Absorptive Capacities for Sustainability Technologies： Perspectives from the BRICS and China

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发展与可持续的单词

发展与可持续的单词
“发展与可持续”的英文是：“Development and Sustainability”。

其中，“发展”的英文是：“Development”，而“可持续”的英文是：“Sustainability”。

这两个单词结合起来，就表达了发展与可持续性的概念，即在经济、社会和环境方面取得进步的同时，保护资源和环境，确保未来的可持续性。

此外，还有一些与发展和可持续相关的词汇和短语，例如：
1.Sustainable Development：可持续发展，指在满足当前需求的同时，不损害未来世代满足自身需求
的能力的发展方式。

2.Sustainable Economy：可持续经济，指在经济活动中，采取环保和资源节约的方式，实现经济增长
和社会福祉的提升。

3.Green Development：绿色发展，指在发展过程中注重环境保护和生态文明建设，推动经济、社会
和环境的协调发展。

4.Sustainable City：可持续城市，指在城市规划、建设和管理中，注重资源节约、环境保护和社会公
平，实现城市的可持续发展。

5.Climate Change Mitigation：气候变化缓解，指采取措施减缓气候变化的速度和影响，包括减少温
室气体排放、提高能源效率等。

这些词汇和短语都涉及到发展和可持续性的概念，是现代社会中非常重要的议题。

可持续发展理念英语

可持续发展理念英语The Concept of Sustainable Development.Sustainable development is a philosophy that aims to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a comprehensive framework that integrates environmental protection, social equity, and economic prosperity, recognizing that these three pillars are interconnected and mutually dependent.Environmentally, sustainable development promotes the conservation and restoration of natural resources, biodiversity, and ecosystems. It emphasizes the need to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, promoting circular economies that reuse and recycle materials, reduce waste, and minimize pollution. This approach also recognizes the role of nature in providing essential services such as climate regulation, water purification, and soil fertility.Socially, sustainable development focuses on promoting inclusivity, equality, and social well-being. It aims to eradicate poverty and inequality, ensuring that all members of society have access to basic needs such as education, healthcare, and shelter. It also emphasizes the importance of cultural diversity and the protection of human rights, including the rights of future generations.Economically, sustainable development promotes innovation, efficiency, and resilience. It recognizes that economic growth should not be measured solely by GDP, but also by its impact on society and the environment. It encourages the transition to renewable energy sources, the development of green technologies, and the adoption of circular economic models that prioritize long-term sustainability over short-term profits.The concept of sustainable development recognizes that these three pillars—environment, society, and economy—are interconnected and mutually dependent. For example, environmental degradation can have negative impacts onsocial well-being and economic prosperity, while social inequality and economic instability can also have adverse effects on the environment. Therefore, sustainable development requires a holistic approach that addresses all these aspects simultaneously.Implementation of sustainable development requires strong political will, collaboration between governments, businesses, and communities, and the active participation of individuals. Policies and laws that promote sustainable practices need to be developed and enforced, while education and awareness-raising campaigns are essential to create a culture of sustainability.Businesses also play a crucial role in sustainable development. They can contribute by adopting green practices, investing in renewable energy and clean technologies, and prioritizing social and environmental responsibility in their operations. Consumer behavior also plays a significant role, as consumers have the power to choose products and services that align with sustainable values.In conclusion, the concept of sustainable development is a crucial framework for addressing the challenges of our time. It recognizes that our actions today haveimplications for future generations and that we must act responsibly to ensure a sustainable future for all. By integrating environmental protection, social equity, and economic prosperity, we can build a world that is both prosperous and sustainable.。

林奇《战略管理》(英文版第7版)教学课件_pp14

for change
Sources: Hart, S (1997) ‘Beyond Greening: Strategies for a Sustainable World’, Harvard Business Review, Reprint 97105, accessed free on the web courtesy of Vestas; Elkington, J (1994) ‘Towards the sustainable corporation: Winwin-win business strategies’, California Management Review, Winter, Vol 36, No 2, p90; Unruh, G and Ettenson, R (2010) ‘Growing Green’, Harvard Business Review, June; Unruh, G and Ettenson, R (2010) ‘Winning in the Green Frenzy’, Harvard Business Review, November.
Emergent outlook on
benefits and costs
•Changing customer attitudes and tastes •Further new technologies market opportunities and costs •Costs of energy price changes, supply issues
electrification Sustainable use of natural resources Protection of the biosphere and development of

农业纳米技术

Nanotechnology for enhancing food security in IndiaR.Kalpana Sastry ⇑,H.B.Rashmi 1,N.H.Rao 1ARSMP Division,NAARM,Rajendranagar,Hyderabad 500407,Indiaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 4January 2010Received in revised form 28September 2010Accepted 7October 2010Available online 17March 2011Keywords:Food security Nanotechnology IndiaFood production Agri-value chaina b s t r a c tA framework for assessment of the potential of nanotechnology for enhancing food security in India is developed.Agricultural productivity,soil health,water security,and food quality in storage and distribu-tion are identiﬁed as the primary determinants of food security that can be impacted by developments in nanotechnology.The framework is developed in two stages:(i)mapping nanotechnology to agri-food thematic areas across the agricultural value chain and (ii)from the thematic areas to the food security ing published literature and patents data,a model to organize and map nanotechnology research to the agri-food thematic areas and food security determinants is developed through a specially designed database.The model allows identiﬁcation and prioritization of potential areas for nanotechnol-ogy applications to enhance food parisons of this technology with green revolution technol-ogies and agricultural biotechnology indicate a possibility of greater and faster impact on all components of the agri-value chain with concurrent social,ethical,legal and environmental implications.There is a need for investments in capacity building and development of an agri-nanotechnology infrastructure in India,and for ex ante assessment of its implications for society.Ó2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.IntroductionFood security is the state achieved when food systems operate such that ‘all people,at all times,have physical and economic ac-cess to sufﬁcient,safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life’(FAO,1996).Food systems encompass three components:(i)food avail-ability (production,distribution and exchange)(ii)food access (affordability,allocation and preference)and (iii)food utilization (nutritional value,social value and food safety)(Gregory et al.,2005).Food security is diminished or a state of food insecurity oc-curs when any one of the three components of the food systems are diminished.Cycles of food insecurity were common in India prior to the green revolution era in the 1970s.The revolution laid the founda-tion for food security in India through dramatic increases in food production.The success of the green revolution technologies dur-ing the 1970s and 1980s is attributed to a technology model to-gether with adoption of concurrent micro and macro-economics models.The micro or farm economics governed the use of inputs such as land,cultivars,labor,machinery,and chemicals,balanced against proﬁts from crop yields.The macro-economics ensured better prices to farmers and access to inputs and markets (Mehta,1997).While the green revolution technologies model addressed the ﬁrst component of food security,the second component was addressed through policy interventions in the form of foodgrain subsidies that ensured large buffer stocks,and access to low priced food through an effective Public Distribution System (PDS).During the late eighties,rising incomes in certain sectors of population also gave scope for a diversiﬁed food basket leading to a sharper in-crease in the production of meat,milk and eggs.These early in-creases in per capita food availability have led to a positive feeling that food security concerns of the increasing populations in India could be addressed successfully.In case of the third com-ponent of food security–food utilization,which is essentially a household level concern,there has been relatively less emphasis and nearly one ﬁfth of the population are stated to be under-nourished.Concurrently,the recent declines in agricultural growth from about 3.6%during 1985–1995to less than 2%in the decade 1995–2005(Planning Commission,2007a )have given rise to re-newed concerns about future food security.Major areas of concern are production and availability of food grains.The per capita an-nual production of cereals has declined from 207kg in 1991/1995to 186kg in 2004/2007,and continues to show decreasing trends.The globalization of agricultural trade in the 1990s led to changes in some of the macro policies that supported agriculture and also subjected the Indian farmer to signiﬁcant market risks.All of these have led to a steady decline in farm incomes and rural distress in recent years,affecting both access to food and its utili-zation.It is vital to increase and stabilize agricultural incomes for0306-9192/$-see front matter Ó2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.10.012⇑Corresponding author.Tel.:+914024581304;fax:+914024581453.E-mail addresses:kalpana@naarm.ernet.in (R.Kalpana Sastry),rashmi@naarm.ernet.in (H.B.Rashmi),nhrao@naarm.ernet.in (N.H.Rao).1Tel.:+914024581304.overall national growth,as this sector still employs over50%of the Indian work force.The problems are being compounded by degra-dation of the natural resource base(soil,water and climate)of agri-culture.The difﬁcult situation in Indian agriculture has been described by the Planning Commission of Government of India in its XI Plan strategy paper as an‘agricultural crisis’resulting from a‘technology fatigue’(Planning Commission,2007b).With the lim-ited availability of land and water resources emerging at this time, the national policy goal of4%growth in agriculture to ensure food security can be achieved only by increasing productivity and in-comes per unit of the scarce natural resources through effective use of improved technology in the rural sector.This requires ensur-ing the continuousﬂow of new technologies into this sector (Mitchell,2001).Among the many advancements in science,nanotechnology (NT)is being visualized as a rapidly evolvingﬁeld that has poten-tial to revolutionize food systems(Roco,2003;Opara,2004;Ward and Datta,2005;Kuzma and Verhage,2006;Scrinis and Lyons, 2007),and improve the conditions of the poor(UN Millennium Project,2005).Nanotechnology is deﬁned as the‘‘understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly1–100nm,where unique phenomena enable novel applications’’(Roco,2003).At this scale,the physical,chemical and biological properties of materials differ fundamentally from the properties of individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter.These changes result in unique mechan-ical,electronic,photonic and magnetic properties of nanoscale materials.The ability to manipulate matter at the nanoscale can lead to improved understanding of biological,physical and chemical processes at this scale and to the creation of improved materials,structures,devices and systems that exploit these new properties.A UN Survey on potential applications of nanotechnol-ogy in developing countries identiﬁed agricultural productivity enhancement as the second most critical area of application for attaining the Millennium Development Goals of eradicating hunger and malnutrition(Salamanca-Buentello et al.,2005).For India,it is also important that investments in nanotechnology are made to ensure that the National Agricultural Research System stays glob-ally competitive.The objective of this paper is to assess the scope for enhancing food security in India through the application of nanotechnology.Food security in India:concerns and determinants There are854million food-insecure people globally,of which a third live in India(Cakmak,2002;Borlaug,2007).In addition to ris-ing demand for food resulting from increasing population and eco-nomic growth,increased risks of food insecurity are foreseen from: an estimated rising global energy demand of50%to2030 (Hightower and Pierce,2008),a decline in per capita availability of arable land from0.40ha in1961to0.25ha in1999(Horrigan et al.,2002),a decreasing renewable fresh water supply(Barnett et al.,2005),and projected climate change impacts(Parry et al., 2004;Rosenwzeig and Parry,1994).The MSSRF and the UN World Food Programme(WFP)have developed three Atlases(MSSRF, 2004)using chosen indicators to map the relative standing of food insecurity in the23states of India.The atlases indicate alarming overexploitation of water and other natural resources,declines in sown areas,degradation of lands,and low livelihood access with increasing poverty levels.India’s National Hunger Index,which is based on the Global Hunger Index developed by IFPRI(Wiesmann et al.,2006)was23.7in2008(66th out of88countries).The Hunger Index for India(Menon et al.,2009)also highlights a con-tinued severity of hunger across the country.Though variations in hunger index level are present across states,what is signiﬁcant is that not even a single state showed low or even moderate level of hunger.This is of serious concern for a country with relatively high economic growth even in the days of global recession. Determinants of food security in IndiaThe three components of food security,namely availability,ac-cess and utilization are governed by the vulnerability of the produc-tion base of agriculture,the scope for increasing rural incomes and the nutritional quality of food respectively.The primary determi-nants of agricultural production are the genetic productivity of the crops,and the quality of the natural resource base determined by the soil health and vulnerability of water resources.Together these determine the total quantity of food available for consump-tion,storage and distribution.If any of these are vulnerable,the food availability is affected.Value addition is the main means for ensuring consistent rise in rural incomes,which controls the access to food.Access and utilization of food are determined by the ability to store and maintain the quality of produce over long periods of time.The extent to which the quality of the food is retained in stor-age and distribution therefore controls the third component of food security,namely,utilization.Thus,productivity,soil health,water security,and food quality in storage and distribution can be viewed as key determinants of food security.Nanotechnology can poten-tially impact all the four key determinants of food security. Nanotechnology and food systemsSince food systems encompass food availability,access and uti-lization,the scope of applications of nanotechnology for enhancing food security must encompass entire agricultural production–consumption systems.Further,in a rapidly globalizing economy, increasing access to food and its utilization in rural areas will be determined primarily by increase in rural incomes.The primary source of increasing rural incomes has been recognized as value addition across the different links in the agricultural production–consumption chain(Planning Commission,2007a,b).These links include farm inputs,farm production systems,post harvest man-agement and processing andﬁnally markets and consumers.From the food security perspective,it is therefore necessary that applica-tion of nanotechnology be not limited to the farm production level, but be extended across all the links of the agricultural value chain to increase agricultural productivities,product quality,consumer accep-tance and resource use efﬁciencies.This will help to reduce farm costs,raise the value of production,increase rural incomes and en-hance the quality of the natural resource base of agricultural pro-duction systems(Kalpana Sastry et al.,2007).In doing so,it is important to view nanotechnology as an enabling technology that can complement conventional technologies and biotechnology (Salerno et al.,2008).Considering the concerns on biosafety and consumer acceptance emerging after agribiotechnology based-products have entered the market place during last two decades, it is also essential that integrating and deploying new technologies like nanotechnology in agricultural and food systems be made after understanding the various societal and environmental implications (Kalpana Sastry et al.,2009,2010a).Green revolution technologies,biotechnologies and nanotechnology in food systems–a comparisonA comparison between green revolution technologies,biotech-nologies and nanotechnology,based on key word searches of literature,is presented in Table1to illustrate the wider canvas over which nanotechnology can affect food systems.It may be pointed that in case of nanotechnology,results are from early researches and reﬂect expected potential assessed from the literature.392R.Kalpana Sastry et al./Food Policy36(2011)391–400The above comparison illustrates the enhanced pace and prom-ise of more solutions being offered by the emerging technologies. The green revolution technologies were trendsetters over the tradi-tional and conservative practices,but the focus was on cereals like wheat,rice,maize and sorghum.Biotechnologies provided an en-hanced pace,and increased the scope of products/processes in other areas of agriculture including non-cereal crops and crops cul-tivated by the poor.The technologies expanded to several solutions in other sectors like veterinary,dairy,poultry andﬁshery sectors, which contribute to advancing nutritional security.Nanotechnology points to an even wider canvas of agri-food systems.The nature of this technology indicates a likely greater impact on all levels of the agricultural value chain(SAiNSCE, 2009).The technologies also necessitate newer levels of knowledge and skills.Therefore,it warrants more investments on training of manpower,and on infrastructure.Further,with reduced access as a result of greater levels of proprietary rights,new models of gov-ernance would need to be evolved for effective delivery.Equally important are the gray areas of the risks to environment,vulnera-bility of users,and the society at large(NSF,2001).The faster and increased pace of nanotechnology development brings new inno-vation cycles,which may threaten the existing socio-economic patterns and assume new dimensions at a higher magnitude than in the case of biotechnology(Linton and Walsh,2008).The present regulatory system being followed in India for biotechnology is still evolving and continues to face challenges in its implementation and acceptance.In case of nanotechnology a more cohesive and proactive approach would need to be developed for its regulation. Framework for assessing nanotechnology for enhanced food security in IndiaAssessment of emerging technologies like nanotechnology is difﬁcult because historical data is not available for impact assess-ment and much of the work is at basic research stage with futureTable1Comparisons among green revolution technologies,biotechnology and nanotechnology with respect to their impacts and implications for food systems.Characteristics Green revolution technologies Biotechnology Nanotechnology aPrimary area of focus Productivity of mainly cereal cropsviz.wheat,rice,maize,sorghumProductivity of all crops,including cereals,ﬁbers,vegetables,fruits,export commodities,and specialtycropsProductivity and management of crops andlivestock–crop and livestock improvement,precision agriculture,soil and water management,pest diagnosis/surveillance,food processing,foodsafety and packagingSecondary area of focus None Animal andﬁsh products,processed food products Vaccines,pesticides,fertilizers,water,gene,drug,inputs for remediation of natural resources andother input delivery formulations in plants andanimals;nanoarray based gene-technologies forgene expressions in plants and animals understress conditions;utilization of agricultural wasteApplications Crop input packages;improvementof plant architecture;geneticenhancement through conservativebreeding Tissue culture,micro propagation;transgenic crops/animals;MAS;biotechnology,proteomicsAreas of gene/DNA delivery,expressions,sequencing,therapy,regulation:DNA targeting,extraction,hybridization,ﬁngerprints for DNA;RNA detection,cell probes,cell sorting andbioimaging,single-cell-based assay,tissueengineering,proteomics and nanobiogenomicsParties intechnologydevelopmentanddissemination Largely public or quasi-public sector Substantial private sector involvement–industryconcentrationLarge public investments,relatively small scaleprivate sector,venture,capital fundsProprietaryconsiderations Patents and plant variety protectionnot important;freeﬂow ofgermplasmMany processes and products patentable andprotectable,issues related FTOHigh patent activity,increased controlsCapital costs ofresearchRelatively low Relatively high Extremely high;but partnerships can lower costsResearch skills required Conventional plant breeding andother agricultural sciencesMolecular and cell biology expertise plusconventional plant breeding skills and expertise inother agricultural sciencesNew knowledge and skill set in addition toconventional;new workforce to be createdCrops displaced Traditional varieties and land racesreplaced by high-yielding varieties/hybrids Traditional varieties and land races replaced by high-yielding varieties/transgenic/GM cropsExpected to enhance not displace cropsAccess toinformationand resources Relatively easy Restricted due to IPR Extremely restricted due to broad set of claims;several emerging grey areas in IP jurisprudenceRegulatorysystem Not warranted In place but through continuing opposition;stillevolvingEvolving;not in place even at global levelEnvironment risks Evidence for several negative effectson natural resourcesMixed conﬂicting reports Clear data still not availableEthical issues Low to medium Medium to high Several suppositions;gray area needing attentionSocioeconomic risks Gaps in reaching farmers with smallholdingsAccess to technology products;widening incomedisparity between small and large farmers;technology divide between developed anddeveloping countriesToo early to derive conclusions;technology dividebetween developed and developing countriesInﬂuence on society Helped developing countries to befood–self-sufﬁcient;prosperity inseveral strata of societyAim poverty reduction through increasedproductivity;lower food prices and better nutritionExpected to inﬂuence all levels and bring newparadigms in societyPublic acceptance All countries Not acceptable in many countries of EU for food;mixed response in AsiaInitial protests by civil society starteda Based on indications in early research and projections forecasted.R.Kalpana Sastry et al./Food Policy36(2011)391–400393promise of a range of applications.In such situations,bibliometrics and patent analysis can be used to both assess current status and trends in technology development,and classify and map them to relevant application areas for strategic planning(Kostoff et al., 2007;Daim et al.,2006;Hullmann and Meyer,2003;Kalpana Sastry et al.,2010b).A general premise is that basic research is found largely in journals;where as potential commercial applica-tions are found in patents.Patent documents are also well struc-tured to provide standardized information about citation,issue date,inventors,institutions and their locations technologyﬁeld classiﬁcation,etc.Such structured documentation makes them suitable for assessing technology developments in various areas. Bibliometric data on the other hand is less precisely structured but amenable to formal key word searches and more intensive text mining approaches for technology assessment.A holistic systems framework was developed for patent and bibliometric analysis for assessment of the potential of nanotech-nology for enhancing food systems security in India.The frame-work was developed in two stages:(i)Mapping nanotechnology to agri-food thematic areas acrossall the links of the agricultural value chain(that is,farm inputs,production systems,post harvest management including storing and processing,markets and consumption).(ii)Mapping nanotechnology to the determinants of food secu-rity(productivity,soil health,water security and food quality).Mapping nanotechnology to the agri-value chainBased on technology roadmapping and database management concepts,a framework was developed earlier through an ongoing project on‘‘Assessing Interrelationships between Developments in Nanotechnology and Agriculture’’(NAARM,2009)(Fig.1).This was used to map nanoresearch areas to the agri-food thematic areas along the agricultural value chain(Fig.1).Aﬁve-step approach was followed:(i)identiﬁcation of nanoresearch based on a general survey of nanoresearch themes(Table2)and agri-food thematic areas(Table3);(ii)relating nanoresearch areas(Table2) with the agri-food thematic areas(Table3)through aﬁlter of the links in the agri-value chain;(iii)design of database using MS ac-cess for R&D indicators like bibliographic sources and patents,to enable querying,analysis and mapping the technology trends based on both nanoresearch and agri-food themes;(iv)designing bibliographic search strategy to populate the bibliographic data-base;and(v)designing patent search strategy to build the patents database(Kalpana Sastry et al.,2010a).The framework and data-base allow for mining information in speciﬁc areas of application of nanotechnology in agriculture,and for assessing their environ-mental,ethical,legal and societal implications.Mapping nanotechnology to the determinants of food securityIn the present study,the framework developed above(Fig.1) has been applied to map both patent and bibliographic information to the determinants of food security.For the two R&D indicators, bibliometrics and patents,independent databases were developed, which were(i)bibliographic database of about500bibliographic sourcesand(ii)patents database of about1000patents.Then both these databases were sorted and organized to carry out the assessment.This was carried out with respect to the fol-lowing factors viz,nanotechnology product(nanoparticles,nano-tubes,quantum dots,etc.)and its characteristics;agricultural supply chain sector affected;possible social and environmental risks;time to commercialization;inventors,their institutes and location.A detailed analysis of the data in each of these areas can help to assess and identify relevant research tools,which can be integrated into the application.Based on this assessment,an394R.Kalpana Sastry et al./Food Policy36(2011)391–400effort was made to identify and map areas of nanoresearch and agri-thematic areas to the determinants of food security identiﬁed earlier,namely,productivity,soil health,water security and retain-ing food quality in storage and distribution(Fig.2).Trends in nanotechnology developmentThe framework and databases were used to gauge the type of nanotechnology researches currently in progress and to assess them from the perspective of food security.More than60%of re-cords from both the databases were on R&D efforts to enhance plant/animal productivity followed by research in food processing and food packaging(Fig.3)which address the other two compo-nents of food security systems,namely,food availability and food utilization.The type of drivers of the technological changes in various sub ﬁelds of nanoresearch(like nanodevices or nanobiotechnology), which may form base for technological trajectories that can con-tribute to enhancing food security,was also investigated.It was found that nanoparticles was the most widely researched area fol-lowed by nanoﬁltration methods/devices and nanocapsules (Fig.4).Formulations like capsules and particles are known to en-hance target delivery,offer better control,and increase overall functional efﬁciency especially for inputs like fertilizers,pesticides including biopesticides,improving the management practices for enhancing productivity.A more detailed analysis of the two R&D indicators,publications and patents,was carried out for possible applications in the agri-value chain.The analysis indicates a wide range of applications for harnessing the potential of nanotechnology for enhancing productivity,efﬁcient use of water resources and for remediation processes of soils unﬁt for cultivation.In addition,there are early-stage researches being undertaken to enlarge the scope of value addition of processes in food industry and thereby increasing the nutritive and keeping quality of processed foods.A tabulated synopsis of potential applications using nanotechnology for enhancing the determinants of food security is presented in Table4.Based on these indications,some of the areas of nanotechnology with potential applications for enhancing food security in India are:nanofertilizers for slow release and efﬁcient uptake of water and fertilizers by plants;nanocides–pesticides encapsulated in nanoparticles for controlled release,and nanoemulsions for greater efﬁciency;delivery of nutrients and drugs for livestock andﬁsher-ies;nanoparticles for soil conservation and remediation;nano-brushes and nanoﬁlters for soil and water puriﬁcation,cleaning ofﬁshponds;and nanosensors for soil quality and for plant health monitoring,and nanodevices for precision agriculture.Application of nanotechnology is also possible in food processing as nanocom-posites and nanobiocomposites for plasticﬁlm coatings used in food packaging,anti-microbial nanoemulsions for decontamina-tion of food equipment,packaging and processing.All these tech-nologies contribute to enhancing the four determinants of food security and in consequence catalyze the process for enhancing food security in India.Technology transfer concernsPatenting trends in nanotechnologyIt is interesting to note that the trend in patenting in nanotech-nology equals(or even exceeds)that for publishing,indicating that even early-stage research in this area is leading to technology pro-tection before development and product commercialization.When compared to the era of green revolution technologies and later bio-technologies,nanotechnology research is leading to product devel-opment by the industries almost concurrently with basic research in this area.It is well recognized that patents are primary output of the R&D activities and patent analysis is now the most widely used methodology in formalized and systemic approaches to identifying and managing technological change(Choi and Park,2009).There-fore,a more detailed assessment on theﬁelds of technology was made by analyzing the distribution pattern of the patents in vari-ous subﬁelds of categories under International Patent Classiﬁcation (IPC,2009).The patents were found in about33IPC classes(till subclass level or the third hierarchical level of classiﬁcation)cover-ing a large domain of sectors.The detailed analysis was restricted to those sections/classes with more than20records.It was found that highest percent(35)was in IPC class C12N which covers inventions based on microbes,and genetic material indicating increasing interest in researches in nanobiotechnologies(Table 5).This was followed by A61K(10%),which focuses on medicinal preparations.Indications of early developments in agriculture and food related areas,though at a lower intensity,were also found covered in A01H(New plants or processes for obtaining them; plant reproduction by tissue culture techniques);A01K(Animal husbandry;care of birds,ﬁshes,insects;ﬁshing;rearing or breed-ing animals and new breeds of animals);A01N(Preservation of bodies of humans or animals or plants or parts thereof;biocides, plant growth regulators);and A23(Foods or foodstuffs and their treatment).This indicates that several patents are beingﬁled for technologies,which have applications extendable to theTable2Nanoresearch thematic areas of relevance to agri-foodsystems in India.No.Nanoresearch area1Nanoparticles2Quantum dots3Carbon nanotubes4Dendrimers5Fullerenes6Biosensors7Diagnostic kits8MEMS9Biochips10Microﬂuidics/nanoﬂuidics11Smart delivery systems12Nanoﬁltration13Nanospheres14Nanoﬁbers15Nanowires16Nanoscale phenomena and processesTable3Key agri-food thematic areas with potential for nanotechnologyapplications.No.Agri-food thematic areas1Natural resource management-efﬁcient use of soil,water,energy inputs2Plant/animal disease diagnostics3Delivery mechanisms in plant systems4Delivery mechanisms in soil systems5Delivery mechanisms in animal systems6Use of agricultural waste/biomass/byproducts7Tracking the horticultural/food value chain8Food processing9Food packaging10Bio-industrial processes11Risk assessment/safety12Developing new genetic types/breeds/cultivars13Livestock breeding and improvement14Ethical,social,legal,environmental implicationsR.Kalpana Sastry et al./Food Policy36(2011)391–400395。

知识产权质押融资英语

知识产权质押融资英语Here is an essay on the topic of intellectual property (IP) pledge financing, written in English with a word count of over 1000 words:The Role of Intellectual Property Pledge Financing in the Modern EconomyIntellectual property (IP) has become an increasingly valuable asset in the modern economy, driving innovation and business growth across a wide range of industries. As companies seek to leverage their intangible assets to access capital and fuel further development, IP pledge financing has emerged as a crucial financing tool. In this essay, we will explore the significance of IP pledge financing, its benefits, and the key considerations for businesses seeking to utilize this innovative financing approach.The Importance of Intellectual Property in the Modern EconomyIn the knowledge-based economy of the 21st century, intellectual property has become a key driver of economic growth and competitive advantage. Companies across diverse sectors, from technology and pharmaceuticals to fashion and media, rely on various forms of IP, such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, andtrade secrets, to protect their innovative products, processes, and brands. These intangible assets often hold substantial financial value, as they can generate revenue through licensing, royalties, and product sales.The rise of the digital economy has further underscored the importance of IP, as online businesses and digital products are particularly reliant on strong IP protection to maintain their market position and profitability. In this context, the effective management and leveraging of intellectual property have become essential for businesses seeking to thrive in the modern competitive landscape.The Emergence of Intellectual Property Pledge FinancingAs companies seek to access capital to fund their growth and development, the traditional financing options, such as bank loans and equity investments, may not always be sufficient or readily available. This is where IP pledge financing has gained significant traction. IP pledge financing allows companies to use their intellectual property assets as collateral to secure loans or other forms of financing, unlocking the value of their intangible assets and enabling them to access the capital they need to invest in innovation, expand their operations, or pursue other strategic initiatives.The Benefits of IP Pledge FinancingIP pledge financing offers a range of benefits for businesses, makingit an increasingly attractive financing option in the modern economy. Some of the key advantages of this approach include:1. Access to Capital: By leveraging their intellectual property assets, companies can access capital that may not be available through traditional financing channels, particularly for businesses with a strong IP portfolio but limited tangible assets or collateral.2. Preservation of Equity: IP pledge financing allows companies to raise capital without diluting their equity, as it does not require them to sell ownership stakes in the business. This can be particularly important for founders and investors who wish to maintain control and ownership of the company.3. Flexibility: IP pledge financing can be structured in various ways, including secured loans, lines of credit, and IP-backed bonds, providing companies with greater flexibility in accessing the capital they need.4. Competitive Advantage: By utilizing IP pledge financing, companies can free up capital to invest in research and development, product innovation, and other strategic initiatives, helping them maintain a competitive edge in their respective markets.5. Improved Balance Sheet: The inclusion of intellectual propertyassets on a company's balance sheet can strengthen its financial position and creditworthiness, potentially leading to better financing terms and improved access to capital in the future.Key Considerations for Businesses Seeking IP Pledge Financing While IP pledge financing offers numerous benefits, businesses considering this approach should carefully evaluate a range of factors to ensure a successful and effective implementation:1. IP Valuation: Accurate and reliable IP valuation is critical, as it determines the amount of capital that can be secured through the pledge. Companies should work with experienced IP valuation professionals to assess the fair market value of their intangible assets.2. IP Portfolio Management: Effective management and protection of the company's intellectual property are essential to maintain the value of the collateral and reduce the risk of default. This includes ensuring proper IP registration, monitoring for infringement, and actively managing the IP portfolio.3. Legal and Regulatory Considerations: Businesses must navigate the complex legal and regulatory landscape surrounding IP pledge financing, including laws and regulations related to secured lending, bankruptcy, and intellectual property rights. Seeking guidance from legal and financial experts is crucial to ensure compliance andmitigate risks.4. Stakeholder Alignment: The decision to pursue IP pledge financing should involve close collaboration and alignment with key stakeholders, such as investors, lenders, and IP management teams, to ensure a coordinated and strategic approach.ConclusionIn the dynamic and knowledge-driven economy of the 21st century, intellectual property has become a critical asset for businesses seeking to drive innovation, maintain competitive advantage, and access the capital required for growth and expansion. IP pledge financing has emerged as a valuable financing tool, enabling companies to leverage their intangible assets to secure the capital they need while preserving equity and maintaining strategic flexibility. As businesses continue to navigate the evolving landscape of IP management and financing, the effective utilization of IP pledge financing can play a pivotal role in unlocking the full potential of their intellectual property and fueling their long-term success.。

可持续发展相关英文词汇

可持续发展相关英文词汇## Sustainable Development Vocabulary.1. Agenda 21。

A comprehensive plan of action adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It sets out a framework for sustainable development at the global, national, and local levels.2. Biodiversity.The variety of life on Earth, including the different species of plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, as well as the ecosystems they form.3. Biosphere.The part of the Earth where life exists, including the land, water, and atmosphere.4. Carbon footprint.The amount of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities.5. Climate change.The long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place. It is caused by human activities that release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.6. Deforestation.The removal of trees from a forest, often to make way for agriculture, logging, or other development.7. Ecological footprint.The amount of land and water required to produce theresources and absorb the waste produced by a particular population or activity.8. Ecosystem services.The benefits that humans derive from ecosystems, such as clean air, water, and food.9. Environmental impact assessment.A study that evaluates the potential environmental impacts of a proposed project or development.10. Green economy.An economy that promotes sustainable development by reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities.11. Greenhouse gas.A gas that traps heat in the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.12. Renewable energy.Energy derived from sources that can be replenished naturally, such as solar, wind, and geothermal energy.13. Sustainable development.Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meettheir own needs.14. Sustainability.The ability of a system to continue functioning in a stable and healthy way over time.15. Triple bottom line.A framework that measures the performance of a company or organization based on its economic, environmental, and social impacts.16. Water footprint.The amount of water used to produce a product or service.17. Zero waste.A goal of reducing waste to the minimum possible level through practices such as recycling, composting, and reducing consumption.。

什么是可持续性科学 (1)

什么是可持续性科学?邬建国1,2,3**　郭晓川1　杨　劼1　钱贵霞1　牛建明1　梁存柱1　张　庆1　李　昂4(1内蒙古大学中美生态㊁能源及可持续性科学研究中心,呼和浩特010021;2北京师范大学人与环境系统可持续性研究中心,北京100875;3美国亚利桑那州立大学生命科学院和全球可持续性研究所,坦佩,亚利桑那州85287,美国;4中国科学院植物研究所,北京100093)摘　要　可持续发展是我们时代的主题,也是人类面临的最大挑战.自20世纪70年代,尤其是近20年来,可持续发展的概念日益频繁地出现在学术文章㊁政府文件以及公益宣传和商业广告之中.然而,为可持续发展提供理论基础和实践指导的科学可持续性科学是在21世纪初才开始形成的.该科学在短短的十几年中迅速开拓㊁不断发展,正在形成其科学概念框架和研究体系.中国是世界大国,是可持续性科学的哲学思想天人合一” 的故乡,有必要承担起时代之重任,在追求中国梦”的同时促进全球可持续发展,并积极参与进而引领可持续性科学的研究和实践.为了帮助实现这一宏伟而远大目标,本文拟对可持续性科学的基本概念㊁研究论题和发展前景作一概述.可持续性科学是研究人与环境之间动态关系特别是耦合系统的脆弱性㊁抗扰性㊁弹性和稳定性的整合型科学.它穿越自然科学和人文与社会科学,以环境㊁经济和社会的相互关系为核心,将基础性研究和应用研究融为一体.可持续发展的核心内容往往因时㊁因地㊁因人而异.因此,可持续性科学必须注重多尺度研究,同时应特别关注50到100年的时间尺度和景观以及区域的空间尺度.景观和区域不但是最可操作的空间尺度,同时也是上通全球㊁下达局地的枢纽尺度.可持续性科学需要聚焦于生态系统服务和人类福祉的相互关系,进而探讨生物多样性和生态系统过程,以及气候变化㊁土地利用变化和其他社会经济驱动过程对这一关系的影响.我们认为,景观和可持续性是可持续性科学的核心研究内容,也将是可持续性科学在以后几十年的研究热点.关键词　可持续性科学可持续发展人与环境耦合系统生态系统服务人类福祉景观区域*通讯作者.E⁃mail:Jingle.Wu@ 2013⁃10⁃08收稿,2013⁃10⁃22接受.文章编号　1001-9332(2014)01-0001-11　中图分类号　F061.3　文献标识码　AWhat is sustainability science ?WU Jian⁃guo 1,2,3,GUO Xiao⁃chuan 1,YANG Jie 1,QIAN Gui⁃xia 1,NIU Jian⁃ming 1,LIANG Cun⁃zhu 1,ZHANG Qing 1,LI Ang 4(1Sino⁃US Center for Conserva⁃tion ,Energy ,and Sustainability Science (SUCCESS ),Inner Mongolia University ,Hohhot 010021,China ;2Center for Human⁃Environment System Sustainability (CHESS ),Beijing Normal University ,Beijing 100875,China ;3School of Life Sciences and Global Institute of Sustainability ,Arizona State University ,Tempe ,AZ 85287,USA ;4Institude of Botany ,Chinese Academic of Sciences ,Beijing 100093,China ).⁃Chin.J.Appl.Ecol .,2014,25(1):1-11.Abstract :Sustainability is the theme of our time and also the grandest challenge to humanity.Since the 1970s,the term,sustainable development,has frequently appeared in the scientific literature,governmental documents,media promotions for public goods,and commercial advertisements.How⁃ever,the science that provides the theoretical foundation and practical guidance for sustainable de⁃velopment-sustainability science-only began to emerge in the beginning of the 21st century.Never⁃theless,the field has rapidly developed in depth and expanded in scope during the past decade,with its core concepts and research methods coalescing.China,as the most populous country in the world and home to the philosophical root of sustainability science-the unity of man and nature,is obligated to take upon the challenge of our time,to facilitate global sustainability while pursuing the Chinese Dream,and to play a leading role in the development of sustainability science.Toward this grandiose goal,this paper presents the first Chinese introduction to sustainability science,which应用生态学报　2014年1月　第25卷　第1期 Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,Jan.2014,25(1):1-11discusses its basic concepts,research questions,and future directions.Sustainability science is the study of the dynamic relationship between humans and the environment,particularly focusing on the vulnerability,robustness,resilience,and stability of the coupled human⁃environment system.It is a transdisciplinary science that integrates natural sciences with humanities and social sciences.It hinges on the environment⁃economy⁃society nexus,and merges basic and applied research.The key components of sustainability often change with time,place,and culture,and thus sustainability sci⁃ence needs to emphasize multi⁃scale studies in space and time,with emphasis on landscapes and re⁃gions over a horizon of50to100years.It needs to focus on the relationship between ecosystem services and human well⁃being,as influenced by biodiversity and ecosystem processes as well as cli⁃mate change,land use change,and other socioeconomic ndscape sustainability is at the core of sustainability science,and is expected to be a hot research topic in the next few decades. Key words:sustainability science;sustainable development;coupled human⁃environment systems (CHES);ecosystem services;human well⁃being;landscape;region. 自18世纪下半叶的工业革命以来,世界人口已经从不足10亿增加到71亿之多.毫无疑问,工业革命以来的科学㊁技术革命大大地推动了社会和经济的发展,使人类物质生活的整体水平得以大大提高;但一系列的重大环境问题亦相伴而来.人类驯化植物而发展了农业;驯养动物而发展了牧业;聚居贸易,劳动分工进而创造了城市;随之而来的是经济规模化㊁工业化和现代化.今天,人类之能事可谓拔山填海,堵江截流,呼风唤雨,改天换地.人类不只是驯化个别种群或物种,而是在驯化整个生态系统,整个景观,乃至整个生物圈[1-4].自然已不再自然”,其均衡”早已被打破[5].有多少昔日的桃花源和阿尔卡笛亚(Arcadia)已是天不蓝㊁水不澈㊁风不清㊁雨不顺?地球系统已经千疮百孔,表破内损,包括全球气候变化㊁生物多样性锐减㊁自然资源耗竭以及环境质量下降在内的诸多环境问题正在挑战着人类社会的可持续性.因此,如何在满足人类发展需求的同时,持续地保障地球生命支持系统的基本结构和功能,即可持续发展”[6-10],已成为学术界和社会各界广泛关注的重大科学和决策问题[11-13].可持续发展的理念可追溯到中国古典哲学之核心思想天人合一”[1].20世纪70年代,当人口㊁资源㊁生态和环境问题日趋严重㊁广为人知之时,可持续发展概念才开始盛行[14-16].然而,从1987年联合国世界环境与发展委员会正式定义什么是可持续发展,到1992年联合国在巴西里约热内卢举行的首届可持续发展地球峰会(Earth Summit),再到2002年在南非约翰内斯堡召开的第二届地球峰会,以及2012年重返巴西里约热内卢的第三届可持续发展地球峰会,显然可见20多年来联合国和世界各国政府对可持续发展的高度重视.作为可持续发展的科学依据和运作指南,可持续性科学(sustainabili⁃ty science)也在21世纪初应运而生.何谓可持续性科学?虽然确切而公认的答案尚且难寻,但可以肯定的是,该科学在短短的十几年中迅速发展,广泛拓展,其科学概念框架和研究体系正在形成.作为泱泱大国的中国,为了追中国梦”,实现生态文明,就必须在可持续性科学方面有长足发展,继续为世界可持续发展做出重大贡献.然而,目前国内学界对该领域的研究和介绍甚少.为此,本文拟对可持续性科学的基本概念和研究论题作一较为系统的介绍,并对可持续性评估方法和可持续性科学的发展前景加以讨论.1　可持续发展和可持续性1.1　可持续发展的概念中文的可持续发展”是直接从英文的sustain⁃able development翻译而来.根据‘在线词源词典“(/),英文 sustainable”一词出现在17世纪早期,当时该词的含义是 bear⁃able”(可忍受的)或 defensible”(可辩护的或可防御的).直到1965年, sustainable”一词才开始具有我们现在所熟悉的含义: capable of being continued at a certain level”(在一定水平上持续的能力).作为名词的 sustainability”(可持续性)最早出现于1907年,当时主要是法庭用语(譬如,法庭上一方律师对另一方律师在陈述时提出反对或抗议的有效性”,即能否得到法官确认).作为一个意指环境㊁经济和社会3个方面持续发展的能力和趋势的术语, 可持续性”一词在1972年最早出现在英国,1974年出现在美国,此后在1978年出现在联合国文件中[17].今天,与可持续”有关的这些术语已成为学2应　用　生　态　学　报 25卷术界㊁政策领域及各种媒体的流行语.在英文文献中, 可持续发展”和可持续性”经常作为同义语使用.可持续发展的定义有一百多个,但最被广泛接受的无疑是1987年世界环境与发展委员会(WorldCommission on Environment and Development, WCED)的定义[16].在题为‘我们共同的未来“(Our Common Future)的报告中,WCED首次正式地将可持续发展定义为满足当代人类的需求而不损害子孙后代满足他们自己需求的能力”;可持续发展同时也是一个资源利用㊁投资取向㊁技术发展以及政策变化都协调一致,不断促进满足人类现在和将来需求之潜力的变化过程”[18].WCED报告进而指出,满足人类基本需要是最重要的;经济发展和资源平等共享是必需的;利益相关者的有效参与能够促进平等;发展是有限度的,须考虑环境的承载力;科技水平㊁环境资源特征㊁管理体制以及社会经济现状均会影响某个地区乃至全球的可持续性. 1999年,美国国家研究理事会(National Re⁃search Council,NRC)发表了题为‘我们共同的旅途:向可持续性过渡“(Our Common Journey:A Transi⁃tion Toward Sustainability)的报告,讨论了有关可持续发展的各种观点,以及发展和持续两者之间的相互关系[19].NRC报告依循WCED报告的理念,指出可持续发展旨在实现社会发展目标和环境极限的长期协调”16].2002年可持续发展地球峰会发布的‘约翰内斯堡可持续发展宣言“(Johannesburg De⁃claration on Sustainable Development;http://www. /esd/environment/rio20/pages/Download/ johannesburgdeclaration.pdf)进一步阐述了可持续发展的三支柱”(three pillars)或三重底线”(triple bottom line)概念,即可持续发展要同时考虑环境保护㊁经济发展和社会平等3个方面(图1).协调环境㊁经济和社会之间的相互联系是可持续发展的焦点和难点,而理解三者之间关系往往涉及到强可持续性”(strong sustainability)和弱可持续性”(weak sustainability)的观点.这两种观点的主要区别在于如何看待人造资本(human⁃made或manufactured capital)和自然资本(natural capital)之间的可替代性”(substitutability)(图2).具体地讲,强可持续性观点认为,人造资本(如机器㊁工具㊁建筑和基础设施)和自然资本(指自然资源和生态系统)是互补关系,环境的可持续性必须得以保障,以损害环境为代价的经济发展是不可持续的;弱可持续性观点则认为,人造资本和自然资本之间是互为替代关系,故此,只要总的资本量不减,一个环境恶化但经济发达的地区也是可持续的”[20].显然,从长远的角度来看,弱可持续性实际上是不可持续的.而强可持续性也并非主张极端的环境保护主义”,它只是强调环境可持续性的重要性和必要性.若没有环境的可持续,实现长期的经济和社会的可持续是不可能的[1,16,20-21].极端的强可持续性观点认为应该杜绝对生态系统的开发和利用,这显然是不切实际的,因此在文献中称之为荒唐的强可持续性”[1,16,20-21]图1　可持续发展的三支柱”或三重底线”(环境㊁经济和社会)概念Fig.1　The three⁃pillar or triple bottom line concept of sustain⁃ability(environment,economy and society).图2 强可持续性”(A)和弱可持续性”(B)观点的比较Fig.2　Comparison between strong sustainability(A)and weak sustainability(B)perspectives.两者的关键不同在于三支柱之间的可取代性”及其极限或阈值The main differences hinge on substitutability among the three pillars and its limits or thresholds.31期邬建国等:什么是可持续性科学? 可持续性观点对于如何理解和评估可持续发展有着重要影响.1.2　人类福祉和生态系统服务可持续发展的最终目的是提高人类福祉(hu⁃man well⁃being),即满足当代人和后代人的物质和精神需求.人类需求会因社会经济状况㊁文化传统㊁生活方式等诸多因素而变化.那么,可持续发展应该如何考虑人类需求和人类福祉呢?美国社会心理学家亚伯拉罕㊃马斯洛(Abraham Maslow)的人类需求层次理论(hierarchy of human needs)将人类需求划分为6个层次:生理需求(physiology)㊁安全需求(safety and security)㊁社交需求(love and belong⁃ing)㊁尊重需求(esteem)㊁自我实现(self⁃actualiza⁃tion)和超越自我(self⁃transcendence)[22-23].马斯洛理论虽然多年来颇有争议,但影响甚广[16].马斯洛的层次理论聚焦于个人需求,但可持续性科学须考虑的人类福祉应注重于群体或大众利益.千年生态系统评估(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,MEA)将人类需求综合为5个方面:基本生活材料㊁自由㊁健康㊁良好社会关系以及安全保障[24].这一观点已经广为采纳,并且得以进一步发展和完善[16].满足人类需求必然依赖于生态系统服务,即人类从生态系统中所获得的利益”[24].尽管有多种生态系统服务分类方法,目前最为广泛应用的是千年生态系统评估中的划分方案即生态系统服务包括4类:支撑服务(指生态系统过程和功能,如土壤形成㊁生产力和养分循环等)㊁供给服务(如食物㊁淡水㊁纤维等)㊁调节服务(如空气和水的净化㊁气候调节㊁疾病和自然灾害的控制等)和文化服务(如游憩㊁精神滋养㊁以及其他非物质性利益).生态系统服务依赖于生物多样性和生态系统过程和功能,同时受社会㊁经济和政策等多方面因素的影响,被普遍认为是连接自然资本与人类福祉的重要桥梁[25](图3).因此,生态系统服务为可持续发展研究提供了一个可操作的概念框架,并已经成为该领域的一个核心论题.2　可持续性科学的概念可持续性科学”一词是美国国家研究理事会在1999年题为‘我们共同的旅途:向可持续性过图3　生态系统结构和功能(自然资本)㊁生态系统服务和人类需求之间的关系以土壤生态系统为例Fig.3　Relationship among ecosystem structure and function(natural capital),ecosystem services,and human well⁃being:Using soil ecosystem as an example.根据Dominati等[43]修改重绘Redrawn with modifications based on Dominati,et al[43].4应　用　生　态　学　报 25卷渡“的报告中首次提出的[19].2001年,Kates等[6]在‘科学“杂志中撰文,第一次系统地介绍了这一新兴的整合型科学,由此可持续性科学正式问世.‘美国国家科学院院刊“(Proceedings of the National Acad⁃emy of Sciences of the United States of America, PNAS)分别在2003和2007年出版了两期有关可持续性科学的专辑[26-27],为推动该领域的迅速发展起到了积极作用.Kates等[6]在2001年将可持续性科学定义为,在局地㊁区域和全球尺度上研究自然和社会之间动态关系的科学,是为可持续发展提供理论基础和技术手段的横向科学[7,12,16,28].可持续性科学整合自然科学和人文与社会科学,以环境㊁经济和社会的相互关系为核心,将基础性研究和应用研究融为一体.非线性动力学(nonlinear dynamics)㊁自组织复杂性(self⁃organizing complexity)㊁脆弱性(vul⁃nerability)㊁弹性(resilience)㊁惯性(inertia)㊁阈值(threshold)㊁适应性管理(adaptive management)和社会学习(social learning)是可持续性科学中的重要概念[6-7,16].同时,可持续性科学强调对现有科学技术的创造性利用以及发展新型可持续性技术的重要性.综上所述,可持续性科学是研究人与环境之间动态关系,特别是耦合系统的脆弱性㊁抗扰性㊁弹性和稳定性的整合型科学.Wu[1,4,7-8,16]在一系列文章中进一步阐述了可持续性科学的一些特点.他认为,可持续性科学是具有3个主要特征的全新的跨学科范式.首先,可持续性科学是一个多维度的㊁穿越传统的自然科学和社会科学界线的㊁集理论和实践为一体的科学.其次,可持续性科学中的可持续性具有时㊁空以及组织结构上的多尺度和等级特征,因此自上而下(top down)或自下而上(bottom up)的研究策略非但重要,而且是必须的.第三,可持续性科学强调地区特点和解决实际问题,其研究对象应该具有特殊社会㊁文化㊁生态和经济特征”[28],因此,景观和区域应该是可持续性科学研究和实践的关键尺度,或基本空间单元[1,7,16].作为一个新的研究领域和范式,可持续性科学是时髦一时㊁过眼云烟?还是地位确立㊁日益蓬勃?针对这个问题,Bettencourt和Kaur[11]分析了1974 2010年间发表的有关可持续发展的英文文章,发现可持续性科学具有4个不同于传统科学的发展特点.第一,自从1987年世界环境与发展委员会正式定义可持续发展”之后,相关文章呈现爆发式增长(平均8.3年增长1倍,图4);第二,从发表文章数图4　可持续发展研究历程中的重要事件和可持续性科学的形成Fig.4　Historic events in sustainable development research and the emergence of sustainability science.根据Bettencourt和Kaur[11]修改重绘Redrawn with modifications from Bettencourt and Kaur[11].量和引用频次来看,参与研究可持续性的国家数量众多,不仅包括传统的科学强国(如美国㊁西欧和日本等发达国家),同时也包括大量的发展中国家(如中国㊁巴西㊁印度㊁南非㊁土耳其等);第三,传统科学的发展往往局限于较窄的专业领域,而可持续性科学涉及的领域甚广,其中社会学㊁生物学以及工程学是对其发展作出重大贡献的3个领域;第四,共同作者数量多,体现了比传统科学研究远为广泛的作者间的合作(图4).Kates[12]对Bettencourt和Kaur[11]的工作给予了肯定,认为他们作为可持续性科学领域的局外人,利用自身的专业技术,深刻揭示了可持续性科学与传统科学的区别”.然而,尽管我们可以概略地把可持续性科学说成是研究可持续发展的科学”,凡是有关可持续发展的研究并非一定是可持续性科学的内容.关于可持续发展的研究至少已有40年的历史,其间有大量的论文以及政府和其他非学术组织的报告发表. 2000年以前发表的大多数有关可持续发展的文献缺乏统一的概念框架,缺乏系统性和严谨性,缺乏科学规范.因此,这一时期的许多可持续发展的研究被视为社会科学或与政府决策有关的实用研究,并未受到自然科学家的广泛重视.而在自然科学中,与可持续发展研究关系最为密切的包括生态学和环境科学.但这两个学科中的所谓可持续发展研究,长期以来只重视生态或环境可持续性,对社会和经济可持续性考虑甚少.而所谓生态或环境可持续性长期以51期邬建国等:什么是可持续性科学? 来聚焦于生物多样性保护和生态系统稳定性.我们在这一节开首已谈到,直到21世纪初可持续性科学才正式问世,但在短短的十几年来已经引起了自然科学㊁社会科学㊁人文学科各领域的广泛关注,其科学框架和理论与方法体系正在形成之中.3摇可持续性科学的主要研究论题如前所述,可持续性科学的研究领域非常之广,涉及到的学科亦极为庞杂.但是,作为一门科学,无论交叉学科还是横向学科,都须有其主导性的研究核心问题.这里,我们根据近年来该领域的一系列重要文献,归纳并讨论一下可持续性科学的主要研究论题.在2001年发表的可持续性科学的奠基之作中, Kates等[6]提出了该领域的7个核心论题: 1)如何把自然和社会之间的动态关系包括滞后和惯性更好地整合到正在兴起的地球系统⁃人类发展⁃可持续性的耦合模式和概念框架之中?2)环境和发展的长期变化趋势包括消费和人口如何改变自然和社会之间的相互作用,进而影响可持续性?3)在不同区域,对于不同的生态系统和人类生计类型,什么在决定自然⁃社会耦合系统的脆弱性(vulnerability)和弹性(resilience)?4)如何科学而有效地定义能够预警自然⁃社会系统严重退化的极限条件和边界域值?5)什么样的激励结构系统(systems of incentive structures) 包括市场㊁政策㊁规范和科学信息方能最有效地促进将自然和社会相互作用导入可持续轨道的社会能力(social capacity)? 6)如何将现有的关于环境和社会条件的监测和呈报系统加以整合和扩展,从而为向可持续性过渡提供更有效的指导?7)如何将如今相对独立的研究规划㊁监测㊁评估和决策支撑诸项活动更好地整合于适应性管理和社会学习(social learning)的系统之中? 2010年,Levin和Clark[29]在Kates等[6]的7个核心”问题的基础上,提出了可持续性科学中的6个基本”问题:1)人类福祉和自然环境之间的主要得失权衡(tradeoffs)是什么,而这些得失权衡又是如何受人类利用自然的方式所影响?2)什么在决定人与环境耦合系统的适应性,更广义地讲,该系统在外部干扰和内部变化情况下的脆弱性㊁抗扰性(或鲁棒性,robustness)和弹性?3)什么在决定人与环境之间相互作用的长期趋势和演变过程?4)如何构建能更好解释人与环境相互作用在种类和变化趋势方面之差异的理论和模型? 5)如何才能使社会最有效地引导和管理人与环境系统,从而使其向可持续性过渡?6)如何有效而严谨地评估人与环境相互作用不同轨迹的可持续性”?2011年,Kates[12]又根据Levin和Clark[29]的论述对2001年提出的7个核心论题做了修改,具体内容如下:1)什么在决定人与环境耦合系统的长期趋势和演变过程,从而主导本世纪的主要变化方向? 2)什么在决定人与环境系统的适应性㊁脆弱性及弹性?3)如何构建能够更好解释人与环境相互作用之差异的理论和模型?4)人类福祉与自然环境之间的主要得失权衡是什么?5)如何科学而有效地定义能够为人与环境系统预警的极限条件?6)如何才能使社会最有效地引导和管理人与环境系统,从而使其向可持续性过渡?7)如何评估环境和发展的不同途径的可持续性”?比较一下以上的3个版本不难看出,Levin和Clark[29]所提出的6个基本问题与Kates等[6]提出的7个论题其实相似,但不尽相同.首先,Levin和Clark[29]的第2㊁3㊁4㊁5和6基本问题分别对应于Kates等[6]的第3㊁2㊁1㊁5+6和7核心论题,但两者间有一重要区别;那就是前者增加了人类福祉与自然环境之间的主要得失权衡一项.确实,人与环境之间㊁生态系统服务和人类福祉之间㊁以及不同生态系统服务之间的得失权衡是近些年来生态学㊁环境科学和可持续性科学研究的一大热点.第二,Levin和Clark[29]用人与环境(耦合)系统取代了自然⁃社会(耦合)系统.当今世界,没有人为干扰的自然”实在罕见;即使在生态学中,何为自然争议颇多,从未有定论.因此,在探讨可持续性科学问题时,人与环境系统比自然⁃社会系统更适当.第三,Levin与Clark[29]似乎将预警”极限和边界阈值一条有意删除.当然,在研究人与环境系统的脆弱性㊁抗扰性和弹性时,不6应　用　生　态　学　报 25卷可避免地要涉及到极限和边界阈值的概念. Kates[12]在2011年修改后的7个核心论题,是对Kates等[6]2001版的7个论题和Levin和Clark[29]2010年提出的6个基本问题的整合.除了在排列顺序和措辞上有所不同,Kates[12](2011)的7个核心论题中的6个(1㊁2㊁3㊁4㊁6㊁7)和Levin和Clark[29]所提的6个基本问题基本等同.显然,人与环境系统取代了自然⁃社会系统.更重要的是, Kates[12]增加了人类福祉与自然环境之间的主要得失权衡,而将其2001年版中激励结构系统和监测和呈报系统加以合并,统称为引导和管理人与环境系统,从而使其向可持续性过渡的社会能力.此外,他仍然将确定系统预警的极限和阈值作为一个核心论题单独列出.综上所述,Kates[12]在2011年的修改版是对目前可持续性科学主要研究论题最完整和最权威的概括.4　可持续性定量评估方法如何定量地评估可持续性”显然是可持续性科学研究中的一个重要环节[13,30-31].可持续性定量评估方法的研究和应用在可持续性科学正式出现之前就已经开始.1992年在巴西里约热内卢召开的第一届地球峰会上通过了‘21世纪议程“(Agenda21; /content/docu⁃ments/Agenda21.pdf),呼吁构建可持续发展评估方法.随后,一系列的国际组织㊁政府部门和学术团体及许多科学家一直在积极推进可持续发展评估的研究和应用,涌现出多种评估方法和分类标准,已经发表的文献可谓海量.泛阅取优,Ness等[31]依据3个标准时间特征(回溯/历史性的或前瞻/预测性的)㊁研究焦点(如针对产品的㊁政策的或某一区域的)和整合程度(即是否同时考虑自然㊁社会和经济3个方面) 将可持续发展评估方法大致分为3类:指标(indicator)和指数(index)㊁基于产品的评估方法(product⁃related assessment methods)和往往涉及到动态模型的综合性评估方法(integrated assess⁃ment methods)(图5).其中,可持续性指标和指数以及可持续性动态模型尤为重要.前者在数学上较为简单,已经广为使用;后者可以模拟系统过程和功能,有助于理解㊁预测和调控人与环境耦合系统的行为.由于篇幅有限,我们在这里只作一概述.4.1　可持续发展指数和指标体系可持续性指标框架是基于可持续发展原理,指导指标选择㊁发展和整合的概念构架[13].常见的可持续性指标框架包括:1)压力⁃状态⁃响应框架(pres⁃sure⁃state⁃response framework,PSR)㊁基于主题的框架(theme⁃based framework)㊁基于资本的框架(cap⁃ital⁃based framework)㊁综合核算框架(integrated ac⁃counting framework)以及包容性财富框架(inclusive wealth framework)[13,32-34].比较广泛应用的综合性可持续性指标包括:生态足迹(ecological footprint,EF)㊁绿色GDP㊁人类发展指数(human development index,HDI)㊁幸福星球指数(happy planet index,HPI)㊁真实进步指标(gen⁃uine progress indicator,GPI)㊁可持续经济福利指数(index of sustainable economic welfare,ISEW;与GPI 基本相同)㊁环境绩效指数(environmental perform⁃ance index,EPI;其前身为环境可持续指数,environ⁃mental sustainability index,ESI)以及包容性财富指数(inclusive wealth index,IWI).这些指数在这里只是简单提及,大量文献对其有详尽描述[13].这些综合指数往往包含代表环境㊁经济和社会诸方面的多个指标,经过加权和聚合最终获得一个衡量可持续性的总值.然而,在应用可持续性指标体系时,则不需要将所有指标聚合成一个指数.采用多个指标分别度量可持续性的各个维度和具体方面有时更为必要,更容易理解.影响较为广泛的可持续发展指标体系包括联合国千年发展目标指标体系(Millennium Development Goals Indicators;/ unsd/mdg/Default.aspx)和联合国可持续发展委员会指标体系(United Nations Commission on Sustain⁃able Development Indicators)[34].值得一提的是,我国在可持续发展指标体系的发展和应用方面做了大量工作[15,35-37].譬如,中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组设计了一套五级叠加,逐层收敛,规范权重,统一排序”的可持续发展指标体系[37].该指标体系分为总体层㊁系统层㊁状态层㊁变量层和要素层5个等级.总体层表达可持续发展的综合能力;系统层包括具有内部逻辑关系的5大支持系统:生存支持系统㊁发展支持系统㊁环境支持系统㊁社会支持系统和智力支持系统;状态层从不同角度表现某一系统的静态或动态特征;变量层采用多个指标反映状态的行为㊁关系㊁变化及其原因;要素层采用可测的㊁可比的㊁可获得的指标及指标群对变量层的数量表现㊁强度表现㊁速率表现给予直接的度量[37].该指标体系考虑了可持续发展的时空耦合以及各要素间相互作用,体现了发展度㊁协调度㊁持续度三者的统一[38].71期邬建国等:什么是可持续性科学? 。

英语翻译

在不稳定的气候下的水资源保护和风险降低杨蓓在全球气候变化，干旱季节延长，水资源需求增加和城市化日益发展的现状下，科学知识、关于水产资源经营的综合水利管理政策的发展和应用，不仅对国家政府而言，而且对跨国网络而言也是至关重要的。

这样的科学知识和政策应涵盖各种与水有关的问题，从水资源短缺，水利，气候变化及其对水的影响，气候干旱和洪水到水的质量，水的循环，水的损耗，污水处理，商品化水，水的定价。

本文中水资源管理讨论中的重要组成部分，来自2009年6月27日到29日在塞浦路斯的利马索尔举行的以“气候不稳定条件下，水资源保护和风险降低问题”为主题的的欧洲水资源协会第七届国际会议。

由塞浦路斯大学主办的这次会议旨在为当代众多领域与水资源问题（如与水有关的自然灾害，水资源管理技术，宏工程与环境治理，积极规划和危机管理，可持续发展，城市供水系统，水的损耗，水资源短缺和水的再利用，水污染，气候的变化，和水资源综合管理）有关的最先进的国家级研究成果的科学信息交流和知识共享提供一个国际论坛。

ISBN 978-9963—671-94-6的会议记录中展示和呈现的成果和水资源管理杂志特刊中选取的部分成果构成了一个尖端研究，科学和应用知识和世界各地案例研究的优良混合，这个充满智慧的机构应该由非常感兴趣的研究人员和从业人员构成，因为它为欧洲和国际社会的水资源专家提供了大量接触与水相关的最新研究成果的经验，科学，实践与管理的机会。

kourakos和mantoglou进行的半干旱地区沿海含水层的仿真模拟和多目标管理工作是通过模拟地下水补给减少的各种情况和利用可变密度的三维有限差分模型模拟水流和质量在沿海含水层的影响从而来调查研究长期干旱对沿海含水层的影响，而这个模型经常用于建立各个干旱地区的权衡曲线（帕累托方面）。

作者得出这样一个结论，权衡曲线表示由于气候改变导致的地下水补给减少所造成的经济增长和消耗的环境成本。

在raziei等人的工作中，通用通信渠道和美国国家环境预报中心/ 美国国家大气研究中心等机构降水数据集在干旱度分析的应用被用作克服可靠的，及时的降水数据集短缺现状和在伊朗建立干旱监测预警系统的有效途径。

环保绿色启航的英语作文

Environmental protection is a global concern that has gained significant attention in recent years.The concept of greening our actions and initiatives has become a priority for many individuals,communities,and governments worldwide.Heres an essay on the importance of embarking on an ecofriendly journey.Title:Embracing the Green JourneyIn the modern era,the call for environmental consciousness has never been more urgent. As the effects of climate change become increasingly apparent,it is imperative that we, as a global community,take proactive steps towards a more sustainable future.This essay will explore the significance of embracing a green lifestyle and the impact it can have on our planet.The Necessity for Green PracticesThe Earths resources are finite,and our current rate of consumption is unsustainable.The overexploitation of natural resources,deforestation,and pollution have led to a myriad of environmental issues,including loss of biodiversity,soil degradation,and air and water pollution.By adopting green practices,we can mitigate these problems and ensure the longevity of our planet for future generations.Individual Actions and Collective ImpactEvery individual has the power to make a difference.Simple changes in our daily routines,such as reducing waste,conserving energy,and supporting local and organic products,can collectively contribute to a significant positive impact.For instance, recycling and composting can decrease the volume of waste that ends up in landfills, while using energyefficient appliances can reduce our carbon footprint. Technological Advancements and InnovationsTechnology plays a crucial role in the green movement.Innovations in renewable energy, such as solar and wind power,offer cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels.Electric vehicles are becoming more accessible and affordable,reducing our dependence on oil and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.Moreover,advancements in sustainable materials and green building practices are reshaping the way we design and construct our living and working spaces.Government Policies and Corporate ResponsibilityGovernments have a pivotal role in creating policies that encourage and facilitate green initiatives.Implementing regulations on pollution,promoting the use of renewable energy, and investing in public transportation systems are just a few examples of how governments can lead the charge towards sustainability.Additionally,corporations have a responsibility to adopt environmentally friendly practices and contribute to the green movement through responsible business strategies.Education and AwarenessRaising awareness about the importance of environmental protection is cation systems should integrate environmental studies into their curricula to foster a sense of responsibility among young people.Public campaigns and media can also play a significant role in informing the public about the consequences of unsustainable practices and the benefits of adopting a green lifestyle.ConclusionThe journey towards a greener,more sustainable world is one that requires commitment, innovation,and collaboration.By recognizing the urgency of the situation and taking action,both individually and collectively,we can make a meaningful difference in the health of our planet.It is our collective responsibility to ensure that the Earth remains a thriving,habitable environment for all species,including our own.In conclusion,the green journey is not just a trend but a necessary evolution in our approach to living on this planet.It is a commitment to preserving the environment for the generations to come and ensuring that our actions today do not compromise the opportunities and resources available to them.By embracing the green journey,we are not only investing in the Earths future but also in the wellbeing of all its inhabitants.。

保护生态系统平衡英语作文

保护生态系统平衡英语作文Protecting the balance of the ecosystem is crucial for the survival of all living organisms. Each species plays a unique role in maintaining the equilibrium of the ecosystem, and any disturbance to this balance can have far-reaching consequences.Human activities, such as deforestation, overfishing, and pollution, have significantly impacted the delicate balance of the ecosystem. These activities have led to the decline of certain species, the destruction of habitats,and the disruption of natural processes.To protect the balance of the ecosystem, it isimportant to promote sustainable practices that minimizethe negative impact on the environment. This can include implementing conservation measures, reducing carbon emissions, and promoting the use of renewable energy sources.Preserving biodiversity is essential for maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. Each species, no matter how small or seemingly insignificant, contributes to theoverall functioning of the ecosystem. Protecting biodiversity ensures that all species have a place in the ecosystem and can fulfill their unique roles.Educating the public about the importance of protecting the balance of the ecosystem is crucial. By raising awareness about the impact of human activities on the environment, individuals can make informed choices that contribute to the preservation of the ecosystem.Collaboration between governments, organizations, and individuals is essential for protecting the balance of the ecosystem. By working together, we can implement effective strategies for conservation, address environmental challenges, and promote sustainable development.In conclusion, protecting the balance of the ecosystem is a collective responsibility that requires the participation of everyone. By taking proactive measures toconserve the environment, we can ensure the long-term sustainability of the ecosystem for future generations.。

绿色新纪元的英语作文

In the era of environmental consciousness,the concept of a Green New Age has emerged as a pivotal theme in our collective pursuit of a sustainable future.This essay aims to explore the significance of this new age,its implications for society,and the steps that can be taken to embrace and advance this paradigm shift.The Significance of the Green New AgeThe Green New Age is a response to the growing awareness of environmental degradation and the urgent need to combat climate change.It signifies a commitment to creating a society that is not only economically viable but also ecologically responsible. This age is characterized by the integration of green technologies,renewable energy sources,and sustainable practices into every facet of life,from agriculture to urban planning.Implications for SocietyThe transition to a Green New Age has profound implications for society.It necessitates a reevaluation of our consumption patterns,a shift towards a circular economy,and the prioritization of environmental education.Moreover,it calls for innovative solutions to reduce waste,conserve resources,and protect biodiversity.The societal implications also extend to the creation of green jobs,which can stimulate economic growth while contributing to environmental conservation.Steps to Embrace the Green New Age1.Adoption of Renewable Energy:Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable sources like solar,wind,and hydro power is crucial.This requires investment in research and development,as well as policy support to encourage widespread adoption.2.Sustainable Urban Planning:Cities must be designed with sustainability in mind, incorporating green spaces,efficient public transportation,and energyefficient buildings.3.Green Transportation:Encouraging the use of electric vehicles and improving public transportation systems can significantly reduce carbon emissions.4.Agriculture and Food Systems:Promoting sustainable farming practices,reducing food waste,and supporting local food production can contribute to a greener food system.cation and Awareness:Educating the public about the importance of environmental conservation and sustainable living is essential for societal change.6.Policy and Regulation:Governments play a critical role in setting policies that incentivize green practices and regulate industries to minimize their environmental impact.7.Corporate Responsibility:Businesses must adopt sustainable practices,from reducing their carbon footprint to ensuring ethical supply chains.munity Engagement:Local communities should be involved in decisionmaking processes related to environmental policies and projects,ensuring that their voices are heard and their needs are met.ConclusionThe Green New Age is not just a concept but a call to action.It represents a collective effort to build a future where economic prosperity goes hand in hand with environmental stewardship.By embracing this new age,we can ensure a healthier planet for generations to come.The journey towards a greener world is complex and requires the commitment of individuals,communities,and governments alike.It is a journey that we must undertake with determination and hope,for the sake of our planet and its inhabitants.。

在不断变化的世界中保护生物多样性的重要性英语作文

在不断变化的世界中保护生物多样性的重要性英语作文Title: The Significance of Preserving Biodiversity in a Changing WorldIn the intricate tapestry of our ever-evolving planet, biodiversity stands as a pillar, supporting the delicate balance of life on Earth. As the world undergoes profound transformations driven by climate change, habitat destruction, and overexploitation of resources, the importance of safeguarding biodiversity cannot be overstated. This essay underscores the paramount significance of preserving biodiversity in a world that is constantly in flux.Firstly, biodiversity is the foundation of our ecological security. It encompasses the diversity within species (genetic diversity), between species (species diversity), and of ecosystems (ecosystem diversity). This rich tapestry ensures resilience against environmental perturbations, as diverse species and ecosystems can adapt and recover more readily from disturbances like natural disasters or disease outbreaks. By preserving biodiversity, we are essentially bolstering the planet's ability to withstand and recover from the impacts of global change.Moreover, biodiversity is integral to human well-being. It provides uswith essential services such as food security, clean water, medicine, and recreational opportunities. Many modern medicines derive from natural sources, and the loss of biodiversity could potentially jeopardize the discovery of future cures. Additionally, ecosystems like forests and wetlands play a crucial role in regulating climate, purifying air, and maintaining soil fertility, all of which directly benefit human societies.Economic prosperity is also intertwined with biodiversity. Sustainable tourism, fishing, and forestry industries rely heavily on healthy ecosystems and diverse species. By preserving biodiversity, we foster opportunities for economic growth that is both environmentally responsible and socially equitable.Furthermore, biodiversity is a reflection of the planet's rich cultural heritage. It is deeply ingrained in the traditions, beliefs, and practices of countless communities worldwide. The loss of biodiversity not only diminishes natural beauty but also threatens the very identity and cultural expressions of many people.In conclusion, preserving biodiversity in a changing world is imperative for safeguarding ecological security, promoting human well-being, fostering economic prosperity, and preserving cultural heritage. It is aresponsibility that transcends borders and requires collective action from governments, businesses, and individuals alike. As we navigate the challenges of the 21st century, let us remember that the diversity of life on Earth is our most precious asset and deserves our utmost protection.翻译：标题：在不断变化的世界中保护生物多样性的重要性在我们这个不断演变的星球的复杂织锦中，生物多样性作为一根支柱，支撑着地球上生命的微妙平衡。

修改名词: sustainability

修改名词: sustainability
根据您的要求，我帮您修改了名词 "sustainability" 的文档。

以下是修改后的内容：
"可持续性"（sustainability）是指在满足当前需求的同时，保护和维护资源，以满足未来世代的需求的能力。

它强调通过合理利用资源和环境保护来实现经济、社会和环境的平衡发展。

在这一概念中，人们应该采取措施来减少对有限资源的消耗，并寻找替代能源和材料的使用方法。

通过倡导可持续性，人们可以更好地平衡目前的需要和未来的责任，以保护地球的可持续发展。

可持续性的实现需要广泛的合作和协调。

政府、企业、社会组织以及个人都必须共同努力，制定和执行相应的政策和措施。

这包括推动可再生能源的发展和使用、提高能源效率、减少废物和污染物的产生等等。

同时，需要加强对可持续性的意识和教育，促进人们采取更可持续的生活方式。

可持续性的重要性越来越被全球范围内的各方所认识到。

在追
求可持续发展的过程中，我们能够保护环境、改善人民的生活质量，并为后代留下一个可持续的世界。

请注意，以上内容仅供参考。

如果需要进一步详细的信息，请
查阅相关可靠来源。

如何确保可持续发展的未来的英文作文

如何确保可持续发展的未来的英文作文Ensuring a Sustainable FutureIn today's rapidly changing world, the concept of sustainability has become more important than ever. With issues such as climate change, deforestation, and pollution becoming increasingly pressing, it is essential that we take action to ensure the long-term well-being of our planet. Sustainable development is the key to achieving this goal, as it enables us to meet our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own.There are several key steps that can be taken to ensure a sustainable future. The first step is to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and transition to renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. By doing so, we can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and mitigate the impacts of climate change. In addition, efforts should be made to improve energy efficiency and promote sustainable transportation options such as public transit, biking, and walking.Another important aspect of sustainability is the conservation and protection of natural resources. This includes sustainable management of forests, oceans, and water sources,as well as reducing waste and increasing recycling efforts. By preserving ecosystems and biodiversity, we can ensure the health of our planet for future generations.Additionally, sustainable development requires a commitment to social and economic equity. This means addressing issues such as poverty, inequality, and access to healthcare, education, and clean water. By prioritizing social well-being alongside environmental concerns, we can create a more just and sustainable society.Education and awareness are also key components of sustainable development. By educating individuals about the importance of sustainability and promoting environmentally-friendly practices, we can empower people to make positive choices and take action to protect the planet. Collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society is also crucial, as it allows for the sharing of knowledge, resources, and expertise to address sustainability challenges on a global scale.In conclusion, ensuring a sustainable future requires a collective effort from all sectors of society. By taking action to reduce our environmental impact, conserve natural resources, promote social equity, and educate ourselves and others aboutsustainability, we can create a better world for future generations. It is up to each and every one of us to make a difference and work towards a more sustainable and prosperous future for all.。

英语二大作文单词

英语二大作文单词Certainly! Here is a 2,000-word essay in English based on the topic of "Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development":Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development。

In the face of pressing global challenges such as climate change, resource depletion, and environmental degradation, the need for effective environmentalprotection and sustainable development has never been more urgent. As the world's population continues to grow and economic activities expand, the delicate balance of the natural ecosystem is being severely strained, with far-reaching consequences for both human well-being and the health of the planet.At the heart of this issue lies the fundamental tension between the pursuit of economic progress and the imperative to safeguard the environment. Historically,industrialization and rapid economic growth have often come at the expense of environmental considerations, with natural resources being exploited and ecosystems being damaged in the name of development. However, this model of growth is no longer sustainable, as the cumulative impact of human activities has begun to threaten the very foundations of our existence.Recognizing the gravity of this situation, the international community has made concerted efforts to address the environmental crisis and promote sustainable development. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, adopted in 2015, provide a comprehensive framework for tackling a wide range of interconnected challenges, from poverty and inequality to climate change and biodiversity loss. These goals emphasize the need for a holistic, integrated approach that balances economic, social, and environmental considerations.At the heart of this agenda is the concept of environmental protection, which encompasses a wide range of strategies and policies aimed at preserving and restoringthe natural environment. This includes measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect and restore ecosystems, manage natural resources sustainably, and mitigate the impact of human activities on the environment.One of the key pillars of environmental protection is the transition to renewable energy sources. Fossil fuels, which have been the backbone of the global economy for centuries, are a major contributor to climate change and environmental degradation. By transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower, we can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and move towards a more sustainable energy system.Another critical aspect of environmental protection is the conservation and restoration of natural habitats and ecosystems. Deforestation, habitat destruction, and the overexploitation of natural resources have led to the loss of biodiversity and the disruption of delicate ecological balances. By protecting and restoring these ecosystems, we can not only preserve the rich diversity of plant and animal life but also safeguard the essential services thatthey provide, such as water purification, flood control, and carbon sequestration.In addition to these broad-based strategies, environmental protection also requires targeted interventions to address specific environmental challenges. For example, the management of waste and pollution is a pressing concern, as the accumulation of plastic waste, toxic chemicals, and other pollutants in the environment poses a significant threat to human health and the natural world. Effective waste management and pollution control measures, such as recycling, proper disposal, and the development of eco-friendly products, are essential for mitigating these impacts.Sustainable development, on the other hand, is a complementary concept that emphasizes the need to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This requires a fundamental shift in the way we approach economic development, moving away from a model of endless growth and resource extraction towards a more balanced andregenerative approach.At the heart of sustainable development is the recognition that economic progress and environmental protection are not mutually exclusive, but rather interdependent. By adopting sustainable practices and technologies, we can create economic opportunities while also safeguarding the natural resources and ecosystems that are essential for our long-term well-being.One of the key pillars of sustainable development is the circular economy, which aims to design out waste and pollution, keep products and materials in use, and regenerate natural systems. This model contrasts with the traditional linear "take-make-waste" approach, which has led to the accumulation of waste and the depletion of natural resources. By embracing the principles of the circular economy, we can create more efficient andresilient economic systems that are better aligned with the constraints of the natural world.Another crucial aspect of sustainable development isthe promotion of sustainable consumption and production patterns. This involves encouraging individuals, businesses, and governments to make more environmentally conscious choices in their daily lives and economic activities, such as reducing resource use, adopting renewable energy, and supporting sustainable supply chains.Sustainable development also requires a focus on social equity and inclusion, as environmental degradation often disproportionately affects marginalized communities and vulnerable populations. By ensuring that the benefits and burdens of environmental protection and sustainable development are equitably distributed, we can create a more just and resilient society.Achieving these goals, however, is no easy task. It requires a concerted effort from all sectors of society, including governments, businesses, civil society organizations, and individual citizens. Governments play a crucial role in setting the policy and regulatory framework for environmental protection and sustainable development, through measures such as carbon pricing, environmentalregulations, and incentives for sustainable practices.Businesses, too, have a vital part to play, as they are the primary drivers of economic activity and resource use. By adopting sustainable business models, investing in clean technologies, and prioritizing environmental and social responsibility, companies can play a leading role in the transition towards a more sustainable future.Civil society organizations, such as environmental advocacy groups and community-based initiatives, also have a crucial role to play in raising awareness, mobilizing public support, and holding governments and businesses accountable for their environmental and social impacts.Ultimately, the success of environmental protection and sustainable development will depend on the collective efforts of all stakeholders, working together to address the complex and interconnected challenges that we face. By embracing a holistic, collaborative approach, we can create a more sustainable and resilient future for ourselves and generations to come.。

关于sustainability的英文文章

关于sustainability的英文文章Sustainability: A Key to a Better FutureIntroductionIn recent years, the concept of sustainability has gained significant attention worldwide. As the world faces various environmental and social challenges, it has become imperative for individuals, communities, and businesses to adopt sustainable practices. This article aims to shed light on the importance of sustainability and its role in creating a better future for all.Defining SustainabilitySustainability, in simple terms, refers to the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It encompasses three key pillars: environmental, social, and economic. Environmental sustainability focuses on preserving natural resources, reducing waste, and minimizing the impact on ecosystems. Social sustainability entails ensuring social equity, justice, and the well-being of individuals and communities. Economic sustainability involves promoting long-term economic growth while considering the welfare of present and future generations.Environmental BenefitsOne of the primary reasons why sustainability is crucial is its positive impact on the environment. Adopting sustainable practices can help in conserving natural resources, such as water and energy, and reducing pollution. For instance, by using renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, we can decrease our reliance on fossil fuels, which are major contributors to climate change. Additionally, sustainable agriculture techniques, such as organic farming, can help preserve soil quality, protect biodiversity, and reduce the use of harmful pesticides and fertilizers. By embracing sustainability, we can safeguard the planet and ensure a healthier future for all living beings.Social AdvantagesSustainability also plays a vital role in promoting social well-being and equity. Sustainable development aims to address social issues, including poverty, inequality, and access to education and healthcare. By ensuring social sustainability, we can create inclusive communities where everyone has equal opportunities and rights. Moreover, sustainable practices, such as supporting fair trade, can help improve the livelihoods of marginalized communities, particularly in developing countries. By focusing on social sustainability, we can foster a more just and equitable society.Economic ProsperityContrary to popular belief, sustainability and economic prosperity are not mutually exclusive. In fact, sustainable business practices can lead to long-term economic growth and competitiveness. Companies that prioritize sustainability can reduce operational costs through energy efficiency measures, waste reduction, and sustainable supply chain management. Additionally, sustainable businesses often attract environmentally conscious consumers, leading to increased brand loyalty and market share. Investing in renewable energy and green technologies can also create new job opportunities and drive innovation. By embracing sustainability, we can create a thriving economy that benefits both present and future generations.The Role of EducationTo achieve a sustainable future, education plays a vital role. By integrating sustainability into educational curricula at all levels, we can raise awareness and empower individuals to make informed decisions. Educating the younger generation about the importance of sustainability can instill a sense of responsibility and inspire them to become agents of change. Furthermore, providing training and capacity-building programs on sustainable practices can equip individuals with the skills and knowledge required to implement sustainable solutions in various fields.ConclusionIn conclusion, sustainability is not just a buzzword; it is a crucial concept that can shape a better future for our planet and its inhabitants. By considering the environmental, social, and economic aspects of sustainability, we can create a more resilient and equitable world. Embracing sustainable practices can help preserve our natural resources, promote social well-being, and drive economic prosperity. Education and awareness are key to fostering a sustainable mindset and encouraging sustainable actions. Let us all take the responsibility to prioritize sustainability and work together towards a brighter and more sustainable future.。

sustainability的定义

“Sustainability”是一个复杂的概念，它涉及到环境、社会和经济三个维度的协调与平衡。

一般来说，Sustainability是指在满足当前人类需求的同时，不损害未来世代满足自身需求的能力。

它强调在资源利用和消费方面需保持适度，以确保地球生态系统的健康和稳定性，从而为后代创造一个可持续的未来。

具体来说，Sustainability涉及到环境保护、社会责任和经济可行性三个方面。

在环境保护方面，可持续性强调减少污染、节约资源和保护生态系统多样性。

在社会责任方面，可持续性要求企业或个人在追求自身利益的同时，关注社会福利和公平正义。

在经济可行性方面，可持续性主张发展绿色经济、循环经济和低碳经济，以实现经济繁荣与环境保护的双重目标。

为了实现Sustainability，需要采取一系列措施，包括减少温室气体排放、发展可再生能源、推广节能环保产品、促进循环利用和废物管理等。

同时，还需要建立健全的法律法规和政策体系，以激励和约束各方的行为。

总之，Sustainability是一个涵盖面广泛的概念，它涉及到人类社会的各个方面。

为了实现可持续发展的目标，需要全社会的共同努力和合作。

sustainability science 发表记

sustainability science 发表记
可持续性科学（Sustainability Science）是一门新兴的学科，旨在研究不断变化
着的自然与社会之间的相互作用。

该学科需要综合不同学科来共同探讨一个主题，即致力于研究如何实现资源的可持续利用、投资的方向、技术的发展以及体制的变化与现在和将来的需求达成一致。

可持续性科学由23名世界著名可持续发展研究者于2001年在《Science》上发表论文《Sustainability Science》提出，标志着可持续性科学的诞生。

自此，可持续性科学从思想走向科学，最终形成协调和创新的理论和实践体系。

此外，国际上还有一本专注于环境科学领域的学术期刊《Sustainability Science》，创刊于2006年，由SPRINGER JAPAN KK出版商出版。

该刊旨在及时、准确、全面
地报道国内外环境科学工作者在该领域的科学研究等工作中取得的经验、科研成果、技术革新、学术动态等。

未来的环境英语作文

In the realm of future environmental concerns,it is crucial to envision a world where sustainability and technological advancements coexist harmoniously.The following essay explores the potential scenarios,challenges,and solutions that may shape our environment in the years to come.Title:The Future Environment:A Vision of Sustainable ProgressIntroductionThe environment is the lifesupport system of our planet,and its future is inextricably linked to the decisions we make today.As we stand on the precipice of the future,it is essential to consider the impact of our actions on the ecosystems that sustain us.This essay delves into the possible state of our environment in the future,focusing on the challenges we may face and the opportunities for sustainable development.The Impact of Climate ChangeThe most pressing environmental issue of our time is climate change.As global temperatures continue to rise,so too do the risks associated with extreme weather events, such as hurricanes,droughts,and floods.The future environment will likely be marked by these phenomena,necessitating the development of resilient infrastructure and the implementation of adaptive strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change.Technological AdvancementsIn response to environmental challenges,technology will play a pivotal role in shaping our future.Innovations in renewable energy,such as solar and wind power,will become increasingly prevalent,reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.Additionally,advancements in agriculture,such as vertical farming and genetically modified crops,could help to address food security issues in a world where the population continues to grow.Sustainable Urban DevelopmentAs urbanization continues to accelerate,the future environment will be heavily influenced by the way our cities are designed and managed.Sustainable urban development will prioritize green spaces,energyefficient buildings,and public transportation systems that reduce pollution and promote a healthier lifestyle.Theintegration of nature into urban landscapes,through initiatives such as green roofs and urban forests,will also be crucial in maintaining biodiversity and improving air quality.Conservation EffortsThe future environment will require a concerted effort to conserve and restore natural habitats.This will involve protecting endangered species,preserving ecosystems,and restoring damaged landscapes.The role of conservation organizations and local communities will be paramount in ensuring that these efforts are successful and that the benefits of biodiversity are enjoyed by future generations.Challenges and SolutionsDespite the potential for positive change,the future environment will not be without its challenges.Resource depletion,pollution,and habitat loss are just a few of the issues that will need to be addressed.Solutions will involve a combination of policy changes, technological innovations,and shifts in societal attitudes towards consumption and waste cation and awareness campaigns will be essential in fostering a sense of environmental stewardship among the global population.ConclusionThe future environment is a canvas upon which we paint our collective aspirations for a sustainable and prosperous world.It is a vision that requires us to balance the demands of human progress with the needs of the natural world.By embracing innovation,fostering collaboration,and prioritizing the wellbeing of our planet,we can ensure that the future environment is one in which both humans and nature can thrive.In crafting this essay,it is important to remember that the future is not a distant reality but a series of choices that we make today.By taking action now,we can shape a future environment that is resilient,vibrant,and in harmony with the natural world.。

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