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系统论在城市燃气区域计量分区的应用

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图城市燃气区域计量分区管理建设流程
鉴于以上原因燃气企业要持续保障企业的经营管理首先要做到控制燃气输配安全关注用户安全使用燃气同时还要做到燃气企业与用户之间公平贸易结算所以燃气企业的经营管理三要素为管道设备设施用户计量
三要素并非独立存在而是存在一定的依存关系管道设备设施是为用户输送燃气的运输载体而燃气管道的建设规划需要根据区域用户发展情况区域用户用气量来决定用户的用气量通过计量数据体现计量数据可以反映用户用气状态可根据
定"信息化平台搭建" 管理架构变化" 异常管理及管道"设备设施维护 < 个步骤# 输配管理现状调研是对燃气企业自身家底的摸清!投资预算"计量装置安装次序确定及信息化平台搭建是实现过程!管理架构变化"异常管理及日常维护属于保障措施# 总体方案确定是 < 个步骤中最重要的一步!一项技术管理的实现!得益于总体方案的方向性"准确性及可操作性! 而在总体方案确定中! 最关键的一步是计量分区的确定#
立状态下所没有的性质# 计量分区管理通过区划的方式!分解出若干个
三要素融合在其中的子单元!使得经营三要素的反馈更加突出!数据管理实现时效性!管理逻辑更为清晰!通过实现子单元的管理从而实现燃气企业的管理# 系统论作为重视整体发展"关注元素自身特点及各元素间联系的科学理论!适合对计量分区进行指导#

10.1007_s00253-010-2443-4

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS AND PROCESS ENGINEERINGEffects of biotic and abiotic elicitors on cell growth and tanshinone accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza cell culturesJiang-Lin Zhao &Li-Gang Zhou &Jian-Yong WuReceived:7September 2009/Revised:6January 2010/Accepted:6January 2010/Published online:2March 2010#Springer-Verlag 2010Abstract This study examined the effects of biotic and abiotic elicitors on the production of diterpenoid tanshi-nones in Salvia miltiorrhiza cell culture.Four classes of elicitors were tested,heavy metal ions (Co 2+,Ag +,Cd 2+),polysaccharides (yeast extract and chitosan),plant response-signaling compounds (salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate),and hyperosmotic stress (with sorbitol).Of these,Ag (silver nitrate),Cd (cadmium chloride),and polysaccharide from yeast extract (YE)were most effective to stimulate the tanshinone production,increasing the total tanshinone content of cell by more than ten-fold (2.3mg g -1versus 0.2mg g -1in control).The stimulating effect was concentration-dependent,most significant at 25μM of Ag and Cd and 100mg l -1(carbohydrate content)of YE.Of the three tanshinones detected,cryptotanshinone was stimulat-ed most dramatically by about 30-fold and tanshinones I and IIA by no more than 5-fold.Meanwhile,most of the elicitors suppressed cell growth,decreasing the biomass yield by about 50%(5.1–5.5g l -1versus 8.9g l -1in control).The elicitors also stimulated the phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity of cells and transient increases in the medium pH and conductivity.The results suggest that the elicitor-stimulated tanshinone accumulation was a stress response of the cells.Keywords Salvia miltiorrhiza .Cell culture .Tanshinones .Elicitors .Stress responseIntroductionSalvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae),called Danshen in Chinese,is a well-known and important medicinal plant because its root is an effective herb for treatment of menstrual disorders and cardiovascular diseases and for the prevention of inflammation (Tang and Eisenbrand 1992).As its Chinese name refers,Danshen root is characterized by the abundance of red pigments which are mainly ascribed to numerous diterpene quinones generally known as tanshinones,e.g.,tanshinone I (T-I),tanshinone-IIA (T-IIA),and T-IIB,isotanshinone I and II,and cryptotanshinone (CT).Tanshinones constitute a major class of bioactive compounds in S .miltiorrhiza roots with proven therapeutic effects and pharmacological activities (Wang et al.2007).Danshen in combination with a few other Chinese herbs is an effective medicine widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and used as an emergency remedy for coronary artery disease and acute ischemic stroke.According to WHO statistics,cardiovas-cular diseases are and will continue to be the number one cause of death in the world (www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases ).It is of significance to develop more efficient means for the production of Danshen and its active constituents.Although field cultivation is currently the major produc-tion means for Danshen and most other plant herbs,plant tissue cultures provide more well-controlled and sustainable systems for efficient production of desired bioactive compounds of the herb.Plant tissue cultures are the most useful and convenient experimental systems for examiningJ.-L.Zhao :L.-G.Zhou (*)Department of Plant Pathology,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China email:lgzhou@J.-Y .Wu (*)Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hung Hom,Kowloon,Hong Kong email:bcjywu@.hkAppl Microbiol Biotechnol (2010)87:137–144DOI 10.1007/s00253-010-2443-4various factors on the biosynthesis of desired products and for exploring effective measures to enhance their produc-tion.The importance of Danshen for traditional and modern medicines has promoted the long-lasting research interest in the development of tiorrhiza tissue cultures for production of bioactive compounds for more than two decades.In an early study,Nakanishi et al.(1983)induced several cell lines from plant seedlings and screened out a cell line capable of producing significant amounts of CT and another diterpene,ferruginol.In later studies,the group performed a fuller evaluation and optimization of the medium for cell growth and CT production and,eventually,derived an effective production medium with a simpler composition(ten components)than the original Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium(about20components),achieving a high CT yield of 110mg l-1(Miyasaka et al.1987).Many recent studies have been focused on hairy root cultures of tiorrhiza transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes(Hu and Alfermann1993;Chen et al.2001)and by our group (Zhang et al.2004;Ge and Wu2005;Shi et al.2007).Most of the bioactive compounds in medicinal plants belong to secondary metabolites which are usually less abundant than primary metabolites in the plants.Since the accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants is a common response of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses, their accumulation can be stimulated by biotic and abiotic elicitors.Therefore,elicitation,treatment of plant tissue cultures with elicitors,is one of the most effective strategies for improving secondary metabolite production in plant tissue cultures(Chong et al.2005;Smetanska2008).The most common and effective elicitors used in previous studies include the components of microbial cells especially poly-and oligosaccharides(biotic)and heavy metal ions, hyperosmotic stress,and UV radiation(abiotic),and the signaling compounds in plant defense responses such as salicylic acid(SA)and methyl jasmonate(MJ;Zhou and Wu2006;Smetanska2008).Some of these elicitors,yeast extract(mainly the polysaccharide fraction),silver ion Ag+, and hyperosmotic stress(by an osmoticum)have also been applied and shown effective to enhance the production of tanshinones in tiorrhiza hairy root cultures(Chen et al.2001;Zhang et al.2004;Shi et al.2007).To the best of our knowledge,only a few studies have been documented on the effects of elicitors,YE,SA,and MJ,on the secondary metabolite production in Agro-bacterium tumefaciens transformed tiorrhiza cell cultures from one research group(Chen and Chen1999, 2000)but not any study in normal cell cultures.The present study focuses on the effects of common biotic and abiotic elicitors including polysaccharides,heavy metal ions, SA and MJ,and osmotic stress(with sorbitol)on the growth and accumulation of three major tanshinones T-I, T-IIA,and CT in suspension culture of normal tior-rhiza cells.In addition to the effects of various elicitors on the total tanshinone content of cells,the study will examine the effects on different tanshinone species and the potential relationship to plant stress response.Material and methodsCallus induction and cell suspension cultureYoung stem explants of tiorrhiza Bunge were collected from the botanical garden at the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development,Chinese Academy of Med-ical Sciences,Beijing,China,in May2005.The fresh explants were washed with tap water,surface-sterilized with 75%ethanol for1min,and then soaked in0.1%mercuric chloride for10min and rinsed thoroughly with sterilized water.The clean and sterilized explants were cut into∼0.5-cm segments and placed on solid MS medium(Murashige and Skoog1962)supplemented with sucrose(30g l-1),2,4-D(2mg l-1)and6-BA(2mg l-1)to induce callus formation. The callus culture of tiorrhiza was maintained on a solid,hormone-free MS medium with8g l-1agar and 30g l-1sucrose at25°C in the dark and subcultured every 4weeks.The culture was deposited in Lab Y1210at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University with a collection number of Danshen cell-1.All experiments in this study were performed in suspension culture of tiorrhiza cells in a liquid medium of the same composition as for the solid culture but excluding agar.The cell suspension culture was maintained in shake-flasks,i.e.,125-ml Erlenmeyer flasks on an orbital shaker operated at110–120rpm,at 25°C in the dark.Each of the flasks was filled with25ml medium and inoculated with0.3g fresh cells from18–21-day-old shake–flask culture.Elicitor preparation and administrationEight elicitors were tested,each at three concentrations,in the initial elicitation experiments(Table1).These are representative of the four major classes of elicitors for the induction of plant responses and the stimulation of secondary metabolite production in plant tissue cultures (Zhou and Wu2006;Smetanska2008).All elicitors except MJ were prepared as a concentrated stock solution in water and autoclaved at121°C for15min,and stored at4°C in a refrigerator prior to use.Yeast elicitor(YE)was the polysaccharide fraction of yeast extract(Y4250,Sigma, St.Louis,MO,USA)prepared by ethanol precipitation as described previously(Hahn and Albersheim1978;Ge and Wu2005).In brief,yeast extract was dissolved in distilled water(20g/100ml)and then mixed with400ml of ethanol and allowed to precipitate for4days at4°C in arefrigerator.The precipitate was redissolved in100ml of distilled water and subjected to another round of ethanol precipitation.The final gummy precipitate was dissolved in 50ml of distilled water and stored at4°C before use.The concentration of YE was represented by total carbohydrate content which was determined by the Anthrone test using sucrose as a reference.Chitosan solution was prepared by dissolving0.5g crab shell chitosan(C3646,Sigma)in1ml glacial acetic acid at55–60°C for15min,and then the final volume was adjusted to50ml with distilled water and the pH adjusted to5.8with NaOH(Prakash and Srivastava 2008).MJ(Cat.39,270-7,Sigma-Aldrich)was dissolved in 95%ethanol and sterilized by filtering through a microfilter (0.2µm).SA(10,591-0,Sigma-Aldrich),sorbitol(S3755, Sigma),and the salts of heavy metals including cobalt chloride(C8661,Sigma-Aldrich),silver nitrate(S7276, Sigma-Aldrich),and cadmium chloride(C5081,Sigma-Aldrich)were dissolved in distilled water to the desired concentrations and adjusted to pH5.8.Elicitor treatment was administered to the shake–flask culture of tiorrhiza cell on day18,which was about 2–3days before reaching the stationary phase.This time point is usually favorable for elicitation when the biomass concentration is high(compared with earlier days of growth),and the cell metabolism is still active(compared with that during or after stationary phase;Buitelaar et al. 1992;Cheng et al.2006).Each of the elicitor solutions was added into the culture medium with a micropipette at the desired concentration.After the elicitor addition,the shake–flask culture of cells was maintained for another7days and then harvested for analysis.All treatments were performed in triplicate,and the results were averaged.After the initial experiments on the eight elicitors,the three most effective ones,Ag(25µM),Cd(25µM),and YE(100mg l-1)were applied in the following experiments on the time courses of elicitor-treated cell growth and tanshinone accumulation in the tiorrhiza cell culture.Measurement of cell weight,sucrose concentration, medium pH,and conductivityThe cells were separated from the liquid medium by filtration.The cell mass on the filter paper was rinsed thoroughly with water and filtered again,and blotted dry by paper towels and then dried at50°C in an oven to attain the dry weight.Sucrose concentration in the liquid medium was determined by the Anthrone test using sucrose as a reference(Ebell1969),and the medium pH and conduc-tivity were measured with the respective electrodes on an Orion720A+pH meter(Thermo Fisher Scientific,Inc., Beverly,MA,USA)and a CD-4303conductivity meter (Lutron,Taiwan),respectively.Measurement of PAL activityPhenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL)was extracted from fresh tiorrhiza cells with borate buffer(pH8.8).The cells were ground in the buffer(0.15g ml-1)for2min with a pestle and mortar on ice,and then centrifuged at10,000rpm and4°C for20min to obtain a solid-free extract.The PAL activity was determined based on the conversion of L-phenylalanine to cinnamic acid as described by Wu and Lin(2002).Analysis of tanshinone contentsThe cell mass from culture was dried and ground into powder and extracted with methanol/dichloromethane(4:1, v/v,10mg ml-1)under sonication for60min.After removal of the solid,the liquid extract was evaporated to dryness and redissolved in methanol/dichloromethane(9:1,v/v). Tanshinone content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)on a HP1100system using C18column,acetonitrile/water(55:45,v/v)as the mobile phase,and UV detection at275nm as described previously (Shi et al.2007).Three tanshinone species CT,T-I,and T-IIA were detected and quantified with authentic standards obtained from the Institute for Identification of Pharmaceu-tical and Biological Products(Beijing,China).Total tanshinone content is the total content of the three tanshinones in the cells.Tanshinone content in the culture medium was negligible and not determined.ResultsCell growth and tanshinone accumulation in tiorrhiza cell cultureThe time course of tiorrhiza cell growth exhibited a lag phase or slow growth period in the first3–6days, a rapid,linear growth period between day9–18,and aTable1Elicitors and concentrations tested in the initial experiments Elicitors Unit ConcentrationC1C2C3Cobalt chloride(Co)µM 5.02550 Silver nitrate(Ag)µM 5.02550 Cadmium chloride(Cd)µM 5.02550 Salicylic acid(SA)µM1050100 Methyl jasmonate(MJ)µM1050100 Yeast elicitor(YE)mg l-150100200 Chitosan(CH)mg l-150100200 Sorbitol(SO)g l-152550stationary or declining phase in the later days,reaching the maximum biomass concentration (8.1g l -1)around day 21.The total tanshinone content of cells remained at a very low level from days 1–12and then increased steadily from days 12–27to a maximum of 0.16mg g -1.A significant portion (65%)of the tanshinone accumulation or content increase occurred during the stationary phase from days 21–27(Fig.1a ),which is characteristic of secondary metabolite production in a batch culture process.The time course of sugar (sucrose)concentration (Fig.1b )was nearly sym-metrical to that of cell growth,indicating a direct correlation of the cell growth (or biomass production)to sugar consumption.As the major carbon source,sugar was required for the S .miltiorrhiza cell growth,and when it was depleted (around day 21),the cell growth stopped,and the biomass concentration began to drop.As seen from Fig.1b ,the medium pH showed a notable drop in the first 3days (due to consumption of NH 4+and release of protons)and a gradual increase after day 6(due to consumption of nitrate NO 3-)(Morard et al.1998).Effects of various elicitors on cell growth and tanshinone productionFigure 2shows the effects of elicitor treatments on the cell growth and tanshinone accumulation in S .miltiorrhiza cell cultures,which were dependent both on the elicitor species and elicitor dose.As seen from Fig.2a ,most of the elicitor treatments except Co 2+and sorbitol at lower concentrations suppressed the cell growth to a lower biomass concentra-tion than that of the untreated control culture,and the growth suppression was more severe at a high elicitor dose.On the other hand,most of the elicitor treatments except Co 2+,sorbitol,SA,and MJ at lower concentrations increased the total tanshinone content of cell to a higher level than in the control (Fig.2b ).Overall the results indicated that the enhancement of tanshinone accumulation by an elicitor treatment concurred with a notable suppres-sion of cell growth or biomass production.Nevertheless,some of the elicitors had a much stronger stimulating effect on the tanshinone accumulation than the suppressing effect on the cell growth.In particular,Ag and Cd both at 25μM,and YE at 100mg l -1increased the total tanshinone content to 2.30mg g -1,about 11.5-fold versus that of the control (0.20mg g -1),but decreased the biomass production by no more than 50%(5.1–5.5g l -1versus 8.9g l -1).Another three elicitors,SA,MJ (both at 50μM),and sorbitol (50g l -1)increased the total tanshinone content by 2–3-fold but decreased the biomass by 30–45%compared with the control.The stimulating effect of chitosan on tanshinone accumulation (about 6-fold)was stronger than SA,MJ,and sorbitol but much weaker than Ag,Cd,and YE,while its suppressing effect on the cell growth was as severe as Ag,Cd,and YE.In summary,the results indicate that Ag,Cd,YE are the most favorable elicitors for the tanshinone production in S .miltiorrhiza cell culture and were used in the following experiments.Figure 3shows the time courses of cell growth and tanshinone production after treatment with the three most effective elicitors Ag (25μM),Cd (25μM),and YE (100mg l -1)and the control culture.All three elicitor treatments caused a steady decline of biomass concentration from initially 8.5g l -1to 5.3g l -1on day 6while biomass in00.040.080.120.160.20246810TT content (mg g -1)C e l l b i o m a s s (g d w l -1)dw TTa4.85.1 5.45.76.001020304036912151821242730p HS u c r o s e (g l -1)Culture time (d)bSucrosepHFig.1Time courses of biomass and total tanshinone content (a ),residue sugar (sucrose)and medium pH (b )in S .miltiorrhiza cell cultures (error bars for standard deviations,n =3)246810C e l l b i o m a s s (g l -1)0.00.51.01.52.02.5Control AgCdSAMJYECH SOT T c o n t e n t (m g g -1)Elicitor treatmentCo Fig.2Effects of various elicitors on biomass growth (a )andtanshinone production (b )in S .miltiorrhiza cell cultures (elicitors added to cultures on day 18at three concentrations C1,C2,and C3as shown in Table 1,and cultures harvested on day 25;error bars for standard deviations,n =3)the control culture was increased during this period (Fig.3a ).In the meantime,the tanshinone content of cells in the three elicitor-treated cultures increased sharply and most rapidly by Ag (from 0.14to 1.98mg g -1),while that of control increased slightly (from 0.14to 0.21mg g -1;Fig.3b ).The volumetric total tanshinone yields (the products of total tanshinone content and cell dry weight)were 1.9mg l -1in the control,and 9.2mg l -1,10.7mg l -1and 11.7mg l -1in cultures treated with 100mg l -1YE,25μM Cd,and Ag,respectively (on day 6).Another test was performed on the effects of two and three elicitors in combinations in the S .miltiorrhiza cell culture.As shown in Fig.4,the tanshinone content was increased about 20%with either two elicitors and about 40%with all three elicitors in combination compared with that with a single elicitor.The results suggest an additive or synergistic effect of these elicitors on the tanshinone accumulation in the cells.However,the combined use of two or three elicitors also suppressed the cell growth (biomass)more severely than with a single elicitor.Effects of elicitor treatments on different tanshinone species Of the three tanshinone species detected,CT was stimulated most significantly by all elicitors without exception;T-IIA was stimulated by most elicitors,and T-I was stimulated significantly only by chitosan but slightly stimulated or suppressed by other elicitors (Table 2).The highest CT content was about 2mg g -1(1,854–2,011μg g -1)in cellcultures treated with 25μM Ag and Cd,and 100mg l -1YE,about 31–34fold of the control level (60μg g -1),the highest T-I content 0.27mg g -1with 100mg l -1chitosan (3.4-fold of the control 80μg g -1)and the highest T-IIA content 0.37mg g -1with 25μM Cd (6-fold of the control 60μg g -1).As seen from the HPLC chromatograms (Fig.5),the cultures treated with the three different elicitors exhibited a similar profile with virtually identical major peaks.The experimental results do not suggest any specificity of particular tanshinone species to the type of elicitors,YE and chitosan as biotic polysaccharides,Cd and Ag as abiotic heavy metals,or SA and MJ as plant stress signaling pared with that of control,the HPLC profiles of elicitor-treated cultures also had three new unknown peaks appearing before the CT peak,between 10.0–11.5min and a high peak at 11.1min,which0.00.51.01.52.02.5123456T T c o n t e n t (m g g -1)Time after treatment (d)b4681012C e l l b i o m a s s (g l -1)Control Ag 25Cd 25YE 100aFig.3Time courses of biomass (a )and total tanshinone content (b )in S .miltiorrhiza cell cultures after treatment with Ag (25µM),Cd (25µM),and YE (100mg l -1;error bars for standard deviations,n =3)24681012345Cell dry weight (g l -1)T T c o n t e n t (m g g -1)Elicitor treatmentTTdwFig.4Effects of single and combined elicitors on S .miltiorrhiza cell growth and tanshinone accumulation (elicitors added to cell cultures on day 18at the same concentrations as in Fig.3,and cultures harvested on day 25;error bars for standard deviations,n =3)Table 2Effects of various elicitors on the accumulation of three tanshinones in S .miltiorrhiza cells Treatment aContent,μg/g (fold of content control)CTT-IT-IIA Control 59.9(1)81.6(1)57.6(1)Co-50263.7(4.4)67.5(0.83)55.5(0.96)Ag-251,817.5(30)71.0(0.87)225.8(3.9)Cd-251,854.0(31)80.3(0.98)369.0(6.4)SA-100390.0(6.5)78.5(0.96)72.8(1.3)MJ-100299.8(5.0)109.5(1.3)82.6(1.4)YE-1002,011.4(34)90.3(1.1)190.3(3.3)CH-100597.2(10)276.0(3.4)98.8(1.7)SO-50584.6(9.8)56.9(0.70)83.0(1.4)CT cryptotanshinone,T-I tanshinone I,T-IIA tanshinone-IIAaNumber after each elicitor symbol represents the elicitor concentra-tion as shown in Table 1may be ascribed to tanshinone relatives of higher polarity than CT induced by the elicitors.PAL activity,pH,and conductivity changes induced by elicitorsFigure 6shows the changes of intracellular PAL activity and medium pH and conductivity in the S .miltiorrhiza cell culture after the treatment by Ag (25μM),Cd (25μM),and YE (100mg l -1).The PAL activity of cells was stimulated by all three elicitors to the similar level,from 1.4-to 1.9-fold of the control level over 6days (Fig.6a ).PAL is a key enzyme at the entrance step in the phenylpropanoid pathway in plants,and its activity increase stimulated by the elicitors is suggestive of an enhanced secondary metabolism in the plant cells (Taiz and Zeiger 2006).The pH and conductivity of culture medium were also increased (to higher levels than those of the control)by all three elicitors but more significantly by YE (Fig.6b,c ).Most significant increases (differences from the control level)in the medium pH and conductivity were shown in the very early period from day 0–1.The increase in medium conductivity in the early period was most probably attributed to the release of potassium K +ion from the cells or K +efflux across the cell membrane (Zhang et al.2004).Transient medium pH increase (alkalinization)and K +efflux across the cell membrane are early and important events in the elicitation of plant responses and phytoalexin production (Ebel and Mithöer 1994;Roos et al.1998).The conductivity decline in the later period after day 1of Ag +and Cd 2+-treated cultures and the control cultures can be attributed to the consumption of inorganic and mineral nutrients in the culture medium (Kinooka et al.1991).Overall,the results here provide further evidence forthe01234R e l a t i v e P A L a c t i v i t yControl Ag CdYEa5.05.45.86.26.6M e d i u m p H b2.03.04.05.06.00246M e d i u m c o n d u c t i v i t y (m S )Time after treatment (d)cFig.6Time courses of PAL activity (a ),medium pH (b ),and conductivity (c )of S .miltiorrhiza cell cultures after elicitor treatments in comparison with the control (error bars for standard deviation,n =3)elicitor activities of Ag,Cd,and YE in stimulating the stress responses and secondary metabolism of the S. miltiorrhiza cells.DiscussionThe effects of various elicitors on tanshinone accumulation found here in the normal tiorrhiza cell cultures are in general agreement with those found in transformed cell and hairy root cultures of tiorrhiza.In transformed cell cultures(Chen and Chen1999),the CT accumulation was also stimulated significantly by YE but not by SA or MJ alone,and YE also inhibited the cell growth.The tanshinone(mainly CT)production in hairy root cultures was also enhanced significantly(3–4fold)by Ag(Zhang et al.2004)and YE(Shi et al.2007).In all these culture systems,CT was the major tanshinone species stimulated by various elicitor treatments.CT has been identified as a phytoalexin in tiorrhiza plant which plays a defense role against pathogen invasion of the plant(Chen and Chen 2000).In this connection,the stimulated CT accumulation by the elicitors may be a defense or stress response of the cells.CT was also the major diterpenoid produced by a normal tiorrhiza cell line which was initially grown in the MS medium and then transferred to a production medium containing only about half of the nutrient compo-nents of the MS medium(Miyasaka et al.1987).It is very possible that the improvement of CT yield in this production medium was also attributed,at least partially, to the stress imposed by the nutrient deficiency which suppressed growth but stimulated secondary metabolite accumulation.MJ or its relative jasmonic acid has been shown effective for stimulating a variety of secondary metab-olites in plant tissue cultures such as hypericin in Hypericum perforatum L.(St.John’s Wort)cell cultures (Walker et al.2002),paclitaxol(diterpenoid)and related taxanes in various Taxus spp.and ginsenosides in Panax spp.(Zhong and Yue2005),and bilobalide and ginkgo-lides in Ginkgo biloba cell cultures(Kang et al.2006). However,MJ showed only a moderate or insignificant stimulating effect on tanshinone accumulation in normal and transformed tiorrhiza cell cultures.The discrep-ancy suggests that the effects of various elicitors on secondary metabolite production in plant tissue cultures are dependent on the specific secondary metabolites.This argument is also supported by the much stronger stimu-lation of CT than T-I and T-IIA by most elicitors found in our tiorrhiza cell cultures.In addition,the hairy roots appeared more tolerant to the elicitor stress,and the growth was less inhibited by the elicitors or even enhanced in some cases,e.g.,by YE(Chen et al.2001)and sorbitol(Shi et al.2007).Moreover,sorbitol as an osmotic agent significantly stimulated the tanshinone accumulation(3–4folds)in tiorrhiza hairy root cultures,but not so significantly in the cell cultures.This shows that the elicitor activities for the same metabolites can vary with the tissue culture systems.In conclusion,the polysaccharide fraction of yeast extract and two heavy metal ions Ag+and Cd2+were potent elicitors for stimulating the tanshinone production in tiorrhiza cell culture.The stimulated tanshinone production by most elicitors was associated with notable growth suppression.CT was more responsive to the elicitors and enhanced more dramatically than another two tanshinones,T-I and IIA.The results from this study in the tiorrhiza cell cultures and from previous studies in hairy root cultures suggest that the cell and hairy root cultures may be effective systems for CT production, provided with the elicitors.As most of the elicitor chemicals are commercially available or can be readily prepared in the laboratory and easily administered to the cell and root cultures,they are suitable for practical applications in the laboratory or large-scale production. Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(G-U502and1-BB80)and the China Hi-Tech Research and Development Program(2006AA10A209).ReferencesBuitelaar RM,Cesário MT,Tramper J(1992)Elicitation of thiophene production by hairy roots of Tagetes patula.Enzyme Microb Technol14:2–7Chen H,Chen F(1999)Effects of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid on cell growth and cryptotanshinone formation in Ti transformed Salvia miltiorrhiza cell suspension cultures.Biotechnol Lett 21:803–807Chen H,Chen F(2000)Effect of yeast elicitor on the secondary metabolism of Ti-transformed Salvia miltiorrhiza cell suspension cultures.Plant Cell Rep19:710–717Chen H,Chen F,Chiu FCK,Lo CMY(2001)The effect of yeast elicitor on the growth and secondary metabolism of hairy root cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza.Enzyme Microb Technol28:100–105Cheng XY,Zhou HY,Cui X,Ni W,Liu CZ(2006)Improvement of phenylethanoid glycosides biosynthesis in Cistanche deserticola cell suspension cultures by chitosan elicitor.J Biotechnol 121:253–260Chong TM,Abdullah MA,Lai QM,Nor’Aini FM,Lajis NH(2005) Effective elicitation factors in Morinda elliptica cell suspension culture.Process Biochem40:3397–3405Ebel J,Mithöer A(1994)Early events in the elicitation of plant defence.Planta206:335–348Ebell LF(1969)Variation in total soluble sugars of conifer tissues with method of analysis.Phytochemistry8:227–233Ge XC,Wu JY(2005)Tanshinone production and isoprenoid pathways in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots induced by Ag+and yeast elicitor.Plant Sci168:487–491。

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Effect of rare earth elements on the consolidation behavior and microstructure of tungsten alloysMingyue Zhao a ,Zhangjian Zhou a ,⁎,Qingming Ding a ,Ming Zhong a ,Kameel Arshad ba School of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China bSchool of Physics and Nuclear Energy Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,Chinaa b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 11February 2014Available online 23July 2014Keywords:Rare earth element Tungsten alloyConsolidation behavior MicrostructureThe effects of rare earth elements (Y 2O 3,Y and La)on the consolidation behavior,microstructure and mechanical properties of tungsten alloys were investigated in this work.The starting powders were mechanical alloyed (MA)and then consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS).It was found that Y doping was bene ﬁcial to obtain fully dense tungsten alloys with more re ﬁned grains as compared to any other rare earth elements.The maximum values of Vickers microhardness and bending strength obtained from W –0.5wt.%Y alloy reached up to 614.4HV 0.2and 701.0MPa,respectively.©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.IntroductionTungsten is a promising candidate material for high temperature applications due to its attractive properties,such as high melting point,high conductivity,low thermal expansion coef ﬁcients and low sputtering yield [1].However,a major limitation of its use is the inherently high ductile –brittle transition temperature (DBTT)and low recrystallization temperature.Fine grained tungsten materials have shown improved properties in terms of reduced brittleness and improved toughness and strength [1,2].However,the improved mechanical properties will be deteriorated when exposed to high temperatures for long time and when the service temperature is higher than the recrystallization temperature of pure tungsten.Recent studies suggested that the dispersion of high temperature oxide nanoparticles,such as La 2O 3and Y 2O 3,will not only inhibit the grain growth of W during the consolidation but also stabilize the microstructure when exposed to higher temperature [3,4].It is well known that,the impurities,especially for oxygen,have det-rimental in ﬂuence on the sinterability of tungsten powders and make tungsten materials embrittlement.Thus adding rare earth elements in the metallic state instead of the oxidic state should be better for fabrica-tion of high performance tungsten alloys,due to the high af ﬁnity of rare earth elements with oxygen.A recent research conducted by L.Veleva et al.[5]found that the relative density of W –(0.3–2)wt.%Y appeared higher than that of W –(0.3–2)wt.%Y 2O 3,however,the microhardnessappeared always lower than that of W –(0.3–2)wt.%Y 2O 3.From the viewpoint of oxygen absorption,it is suggested that La will be better than Y when used as alloying element for fabrication of W [6].However there are almost no reports on W –La alloy and their comparison with W –Y alloy.It will be interesting and important to investigate the effects of different rare earth elements on the densi ﬁcation of W and their mechanical properties.This is the motivation of this work.In this study the effect of rare earth elements,including Y 2O 3,Y and La on the consolidation behavior of W under the same sintering condi-tion was investigated.The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of different rare earth tungsten materials were examined and compared.Experimental proceduresPowders of commercial pure W (with an average particle size of 2.0μm and a purity of 99.9%),rare earth element of Y or La (with an av-erage particle size of 48μm and a purity of 99.9%),and rare earth oxide of Y 2O 3(with an average particle size of 30nm and a purity of 99.9%)were used as starting materials.The mixture powders of W –0.5wt.%Y 2O 3(named as WYO),W –0.5wt.%Y (named as WY)or W –0.5wt.%La (named as WL)were mechanical alloyed (MA)in a planetary ball mill,respectively.The MA parameters can be found in our previous work [7,8].Then,the MA treated powders were placed into graphite tool in glove box and sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS)in vacuum.Fig.1shows the temperature and pressure pro ﬁle of SPS as a function of time.In order to get fully dense bulk materials by suppress-ing the pore-boundary separation,the samples were ﬁrst sintered at 1373K for 2min and then sintered at 1873K according to [9].Int.Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 48(2015)19–23⁎Corresponding author at:Laboratory of Special Ceramics and Powder Metallurgy,School of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Science &Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,PR China.Tel./fax:+861062334951.E-mail address:zhouzhj@ (Z.Zhou)./10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2014.07.0140263-4368/©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rightsreserved.Contents lists available at ScienceDirectInt.Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materialsj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e /I J R M H MThe shrinkage of the specimens was continuously monitored by the displacement of the punch rod.The density of the compacts was measured by Archimedes method.A ﬁeld emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM)equipped with Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectros-copy (EDS)and Scanning electron microscope (SEM)were employed to investigate the microstructural features,i.e.,the element distribution,and the size and morphology of the grains and the pores of the samples.Moreover,XRD was used to determine the phase and X-ray diffraction analysis was made by the Rietveld method using the Full prof program [10].The average crystallite size as well as the internal stress of the MA treated powders were determined from the diffraction peak widths taking into account the diffractometer resolution function.Vickers mi-crohardness was measured at room temperature by applying a load of 1.96N for 15s.Three point bending tests were conducted on specimens with dimensions of 2mm ×3mm ×18mm with a span of 13.1mm and a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min.The thermal behavior of the MA treated powders in the range 373–1723K was investigated by differen-tial scanning calorimetry (DSC)at a heating rate of 10K/min in ﬂowing pure Ar.Results and discussion Consolidation behaviorFig.2compares the consolidation behavior of all tungsten alloys as a function of temperature.It can be clearly seen that the displacement of WY alloy is similar with that of WL alloy,and shows quite different ten-dency from that of WYO alloy,especially at the sintering temperature of 1373K.For WY and WL alloys,the displacement decreased by 0.6mm between 993K and 1373K due to the thermal expansion of graphite punch rods and the matrix overweighing the contribution of pre-compaction,and continued to decrease at the sintering temperature of 1373K.For WYO alloy,the displacement experiences a slower down-ward trend between 993K and 1373K and a weak upward trend at 1373K.After that,the displacement of WY sees a similar trend with that of WYO.It was found that the WY alloy experienced a substantial decrease in the displacement while the WYO alloy experienced a slight increase at the temperature of 1373K.This result is likely to arise from the formation of a higher volume of Y 2O 3due to the oxidation of Y ele-ment in the WY system.Chemical analysis of the consolidated compacts was performed by the HORIBA EMIA-820V and LECO TCH600devices to measure the C and O contents,respectively.It shows that the C contents were about 240ppm for various tungsten materials fabricated under the same conditions.The amount of oxygen content which existed in MA treated WY powders was 0.4808wt.%,which is enough for the reactionwith added Y particles to form Y 2O 3.Fig.3shows the DSC curve of the MA treated WY powders in the range 373–1723K.A weak exothermic peak at 1500K with an onset temperature of 1400K is found.It probably corresponds to the oxidation of the metallic Y with the residual oxygen in a hermetically sealed pan,which also illustrates that the remaining Y particles are likely to start to react with oxygen around 1373K during SPS.Moreover,a sharp strong and a small exothermic peak can be clear-ly seen at 1003K and 1173K,respectively.According to [11,12],these peaks indicate that the strain relief took place during the heating of MA treated powders.Similar results on the oxygen analysis and the thermal behavior are also found for MA treated WL powders.Fig.4shows the milling and sintering effect on the XRD patterns of the investigated samples.It is obvious that the diffraction peaks are broadened after milling,which was caused by the re ﬁnement of powder particles and a high level of internal strain in the W grains fabricated by the MA process.After sintering,the diffraction peaks become narrow again due to the grain growth and strain relief.The quantitative data on such grain growth and strain relief can be obtained by the compari-son of lattice parameters after each stage of the powder processing (Table 1).It should be noted that the XRD patterns for all samples after milling exhibit a single BCC phase,suggesting that the rare earth elements were dissolved into the W lattice.This solid solutionduringFig.1.The temperature and pressure pro ﬁle as a function of time for the sintering experiments of rare earth tungstenalloys.Fig.2.The real time sintering curves of all samples without removing the contribution of the thermal expansion of the graphite tool andmatrix.Fig.3.DSC curve of the MA treated WY powder.The peak temperatures of thermally induced transformation of the powders are indicated by arrows.20M.Zhao et al./Int.Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 48(2015)19–23the MA process can be further demonstrated by the lattice parameter increase of the MA treated powders compared with that of the starting pure tungsten powder (Table 1).Microstructure observationMicrostructure of the fracture surfacesThe fracture surfaces of WY,WYO and WL samples are presented in Fig.5.It can be clearly seen that the rare earth elements in ﬂuence the grain re ﬁnement signi ﬁcantly.Fig.6shows the grain size distribution which was determined from the SEM micrographs of fracture surfaces.For each image,about 130grains were chosen randomly to eliminate the bias of grain counting.The grain size distributions of WL and WYO alloys are in the range from 1.6to 8.0μm and from 0.8to 4.4μm,respec-tively,and their average grain sizes are 2.46μm and 4.62μm,respective-ly;while,the average grain size of WY alloy is only 1.10μm,which is much smaller than that of WL and WYO alloys.The grain size distribu-tion of WY alloy is in the range from 0.3to 2.0μm,which is much nar-row as compared with that of WL and WYO alloys.Moreover,it is worth noting that the average grain size acquired from the SEM images of fracture surfaces has a remarkable consistency with those calculated by the Rietveld method using the Full prof program,as shown in Table 1.More careful analysis of Fig.6reveals that the WY alloy is denser than WYO and WL alloys.Many big worm-like pores (indicated by yel-low arrows)and small pores (indicated by white dot circles)can be found for WYO and WL alloys on the surface of individual tungstengrains and in the triple junctions.It is easy to learn that the tungsten grains with different additions grew up in a different speed (WL N WYO N WY)according to the average grain size of each stage of powder processing.Besides,the grain growth of pure tungsten or ODS W-based materials sintered by SPS starts between 1373K and 1773K according to literature [9,13].Under a certain pressure between 1773K and 1873K in our present work,the smaller the grain size,the easier the re-arrangement and plastic deformation,and thus higher shrinkage can be achieved.During the holding time at sintering temperature (1873K),grain growth took place simultaneously with further densi ﬁcation,which was achieved dominantly by more homogeneous interfacial atomic diffusion but with minimized involvement of surface diffusion according to [9].Meanwhile,the worm-like pores could be formed if the holding time at sintering temperature of 1873K was not enough for W –0.5La alloy having a large grain size.The microstructure of chemically etched surfacesThe microstructures of chemically etched surface are illustrated in Fig.7.EDS analysis indicated that the black phases which existed in WYO,WY and WL alloys are rare earth oxides (indicated by blue ar-rows)and the dark gray phases are pores (indicated by red arrows).For WY alloy (Fig.7b),pores can hardly be found,which is consistent with the microstructure observation of the fracture surface.Besides,ﬁne Y 2O 3particles are distributed uniformly along grain boundaries of WY alloy;while for WYO and WL alloys (Fig.7a and c),many micro-scale pores are found in triple junctions and tungsten grain boundaries,especially for WL alloy.Moreover,the FESEM images shown in Fig.7a and c reveal that the oxide particles are irregular and not distributed uniformly.In the XRD measurements performed on the WL alloy (Fig.4and Table 1),a weak diffraction peak of La 2O 3phase and lattice parameter decrease of sintered WL alloy are observed,which also suggest that the La particles separate from tungsten grains and become micro-scale La 2O 3during sintering.The densi ﬁcation analysisTable 2shows the relative density of the rare earth tungsten alloys.The relative density of WY reaches 99.4%,which is much higherthanFig.4.Effect of milling and SPS sintering on the XRD patterns of rare earth tungsten alloys.(a)MA treated powders,and (b)sintered compacts.Table 1Lattice parameters after each stage of the powder processing and the average grain size ac-quired from the SEM images of fracture surfaces.SamplePowder Sintered compact Crystallite size (nm)lattice strain (%)a (W:nm)Grain size (nm)Lattice strain (%)Grain size (nm)—SEM WY 8050.3510.31646215220.0701100WL 4100.3010.31659956650.0414620WYO 6200.3860.31653424820.0342460W11740.0450.31604021M.Zhao et al./Int.Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 48(2015)19–23the WYO (92.1%)and WL (88.3%).This result is agreeable with the mi-crostructure observation.Owing to the grain boundary cleaning effect and sintering enhancing effect of Y particles during SPS,Y doping is ben-e ﬁcial to achieve fully dense tungsten alloys than Y 2O 3doping.On the other hand,the well-distributed ﬁne Y 2O 3dispersions which existed in WY alloy play a prominent role in the re ﬁnement of tungsten grains,thus dense ﬁne grained sample can be obtained under the present sintering process.Kim et al.[14]reported that the second phases can act as obstacles in inhibiting the grain growth only in solid phase sintering.Owing to the formation of metallic La liquid phase at 1193Kaccording to the phase diagram Mo –La and then the formation of micro-scale and non-uniformly distributed La 2O 3dispersions as a result of oxidation,the grain growth speed of WL alloy is much higher than that of WYO and WY alloys.Thereby,the relative density of WL alloy is lower than that of WYO alloy and WY alloy even though La particles can exert cleaning effect on the tungsten grain boundaries.Besides,in accordance with literatures [4,15,16],the internal energy originating from the signi ﬁcant strain of the particles could serve as a part of sintering driving force.As shown in Table 1,the lattice strain of WL alloy is 0.301%,lower than that of WYO (0.386%)and WY (0.351%),which is another reason for the lower relative density of WL alloy.The basic mechanical propertiesVickers microhardness and bending strength of the rare earth tung-sten alloys were also listed in Table 2.Of all the three kinds of tungsten materials,the hardness of WY sample is 614.4HV 0.2,much higher than that of WYO (445.2HV 0.2)and WL (303HV 0.2).The lower hardness of WYO and WL alloys originates from the lower relative density and coarse grain size,as shown in Figs.5and 6.Moreover,WY exhibits the highest bending strength (701MPa)among these tungsten alloys,which is 11%and 88%higher than that of WYO and WL alloys.As shown in Fig.5,the remaining pores,including worm-like pores and small pores,reduce the contact area of tungsten grains,thus the bending strength of WYO and WL to some extent decreases.Besides,the coarse grain size (Fig.6)and inhomogeneous dispersions of oxide particles (Fig.7)of WYO and WL alloys are also the reason for their low bending strength.ConclusionsTungsten alloys were successfully fabricated by adding different rare earth elements to W matrix.The effect of dispersing rare earthelementsFig.5.SEM micrographs of fracture surfaces for:(a)WYO,(b)WY,and (c)WL;the yellow arrows denote worm-like pores existed on the surface of individual grains,and the white dot circles denote pores located in the triplejunctions.Fig.6.Histograms of the grain size distributions for WYO,WY and WL alloys.22M.Zhao et al./Int.Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 48(2015)19–23on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the tung-sten alloys can be concluded as follows:(1).The relative density of WY,WYO and WL alloy reached 99.4%,92.1%and 88.3%,respectively.The Y doping was bene ﬁcial toobtain fully dense tungsten alloys as compared with Y 2O 3doping and La doping because the ﬁnely distributed second phase parti-cles suppressed the tungsten grain growth and thus ensured the suf ﬁcient grain boundary volume available for densi ﬁcation by grain boundary diffusion.The analysis of consolidation behavior and thermal behavior of MA treated WY or WL powders revealed that the added Y or La particles were likely to start to react with oxygen around 1373K during SPS.(2).The average grain sizes of WY,WYO and WL alloys were 1.10μm,2.46μm and 4.62μm,respectively.The Y doping was bene ﬁcial to obtain tungsten alloys with more re ﬁned tungsten grains as com-pared with Y 2O 3doping and La doping.(3).Of all the three kinds of rare earth tungsten alloys,WY alloy ex-hibited the highest mechanical properties at room temperature.The maximum values of Vickers microhardness and bending strength reached up to 614.4HV 0.2and 701.0MPa,respectively.AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to express their thanks for the ﬁnancial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No.50634060.References[1]Zhang Y,Ganeev AV,Wang JT,Liu JQ,Alexandrov IV.Observations on the ductile-to-brittle transition in ultra ﬁne-grained tungsten of commercial purity.Mater Sci Eng A 2009;503:37–40.[2]Kitsunai Y,Kurishita H,Kayano H,Hiraoka Y,Igarashi T,Takida T.Microstructure andimpact properties of ultra-ﬁne grained tungsten alloys dispersed with TiC.J Nucl Mater 1999;271–272:423–8.[3]Kim Y,Lee KH,Kim E,Cheong D,Hong SH.Fabrication of high temperature oxidesdispersion strengthened tungsten composites by spark plasma sintering process.J Refract Met Hard Mater 2009;5:842–6.[4]Wang HT,Fang ZZ,Hwang KS,Zhang HB,Siddle D.Sinter-ability of nanocrystallinetungsten powder.Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 2010;28:312–6.[5]Veleva L,Oksiuta Z,Vogt U,Baluc N.Sintering and characterization of W –Y andW –Y 2O 3materials.Fusion Eng Des 2009;84:1920–4.[6]Brown PH,Rathjen AH,Graham RD,Tribe DE.Chapter 92rare earth elements inbiological systems.Handbook on the physics and chemistry of rare earths;1990.p.423–52.[7]Zhou ZJ,Tan J,Qu DD,Pintsuk G,Rödig M,Linke J.Basic characterization of oxidedispersion strengthened ﬁne-grained tungsten based materials fabricated by me-chanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.J Nucl Mater 2012;431:202–5.[8]Tan J,Zhou ZJ,Zhu XP,Guo SQ,Qu DD,Lei MK,et al.Evaluation of ultra-ﬁne grainedtungsten under transient high heat ﬂux by high-intensity pulsed ion beam.Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 2012;22:1081–5.[9]Ma J,Zhang JZ,Liu W,Shen ZJ.Suppressing pore-boundary separation during sparkplasma sintering of tungsten.J Nucl Mater 2013;438:199–203.[10]Rodríguez-Carvajal J.Recent advances in magnetic structure determination byneutron powder diffraction +FullProf.Physica B 1993;192:55–6.[11]Muñoz A,Monge MA,Savoini B,Rabanal ME,Garces G,Pareja 2O 3-reinforced Wand W –V alloys produced by hot isostatic pressing.J Nucl Mater 2011;417:508–11.[12]Maweja K,Phasha MJ,Choenyane LJ.Thermal stability and magnetic saturation ofannealed nickel –tungsten and tungsten milled powders.J Refract Met Hard Mater 2012;30:78–84.[13]Yar MA,Wahlberg S,Bergqvist H,Salem HG,Johnsson M,Muhammed M.Spark plas-ma sintering of tungsten –yttrium oxide composites from chemically synthesized nanopowders and microstructural characterization.J Nucl Mater 2011;412:227–32.[14]Kim Y,Hong MH,Lee SH,Kim EP,Lee S,Noh JW.The effect of yttrium oxide on thesintering behavior and hardness of tungsten.Met Mater Int 2006;12:245–8.[15]Han Y,Fan JL,Liu T,Cheng HC,Tian JM.The effects of ball-milling treatment on thedensi ﬁcation behavior of ultra-ﬁne tungsten powder.Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 2011;29:743–50.[16]Prabhu G,Chakraborty A,Sarma B.Microwave sintering of tungsten.Int J Refract MetHard Mater 2009;27:545–8.Fig.7.FESEM micrographs of chemically etched surface of:(a)WYO,(b)WY,and (c)WL.Table 2The relative density and basic mechanical properties of rare earth tungsten alloys.Sample Relative density (%)Microhardness (HV 0.2)Bending strength (MPa)WYO 92.1445.2631WY 99.4614.4701WL88.3303372.123M.Zhao et al./Int.Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 48(2015)19–23。

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Analysis of cleaner technologies based on waxes and surfactant additives in road constructionMiguel Pérez-Martínez a,Fernando Moreno-Navarro a,Jesús Martín-Marín a,Carolina Ríos-Losada b,M a Carmen Rubio-Gámez a,*a Laboratorio de Ingeniería de la Construcción,University of Granada(LabIC.UGR),E.T.S.Ingenieros de Caminos,Canales y Puertos,Ed.Politécnico,Avda. Severo Ochoa,s/n,C.P.18071Granada,Spainb ServiàCantó,Spaina r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received11April2013 Received in revised form4September2013Accepted10September2013 Available online7October2013Keywords:Warm mix asphaltCleaner productionTriaxial testFour point bending testControl emissionsFuel consumption a b s t r a c tThe manufacture of hot mix asphalt for road construction is associated with a high consumption of fossil fuels and a high level of emissions.The use of temperature reduction technologies in the manufacture of warm mix asphalts favors a cleaner production of such materials,and therefore its use has become a major objective in theﬁeld of road engineering.Thus,during the last few years different types of techniques are appearing in order to achieve this objective.This article presents the comparison established in terms of mechanical performance of three processes of temperature reduction technol-ogies in order to select one of them for its manufacture in plant,where control of emissions and fuel consumption have been collected.The results showed that the use of warm mix asphalt technologies with waxes or surfactant additives may not incur in a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the pavement.The use of surfactant bitumen in plant is possible to produce warm mix asphalts,reducing the consumption of fuel in the process.Ó2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionRoad construction is one of the principal works in theﬁeld of civil engineering,and in turn is a major consumer of fossil fuels for the production of asphalt mixtures.The need to adapt this type of production to cleaner processes leads to a search for reducing manufacturing temperature,trying to make it more sustainable and healthy,reducing at the same time the greenhouse gases emissions rates(Rubio et al.,2012)that are so harmful to the environment.Traditionally the asphalt mixtures used in road construction are manufactured at170 C(HMA)(D’Angelo et al.,2008),and are characterized by developing the mechanical properties that guar-antee an appropriate behavior during its life of service(General Management of Roads,2008).On the contrary,during its produc-tion process,the emissions of gases generated,and the fuel con-sumption required are important(Kristjansdottir,2006).As an alternative to HMA’s,during the last few years new processes have been appearing in order to reduce the manufacture temperature.Within these temperature reduction technologies,three types of mixtures can be distinguished by the temperature range of manufacture,warm mix asphalt WMA(100 C e140 C),half warm mix asphalt HWMA(60 C e100 C)and cold mixtures(0 C e40 C) (EAPA,2010).Discarding cold mixtures due to their lack of use out of surface patches rehabilitation,the reduction is achieved by the application of different processes and technologies,mainly dis-tinguishing between three for the WMA,the foaming process and the use of organic or chemical additives(Zaumanis,2010),and two for the production of HWMA,the use of emulsions and eventually foamed bitumens(Rubio et al.,2013).In the case of HWMA’s,not only has been proved that the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption is a fact(Rubio et al., 2013),but also that the mechanical performance achieved by this type of mixtures is not as satisfactory as it was desired(Punith et al., 2013).On the other hand,WMA’s have shown a better mechanical performance than HWMA and comparable to HMA(Reyes-Ortiz et al.,2009),reducing at the same time the consumption of fuel and greenhouse emissions in the manufacturing process(Hamzah et al.,2010).*Corresponding author.E-mail addresses:fmoreno@ugr.es(F.Moreno-Navarro),crioslo@fcc.es(C.Ríos-Losada),mcrubio@ugr.es(M a C.Rubio-Gámez).Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Productionjournal homep age:www.elsevi/locate/jclepro0959-6526/$e see front matterÓ2013Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.012Journal of Cleaner Production65(2014)374e379Based on the number of advantages associated to WMA mix-tures(D’Angelo et al.,2008),which result in environmental(lower emissions),economical(cost savings and lower energy consump-tion)and constructional beneﬁts(better workability and larger compaction window,greater hauling distances and less opening time to trafﬁc)this research compare three WMA technologies for reducing the manufacture temperature of conventional hot mix asphalts.Theﬁrst is one of the most common additives used for this purpose,the organic waxes,which are aliphatic hydrocarbons of long-chain produced by the Fischer e Tropsch process(Wax,2005). Meanwhile as growing alternative,surfactant additives are an en-ergetic reducing agent allowing the manufacture of WMA to a reduced temperature while maintaining their mechanical proper-ties,the addition was considered in two different ways,mixing the bitumen and the surfactant in plant before adding to the mixture (dry process),and a surfactant modiﬁed bitumen(wet process) blended in reﬁnery to compare their inﬂuence.This paper shows a laboratory level characterization of an asphalt concrete AC16S mixture for the surface course(EN13108-1,2008)under three temperature reduction technologies.Based on the results obtained,one of the mixtures was chosen to adapt a HMA plant for the production of WMA mixtures and measure the emissions and fuel consumption during the manufacturing boratory works on the mixtures was based on Marshall test,water sensitivity test,triaxial test and four point bending test established the parameters to select the most appropriate mixture for being produced at bigger scale.During the manufacturing process in plant measurement of the emis-sions and fuel consumption of a HMA and the WMA were taken. Finally,the main the conclusions obtained from the analysis of results are exposed.2.Materials and methods2.1.Materials2.1.1.AggregatesAn AC16S(EN13108-1)mixture,which is found in roads and highways all over the world,was used to carry out the study.The aggregates were porphyry for the coarse fraction(12/18and6/12),and a combination of porphyry(0/6)and limestone(0/4)for the ﬁne fraction.Moreover,theﬁller employed was calcium carbonate. Table1lists the aggregate properties.The aggregates combination by percentage is shown in Table2, where the gradation of the mixture(Fig.1)was kept constant for all the mixtures developed at lower temperature and with different additives.2.1.2.BitumensFour different binders have been used for the attainment of the objectives of the investigation.Theﬁrst binder used was conven-tional50/70,and besides being used alone,it was the base for the other three bitumens.50/70bitumen,modiﬁed with an organic surfactant additive was used as second binder in order to improve its workability at lower temperatures.The bitumen modiﬁcation was made in labo-ratory and the percentage of additive used was chosen following the manufacturer recommendations(1%over bitumen weight).The third one was modiﬁed50/70bitumen with surfactant products to improve the wettability of the binder as an alterna-tive to the conventional for the reduction of temperature.The last binder used was50/70bitumen modiﬁed with microcrys-talline waxes produced by the Fischer e Tropsch process as addi-tive.In both cases,the bitumen was modiﬁed in reﬁnery.Table3 describes all the mixtures designed and the additives used,as well as the temperature reduction applied on their manufacture process.2.2.MethodologyThe methodology followed is composed of two phases,labora-tory works and the manufacturing industrial process in plant,being theﬁrst one divided in three steps and focused on the analysis of the working formula for its adaptation to the manufacture process under different temperature reduction technologies.And the sec-ond one based on the adaptation of a hot mix asphalt plant for the production of a warm asphalt mixture.In laboratory,ﬁrstly the optimum bitumen content needs to be determined for the conventional mixture of reference without additives.Based on the values of air voids(%),deformation(mm) and stability(kN)of the Marshall test(NLT-159,2000)the optimumTable1Reference values of the aggregates and mineral dust.Test/aggregate type Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate FillerGrain size(EN933-1)/(EN933-10)Sieves(mm)12/18Porphyry6/12Porphyry0/6Porphyry0/4Limestone Carbonate(CaCO3)24.4100100100100e1684100100100e8162100100e4158792e21160681000.51129301000.251121201000.125e e e e970.0630.50.911.81187Sand equivalent(EN933-8)(>50)4554Bulk density(EN-1097-3)(0.5e0.8Mg/m3)0.7Percentage of fractured face(EN933-5)(100%)100100Flakiness index(EN933-3)(25)1625Resistance to fragmentation(EN1097-2)(20)1515Cleaning(organic impurity content)(UNE146130,Annex C)(0.5%)0.50.5Particle density andabsorption(EN1097-6)r a(Mg/m3) 2.73 2.73 2.77 2.71r SSD*(Mg/m3) 2.70 2.71 2.72 2.67r RD(Mg/m3)2.69 2.70 2.70 2.65Water absorption after immersion(%)0.600.400.910.77M.Pérez-Martínez et al./Journal of Cleaner Production65(2014)374e379375content of binder was set,using the same in all the WMA ’s mix-tures.Furthermore,several test were carried out to assess the mechanical behavior of the conventional mix:water sensitivity test (EN 12697-12,2009),cyclic triaxial compression test (EN 12697-25,2006,method B)in order to study the plastic deformations,and the four point bending fatigue cracking test (EN 12697-24,2013,annex D)to assess the long term response of the mixture.In the second stage the Marshall test,with the optimum bitumen content determined,is undertaken for the three mixtures with temperature reduction technology at 140 C to study their Marshall stability (kN),voids content (%)and deformation (mm).The mechanical performance was also evaluated in the WMA mixtures applying the same test procedures and conditions as in the ﬁrst stage for the Reference Mix.Finally,a comparative analysis of the four mixtures is developed.With this purpose their stability (kN),retained strength against water (%),creep modulus (MPa)and fatigue life parameters are compared.Based on this analysis,the warm mix asphalt technology with the best overall performance will be selected for its adaptation to the plant production and to construct a road section test.In plant works are centered on the adaptation of a HMA plant for the manufacture of a WMA mixture.For this purpose a HMA and WMA mixtures are produced,measuring during the process the emission of pollutants,as well as the consumption of fuel required.In the case of the control of emissions,the methodology was similar to the one followed by Rubio et al.in (2013).In-point source emissions were measured (Fig.2);humidity,wind,and temperature data were also collected to assure the spreading in similar atmospheric conditions for HMA and WMA gases to compare the results.The parameters evaluated were the Combustion Gases (CO,NO x ,O 2,CO 2)measured by a multi-parameter analyzer (TESTO MXL),the Total Organic Carbon (TOC)through a ﬂame ionization detector (FID,M&A PT)and the emission of Particles (collected in a 47mm ﬁlter and subsequently calculated in the laboratory by gravimetry).To complete the investigation,the consumption of fuel used is also measured.3.Analysis of results 3.1.Marshall testThe Marshall test results in regards to the optimum bitumen content is shown in Table 4.As can be seen,the values of me-chanical resistance developed by the mixtures in terms of stability and deformation are slightly lower in the case of warm mix as-phalts produced at lower temperature.Furthermore,in the case of surfactants additives (both dry and wet process)a decrease in terms of density is attained by the mixtures as well as an increased in the air voids content.This is due to this type of additives,which produce an improvement in the adhesiveness aggregate/binder and a better wetting of the aggregate,but no change in the viscosity of the bitumen,and therefore it may have certain dif ﬁculties associ-ated to perform the compaction of the mixture at lower tempera-ture.In the case of wax bitumen,this fact does not occur as waxes modi ﬁed binder viscosity and consequently the values of density and air voids are not affected by reducing the temperature of manufacture and compaction.3.2.Water sensitivity testA new set of 6specimens per mixture using the optimum bitumen content were produced to perform the water sensitivityTable 3Studied mixtures and bitumens used.DenominationBitumenAdditive natureAddition processMixturemanufacture temperature ( C)Reference Mix 50/70Nonee 160Dry Surfactant Mix50/70þ1%additive Surfactant Dry 140Wet Surfactant MixSurfactantmodi ﬁed 50/70Surfactant Wet 140Wet Wax MixWax modi ﬁed 50/70Microcrystalline waxesWet140Fig.1.Aggregate gradation for asphalt mix type AC-16S.Table 2Aggregates combination by percentage.Aggregate fraction PercentagePorphyry 12/1815Porphyry 6/1244Porphyry 0/620Limestone 0/415Calcium carbonate ﬁller6Fig.2.Simpli ﬁed HMA plant distribution and in-point source.Table 4Marshall results and optimum bitumen content.ParameterReference Mix Drysurfactant Mix WetSurfactant Mix Wet Wax Mix Optimum bitumen content (%) 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8Bulk density (kg/m 3)2423236423772437Marshall stability (kN)10.7079.4788.2049.053Marshall def.(mm) 2.3 2.9 3.5 3.7Vm (%) 4.0 5.1 4.6 3.1VMA (%)15.316.115.614.5M.Pérez-Martínez et al./Journal of Cleaner Production 65(2014)374e 379376test(EN12697-12,2009).Table5resumes the values of strength obtained in the test.Once again the resistance values,in this case indirect tensile strength,shown by warm mix asphalts are slightly lower than those of the Reference Mix,perhaps indicating that may be inter-esting to increase the energy of compaction when using this type of mixtures,but higher than the ones obtained by Oliveira et al.(2013) with and without rubber.However,the retained strength(ITSR) shown by warm mix asphalts is higher,and therefore can be considered that such materials will be less affected by the action of water.This is because,in the case of surfactant additived mixtures to the improvement of adhesiveness that they generate(not only improving the coating of the aggregate,but also acting as its stimulator).Meanwhile,in the Wet Wax Mix may be related to its compaction improvement and its lower void content.3.3.Cyclic triaxial compression testPlastic deformations were evaluated by the cyclic triaxial compression test(EN12697-25,2006,method B),taking at the same time the service stresses and strains into account by means of a conﬁning load.The conditions selected involved the com-bined application at a constant temperature of40 C of a conﬁning load of120kPa and another cyclic sinusoidal out-of-phase axial loading of300kPa at a frequency of3Hz during12,000load cycles.The creep modulus and permanent deformation parame-ters for each mix were calculated.Table6shows the triaxial test results.The values obtained for the creep modulus indicate that the most resistant mix against plastic deformations is the Wet Wax Mix.The Wet Surfactant Mix behaves similar to the Reference Mix, even manufactured at lower temperature and the permanent deformation experienced only varies in0.03%.In the case of the Dry Surfactant Mix,results showed an increase in plastic deformation, probably due to a lack of mix compaction(as it is showed in its void content).3.4.Four point bending testTo perform the test,specimens of408Â50Â50mm with sawn faces were manufactured,and a sinusoidal waveform load was applied.The tests were carried out at20 C,in strain control mode and at a frequency of10Hz.The mixtures were tested in six different strain amplitude levels,250m m/m;200m m/m;175m m/m; 150m m/m;125m m/m and100m m/m Fig.3shows the potential fatigue laws derived from the four-point bending test performed in the4types of mixtures tested.As can be observed,independently of the warm mix technology used,the fatigue behavior of the mixtures evaluated is very similar, which coincides with theﬁndings of other researchers(Jones et al., 2010).On the other hand,the correlation coefﬁcients of the fatigue laws obtained are high,indicating a uniform mechanical behavior of the warm mix asphalts.This aspect agrees with the results ob-tained by Johnston et al.(2006),which showed that additive did not affect the homogeneity of its long-term mechanical behavior.Moreover,the fatigue behavior of the Dry and Wet Surfactant Mixes is very similar,regardless of the method used to add the additive.Meanwhile,it should be noted that the fatigue behavior of the Wet Wax Mix is slightly different.At higher strain amplitudes fatigue life is smaller,while for lower strain amplitudes it increases in relation to the other mixtures evaluated.This behavior is typical of more rigid materials,aspect which is supported by the results obtained in the triaxial test,where the Wet Wax Mix showed a low rate of permanent deformation(which means that is a more rigid material).Table6Triaxial test results.Parameter ReferenceMix DrySurfactantMixWetSurfactantMixWet WaxMixCreep modulus(MPa)178.57153.45175.95202.70Permanentdeformation(%)1.68 1.96 1.71 1.48Table5Water sensitivity test results.Parameter ReferenceMix Dry SurfactantMixWet SurfactantMixWet Wax MixITSR(kPa)dry group2030.01469.01749.71464.3ITSR(kPa)wet group1741.71281.01575.71357.3ITSR(%)85.587.290.192.7Fig.3.Fatigue behavior of the studied mixtures at strain controlled test(T¼20 C,f¼10Hz).M.Pérez-Martínez et al./Journal of Cleaner Production65(2014)374e3793773.5.Control of emissionsData collection for controlling emissions took place during the process of manufacturing the conventional HMA at 176 C and the mixture Wet Surfactant Mix selected as WMA at 140 C.Table 7resumes the results obtained.Fig.4shows the emissions results obtained from the manufacturing of WMA and HMA mixtures.They have been compared with the HMA and HWMA results from Rubio et al.(2013).In terms of CO 2and NO x WMA slightly reduces the emis-sions,while in TOC and CO the values obtained have been increased,which was not expected.It can be appreciated how HMWA reduce the emissions in comparison with the hot asphalt mix while no reduction is appreciated between the WMA and the hot asphalt mix.3.6.Fuel consumptionTable 8indicates the results from the measure of the fuel needed for the manufacture of HMA and WMA mixtures.According to the values obtained in plant,the consumption of fuel for the manufacture of WMA is 35%lower.Decreasing the ﬂame modulator by 60%would save fuel.The increase of the time of mixing by 5s is to guarantee the good cover of the aggregates;it induces to a decrease in production but the savings on fuel consumption balances it.4.ConclusionsIn this paper,mechanical performance testing on three asphalts mixtures modi ﬁed under different temperature reduction tech-nologies was conducted.The aim of the research was to select one of the processes to adapt a HMA plant into the manufacture of WMA mixes,and measure the emissions and consumption of fuel during the process.The results obtained during the investigation led to the following conclusions:e The use of both,surfactants and waxes,as additives can reduce the manufacture temperature of asphalt mixtures to 140 C,providing materials with similar mechanical behavior than the hot mix asphalt.e In the case of surfactant additived mixtures,its incorporation into the mixture directly through the bitumen modi ﬁed intheFig.4.Gases emissions of HMA,WMA and HWMA (Rubio et al.,2013).Table 7Emissions data collected.ParameterHMA WMA Manufacture temperature 176 C 140 C CO (ppm)616.8635.5NO x (NO 2)(ppm)55.653.2TOC (mgC/Nm 3)33.553.2Oxygen (%)16.516.5CO 2(%)2.5 2.6Speed (m/s)15.414.6Humidity (%)5.85.7Table 8Fuel consumption.ParameterHMA WMA Manufacture temperature 176 C 140 C Flame modulator 95%33%Time of mixing (s)3540Production (tn/h)200180Fuel consume (l/tn)5.83.8M.Pérez-Martínez et al./Journal of Cleaner Production 65(2014)374e 379378reﬁnery plant(wet process),seems to offer further guarantee of success than incorporating it directly on the mixture(dry pro-cess).Although not offering an improvement in the compaction process of the mixture,the improvement of adhesiveness in the mixing offered by this additive allows manufacturing such materials at lower temperatures while maintaining their me-chanical properties.Thus,retained resistance values are pre-served against the action of water,plastic deformation,and fatigue behavior,showing how the use of this type of additived bitumens may offer bituminous mixtures with similar charac-teristics to HMA,assuming an environmentally cleaner alter-native to road construction.e In turn,wax modiﬁed bitumens let ensure acceptable compac-tion of the mixes at lower temperatures,offering a good response to the action of water and plastic deformation,as well as good fatigue life.Based on the results obtained in this research,this technology presents itself as an interesting alter-native for the environmental improvement in the production of asphalt mixtures.e Among the temperature reduction technologies studied,thebest results provided,in terms of mechanical performance is the Wet Wax Mix.Nevertheless,the Wet Surfactant Mix has also shown good overall mechanical response.So,when deciding which technology could be used for the next phase of the investigation,surfactant modiﬁed bitumen in reﬁnery could be considered if it results economically and more competitive than using waxes.e In relation to the pollutant emissions,data collected do notshow a decrease as expected.On the other hand,other studies where a higher decrease of temperature takes places(as HWMA manufacturing process)provide a more signiﬁcant reduction of emissions.In this sense,to achieve a better knowledge and signiﬁcant conclusion more research needs to be develop about emissions during the manufacturing process of asphalt mixes with reduction of temperature(evaluating other asphalt plants and WMA technologies).e Fuel consumption can be decreased by35%respect to the pro-duction of HMA due to the reduction of theﬂame to dry the aggregates.When reducing this temperature of drying the time of mixing may be increased,but the savings in fuel can be considerable.AcknowledgmentsAuthors would like to acknowledge the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad for its assistance in the project:INMBERS:Investigación de nuevas mezclas de baja energía para rehabilitación superﬁcial.IPT-420000-2010-12.ReferencesD’Angelo,J.,Harm, E.,Bartoszek,J.,Baumgardner,G.,Corrigan,M.,Cowsert,J., Harman,T.,Jamshidi,M.,Jones,W.,Newcomb, D.,Prowell, B.,Sines,R., Yeaton,B.,2008.Warm-mix Asphalt:European Practice.Report FHWA-PL-08e 007.Ofﬁce of International Programs,U.S.Department of Transportation, Washington DC,USA.EAPA,European Asphalt Pavement Association,January2010.The Use of Warm Mix Asphalt.EAPA position paper (accessed09.10.12.).EN12697e12,2009.Bituminous Mixtures.Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt.Part 12:Determination of Water Sensitivity of Bituminous Specimens.European Committee for Standardization,Bruxelles,Belgium.EN12697e24,2013.Bituminous Mixtures.Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt.Part 24:Resistance to Fatigue;Annex D,Four Point Bending Fatigue Cracking Test.European Committee for Standardization,Bruxelles,Belgium.EN12697e25,2006.Bituminous Mixtures.Test Methods for Hot Mix Asphalt.Part 25:Cyclic Compression Test;Method B,Cyclic Triaxial Compression Test.Eu-ropean Committee for Standardization,Bruxelles,Belgium.EN13108e1,2008.Bituminous Mixtures e Material Speciﬁcations.Part1:Asphalt Concrete.European Committee for Standardization,Bruxelles,Belgium. General Management of Roads,2008.General Technical Speciﬁcation for Road and Bridge Works PG-3.Articles542and543(in Spanish),Madrid,Spain. Hamzah,M.O.,Jamshidi, A.,Shahadan,Z.,2010.Evaluation of the potential of SasobitÒto reduce required heat energy and CO2emission in the asphalt in-dustry.J.Clean.Prod.18,1859e1865.Johnston, A.,Yeung,K.,Bird,J.,Forﬂyow, B.,2006.Initial Canadian experience with warm-mix asphalt in Calgary,Alberta.In:Proc.51st Annual Conference of the CTAA,Charlotte-town,Prince Edward Island,Canada,pp.369e386. Jones,D.,Barros,C.,Harvey,J.T.,Tsai,B.W.,Wu,R.,2010.Preliminary results from California warm-mix asphalt study.In:Transportation Research Board89th Annual Meeting,Washington DC,USA.Kristjansdottir,O.,2006.Warm Mix Asphalt for Cold Weather Paving(PhD thesis).University of Washington,Seattle,WA,USA.NLT-159,2000.Marshall Test.Road Tests of the Road Study Center(in Spanish), Madrid,Spain.Oliveira,J.R.M.,Silva,H.M.R.D.,Abreu,L.P.F.,Fernandes,S.R.M.,e of a warm mix asphalt additive to reduce the production temperatures and to improve the performance of asphalt rubber mixtures.J.Clean.Prod.41,15e22.Punith,V.,Xiao, F.,Wingard, D.,2013.Performance characterization of half warm mix asphalt using foaming technology.J.Mater.Civ.Eng.25,382e 392.Reyes-Ortiz,O.,Pérez,F.,Miró,R.,Amorós,J.,Gil,S.,2009.The Phoenix Project at UPC.Warm mix asphalt mixtures.In:XV Ibero-Latin American Congress of Asphalt.Lisbon23-27November2009,Portugal(in Spanish).Rubio,M.C.,Martínez,G.,Baena,L.,Moreno,F.,2012.Warm mix asphalt:an over-view.J.Clean.Prod.24,76e84.Rubio,M.C.,Moreno,F.,Martínez-Echevarría,M.J.,Martínez,G.,Vázquez,J.M.,2013.Comparative analysis of emissions from the manufacture and use of hot and half-warm mix asphalt.J.Clean.Prod.41,1e6.Wax,Sasol,2005.Roads and Trials with / sasolwaxmedia/Downloads/Bitumen_Modiﬁcation-p-409/Roads_and_trials.pdf (accessed17.09.12.).Zaumanis,M.,2010.Warm Mix Asphalt Investigation(PhD thesis).Technical Uni-versity of Denmark,Kongens Lyngby,Denmark.M.Pérez-Martínez et al./Journal of Cleaner Production65(2014)374e379379。

中国金融四十人论坛书单

中国金融四十人论坛书单1. 《货币战争》——宋鸿兵2. 《金融秩序的崩溃》——乔治-索罗斯3. 《金融风暴》——迈克尔-刘易斯4. 《中国金融改革三十年》——吴敬琏5. 《股票大作手回忆录》——艾德温-李费6. 《财富自由之路》——温伯格7. 《华尔街的智慧》——杰克-施温格8. 《金融市场分析与量化投资》——陈志文9. 《投资学》——托马斯-科恩10. 《证券分析》——本杰明-格雷厄姆11. 《股票市场技术分析》——约翰-墨菲12. 《华尔街金融三部曲》——安东尼-伯格斯13. 《金融市场与机构》——弗雷德里克-米什金14. 《资本市场的逻辑》——戴维-斯文森15. 《金融市场宏观分析》——丹尼尔-拉卡维尔16. 《金融市场与金融机构》——马克-弗利斯17. 《股票市场上的行为金融学》——詹姆斯-蒙哥马利18. 《金融市场与投资管理》——托马斯-史密斯19. 《金融市场与机构》——弗雷德里克-米什金20. 《金融市场与投资》——艾伦-科恩21. 《股票投资全书》——菲利普-费舍尔22. 《金融投资学》——伯恩斯坦23. 《证券投资分析》——海曼24. 《股票与投资分析》——卜森25. 《投资组合管理》——弗兰克-费尔德26. 《金融商品与衍生品》——约翰-库珀27. 《期货市场分析与交易》——法布尔28. 《交易员必读的金融书》——阿莫斯-奥兰众29. 《金融工程学》——鲍伯-盖斯坦30. 《金融数学》——约翰-霍利曼31. 《金融市场模拟与计算机模拟》——罗伯特-博因32. 《金融市场统计学》——戴维-里维林33. 《金融风险管理》——约翰-何塞-加西亚34. 《量化交易》——伊曼努尔-迪特里希35. 《金融市场的机械分析方法》——罗伯特-梅茨勒36. 《金融与保险》——塞尔达尔37. 《商业银行》——哈里森38. 《证券投资银行》——艾伦-伊斯特曼39. 《货币与银行》——乔治-卡恩40. 《财富的逻辑》——布鲁斯-格林沃尔德。

1111 2010高端培训名单2010

编名称原名培训公司名单3月4日培训名单最终整理版20050304日参加课程人员名单整理后深圳时代光华客户时代光华客户余世维珠三角客户名单余世维客户表格完成单仁网络营销第10、13、14、15届名单单仁网络营销名单0K杜云生赚钱机器客户名单7.25-27赚钱机器签到表杜云生行销模式赚钱机器学员所有品牌课客户名单杜云生总裁演说班名单杨崭杜云生杜云生绝对成交第11期培训学员通讯录78个第11期绝对成交杜云生创富机构学员名单杜云生机构通讯录60杜云生公众演说通讯录159个杜云生公众演说通讯录a林伟贤BSE求水山庄高端培训人员名单2008年3月17-3月24深圳BSE报到单林伟贤深圳BSE名单（1）深圳BSE名单林伟贤深圳BSE名单（2）BSE167清华大学总裁班第45期学员名单45期总裁班分组通信录清华大学总裁研修班试听签到名单清华大学总裁班2梁凯恩绝对成交学员名单%超越极限[2]林伟贤深圳Monev & You签到表深圳M&Y通讯录林伟贤东莞第2期Money&You学员通讯录东莞2期money&you通讯录林伟贤北京第13期Money&You学员通讯录M&Y北京第13期通讯录林伟贤Money&You学员Money&You学员(sz1-10)分配明细林伟贤东莞第3期Money&You学员通讯录东莞三期Money&You通讯录林伟贤东莞第3期M%26Y通讯录东莞第3期M%26Y通讯录(新生)林伟贤深圳第11期Money&You学员通讯录60个深圳11期Money&You林伟贤深圳第12期Money&You学员通讯录74个深圳12期Money&Youok林伟贤深圳第13期Money&You学员通讯录76个深圳第13期Money&you林伟贤深圳第14期Money&You学员通讯录深圳14期money&you通讯录深圳第13期Money&you162个深圳第13期Money&you深圳第四期Money&You深圳第四期Money郝平孟母Money&You学员(sz1-10)Money&You学员(sz1-10)分配明细林伟贤班总裁北京12期林伟贤班总裁少Money&You14、211期深圳林老师、M&Y课程名单杭州第10期M&Y通讯录wenbin林伟贤课程学员名单林伟贤08年安之课程学员08年安之课程42009年总裁培训班学员陈安之机构学员通讯录陈安之激励培训VIP客户陈安之激励培训VIP客户111绝对成交第九期通讯录绝对成交第九期通讯录赢利模式名单赢利模式133赢利模式名单赢利模式65期86赢利模式名单赢利模式赢利模式学员赢利模式学员1行动公司名单行动公司行动成功同学会行动成功同学会赢利模式名单赢利模式A赢利模式名单赢利模式B赢利模式学员9、16、18李践（已参加）赢利模式1-7期名单赢利模式1-7期名单赢利模式9期名单赢利模式9期赢利模式11期名单赢利模式11期赢利模式14期名单赢利模式14赢利模式15名单赢利模式15赢利模式16名单赢利模式16赢利模式已上课名单赢利模式已上课名单李践28期学员152个李践28期李践行摸名单100个李践行摸名单李践浙江盈利模式2名单%李践浙江盈利模式[2]李践老师课程联系客户8月份之前的研讨会资料行动成功13期通讯录行动成功13期通讯录（已参加）行动成功15期名单行动成功15期深圳聚成09年10月深圳聚成客户聚成（深圳）550个聚成（深圳）聚成培训会员1聚成培训会员1聚成培训会员2聚成培训会员2聚成培训会员3聚成培训会员3聚成培训会员4聚成培训会员4聚成培训会员5聚成培训会员5聚成培训会员6聚成培训会员6聚成培训会员7聚成培训会员7聚成学员名单电话号码聚成聚成公开课名单成交过2800以上公开课聚成在线客户聚成在线客户聚成学习卡客户学习卡客户2聚成公众演讲班32期32期聚成公众演讲班聚成番禺客户番禺客户资料表刘一秒影响智慧深圳客户刘一秒《影响智慧》深圳客户(3)刘一秒运营智慧深圳客户刘一秒《运营智慧》深圳客户刘一秒赢利智慧走火大会刘一秒第1届《赢利智慧走火大会》刘一秒赢利智慧走火大会刘一秒第2届《赢利智慧走火大会》刘一秒赢利智慧走火大会刘一秒第3届《赢利智慧走火大会》刘一秒赢利智慧走火大会刘一秒第4届《赢利智慧走火大会》刘一秒赢利智慧走火大会刘一秒第6届《赢利智慧走火大会》刘一秒赢利智慧走火大会刘一秒第7届《赢利智慧走火大会》刘一秒赢利智慧走火大会刘一秒第11届《赢利智慧走火大会》刘一秒赢利智慧走火大会刘一秒第12届《赢利智慧走火大会》刘一秒赢利智慧走火大会刘一秒第14届《赢利智慧走火大会》卓越领导力57期名单57_通讯录卓越领导力56期名单56培训公司联系名单M客户名单2超越巅峰名单龙队超越巅峰名单龙队-第3期巅峰销售通讯录第3期巅峰销售通讯录198探索班通讯录198探索班通讯录199探索班通讯录199期成人探索班通讯录200探索班通讯录200探索班通讯录202期探索班通讯录202期探索班通讯录203期探索班通讯录203期探索班通讯录204期心灵探索通讯录204期心灵探索工作坊通讯录205期心灵探索通讯录205期心灵探索工作坊通讯录207探索班通讯录207探索班通讯录209期探索班通讯录209期探索班通讯录210期探索班通讯录210期探索班通讯录213期探索班通讯录213期通讯录214期探索班通讯录214期探索班通讯录215期探索班通讯录215期探索班通讯录216期探索班通讯录216期探索班通讯录219期探索班通讯录219期通讯录220期探索班通讯录220期通讯录221期探索班通讯录221期通讯录222期探索班通讯录222期通讯录（3楼）223期探索班通讯录223期通讯录224期探索班通讯录224期通讯录225期探索班通讯录225期通讯录226期探索班通讯录226期通讯录227期探索班通讯录227期通讯录228期探索班通讯录228期通讯录229期探索班通讯录229期通讯录230期探索班通讯录230探索班通讯录221期探索班通讯录231探索班通讯录232期探索班通讯录232期探索班通讯录221期探索班通讯录233期探索班通讯录影响力广州学员名单guangzhoude影响力成都学员名单成都的影响力东莞学员名单东莞影响力影响力上海学员名单上海影响力的深圳影响力学员名单深圳影响力的影响力学员名单#王名单乔吉拉德课程签到表乔吉拉德签到表-080520卓越领导力56期名单56期通讯录卓越领导力58期名单58通讯录卓越领导力74期名单74期通讯录42届NLP学员联系表42届NLP学员联系表长江商学院学员名单长江商学院长江商学院2008.12长江商学院2008.12东莞一日商学院名单东莞一日商学院名单培训公司成交客户名单懂事长50个培训公司高意向客户高意向客户汇总表工作表 (2培训公司高意向客户回传跟进表培训公司跟进名单C类名单培训公司跟进客户名单林老师销讲名完成1504期火凤凰咨询同学录火凤凰通讯录安东尼罗宾课程名单06年2月现场报名学员安东尼罗宾安东尼罗宾名单2002安东尼罗宾安东尼罗宾名单2003安东尼罗宾安东尼罗宾课程名单安东尼罗宾课程名单安东尼罗宾深圳公开课安东尼罗宾深圳公开课同学录80亚伯拉罕课程名单参加亚伯拉罕课程名单104亚伯拉罕课程名单参加亚伯拉罕课程名单4989月14日广州九型性格学员广州九型性格通讯录团队销售力学员名单超越巅峰名单龙队国学深圳二班通讯录中国国学大讲深圳二班通讯录教导型组织模式通讯录35期教导型组织模式大班委通讯录中大岭南学员EMBA学员10期中大学员（100条）10期中山大学EMBA名单10期中大EMBA名单上海交换客户名单13BSE第五期NAC名单第五期NAC（9）MBA企业信息总表MBA企业信息总表买过光盘MBA续读班MBA续读班2009全国总裁班学员2009全国总裁班学员7358北邮企业国际化总裁班北邮企业国际化总裁班3月董事长高级研修班管理哲学与经营战略董事长高级班复旦大学总裁高级研修班复旦大学总裁高级研修班通讯录总裁班(192)发下去电话沟通的nnnn北京大学国学23班学员北京大学国学23班学员通讯录博恩崔西火凤凰通学录博恩崔西火凤凰通学录89第十期总裁班第十期总裁班 22卓越CEO高级研修班广东高级研修班86个管理思想八班通讯录管理思想八班通讯录美国MBA深圳班学员广东深圳班（D班）学员通讯录总裁班实践家总裁班实践家第一期总裁魔鬼训练营第一期企业总裁魔鬼训练营通讯录深圳短期总裁班课程深圳短期总裁班-董事长课程项目管理研修班名单CEO现代项目管理高级研修班通讯录CEO培训名单CEO我的名单(2)(3)高级研修班学员名单公司治理资本运作高级研修班学员名清华研修班（最新）清华研修班名单共1287条（最新）深圳中大方略名单08.4.29深圳中大方略林老师演讲会深圳中大方略名单06.4.29深圳中大方略林老师演讲会广州演讲会学员留单06.4.10广州演讲会留单上海总裁优势谈判研习会2008上海总裁优势谈判研习会同学录广东家具班广东家具班4217届营销班资料17届营销班资料培训名单整理培训名单整理培训学员名单学员名单广东省工商联企业家培训中央党校首届广东工商联企业家班7月25号景轩酒店培训7月25号景轩酒店988月客户名单8月客户名单442008 10 25阳光酒店培训2008 10 25阳光酒店8月14日阳光酒店培训8月14日阳光酒店100.培训班名单2004UPW培训班名单2003UPW培训班名单2002UPW营销会议名单共好客户2008PPT课程资料2008PPT课程资料08年学员信息深圳汇总108年学员信息深圳汇总1客服与客服团队管理班第一期客服课程学员通讯录65职业经理资格认证通讯国家职业标准首批认证通讯录最新企业名录全国培训公司老总09年全国培训公司手机号码高端客户资源高端客户资源299董事长、总经理(311)懂事长总经理1-5nnnn 董事长、总经理段岳云老总资料高端企业家名片高端企业家名片(高质量)24期企业家沙龙签到表3月10日沙龙（已打过）东莞沙龙名单表3月11日东莞沙龙名单完成8月5日沙龙名单8月5日沙龙名单完成20期沙龙名单表20期沙龙名单表完成(已打过) 22期沙龙名单22期沙龙名单表-完成23期沙龙名单表223期沙龙名单表2表223期沙龙签到表23期沙龙签到表k23期沙龙名单23期沙龙名单表---2月4日茶话会通讯录2月4日茶话会通讯录-完成会员联络名单会员联络名单网络营销企业名单会议名单互联网创富大会名单深圳老板名单285会议营销名单会议营销名单约250亿万美元行销课程名单亿万美元行销周末互联网财富大会名录互联网财富大会名录董事长、总经理可用1287nnnn董事长、总经理客户资料39条总经理客户资料北京50010年3月份总经理李传真记录一览表高端客户卢斌公司团拜会名单名单05团拜会（186条）各地高端客户名单董事长、总经理企业大全董事长、总经理企业老总资料da医药公司老总医药公司老总职业经理资格认证通讯国家职业标准首批认证通讯录大企业优质数据重要数据09年深圳企业家年会名片2009年深圳企业家年会名片会议名单会议名单330会议名单会议名单东风日产车主客户深圳东风日产车主客户参加展会客户跟进名单客户资料佛山顺德名录顺德名录8-1高端资源（北京）高端资源（北京）高端资源2006(5月)BSE通讯录联系顾客联系顾客名单名单1罗湖福田老总手机(最新)1罗湖福田老总手机(最新)罗湖福田最新老板手机2罗湖福田最新老板手机(工商局)罗湖福田老板手机3罗湖福田老板手机(工商局)08年深圳注册企业08年深圳注册企业老总手机名录深圳企业管理层管理层280深圳最新名单名单深圳会议名单会议名单深圳老板名单老板名单200深圳老板名单老板名单420深圳老板名单深圳老板名单340宝马顾客名单宝马顾客名单深圳广告公司名录广告公司深圳老板电话老板200深圳老板电话老板名单560深圳老板电话名单1深圳老板电话名单3深圳老板电话名单156深圳老板电话名单.深圳老板电话名单C类167深圳老板电话名录1深圳老板电话名录2深圳老板电话深圳老板名单C深圳老板电话深圳名单深圳老板电话同行云峰1深圳老板电话同行云峰2.深圳老板电话同行云峰深圳老板电话名单A深圳老板电话执得董事深圳企业总经理全是总经理（中型企业100名）深圳会议名录深圳会议名录6月29号参会名单(深圳）6月29号参会名单(深圳）深圳建筑业协会理事会67深圳建筑业协会第四届理事会理事广州企业名录71个2深圳老总555安徽籍深圳企业家安徽籍深圳企业家（76条）浙江制造业目录笔制造业云南经贸代表团参会人员副本Name Lists - 15 Mar 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习惯于承受压力应变能力强，人际沟通能力强，容易被别
人认同比大多数行业更勤奋，更能吃苦自律性强，注重记录与计划客户意识强，服务意识好对成长、对空间、对未来成就有强烈的企
图心更加渴望快乐的工作方式和生活方式
51
学历：高中
年度业绩：45.2万
王玉琴 (四川)
原工作所属行业（职业）：酒厂附属品销售
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陈瑛
蒲志荣
黄嘉
王羽佳
张前英
王茂英
夏娟
陈效翠
侯良春
伍敏
张丽谢家珍
累计增员 10
累计增员6
累计增员43
黄强（万元人力）
陈志彬（月均7千）王阁（月均8千）赖艳香（万元人力）廖鼎光（万元人力）陈喜军黄利玲吴智勇余翠英
27
陈晓华
黄强
王阁
廖鼎光赖艳香陈志彬陈喜军黄利玲吴智勇余翠英
累计增员80
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8月24日 8月31日 8月31日 8月19日 8月19日上海夏根娣青岛毛贺民四川卢春蓉四川李明媛四川冉光英
8月31日四川罗丽霞
9月2日辽宁孙玉美
9月7日四川周岚
9月25日四川周江莉
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9月28日 9月29日 10月11日 10月13日四川孙爱平苏州岳建英江西万飞鸿四川杨林
11月23日苏州韩嫣芳
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11月29日 11月29日 11月30日 11月30日 11月25日 11月29日黑龙江鲁彦黑龙江王丽平浙江林海慧四川王小金四川黄霞福建黄景云

1-s2.0-S0927775715303460-main

Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154Contents lists available at ScienceDirectColloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical andEngineeringAspectsj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c o l s u r faEvaluation of oil-in-water emulsions with cationic–anionic surfactants mixtures for potential use in the oil industryEduardo N.Schulz a ,∗,Rubén E.Ambrusi a ,Daniela B.Miraglia b ,Erica P.Schulz b ,Silvana G.García a ,JoséL.Rodriguez b ,Pablo C.Schulz ba Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión,CONICET—Departamento de Ingeniería Química,Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca,Argentina bInstituto de Química del Sur,CONICET,Departamento de Química,Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca,Argentinah i g h l i g h t s•Theemulsiﬁer proper-ties of sodium oleate(NaOl)–hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB)aqueous mixtures were studied.•The formation of O/W and W/O emulsions was explored and their properties were determined.•It was found that all emulsions were stable on ageing and to temperature rise.•The emulsions were destroyed by contact with quartzite stones.•These mixtures have high potential applicability in the asphalt emulsi-ﬁcation for pavement production or sand ﬁxation.g r a p h i c a la b s t r a c tLeft:stones with crude oil emulsion.×100,Crossed polaroids and 1␭retardation plate intercalated,show-ing interference colours in the quartzite stones and sensitive pink of non-birefringent (water)medium.The black zones correspond to stones covered by hydrocarbon.Right:crude oil emulsion,unpolarised light.The emulsion used in both photos was diluted to improvevisualization.a r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 8September 2015Received in revised form 9November 2015Accepted 13November 2015Available online 18November 2015Keywords:Petroleum emulsions Catanionic emulsiﬁer Sodium oleateHexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide Mixed surfactantsa b s t r a c tThe emulsiﬁer properties of sodium oleate (NaOl)-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB)aque-ous mixtures were studied using different proportions of the surfactants.The formation of O/W and W/O emulsions was explored and their properties (viscosity,stability and droplets size distribution)were determined.The mixture with 0.75mole fraction of HTAB without considering the solvent formed very stable and concentrated O/W emulsions,which were destroyed via heterocoagulation by quartzite sand.Thus,these mixtures have high potential applicability in the asphalt emulsiﬁcation for pavement production or sand ﬁxation.©2015Published by Elsevier B.V.∗Corresponding author.E-mail address:nschulz@.ar (E.N.Schulz)./10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.11.0230927-7757/©2015Published by Elsevier B.V.146 E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–1541.IntroductionStable emulsions of heavy oils or bitumen in water are widely used to extract,transport and store petroleum.These emulsions are an alternative to the increase of temperature for the mixing of asphalt with light oils,which involve high costs and technical complexity[1,2].O/W bitumen emulsions have been also employed as combustible in electricity power plants[3].Desire features of these emulsions are high stability and low viscosity.Other applications of asphalt emulsions are road construction and roof water-prooﬁng.In particular,these emulsions have many advantages for road reparation compared to melted asphalt:easier implementation,fewer precautions and no need of special equip-ment,as well as their applicability to wet surfaces,a very attractive characteristic.The speed of rupture of the asphalt emulsion on the mineral substrate is of primary importance.On the one hand, enough time must be allowed for proper mixing of the various com-ponents of the system but,on the other hand,the breaking time must be short enough to permit a rapid re-opening of the road to trafﬁc[4].Bitumen is a high viscosity mixture of hydrocarbons(>104 cP).“Synthetic”bitumen is best known as asphalt and is a petroleum-like material obtained as a residue from the distillation of petroleum[5]with a consistency varying from viscous liquid to glassy solid.Asphalt is commonly employed as a binder of aggre-gates for road pavement[6].Asphalt emulsions are commonly either anionic or cationic. Their rupture in contact with stones is caused by the destabiliza-tion of the emulsiﬁer.Polyvalent cations,such as Ca+2and Mg+2(in basic stones such as calcareous ones),react with anionic surfactants producing uncharged insoluble soaps while the negative charge of acid siliceous surfaces reacts with cationic surfactants causing elec-trostatic adsorption.The adsorbed cationic surfactants show their hydrocarbon chains out of the stones’surface,causing its hydropho-bization and thus increasing the tendency of asphalt to adsorb on the stones,promoting the adhesion between the hydrocarbon and the mineral surfaces.Moreover,the surfactant monolayer reduces the afﬁnity of the stones’surface towards water,thus reducing its tendency to destroy the pavement.Water penetration causes strip-ping of the bitumen from the aggregate particles,consequently endangering the subgrade layer as well as the base course[7].A catanionic(anionic–cationic surfactant mixture)emulsiﬁer will have both the advantages of cationic and anionic emulsions. However,in general cationic–anionic surfactant mixtures tend to precipitate in some proportions.We have previously studied a catanionic mixture which does not precipitate in any proportion [8–10].Sodium oleate(NaOl)–hexadecyltrimethylammonium bro-mide(HTAB)mixtures form soluble systems at all NaOl–HTAB proportions.This mixture does not precipitate at any composition because to steric hindrances,which were attributed to the afﬁnity of the NaOl double bond to water via hydrogen bonding.Thus NaOl acts as a surfactant having two hydrophilic groups,the carboxylate and the double bond.This causes a curvature of the aggregate/water surface which favours the O/W emulsiﬁcation[6–8].NaOl is a nat-ural,biodegradable soap which is innocuous for the environment. HTAB has bactericide capacity but it is not dispersed in the environ-ment because it is strongly adsorbed by the negative stones’surface and remains below the asphalt layer.Thus,the system NaOl–HTAB seems to have interesting features that makes it attractive for prac-tical applications,especially in the petroleum industry.In the present work the emulsiﬁer capability of different mix-tures of NaOl–HTAB with Argentine crude oil(CO)and with model liquid parafﬁn(LP)has been studied.The behaviour of the emul-sions in contact with a petrous substrate has been also studied in order to evaluate their possible use in pavement production.Our ﬁndings are of practical and theoretical interest in the oil emulsions ﬁeld and set the basis for the future study of the emulsiﬁcation properties for heavy oil.2.Experimental2.1.MaterialsFor parafﬁn emulsions,extra dense liquid parafﬁn(LP)EWE with viscosity Seyboldt340s and75centi-Stokes was used as purchased.Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide(HTAB, C16H32N(CH3)3Br>99%)was from Fluka.Sodium oleate(NaOL, C18H33O2Na>99%)was from Aldrich.Both chemicals were of ana-lytical grade and were used as purchased.The crude oil(CO)of35◦API(0.870g cm−3)has kinematic vis-cosity10.7mm2s−1and dynamic viscosity96.7cp(both at20◦C) and does not contain aromatic compounds,asphaltenes or other chemicals[11].It has been kindly supplied by the Petrobras Bahia Blanca reﬁnery and is from the Neuquen oilﬁeld(Argentina).The stones were from the Pigüéquarry(Argentina)and were selected because of their poor performance to produce pavements with commercial asphalt emulsions.Their treatment with a com-mercial asphalt emulsion achieved only an incomplete coverage of the stones’surface,which leaves the pavement vulnerable to water penetration[12].LP and CO were selected because of their easier manipulation than heavy oils and bitumen.Once the possibility of using the mix-ture for emulsifying hydrocarbons is stated,it is possible to study the formation of bitumen emulsions.We used Argentinian crude oil,which is free of asphaltenes,due to a matter of availability.Tri-distillated water was used and the measurements were per-formed twice.2.2.EmulsionsAqueous emulsiﬁer solutions of HTAB and NaOL with0.1M were prepared at the mole fractions of HTAB in the surfactant mixture without considering the solvent(˛HTAB)0.1;0.25;0.3;0.50;0.7;0.75;0.9and1.Each emulsion was stirred for15min with a steel helix stirring electric device at800rpm after the addition of the second phase.Emulsions of Argentine petroleum were prepared according to two procedures:a)The aqueous surfactant solution(50mL)was added in aliquotsof2mL to50mL of CO under stirring.Then,15mL of each sam-ple was put in a graduate tube and stoppered.The volume of the emulsion was determined immediately,after24h and after a week’s time.The emulsions were observed by means of a micro-scope.b)The CO(50mL)was added to50mL of the aqueous surfactantsolution in aliquots of2mL under stirring and the emulsions were observed as in procedure a.An additional observation was made after14months.Since the Argentine petroleum was parafﬁnic(see below),we used for the main determinations a model emulsion with liquid parafﬁn which facilitates the observation because it is colourless. The model emulsions were prepared with surfactant mixture(0.1M in water)with˛HTAB=0.1;0.25;0.50and0.75.Then,60mL of liquid parafﬁn was added to40mL of the aqueous surfactant solutions and stirred during15min.The systems were transferred to graduated tubes and the volumes of emulsion,remnant water and remainder parafﬁn were recorded.Samples of the freshly prepared emulsions for microscopic observation were kept in separated sealed vials.Samples with˛HTAB=0.25;0.50and0.75were observed in a microscope Nikon Eclipse E-200POL Polarizing,Tokyo,Japan.E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–154147Table1Volumes of W/O emulsion and remnant(non-emulsiﬁed)water in10mL samples as a function of the surfactant composition.A week old samples after centrifugation.␣HTAB00.10.30.50.70.91V W/Oemulsion/mL 2.9 1.20.3 3.30.20.50.2V water/mL7.18.89.7* 6.79.8**9.59.8****W/O/W emulsion.**O/W emulsion.***Multiple emulsion.Unless stated otherwise,all observations were made with×100 magniﬁcation.Nonetheless,scale bars were added to the photos. As both phases are transparent and colourless,a drop of aqueous solution of methylene blue was added to determine the nature of the emulsion.In all cases the dye diffused amongst the emulsion droplets,thus all emulsions were O/W.The emulsions remained stable during the microscope observations although no stabilizer was added(such as a gelatine solution)[13].The viscosity(Á)of emulsions was measured with a Vibro Viscometer SV-10/SV100calibrated with tri-distilled water (Á=0.89cP at25◦C).The hydrocarbon/water volume ratio in the emulsions was mea-sured using a modiﬁed Dean-Stark apparatus[2].To evaluate the effectiveness of stones in destructing the emul-sion and the hydrocarbon deposition on the stones’surface,a powder of the stones was put in contact with the different emul-sions and observed under the microscope.In order to reproduce the procedure in real working conditions,the mineral substrate was used as received,without any pre-treatment.The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the stones employed in the test of stability of emulsion was made in a Phillips PW1710 diffractometer with Cu anode and curved graphite monocromator operated at54kW and30mA.FT-IR measurements were performed with an Infrared Spec-trophotometer(Nicolet FT-IR,Model Nexus470)to test the CO structure.The size distribution of droplets was determined with a com-puter program(Pixcavator IA).As a size reference,the width of the hair in Fig.3a was used(a similar method was used for other magniﬁcations).Averages and variances values were computed by the minimum variance linear unbiased method[14]and the Student t function was employed to compute the error intervals.Conﬁdence level was 0.90.Errors of derived data were computed with the error expan-sion method.3.ResultsThe X-ray diffractogram(Fig.1in Supplementary information, SI)indicates that the stones’nature is clastic sedimentary rock—S0, formed by silica(ortho-quartzite).The petroleum FT-IR spectrum(not shown)showed only parafﬁnic hydrocarbon peaks(CH3;CH2stretching vibra-tions at3000–2850cm−1and CH3;CH2bending vibrations at 1480–1350cm−1).3.1.Petroleum emulsionsChanging the order of addition of the components while stir-ring produced two different kinds of emulsions.The addition of the surfactant aqueous solution to crude oil produced a W/O emul-sion(see Fig.1).Freshly prepared samples did not show signiﬁcant phase separation.The emulsion could be separated by centrifuga-tion at2000rpm only after a week from preparation.Due to the petroleum colour,a Cole-Palmer Iluminator41720-series was used. Table1shows the relative volumes of emulsion as a function of the mixture composition.Pure NaOl(˛HTAB=0)had poor emulsifying capacity,but the addition of a small amount of HTAB(˛HTAB=0.1) produced a good W/O emulsion with small polydisperse droplets (Fig.1a).Further addition of HTAB produced a very polydisperse W/O emulsion(Fig.1b and c).With˛HTAB=0.3two kinds of emul-sions appeared:the W/O and a multiple emulsion O/W/O,and with ˛HTAB=0.7there coexist W/O and O/W emulsions.As we desired O/W emulsions we employed procedure b:addi-tion of the crude oil to the surfactant solution under stirring.Fig.2 shows microscopic images of two of the emulsions obtained with ˛HTAB=0.75.The concentrated emulsion was diluted with water to improve the observation.3.2.Parafﬁn emulsionsOwing to the difﬁculty caused by the strong colour of the crude oil to the visual examination and microphotographs analysis,we decided to make model emulsions with liquid parafﬁn,which is colourless and whose composition and viscosity are similar to that of the crude oil.Since the amount of surfactant affects the size of the droplets,we have used the same amount of surfactant in all the emulsions to compare the effect of the mixture composition.On the basis of the preceding results,we used only surfactant solutions having˛HTAB=0.1;0.25;0.5and0.75.Since we were interested in O/W emulsions,these were prepared by dropping the parafﬁn to the aqueous emulgent solution under stirring.The nature of the emulsion(O/W)was determined by diffusion of a drop of a methylene blue aqueous solution in the continuous phase, viewed through the microscope(Fig.2in the SI).Fig.3shows the emulsions obtained with different surfactant compositions.The size distribution of droplets was graphically determined using a computer program(Pixcavator IA)on the pho-tomicrographs.The freshly prepared emulsions did not show remnant water or parafﬁn.The viscosity(Á)of the emulsion at25◦C were13.20cP for ˛HTAB=0.25;47.00cP for˛HTAB=0.5and382.00cP for˛HTAB=0.75. The droplets size distribution is shown in Fig.4.The particle size of an emulsion is one of the most important characteristics[13].Droplets size and droplets size distribution can be used as indexes of state of an emulsion and are intimately related to their stability,resistance to creaming,rheology,and chemical reactivity[15].Two emulsions may have the same average droplet diameter and yet exhibit quite dissimilar behaviours because of differences in their distribution of diameters.The droplet size distribution for˛HTAB=0.25is unimodal and broad while that for˛HTAB=0.50is multimodal with lower maxima. When˛HTAB is0.75the distribution is a narrow,unimodal and cen-tred in the smaller size.Emulsions with a droplet-size distribution with a maximum of low diameter droplets and with this maximum sharply deﬁned represent a situation of maximum stability[16].To study the stability of the emulsions,these were aged in sealed graduated tubes.The separation of emulsion and water when the systems were aged can be seen in Fig.5.The emulsions still remained stable after14months.(Fig.3in SI).The aged emulsion with˛HTAB=0.75had a LP content73%V/V. Natural bitumen emulsions contain between70and80%V/V of bitumen separated by tiny layer of water,while asphaltic emulsions usually contain about60%V/V[9].The size distribution is shifted towards smaller droplets when aged,as shown in Fig.6for˛HTAB=0.25(the other surfactant com-positions showed similar behaviour).To determine the efﬁciency of the surfactant mixtures to emul-sify LP,20mL of emulsion having˛HTAB=0.25was completed to 100mL with liquid parafﬁn and stirred.After a day,there was1mL of supernatant parafﬁn,i.e.1.412g of surfactant mixture was capa-ble of emulsifying91mL of parafﬁn.The size distribution of droplets148E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154Fig.1.W/O emulsions produced by dropping aqueous surfactant solution to crude oil under stirring.×100.(a)˛HTAB =0.1,(b)˛HTAB =0.7,(c)˛HTAB =1.The bar corresponds to 0.2mm.Fig.2.O/W emulsion obtained by dropping crude oil to the aqueous surfactant solution under stirring.˛HTAB =0.75,×100.(a)emulsion diluted with 25%water,(b)emulsion diluted with 50%water.The bar corresponds to 0.2mm.was almost unimodal and is shown in Fig.7.After one year only 20mL of parafﬁn was separated while the remaining emulsion was stable (see Fig.3in SI)with the separation of the remnant water (below)and parafﬁn (above).Similar results were obtained with the other compositions.No agglomeration or coalescence was observed during the microscope observations,even after one hour of preparing the sam-ples.To test the temperature stability of emulsions,samples of the three emulsions (with ˛HTAB =0.25,0.5,and 0.75)were placed between slides and heated with a temperature-controlled stage at the microscope.Photos were taken at different temperatures up to the ebullition of water (Fig.8).Vapour bubbles and LP droplets differentiate by the aspect of their borders as a consequence of the different refractive index:the borders are black and thick in the vapour bubbles and light grey in the LP droplets.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.25became more ﬂuid at 83◦C and the larger droplets disappeared but the smaller ones were retained.At 111.5◦C the emulsion ﬂowed and the water started to boil.Fig.8band c shows the vapour bubbles that grew with increasing temper-ature.The oil droplets are smaller.At a temperature of 118◦C the emulsion started to break,to be almost completely broken at 119◦C.Fig.9shows the evolution of the droplets size with the raising tem-perature:the multimodal distribution of larger droplets trends to form a bimodal distribution of smaller droplets.Emulsions with ˛HTAB =0.5remained stable up to 103◦C,when vapour bubbles appeared.At 115◦C the system ﬂowed and at 124.5◦C it collapsed.Fig.10shows the evolution of the size distribu-tion of droplets with raising temperature:it remained multimodal but shifted towards smaller droplets.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75became ﬂuid at 83.6◦C and the excess of water was separated forming small domains that started to disappear at 104◦C.Some bubbles of vapour appeared and grew with the increasing temperature.Some emulsion was remained up to 122◦C.The size of oil droplets was reduced when the temper-ature was increased from 37.5◦C to 67.5◦C,and the distribution became narrower.Further increase of temperature did not affectE.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–154149Fig.3.microscope photos of fresh emulsions having˛HTAB=0.25(a)×100,0.5(b)×100,0.75(c)×100and0.75(d)×400.The line in photo(a)is a hair,having0.090mm in width,and used to calibrate the size of droplets.Bars in photos a–c correspond to0.2mm,in photo d,to0.1mm.Fig.4.size distribution of freshly prepared emulsion having˛HTAB=0.25,˛HTAB=0.50and˛HTAB=0.75.Distribution parameters: :number average, standard deviation, Max:maximum.the size distribution.Fig.11shows the size distribution of droplets as a function of temperature.The stability of the emulsions was not affected by two freeze–thaw cycles between−5and25◦C,with8h in each tem-perature.In conclusion,the three compositions gave emulsions stable up to the temperature of water boiling.The size distribution in all cases is shifted to smaller droplets when temperature is increased.The size behaviour on ageing and heating of emulsions is rather unusual.A possible explanation may be creaming of large oil droplets and therefore shifting the size distribution of the remain-ing emulsion down.Since samples were taken from different parts of the emulsion,the large droplets probably collapse giving rise to the narrow non-emulsiﬁed oil layer.Another possible explanation may be a rearrangement of the surfactant molecules in the droplets interface.Oleate molecules can fold to expose the double bond at the interface,since they tend to form hydrogen bonds with water with their␲electrons[17].This may lead to an average packing parameter of the mixture of surfactants that favours the formation of a hydrocarbon droplet with a given curvature generating a nar-150E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154Fig.5.Dependence on time of the volume percent of remnant emulsion (full symbols)and water (open symbols),᭿ᮀ:˛HTAB =0.75; :˛HTAB =0.50;᭹ :˛HTAB =0.25.010********60708000.050.10.150.20.250.3D / mmf / %Fig.6.Evolution with time of emulsion prepared with ˛HTAB =0.25.rower size distribution.This mechanism needs some time,and willbe accelerated with temperature.As suggested by Anton et al.[18]mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants may be considered as 1:1complexes and the remain-der molecules of the surfactant in excess.The Ol.HTA complex has a large hydrophilic part formed by one N(CH 3)3+group from HTA +ion,and the COO −and CH CH groups of Ol −ion.As previously mentioned it has been found that the double bond has afﬁnity to water,forming H-bonds with the ␲electrons [19–21].The tail of the oleate ion is thus folded to put the CH CH group in contact with water in aggregates such as micelles or air/water monolayers [6–8].This produces a structure of the complex like a cone with the hydrophilic part at the basis,i.e.favouring a curved surface convex to the water.The behaviour of another cationic–anionic surfactant mixture which does not precipitate at any proportion (although it forms a coacervate in some proportions),sodium 10-undecenoate-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide [19,22,23],was explained by the same phenomenon.This explains why the O/W emulsion isfavoured and why the system does not precipitate even at the 1:1proportion.Similar reasons have been proposed in literature for other cationic/anionic surfactant mixtures which do not precipitate [24].The mixture with ˛HTAB =0.75is the best to produce O/W emulsions,i.e.once the 1:1complex was formed,two thirds of the hydrophilic HTAB molecules remain free.Then,the system is formed by an excess of hydrophilic surfactant which promotes O/W emulsion formation,and the complex which has a structure that accommodates to the same oil/water interface geometry.The droplets size decreases with time and with increasing tem-perature probably due to that part of the surfactant that remained in the aqueous phase and migrate by diffusion to the droplets sur-face.This takes time but is accelerated by the temperature rise.The molecules and 1:1complexes arriving to the oil/water inter-face must accommodate increasing the surface area,what may only occur with a diminution of the droplets’size when the total oil volume is constant.E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–1541511020304050607080900.0000.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.1800.200D / mmf / %Max 0.035 mm = 0.039 mm = 0.025 mmFig.7.size distribution of droplets for ˛HTAB =0.25saturated withparafﬁn.Fig.8.Evolution of emulsions with temperature,microscope photos ×100of emulsion width ˛HTAB =0.25(a)at 48◦C,(b)102◦C,(c)at 111.5◦C.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.5(d)at 38◦C,(e)at 100◦C,(f)at 103◦C.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75(g)at 37.7◦C,(h)at 83.5◦C,(i)at 109◦C.The bars correspond to 0.2mm.3.3.Destruction of emulsion by stonesThe emulsions were put in contact with powdered stones and observed under microscope to determine their applicability in the production of pavements.The emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75showed the best performance in the previous experiments so it was theonly one evaluated for this purpose.The droplets were clustered on the stones’surface and were subsequently destroyed.The destruc-tion of the emulsion was very rapid and ﬁnished in 15min.Fig.12shows the evolution of the CO emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75in contact with the powdered stones which were almost completely covered.152E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154010203040506000.0050.010.0150.020.025D / mmf / %Fig.9.Evolution of the size distribution of droplets with temperature for ˛HTAB =0.2505101520250.0050.010.0150.020.0250.030.0350.040.045D / mmf / %Fig.10.Evolution of the size distribution of droplets with temperature for ˛HTAB =0.50.Fig.11.Size distribution of droplets having ˛HTAB =0.75as a function of temperature.E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–154153Fig.12.Photomicrographs of the emulsion destruction in contact with stones.×100,˛HTAB=0.75.(a)Diluted CO emulsion just added to the stones,(b)after5min,droplets were aggregated close to the stones,(c)after10min,(d)after30min,(e)after24h,(f)commercial cationic emulsion after30min.Photos a,b and f with polarized light and 1␭retardation plate intercalated.The other photos are with unpolarised light.Bars indicate0.2mm.The crude oil emulsion was previously diluted with20%water to improve visualization.The clear regions are water between stones.The destruction of the emulsion by stones seems to follow the mechanism called heteroﬂocculation[25],i.e.the oil droplets clus-ter together around the stones followed by their coalescence on the solid surface.In this sense,some HTAB molecules dissolved in the aqueous phase may hydrophobize the rock surface improving the adherence of the oil.The breaking time of emulsions is known to be affected by the nature of the aggregate and its speciﬁc area,humidity,surfactant concentration,pH,and temperature[4],therefore the speed of breaking in roads industry may be different to that found in our lab-oratory conditions.Due to the short time of breaking,this emulsion may be useful as an imprinting irrigation,i.e.irrigation of surfaces to produce a transition surface with the new asphaltic layer ensuring the anchoring of this layer,or to stabilize sands[26].154 E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–1544.ConclusionsNaOl–HTAB mixtures revealed to be good O/W emulsiﬁers.The system having˛HTAB=0.75gave the largest volume of emulsion having a narrow unimodal size distribution with smaller droplets. This emulsion has a relatively high viscosity.All emulsions were stable on ageing and to temperature rise.The emulsions were destroyed by contact with quartzite stones.These properties may be useful for different applications in petroleum industry such as their use as fuels,transport and pavement production.AknowledgementsENS is an assistant researcher of the Argentine National Council of Scientiﬁc and Technical Researches(CONICET),EPS is an adjunct researcher of CONICET.REA has a post-doctoral fellowship of CON-ICET.This research was supported by a grant of the Universidad Nacional del Sur.Appendix A.Supplementary dataSupplementary data associated with this article can be found,in the online version,at /10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.11. 023.References[1]N.Delgado,F.Ysambertt,C.Montiel,G.Chávez,A.Cáceres,B.Bravo,N.Márquez,Evaluation of oil-in-water emulsions with non-ionic and anionicsurfactants mixtures for potential use in the oil industry,Rev.Téc.Ing.Univ.Zulia30(2)(2007)118–127(in Spanish).[2]L.Schramm,Surfactants:Fundamentals and Applications in the PetroleumIndustry,Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,2000.[3]H.Rivas,X.Gutiérrez,Surfactants:behavior and some of their applications inthe petroleum industry,Acta Cient.Venez.50(Suppl.No.1)(1999)54–65. [4]M.Bourrel,C.Chambu,Cationic asphalt emulsions:breaking on mineralsubstrates,in:Proceedings2nd World Surfactant Congress1988,IV,Paris,1988,pp.145–161.[5]G.Urbina-Villalba,M.García-Sucre,Effect of non-homogeneous spatialdistributions of surfactants on the stability of high-content bitumen-in-water emulsions,Interciencia25(9)(2000)415–422.[6]M.Chappat,Some applications of emulsions,Colloids Surf.A Phys.Eng.Aspects91(1994)57–77.[7]W.S.Abdulla,M.T.Obaidat,N.M.Abu-Sa’da,Inﬂuence of aggregate type andgradation on voids of asphalt concrete pavements,J.Mater.Civil Eng.1988 (1988)76–85.[8]N.El-Kadi,F.Martins,D.Clausse,P.C.Schulz,Critical micelle concentration ofaqueous hexadecyltrimetylammonium bromide–sodium oleate mixtures,Colloid Polym.Sci.281(2003)353–362.[9]D.B.Miraglia,E.N.Schulz,J.L.M.Rodriguez,P.C.Schulz,D.Salinas,Sodiumoleate–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide mixtures,J.Colloid Interface Sci.351(2010)197–202.[10]D.B.Miraglia,J.L.M.Rodríguez,R.M.Minardi,P.C.Schulz,Critical micelleconcentration and hlb of the sodium oleate–hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide mixed system,J.Surfactants Deterg.14(2011)401–408.[11]P.V.Messina,O.Pieroni,V.Verdinelli,P.C.Schulz,Regarding the effect thatdifferent twin tailed surfactants have on a solid stabilized petroleumemulsion,Colloid Polym.Sci.286(2008)191–199.[12]V.Verdinelli,M.A.Morini,P.V.Messina,P.C.Schulz,S.Alvarez,Study ofcompatibility of quartzite stones–Pigüéquarry–with asphalt emulsions,in: Proceedings of the XXXIV Reunión del Asfalto Dr.Alfredo Pinilla,Mar delPlata,Argentina,2006(in Spanish).[13]B.H.Bishop,J.L.Wulﬁnghoff,Practical Emulsions,vol.1,3rd ed.,ChemicalPublishing Co.,Inc.,New York,1968.[14]J.Mandel,Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data,Interscience,New York,1964,pp.134–137.[15]P.Becher,Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology,vol.1,Dekker,New York andBasel,1983,pp.369.[16]P.Becher,Emulsions Theory and Practice,American Chemical SocietyMonograph Series No.162,2nd ed.,R.E.Krieger Pub.Co.,New York,1977. [17]P.Messina,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,Aqueous sodium oleate-sodiumdehydrocholate mixtures at low concentration,Colloid Polym.Sci.281(11) (2003)1082–1091.[18]R.E.Anton,D.Gomez,A.Graciaa,chaise,J.L.Salaguer,Surfactant–oil–water systems near the afﬁnity inversion part ix:optimumformulation and phase behavior of mixed anionic–cationic systems,J.Dispersion Sci.Technol.14(4)(1993)401–416.[19]M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,The catanionic system sodiumundecenoate-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide at low concentration,Colloid Polym.Sci.282(6)(2004)633–641,and references therein.[20]M.L.Ferreira,M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,A computational study ofthe structure and behaviour of the aqueous mixed system sodiumunsaturated carboxylate–dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,J.Phys.Chem.110(2006)17600–17606.[21]M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,E.Junquera,E.Aicart,Effect of doublebonds in the formation of sodium dodecanoate and sodium10-undecenoate mixed micelles in water,J.Phys.Chem.B111(2007)11692–11699.[22]M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,M.L.Ferreira,Unusual volumetric andhydration behavior of the catanionic system sodium undecenoate—dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,Colloid Polym.Sci.283(2005)1016–1024.[23]M.B.Sierra,P.V.Messina,M.A.Morini,J.M.Ruso,G.Prieto,P.C.Schulz,F.Sarmiento,The nature of the coacervate formed in the aqueousdodecyltrimethylammonium bromide–sodium10-undecenoate mixtures,Colloids Surf.A:Phys.Eng.Aspects277(2006)75–82.[24]G.Kume,M.Gallotti,G.Nunes,Review on anionic/cationic surfactantmixtures,J.Surfactants Deterg.11(2008)1–11.[25]R.A.Mercado,V.Sadtler,P.Marchal,L.Chopin,J.L.Salager,Heteroﬂocculationof a cationic oil-in-water emulsion resulting from Fontainebleau’sandstone powder addition as a model for asphalt emulsion breakup,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.51(2012)11688–11694.[26]K.P.George,Stabilization of sands by asphalt emulsion,Transp.Res.Rec.1976(1976)51–56.。

Literature Review (Sample 1)文献综述

Literature ReviewC12 英语〔1〕 X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is generally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s tragedy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tr agedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collectin g and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for her lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity〞, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House〞in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demonstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a girl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at bourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s as tonishment , Alec, the man who seduced her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s wooing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship be tween Tess’s purity and her tragedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation a nd go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowledge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, m etamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himself as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon as Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalisti c outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprinkled a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim k in with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from unde r the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately ove rhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism ha s two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desire d tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to p ay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of various elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J]. ?语文学刊(高教·外文版)?2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代?德伯家的苔丝?中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].?太原科技大学报?2021(02).蒋橹.?苔丝?中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].?电影评介?2006(14).[J].?青海师专学报(教育科学)?2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝〞悲剧的多层次透视[J].?内江师范学院学报?2005(20).唐璇.?苔丝?悲剧根源剖析[J].?南华大学学报(社会科学版)?2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. ?高等教育与学术研究?2007(01).—?苔丝?悲剧分析[J].?电影评介?2007(11).左燕茹.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.“家庭天使〞的内涵和特点[J].?达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)?2005(04).[J].? 电影评介?2021(11).。

四川童键百万访谈

定的从业信心，转介绍中心肯定了我的工作，并提供给我几百个中小型企业主
的名单，这些名单让我有了全新的客户市场。
百万专访
二、拿着名单，探索开发陌生高端客户的方法如何将名单转化成客户？企业主经常出差、开会，事情繁多，很难约访，即使见了由于时间短也无法有效交流，采用电话拜访更加难以阐述清楚。正逢此时，自己因病嗓子沙哑，说不出话来，每天3-5访都无法完成，心里也非常着急。这时我就想到不能用嘴巴交流，那就用信函！所以就先选取名单中200 名规模较小的企业主进行信函交流的尝试，这200封信函坚持全部用手写！但是
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链建设孙健敏：人力资源管理吴连支：开门八极拳杨杰：成长型企业留住和使用人才的策略南怀谨：如何静坐薪酬管理以业绩为导向的人力资源管理优秀员工的选育用留方法赵理明：掌纹诊病员工监控技巧分解员工离职原因及解决方案张锡明：企业如何有效激励员工职业生涯规划与自我管理周昌湘：部门经理人人力资源管理技能训练专业秘书训练教程欧洲商学院：生产管理全面质量管理TQM如何打造企业极速供应链如何发现与解决生产问题生产计划六步法尚丰：金牌营销团队建设与掌控生产主管职业化训练教程中国式执行：海尔高绩效的OEC管理方法杨朝辉：E-LEARNING团队实践如何打造坚实的基层团队周云：削减工厂成本的五个方法吴娟瑜：如何提高员工EQ与团队EQ章哲：让下属100%执行的领导艺术组织管理与变革：提升组织执行能力付遥：大客户销售策略如何成为卓越的销售经理孙晓歧：专业销售—顾问式销售孙晓歧：专业销售—专业销售易子：最成功的推销技巧赊销与风险控制世界第一营销大师亚伯拉罕课程说明会。

21世纪文献检索课改革的几个问题

21世纪文献检索课改革的几个问题
杨雪
【期刊名称】《教育探索》
【年(卷),期】2004(000)003
【摘要】21世纪是一个网络时代，能够在网络环境下快速、准确、全面地抓住有用信息，剔除信息垃圾乃是现代大学生所应具备的基本技能之一。

因此，在新的信息环境中，传统的文献检索课（以下称“文检课”)教学已经远远不能满足人们对信息资源的需要。

【总页数】1页(P74-74)
【作者】杨雪
【作者单位】哈尔滨医科大学分校,图书馆,黑龙江,鸡西,158100
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G423
【相关文献】
1.21世纪高校文献检索课教学改革的新思路 [J], 邹国荣
2.浅谈面向21世纪学校体育教学改革的几个问题 [J], 张学林
3.21世纪从文献检索课到信息检索课的深化与改革 [J], 张冬娘
4.面向21世纪文献检索课教学内容改革初探 [J], 刘贵富;满玉敏
5.关于文献检索课教学中亟需改革的几个问题 [J], 李亚力
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

1-s2.0-S0925400515301556-main

Sensors and Actuators B 222(2016)159–165Contents lists available at ScienceDirectSensors and Actuators B:Chemicalj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /s nbOptimization of cascaded ﬁber tapered Mach–Zehnder interferometer and refractive index sensing technologyQi Wang a ,b ,∗,Wenqing Wei a ,Mengjuan Guo a ,Yong Zhao a ,b ,∗a College of Information Science and Engineering,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110819,ChinabState Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110819,Chinaa r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 28May 2015Received in revised form 22July 2015Accepted 23July 2015Available online 28July 2015Keywords:Optical ﬁber sensor Tapered ﬁberMach–Zehnder interferometer Refractive index measurement High sensitivitya b s t r a c tA novel refractive index sensor with high sensitivity based on Mach–Zehnder interferometer formed by cascaded two single-mode ﬁber tapers was proposed and experimentally demonstrated.The dip of the measured spectrum signal caused by Mach–Zehnder interference shifted obviously when the sur-rounding refractive index changed.The approximate linear relationship between surrounding refractive index and spectrum dip wavelength shift was obtained experimentally.The measurement sensitivity up to 158.4nm/RIU was showed with the surrounding RI ranged from 1.33to 1.3792,which meant the measurement resolution about 6.3×10−6could be implemented if wavelength shift measurement reso-lution of the optical spectrum analyzer is 1pm.Meanwhile,its ease of fabrication makes itself a low-cost alternative to existing sensing applications.©2015Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionIn recent years,optical ﬁber sensors have become a hot research topic due to their advantages of compact structure,small size,light weight,quick response,high sensitivity,anti-electromagnetic interference,remote detection and so on,leading to broad appli-cation prospect in many sensing ﬁelds,such as refractive index,temperature,pressure and so on [1–3].Various optical ﬁber devices have been proposed for refractive index (RI)sensing,including ﬁber Bragg grating (FBG)[4–7],long period ﬁber grating (LPFG)[8,9],tilted ﬁber Bragg grating (TFBG)[10],a series of optical ﬁber interferometers based on core diameter mismatched ﬁber [11],double-cladding ﬁber [12],single-mode ﬁber tapers [13–17],or core-offset attenuator [18,19].The grating-based (FBG,LPG,TFBG)RI sensors have a response to RI with high sensitivity in a broad range.However,they require precise and expen-sive phase masks and stringent photolithographic procedures.The Michelson interferometers based on LPG,ﬁber tapers,and core-offset attenuator often require complex metal-coated ﬁber tip.Refractive index sensors based on tapered ﬁber interferometer have drawn more and more domestic and researchers attention∗Corresponding authors at:Northeastern University,College of Information Sci-ence and Engineering,P.O.Box 321,Shenyang,Liaoning 110819,China.E-mail address:wangqi@ (Q.Wang).because of their excellent characteristics of ease to fabrication,low cost,applicability for remote sensing and so on [20].In 2009,Lu fabricated two tapered optical ﬁbers on a single-mode ﬁber using a fusion splicer,composing a Mach–Zehnder interferom-eter structure.The sensitivity of refractive index measurement could reach up to 26.087nm/RIU [21],which is at the low level at present.In 2011,Liao proposed a liquid refractive index sensor with Micro/Nano ﬁber optic coupler structure,the RI measurement sensitivity of the sensor was up to 2735nm/RIU,but the fabrication of sensing structure was quite complex [22].In 2012,Li proposed a type of refractive index sensor based on Mach–Zehnder inter-ferometer formed by ﬁber tapers,and they thinned the ordinary single mode ﬁber via chemical etching method,then draw it into the cascaded biconical ﬁbers.The measurement sensitivity up to 286.2nm/RIU was shown in the surrounding RI range from 1.33to 1.3811[23].Nevertheless,the structure not only increased the dif-ﬁculty of fabrication but also introduced a large insertion loss (up to 22dB).In 2013,Chen proposed a refractive index sensor with joint-taper-joint structure,and the sensitivity of refractive index measurement could reach up to 3751nm/RIU,but the mechanical strength of the sensor structure was not high [24].In 2014,Yadav proposed an interferometer refractive index sensor with single-mode tapered ﬁber,and the principle of the sensor is based on mode coupling between the core mode and the cladding mode excited by the fundamental core mode.The RI measurement sensitivity of the sensor was up to 1500nm/RIU,it was mainly used in protein concentration detection [25]./10.1016/j.snb.2015.07.0980925-4005/©2015Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.160Q.Wang et al./Sensors and Actuators B 222(2016)159–165Fig.1.Schematic diagram of MZI formed by cascaded two ﬁber tapers.In this paper,a refractive index sensor of Mach–Zehnder inter-ferometer formed by cascaded two single-mode ﬁber tapers was investigated,which is based on Mach–Zehnder interference prin-ciple.The sensor structure is Mach–Zehnder interferometer formed by cascaded two ﬁber tapers,and the length of the tapered region measured was 1mm,while the waist diameter was 20␮m,the distance between the two tapers was 4cm.When the RI value of water-based NaCl solution changed from 1.33to 1.3792,the output spectrum dip shifted with the sensitivity up to 158.4nm/RIU.2.Sensing principleFig.1shows the structural diagram of Mach–Zehnder interfer-ometer (MZI)proposed which was constructed by cascaded two ﬁber tapers fabricated in a standard single-mode ﬁber (SMF-28,Corning Inc.),the cascaded two optic ﬁber tapers are separated by a distance of L .When light propagates into the ﬁrst taper,fundamental mode in SMF core will be coupled to cladding modes LP 0m .At the same time,a part of energy left in the core continues propagating forward.A part of the light passing through the interferometer arm,part of the light traveling inside the cladding is coupled back into the core at the second taper.A Mach–Zehnder interferometer is formed due to the phase difference between fundamental mode in ﬁber core and higher order modes in ﬁber cladding.The interference light propagates forward in single mode ﬁber core,the spectra of which can be recorded by an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA).The interference spectrum is formed mainly by the fundamental core mode and the lowest order cladding mode,then the interfer-ence equation of the fundamental core mode and the cladding mode can be expressed as Eq.(1).I =I 1+I 2+2I 1I 2cos ϕ(1)where I 1and I 2are the light intensity of the ﬁber core fundamental mode and the lowest order cladding mode,respectively.The phase difference ϕbetween the two modes experience the same distance L ,which could be expressed as Eq.(2).ϕ=2 n eff L(2)where n eff is the difference of the effective refractive index between ﬁber fundamental core mode and the lowest order cladding mode,and is the input optical wavelength.When the phase difference satisﬁes the condition ϕ=(2m +1) ,m =0,1,2,...,the interference light intensity reaches minimum value,then the spectrum dip wavelength can be expressed as Eq.(3).m=2 n eff L 2m +1(3)The spacing between the adjacent dip wavelength is given by Eq.(4).m = m − m −1≈2eff (4)When the surrounding RI (SRI)is increased by ın ,effective RI of the cladding mode is increased by ın eff,cl .Because RI of theﬁberFig.2.Schematic diagram of cascaded biconical ﬁbers structure.The yellow part represents ﬁber core of a single-mode ﬁber,the red part denotes ﬁber cladding,and L is the distance of the cascaded biconical ﬁbers.(For interpretation of the references to color in this ﬁgure legend,the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)fundamental core mode is nearly constant, n eff is decreased by ın eff ≈ın eff,cl ,the interference spectrum dip wavelength m shifts to the short wavelength m by ı m .ı m =2 n eff L (2m +1)−2( n eff −ın eff )L (2m +1)=2ın eff L(2m +1)(5)According to the Eq.(5),we can calculate the change of thesurrounding refractive index by tracking the shift ı m of interfer-ence spectrum dip wavelength,so as to realize the measurement of solution refractive index.3.Numerical simulationIn order to obtain the cascaded biconical ﬁbers structure param-eters with best interference contrast,the analysis of inﬂuence different structure parameters on refractive index sensing sensi-tivity has been conducted.This paper described Rsoft simulation analysis on inﬂuence of different structural parameters on optical ﬁeld transmission characteristics,and inﬂuence of different struc-tural parameters on interference spectral contrast of the cascaded biconical ﬁbers and sensitivity of refractive index measurement.Fig.2shows cascaded biconical ﬁbers structure simulated with Rsoft.The yellow part represents ﬁber core of a single-mode ﬁber,the red part denotes ﬁber cladding,and L is the distance of the cascaded biconical ﬁbers.SMF parameters for simulation are core diameter with 8.2␮m,cladding diameter with 125␮m,wavelength of incident light with 1550nm,cladding refractive index with 1.4612,core refractive index with 1.4679,the NA of the SMF is 0.14,the refractive index of background with 1.33.Fig.3shows the refractive index distribution map of the structure.Fig.4(a)shows the coupling proportion of biconical ﬁber with waist diameter 5.2␮m,while Fig.4(b)represents the coupling pro-portion of biconical ﬁber with waist diameter 10␮m,different color represents intensity of light propagates in ﬁber core.The length of tapered region was set to 1mm.As it is shown in Fig.4(a),when transmission distance in the ﬁber is within the range of 0–10,000␮m,the transmittivity is almost 100%and loss is zero,energy of LP 01mode is almost constant.When transmission dis-tance in the ﬁber is 10,000␮m to 10,500␮m,energy of the ﬁber core fundamental mode drops quickly to about 35%at the ﬁber length of 10,500␮m,namely at the point of taper waist.As diameter of the ﬁber gradually becomes larger,evanescent wave on ﬁber sur-face returns into ﬁber core,leading to ﬁber core fundamental mode energy gradually increases.In the end,when ﬁber taper waist diam-eter increases gradually to the standard single-mode ﬁber diameter 125␮m,energy of ﬁber core fundamental mode gradually stabi-lizes.The normalized energy value of output is about 0.35,which means energy of ﬁber core fundamental mode has lost about 65%atQ.Wang et al./Sensors and Actuators B222(2016)159–165161Fig.3.Contour map of index proﬁle.The red part represents refractive index ofﬁber core is1.4679,the dark red part denotes refractive index ofﬁber cladding is1.4612, the pink part denotes refractive index of pure water is1.33.(For interpretation of the references to color in thisﬁgure legend,the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)the taper region.In contrast,Fig.4(b)shows the normalized energy value of output is about0.9when the taper waist diameter is10␮m.It can be seen from Fig.4that in case of the same length of taper region,energy loss after the taper region decreases with the increase of taper waist diameter,which means that the parts ofﬁber core fundamental mode coupling intoﬁber cladding will become less with the increase of taper waist diameter.The inﬂuences of taper region length,taper waist diameter,dis-tance between cascaded biconicalﬁbers on interference spectrum contrast are analyzed and the simulation results are shown in Fig.5. Fig.5(a)shows inﬂuence ofﬁber tapered region lengths on inter-ference spectrum contrast.As shown in Fig.5(a),as the tapered region length increasing,the interference spectrum contrast of cascaded biconicalﬁbers structureﬁrstly becomes larger and reach the largest when the taper region length at about1mm,and then becomes lesser with the taper region length increasing gradually. Fig.5(b)shows inﬂuence of tapered waist diameters on interfer-ence spectrum contrast.It can be conclude from Fig.5(b)that as the increasing ofﬁber taper waist diameters,the interference spec-trum contrast of cascaded biconicalﬁbers structureﬁrstly becomes larger and reach the largest when theﬁber taper waist diameters at about5.2␮m,and then becomes lesser with theﬁber taper waist diameters increasing gradually.Fig.5(c)shows inﬂuence of distances between the cascaded biconicalﬁbers on interference spectrum contrast.It can be seen from Fig.5(c),free spectral range of interference spectra decreases with increase of distance between the cascaded biconicalﬁbers,which is the phenomenon Table1Structural parameters of the cascaded biconicalﬁbers Mach–Zehnder interferome-ter with higher contrast.Taper waistdiameterTapered regionlengthDistance betweentwoﬁber tapers4–6␮m1mm2cmthat we don’t want to get.So far,we have obtained the optimization results of structural parameters of cascaded biconicalﬁbers from simulated results,which are taper region length with1mm,taper waist diameter with4␮m to6␮m,distance between the cascaded biconicalﬁbers with2cm,as shown in Table1.The refractive index measurement sensitivity of the cascaded biconicalﬁbers Mach–Zehnder interferometer structure with dif-ferent taper waist diameter is numerical simulated and the simulation results are shown in Fig.6.We got linear relationship between surrounding RI and spectrum dip wavelength of cascaded biconicalﬁbers structure with different taper waist diameter by observing shifts of the third spectrum dip wavelength with the change of surrounding refractive index.The refractive index mea-surement sensitivities are50.5nm/RIU,76.3nm/RIU,105.3nm/RIU respectively.It can be concluded from the simulated results that the smaller the taper waist diameter is,the higher the sensitivity of refractive index measurement is within a certain range of taper waist diameter.4.Experimental results and analysisThe schematic illustration of refractive index measuring exper-imental setup we constructed is shown in Fig.7.The sensing region is the cascaded biconicalﬁbers structure,which is fabricated by a conventional fusion splicer.The wavelength range of the ASE light source is from1520nm to1570nm.The optical spectrum ana-lyzer(OSA)is YOKOGAWA AQ6370.The core diameter of the SMF is8.2␮m and cladding diameter is125␮m.We can get different sizes of biconicalﬁber by setting several main parameters of fusion splicer(discharge intensity,discharge time,Z advancing distance,Z return distance).The microscopic images of the biconicalﬁber are shown in Fig.8,the discharge inten-sity was set to40,discharge time is2000ms,Z advancing distance is180␮m,Z return distance is430␮m.A second same taper was then made a few centimeters further along theﬁrst taper.Fig.9shows transmission spectrum of cascaded biconicalﬁbers with different structure parameters measured via OSA.It can be seen from Fig.9that curve-a represents transmission spectrum of a single-mode opticﬁber without tapers,curve-brepresents Fig.4.Distribution of lightﬁeld and energy variation with transmission distance Z in biconicalﬁber.162Q.Wang et al./Sensors and Actuators B222(2016)159–165Fig.5.Transmission spectra of cascaded biconicalﬁbers with different structure parameters.Fig.6.Simulated spectra of refractive index measurement with different taper waist diameters.Q.Wang et al./Sensors and Actuators B 222(2016)159–165163Fig.7.Schematic diagram of the RI measurement setup.ASE:ampliﬁed spontaneous emission,OSA:optical spectrum analyzer,SMF:single mode ﬁber,sensing section:biconicalﬁber.Fig.8.The microscopic image of the biconicalﬁber.Fig.9.The transmission spectra of cascaded biconical ﬁbers with different structure parameters.transmission spectrum of taper waist with 33␮m and distance between cascaded biconical ﬁbers with 4cm,curve-c represents transmission spectrum of taper waist with 30␮m and distance between cascaded biconical ﬁbers with 4cm,and curve-d repre-sents the transmission spectrum of a single-mode optic ﬁber with one taper.From the measurement spectrum in Fig.9,it can be known that the cascaded biconical ﬁbers with different structural parameters have some attenuation for optical power of the original source.The interference of transmission spectrum is obvious and its contrast gets up to 12.5dBm when taper waist diameter and tapered region length are 30␮m and 825␮m respectively.When the taper waist diameter continued to decrease,the interference phenomenon becomes extremely obvious,which can meet the requirements of improved interference spectrum contrast.The experimental results correspond to the simulated results,and a study of refractive index of the next step with the structure parameters was carried out.Before experiments,we compounded water–NaCl solution with RI range from 1.33to 1.3792,water–NaCl solutions with various concentrations (5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,mass percent)are used in the experiments.The corresponding RIs are 1.3424,1.3510,1.3609,1.3708,and 1.3792respectively.We conducted experiments of different refractive indexes measurement with the cascaded bicon-ical ﬁbers Mach–Zehnder interferometer structure,where taper waist diameter was 33␮m,tapered region length was 816␮m,distance between the cascaded biconical ﬁbers was 4cm.Exper-imental results and analysis are shown in Fig.10.Transmission spectra of the sensor with concatenating two single-mode ﬁber tapers immersed into the six different solu-tions were recorded (RI of distilled water is 1.33),and the results are shown in Fig.10(a).It should be noted that after each mea-surement,the device was cleaned with distilled water,dried,and then prepared for different solution sensing.The shift of resonance wavelength m of dip was chosen to be observed when the sensing section was immersed into different solutions.Fig.10(b)shows the relationship between resonance wavelength m of dip and RI of NaCl solution. m shifts from 1539.975nm to 1536.675nm almost linearly when RI of the solution increases from 1.33to 1.3792.The sensitivity S which is deﬁned as S = m / n was calculated to be 76.16nm/RIU.We reduced the taper waist diameter of 20␮m and tapered region length of 1mm,distance between two single-mode ﬁber tapers remained 4cm and researched on refractive index sensing property of the structure parameters.Experimental results and analysis are shown in Fig.11.Fig.11(b)shows m shifts from 1552.846to 1546.115nm almost linearly when RI of the solution increases from 1.3333to 1.3792.The sensitivity S which is deﬁned as S = m / n ,was calculated to be 158.4nm/RIU.So far,it has been obtained the optimized structural parame-ters of cascaded biconical ﬁbers Mach–Zehnder interferometer via a series of numerical and experimental studies,as shown in Table 2.For the RI between 1.3and 1.4,which is the typical range of protein analytes,sensitivity of the sensor based on concatenating two SMF tapers is not low compared to other type of RI sensorsandFig.10.(a)Transmission spectra of the sensor with concatenating two single-mode ﬁber tapers are immersed into solutions with various RIs.(b)Relationship between the resonance dip wavelength and RI of solution.164Q.Wang et al./Sensors and Actuators B 222(2016)159–165Fig.11.(a)Transmission spectra of the sensor with concatenating two single-mode ﬁber tapers are immersed into solutions with various RIs.(b)Relationship between the resonance dip wavelength and RI of solution.Table 2Structural parameters of the cascaded biconical ﬁbers Mach–Zehnder interferome-ter with higher sensitivity.Taper waist diameterTapered region lengthDistance between two ﬁber tapers20␮m1mm4cmits ease of fabrication makes it a low-cost alternative to existing sensing applications.5.ConclusionThe sensitive characteristics of the sensor with concatenating two single-mode ﬁber tapers to surrounding RI variation were used to measure refractive index.Different sensitive character-istics of the sensor with concatenating two single-mode ﬁber tapers with different structural parameters were numerical sim-ulated and experimental measurement.The results indicated that measurement sensitivity is up to 158.4nm/RIU.The measurement resolution about 6.3×10−6could be obtained when the wave-length shift detecting resolution is 1pm.In the same structure type sensor,sensitivity and resolution of the sensor proposed are both in a high level.It could be concluded that the sensor with concate-nating two single-mode ﬁber tapers has the absolutely attractive advantages,such as simple structure,easy to fabricate,low cost and higher measurement sensitivity and resolution.The sensor also has the shortages.For example,the OSA was used in the mea-surement which prevents the concatenating two single-mode ﬁber tapers structure from the widely commercialized development,the ﬁber tapers are easy to be damaged.So it deserves to be further researched to create a way that could achieve the signal demodu-lation conveniently and high mechanical strength.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China under Grant 61203206,the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant N140405001,the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China under Grant 20120042120038,the National Sci-ence Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China under Grant 61425003,the State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automa-tion for Process Industries under Grant 2013ZCX09,the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province under Grant F2014501137,the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province under Grant 2013020010.References[1]W.Qian,C.C.Chan,C.L.Zhao,et al.,Photonic crystal ﬁber refractive indexsensor based on a ﬁber Bragg grating demodulation,Sens.Actuators B:Chem.166(6)(2012)761–765.[2]S.K.Srivastava,B.D.Gupta,Inﬂuence of ions on the surface plasmonresonance spectrum of a ﬁber optic 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Chen,Tapered ﬁber M–Zinterferometer for simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature,Appl.Phys.Lett.94(13)(2009)131110–131113.[22]C.R.Liao,D.N.Wang,H.E.Xiaoying,et al.,Twisted optical microﬁbers forrefractive index sensing,IEEE Photonics Technol.Lett.23(13)(2011)848–850.Q.Wang et al./Sensors and Actuators B 222(2016)159–165165[23]B.Li,L.Jiang,S.Wang,et al.,High sensitivity Mach–Zehnder interferometersensors based on concatenated ultra-abrupt tapers on thinned ﬁbers,ser Technol.44(3)(2012)640–645.[24]J.Chen,J.Zhou,Q.Zhang,et al.,All-ﬁber modal interferometer based on ajoint-taper-joint ﬁber structure for refractive index sensing with high sensitivity,IEEE Sens.J.13(7)(2013)2780–2785.[25]T.K.Yadav,R.Narayanaswamy,M.H.Abu Bakar,Y.Mustapha Kamil,M.A.Mahdi,Single mode tapered ﬁber-optic interferometer based refractive index sensor and its application to protein sensing,Opt.Express 22(19)(2014)22802–22807.BiographiesQi Wang was born in Liaoning Province,China,in 1982.He received his Ph.D.degree in 2009from the School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology,Dalian Uni-versity of Technology (DUT),Dalian,China.In 2013,he was awarded as the “Liaoning Bai-Qian-Wan Talents”by Liaoning Province.He is currently working as an associate professor in the College of Information Science and Engi-neering at Northeastern University,Liaoning Province,China.His research interests are new photonic devices,ﬁber-optic sensors,photonic crystal and photonic crys-tal ﬁber sensing technology,optoelectronic measurement technology and system,and their industrial applications.He has authored and co-authored more than 100scientiﬁcpapers,patents and conferencepresentations.Yong Zhao received his M.A.and Ph.D.degrees,respec-tively,in precision instrument &automatic measurement with laser and ﬁber-optic techniques from the Harbin Institute of Technology,China,in 1998and 2001.He was awarded a ﬁrst prize scholarship in 2000by the China Instrument and Control Society and the Sintered Metal Corporation (SMC)scholarship in Japan.He has a schol-arship in Japan.He was a post doctor in the Department of Electronic Engineering of Tsinghua University from 2001to 2003,and then worked as an associate professor in the Department of Automation,Tsinghua University of China.In 2006,he was a visiting scholar of University of Illinois in Urbana and Champagne,USA.In 2008,he was awardedas the “New Century Excellent Talents in University”by the Ministry of Education of China.In 2009,he was awarded as the “Liaoning Bai-Qian-Wan Talents”by Liaoning Province.In 2011,he was awarded by the Royal Academy of Engineering as an aca-demic researcher of City University London.In 2013,he was awarded as the “High Level Talents”by the Northeastern University.Now he is working in Northeastern University as a full professor.As a leader of his research group,his current research interests are the development of ﬁber-optic sensors and device,ﬁber Bragg grating sensors,novel sensor materials and principles,slow light and sensor technology,optical measurement technologies.He has authored and co-authored more than 200scientiﬁc papers and conference presentations,8patents,and 5books.He is a member in the Editorial Boards of the international journals of Sensor Letters,Instrumentation Science &Technology,Journal of Sensor Technology,and Advances in Optical Technologies.。

以系统观分析个人社会关系体系

-1-

例如，努尔哈赤进攻明朝时，在内部买通太监作政治策应，在外部进行军事进攻[1]。 5、环境感知系统是通过系统发出的信息流，而系统感知环境的变化也是通过从环境中获得的信息流。这一点对社会系统的存在是至关重要的，也是保密工作的根本原因。 6、系统与环境是对耦的。环境是系统 B 的环境，而把整个外部环境看成另一个系统 A 时，系统 B 便是系统 A 的环境。
环境
图 1 系统与环境的相互作用
Figure1 The interaction between the system and the environment
1、系统是由若干局部构成。 2、系统不是局部的简单叠加。整个系统的崩溃可以是单一局部触发的链式反应造成，也可以是几个局部同时冲突引起的整体崩溃。类似地，系统的整体改进也是如此。 3、局部相互作用相互影响。 4、环境对系统的影响可以是影响系统的某一部分或某几部分，也可以是影响整个系统。
能力指个人的政治主张和政治行为是否与政权当局发生冲突或误解。一般地，如果个人政治主张或行为与政权当局发生冲突或相互误解，政权暴力会对个人生存发展造成巨大的压力甚至灾难。除非是个人主体自愿参与政治突变或政治改革，例如成功人士伟人孙中山、毛泽东，不成功的人士如康有为、梁启超、谭嗣同。社会生活价值观适应能力指个体的社会价值观念与其生活社区的生活价值观念的相容能力。“入乡随俗”指的是这种能力。如果个体与社区的价值观念不相容，通常导致职业挫折和人生危机。在中国 1990 年代“下海潮”期间，许多广东以外省份的人下广东打工，被广东人称为“北佬”，这种称谓说明不同社区的生活价值观之间存在差异。而个别适应不了这种差异的小青年到广东不久便回了家乡。
3.3 个人社会关系体系构建的意义
我们国家还是传统社会向现代社会转型的国家，或说是半传统半现代的社会，有现代化的生产力，而内在的社会关系还深受传统社会一些潜在的习俗和思维习惯影响。假定人的价值观体系不出轨或人的其他体系稳定，人的社会关系的安全会决定人的命运或人生的兴衰荣辱。所谓福乃人造、祸多人为，即是此理。当代社会竞争市场化与我们的传统习俗绞织在一起，使得各种社会矛盾有越演越烈的势头，人的社会安全风险也呈上升的趋势。用系统意识、信息意识分析个人系统或个人社会关系系统有价值。例如，R 是一个财务负向责人员，他身边假设有一个员工在财务上出了问题，爆出来后 R 已陷于困境，这时 R 就被动了。R 如果有系统地分析自己个人社会关系体系的意识，早发现这个人有疑问，就可以为他的员工进行岗位调整，以消除隐患。

养生类电视节目的立体化价值体系表达

养生类电视节目的立体化价值体系表达
梅倩
【期刊名称】《文化产业》
【年(卷),期】2024()16
【摘要】广西卫视《百寿探秘》节目从人文纪实视角出发,深耕广西长寿文化,聚焦百姓长寿故事,汲取百岁人生的精神力量,打造出集养生知识、民族文化、主流价值、人文情感于一体的立体化价值体系。

现从沉浸式体验、多主题融合、主旋律立意、大众文化叙事四个方面对《百寿探秘》的内容设置及表达策略进行分析,以期为养
生类节目的文化建构和泛文化传播提供范本。

【总页数】3页(P139-141)
【作者】梅倩
【作者单位】广西医科大学马克思主义学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G63
【相关文献】
1.健康养生类电视节目的突围--《养生堂》与《我是大医生》的比较研究
2.健康养生类电视节目的传播与策划分析——以《养生谈》为例
3.养生类电视节目问题及
对策研究——从国家新闻出版广电总局整顿养生类电视节目谈起4.新媒体时代中
医健康养生类电视节目受众需求研究--以《养生堂》节目为例5.养生健康类电视节目实用性与娱乐性的融合策略
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22
第二步：男女主人、共同认可(3/3) 第二步：男女主人、共同认可(3/3)
三、重点沟通女主人保险观念
1. 建立同理心、唤起危机感 2. 保险能带她带来安全感
全家人都要购买保障家庭每个成员购买不同的保障每个家庭应该花多少钱购买保障
23
第三步：卓越一诺、第三步：卓越一诺、各取所需
产品方案设计模式
总件数/保费私营企业主家庭其他 06 52件/53万年 07 95件/100万年
9个家庭/31件 /27.7万 11个家庭/37件 /53.6万
21件 /25.3万 58件/47 万
每个家庭平均
3.6件4.9万 3.6件4.9万
5
1串3的私营企业主家
庭保单销售让我快乐、庭保单销售让我快乐、高效！高效！
陈晓玲· 陈晓玲广东分公司惠州区域总监
2006年任区域总监 2003年-2007年培养八个营业部，拥有10个营业部 2004年广东省十大保险明星第三届TOP2000讲师第四届TOP2000版主
1
罗冬梅·业务经理二级
2003年4月16日入司 2004-2007年国际龙奖IDA 2004-2007年MDRT 连续4年荣获高峰会展业能手 2007年 2007年MVA
6
成功信念
保险帮助别人，成就自己！
只有自己不断进步，才不枉客户对自己的信任和支持！每年一定要争取公司前10名，没 10名有人知道第11名是谁！
8
主顾开拓
客户群定位
私营企业主
外地人在成都，自己自己曾是私营企业主，自己比较了解他们的想法私营企业主的特点（我喜欢、我适合）
• 直率 • 文化不高、实干家实干家、非研究派、不斤斤计较实干家 • 购买力强 • 认可了“人”，就会认可这个人推介的东西
8:30-11：各级早会 30 13：30 处理完毕团队中的各类事物、出门拜访4访 22：00 24：00
32
拜访完毕、回家、做计划书小看一会儿书、睡觉
让奇迹在我们身上发生让历史在我们手中书写
谢谢！谢谢！
33
好处：好处：朋友身份易被接受便于朋友介绍避免被误解、避免被误解、保护自己给大家留下深刻印象，给大家留下深刻印象，便于日后电话约访
15
参加聚会、积累名单（3/3）参加聚会、积累名单（3/3）
2. 注意见面时的细节挑选细节，挑选细节挑选合适的准客户
谈话的内容：谈家庭、事业、天下、责任的客户为佳谈低级趣味的私营企业主不是准客户
2
私营企业主家庭保单销售系统
罗冬梅 2008年4月7日·深圳年月日深圳
我的高效公式（1/2）我的高效公式（1/2）
总件数高管中层私企主其他
06年 07年
52 95
5 15
2 12
40 44
5 24
7070-80%的客户来自私企业主
及其员工
4
我的高效公式（2/2）我的高效公式（2/2）
28
客户关系管理
家Байду номын сангаас式服务
1. 送礼——每次到外地旅游或培训带礼物，送家庭用品家庭用品 2. 生日——给男主人短信、给女主人给男主人短信、给男主人短信送花好处：好处：我是他们家庭的朋友关心男主人，关心男主人，但保持距离关爱女主人
30
自我管理
我的一周
时间 6：30 8：00 周一——周五起床到公司、开早早会起床人才市场增员拜访拜访周六周日
男主人——卓越人生卓越人生+健康医疗——对家庭的责任男主人卓越人生对家庭的责任女主人——一诺千金女主人一诺千金+健康医疗——固定的收入固定的收入一诺千金娃娃——健康医疗
保险角色分配保险角色
老婆作为投保人老公作为被保险人娃娃或者老婆作为受益人
方案说明的关键男女主人同时在场（避免关键：男女主人同时在场（关键
对男主人来说——
是专业人士要学会倾听、不会到处乱说不属于任何一个人，我是属于大家属于大家的一个朋友属于大家
对女主人来说——
我为人很“正”，可以交心为人很“ 为人很我很能干，很忙很能干，很能干很忙，不是那种“闲着的女人” 正面、不断有新的观念，我很正面、积极、阳光正面积极、阳光，值得放心
10
解读私营企业主家庭（1/2）解读私营企业主家庭（1/2）
受启发的两次见闻
某女主人吩咐保安不让某女业务员进公司见男主人 ——不排除女主人的心理障碍不可能真正拓宽目标市场某男主人无奈地把某女业务员发来的短信给我看 ——男士并不会真正尊重这样的女业务员，一定要做有品味的尊贵代理人
11
解读私营企业主家庭（2/2）解读私营企业主家庭（2/2）
好处：筛选客户、避免浪费时间好处：筛选客户、 3. 为埋伏笔，必说的2句话埋伏笔，必说的句话
“你买过保险吗？” “如果像你这样成功的人还没有买保险，肯定是对保险还不了解，改天就保险这个问题我们一起来聊聊。”
16
个性化的销售行为
建立匹配的销售流程
第一步：充分准备、电话约访第二步：男女主人、共同认可第三步：卓越一诺、各取所需第四步：解决问题、轻松促成
13
参加聚会、积累名单（1/3）参加聚会、积累名单（1/3）
形式：请私营企业主（多为男性）朋友带我去参加他所在圈子的聚会
14
参加聚会、积累名单（2/3）参加聚会、积累名单（2/3）
一到那儿、 1. 一到那儿、落座前朋友必介绍： “这是罗阿姨，我的朋友，是做保险的，非常优秀！我们一家人的保险都是在她那儿买的，她在我们这个圈子里很有名哦！”。
21
第二步：男女主人、共同认可(2/3) 第二步：男女主人、共同认可(2/3)
二、立刻请男主人引见女主人引见女主人
“买不买保险是大事情所以找你，怎么买保险是小事情，细节的事情我跟你太太说就好了。” 好处：好处：建立专业形象了解客户对太太的态度、了解客户对太太的态度、对我的态度再次筛选客户：如果前期沟通顺畅，再次筛选客户：如果前期沟通顺畅，而此时反复推辞不让见女主人，不是真正的准客户。推辞不让见女主人，不是真正的准客户。请他引见 “**在罗阿姨那里买了保险（不说自己认识，避免女主 **在罗阿姨那里买了保险 **在罗阿姨那里买了保险（不说自己认识，人误解），），听说很好，你去见见嘛。” 人误解），
私企业主的家庭特点：
白手起家共同打拼，男主人重视女主人的感受白手起家夫妻年龄相仿年龄相仿：35-45岁年龄相仿往往都有孩子有孩子双方观念、气质差异很大差异很大，男主人优势明显差异很大危机感，更关注财务安排和资金走向女主人有危机感危机感
12
行销关键——平衡的人际关系行销关键得到圈子里每个家庭成员的认同
递交保单
“现在所有的手续都办好了，我可以保证我所有讲的话都可以在合同上可以找到的。
我八十岁的时候可能已经不做保险了，我八十岁的时候可能已经不做保险了，但我还在做人，但我还在做人，所以我会对你负责。”
27
核保处理
责任免除或加费 “保险是对未来的保障，你现在体检出来已经有问题了，这个问题不保（加费）很正常，否则对没有问题的客户就不公平否则对没有问题的客户就不公平，否则对没有问题的客户就不公平是吗？” 随身携带携带各种类型的其他客户其他客户已签字的携带其他客户核保通知书》《核保通知书》，把类似的情况给客户看
以另一方为拒绝借口）以另一方为拒绝借口）
24
第四步：解决问题、第四步：解决问题、轻松促成
客户就产品方案提出问题后立即解决，解决问题后问：“还有没有问题？是不还有没有问题？还有没有问题是这个问题解决后，是这个问题解决后，就没有别的问题了？” 直到对方说没有，即刻促成。
25
成交后销售
18
第一步：充分准备、电话约访(1/2) 第一步：充分准备、电话约访(1/2)
充分整理约访对象的信息若收集的信息不够，再去介绍人处再了解情况如果介绍人了解的也只是对方的 “形”，请介绍人再创造再创造一次和约再创造访对象聚会的机会聚会的机会
19
第一步：充分准备、电话约访(2/2) 第一步：充分准备、电话约访(2/2)
电话约访必说的2句话 **场合 “*总，我是那个罗阿姨，在**场合我们见过面的，我们见过面的，还记得吗？”
“那天从你们的谈话中我感觉到你身上有很多跟别人不一样的地方，很多问很多问题我想请教你，可否方便请你喝杯咖啡题我想请教你聊一聊？”
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第二步：男女主人、共同认可( 第二步：男女主人、共同认可(1/3)
一、首先沟通男主人沟通男主人保险观念，解除障碍沟通男主人
1. 2. 重新认识开始谈起，引导他们重塑对保险从对保险的重新认识重新认识行业的信心和对代理人的看法用“责任责任”点拨：责任 “你是你们一家人的希望，是一家人的精神支柱，所以你千万不可以有任何的闪失，否则孩子、父母、太太怎么办？你有没有想过用保险这样的工具来增加家人的安全感呢？” 3．聊天、深入收集他的个人资料