CB 5: Business of dealing in personal property.CB4: Personal property acquired for purpose of disposal. YA1Cases needed to mention are CIR v National Distributors Ltd. and Grieve v CIR.Todd was not in the business of trading in shares.Also can mention the case CIR v Stockwell (passive activity).(b)CB4 applies here. And yes, he was caught for dominant purpose of resale, because he bought undervalued shares to hedge against inflation. Again, cases CIR v National Distributors Ltd. and CIR v Stockwell apply here. Also mention case Williams Property Development Ltd v CIR. This case does not apply here, but we also need to mention it to show that we understand in some circumstances, a contingent purpose can become a dominant purpose.(c)CB 3, YA1 apply here. Because todd was not in the business of trading shares, and there are not many business items here, so it is unlikely to be a scheme.Hints to identify Capital/Revenue issue:1.Look the size of money that’s been in the transaction, lump sum of money to curedisadvantage or gain advantage. E.g. eliminate competition, expending.2.Is it an ordinary business operation? Or is it extraordinary? If it is extraordinary, then it islikely to be a capital/revenue issue.Nexus: Link; if there is a link between the income derived and the expenses incurred, then there is a nexus.In Sun Newspapers v FCT, the money was capital, since in order to avoid the competition, it took over the owner ship of the rival company, and its business structure was changed as a result. Contrast to BP Australia Ltd v FC of T, there is no competition, and its business structure was not changed, there is recurring in this case, since when they sign the contract that implied it may be recurred again. And the payment came out circulating capital, because it was like you cannot sell what you are selling until you made such payment, it also could be argued to be part of ordinarycourse of business activity.Fixed Capital: Things shows on balance sheet, ie. aseets, money at bank, loans.Circulating Capital: that is the everyday operation what business does. Normal P&L. (Tie to sth to earn the money, get the ability to earn money.)。