第chapter 2
chapter 2跨文化交际
Receiver response（信息接收者反应）:The receiver is the person who
response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
Context（情境）: The final component of communication is context.
Chapter 3 Communication
c. Communication is symbolic（符号性的）
Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to anther person.
Noise （干扰）
The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.
Noise can be of many forms: Chapter 3 Communication
chapter2-热力学第一定律
chapter2-热力学第一定律例题２－１ 一个装有２kg 工质的闭口系经历如下过程：过程中系统散热25kJ ，外界对系统做功100kJ ，比热力学能减少15kJ/kg ，并且整个系统被举高1000m 。
试确定过程中系统动能的变化。
解 由于需要考虑闭口系统动能及位能的变化，所以应用第一定律的一般表达式（２－７b ），即2f12Q U m c mg z W =∆+∆+∆+ 于是 2f1KE 2m cQ W U mg z∆=∆=--∆-∆(25kJ)(100kJ)(2kg)(15kJ/k g)=----- 2-3(2kg)(9.8m/s )(1000m 10)-⨯⨯ =+85.4kJ结果说明系统动能增加了85.4kJ 。
讨论（１） 能量方程中的Q ,W ，是代数符号，在代入数值时，要注意按规定的正负号含义代入。
U ∆，mg z ∆及2f12m c ∆表示增量，若过程中它们减少应代负值。
（２） 注意方程中每项量纲的一致，为此mg z∆项应乘以310-。
例题２－２ 一活塞汽缸设备内装有５kg 的水蒸气，由初态的比热力学能12709.0kJ/kgu =，膨胀到22659.6kJ/kgu=，过程中加给水蒸气的热量为 80kJ ，通过搅拌器的轴输入系统18.5kJ 的轴功。
若系统无动能、位能的变化，试求通过活塞所做的功解 依题意画出设备简图，并对系统与外界的相互作用加以分析。
如图２－４所示，这是一闭口系，所以能量方程为Q U W =∆+方程中是总功，应包括搅拌器的轴功和活塞膨胀功，则能量方程为paddlepistonQ U W W =∆++ psitonpaddle 21()WQ W m u u =---(+80kJ)(18.5kJ)(5kg)(2659.62709.9)kJ/kg=----350kJ=+讨论（１） 求出的活塞功为正值，说明系统通过活塞膨胀对外做功。
（２） 我们提出膨胀功12d W p V=⎰，此题中因不知道p V -过程中的变化情况，因此无法用此式计算pistonW（３） 此题的能量收支平衡列于表２－３中。
班班幼儿园第二章英文
班班幼儿园第二章英文Chapter 2: English at Banban KindergartenIntroduction:English language learning is an important aspect of education at Banban Kindergarten. In Chapter 2, we will explore the various methods and strategies used to teach English to our young learners. The curriculum is designed to provide a comprehensive and engaging English learning experience, focusing on four key areas: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Through a combination of interactive activities, games, and songs, children develop their English language skills in a fun and stimulating environment.Listening:At Banban Kindergarten, listening skills are developed through various activities that encourage active listening and comprehension. Teachers use audio materials, such as English stories or songs, to expose children to different accents, intonations, and vocabulary. This helps them to develop their listening skills and comprehension abilities gradually.Additionally, teachers engage students in classroom discussions, group activities, and storytelling sessions, which further enhance their listening skills. By actively participating in these activities, children become more confident in their ability to understand spoken English.Speaking:To foster speaking skills, teachers at Banban Kindergarten use a communicative approach. From the moment children step into the classroom, English is the primary language of instruction. Teachers use simple, clear language and encourage children to express themselves in English. Activities such as role-plays, pair work, and games are incorporated into the curriculum to encourage children to speak confidently and fluently. Through frequent practice and positive reinforcement, children gradually gain confidence in using English to communicate with their teachers and peers.Reading:Reading is an essential part of language development, and at Banban Kindergarten, we aim to cultivate a love for reading in our students. The curriculum includes a wide range of storybooks, picture books, and leveled readers that are suitablefor young learners. Teachers create a welcoming reading corner within the classroom, stocked with books that cater to different reading abilities and interests. Through shared reading sessions, guided reading activities, and independent reading time, children develop reading skills such as phonics, word recognition, and comprehension. The goal is to instill a lifelong love for reading and provide a solid foundation in literacy.Writing:Writing skills are introduced gradually at Banban Kindergarten, beginning with the basics of letter formation and phonics. Teachers provide guided writing activities and encourage children to write simple sentences and short paragraphs. Through interactive writing exercises, children learn to express their ideas and thoughts in English, gradually improving their writing abilities. Teachers provide constructive feedback and assist students in improving their grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. The focus is on creating a positive and supportive environment that encourages children to practice and develop their writing skills.Assessment:At Banban Kindergarten, assessment is an integral part of thelearning process. Teachers use a variety of assessment methods to track each child's progress and identify areas for improvement. These methods include observation, informal assessments, and periodic tests. Teachers provide feedback to both students and parents regularly, highlighting areas of strength and areas that need improvement. This feedback helps parents to stay informed about their child's progress and actively engage in their English language learning journey.Conclusion:English language learning at Banban Kindergarten is designedto be an immersive and enjoyable experience for young learners. By focusing on listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills, children develop a solid foundation in English language proficiency. Through a combination of interactive activities, engaging materials, and skilled teachers, students gain confidence in using English to communicate effectively. The goal is to equip children with the necessary language skills to succeed in their future academic endeavors and beyond.。
Chapter2STCW公约附则第II章-第二章船长和甲板部
第II章船长和甲板部规则II/1对500总吨或以上船舶的负责航行值班的高级船员发证的强制性最低要求1 每个在500书。
2 每个证书申请人应：.1 年龄不小于.2 具有不少于STCW规则第A-Ⅱ/1节要求的船上培训在内的认可的培训计划的组成部分，并在认可的培训记录簿中载明；或具有不少于.3 在所要求的海上服务资历中，已在船长或合格的高级船员的监督下履行驾驶台值班职责不少于6个月；.4 视情况符合第Ⅳ章有关规则的可适用的要求，以按照《无线电规则》履行指定的无线电职责；并且.5 已完成认可的教育和培训，并且达到STCW规则第A-Ⅱ/1节规定的适任标准。
；并且.6 达到STCW规则第A-VI/2节第1、2、3和4段、第A-VI/3节以及第A-VI/4节第1、2和3段规定的适任标准。
II/2规则II/2对500总吨或以上船舶的船长和大副发证的强制性最低要求3000总吨或以上船舶的船长和大副1 每个在30002 每个证书申请人应：.1 符合对500总吨或以上船舶的负责航行值班的高级船员的发证要求，并在该职位上具有认可的海上服务资历：.1.1 申请大副证书，不少于12个月；和.1.2 申请船长证书，不少于36个月；但是，如果已具有不少于12个月的大副海上服务资历，则此段时间可缩短为不少于24个月；并且.2 已完成认可的教育和培训，并且达到STCW规则第A-Ⅱ/2节为3000总吨或以上船舶的船长和大副规定的适任标准。
500至3000总吨船舶的船长和大副3 每个在500至30004 每个证书申请人应：.1 申请大副证书，符合对500总吨或以上船舶的负责航行值班的高级船员的要求；.2 申请船长证书，符合对500总吨或以上船舶的负责航行值班的高级船员的要求并在该职位上具有不少于36个月的认可的海上服务资历；但是，如果已具有不少于12个月的大副海上服务资历，则此段时间可缩短为不少于24个月；并且.3 已完成认可的培训，并且达到STCW规则第A-Ⅱ/2节为500至3000总吨船舶的船长和大副规定的适任标准。
王关富商务英语阅读 第二版chapter 2 详解
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Given that the scale of the downturn was so epochal, it should not be surprising that the nature of the recovery would likewise be the stuff of history. And it has been. As they make their way to Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) by helicopter, bus, car or train (which is the right way to do it), the members of the global economic and political elite will find themselves coming to terms with something they have never known before. Given –considering 鉴于 考虑到 Epochal 新纪元的;划时代的;有重大意义的 epoch 时代纪元 Epochal decisions made by Roosevelt and Churchill. 罗斯福和邱吉尔做出的有重大意义的决定 epochal stupidity. 无与伦比的愚蠢 Make one‘s way to 前往某处 He looked around , then made his way to the lavatory. DAVOS Davos 瑞士达沃斯 是“世界经济论坛”the World Economic Forum (WEF) 的主办 地. Come to terms with 勉强接受 妥协 安于 It took a long time for him to come to terms with his disability. Buyers can‘t come to terms with the car‘s styling, and its high price proved a bitter pill.不得不接受的现实 考虑到经济衰退幅度如此的跨时代，经济复苏进程会很慢也是理所当然的，对此我们 不应该感到吃惊。事实也正如我们所料，复苏进程确实很慢。全球经济政治精英乘直 升飞机、大巴、小汽车或是火车前往达沃斯参加一年一度的世界经济论坛会议，此次 会议上，全球经济政治精英会发现自己开始接受一些闻所未闻的事情。
chapter2 课后答案
4 × ( 25 ) + 1× ( 35 ) + 25 × ( −5 ) ( 3 − 1)( 4 + 1 + 25) 4350 = 0.0009mm 60
案
= +0.0025mm
ww
L0 = L ± 3σ L = 1000.0020 ± 0.0027 mm
第二测回 pi 7 αi 34º55′40〞 34º55′30〞 34º55′20〞 1 34º55′0〞 pi 3 2 1 1
da
∑υ
2 i
后
答
x=
∑x
n
i
0.0055 ⎞ ⎛ = ⎜10 + ⎟ mm = 10.00055mm 10 ⎠ ⎝
课
x9 = 10.0005mm
σ 9 = 0.12μ m
k (10, 0.05 ) = 2.43
案
解：按测量顺序，用表格记下测得数据。 （1） 求算术平均值
υi = xi − x (数据见上表)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ∑
150.0015 150.0017 150.0016 150.0014 150.0013 150.0015 150.0016 150.0014 1200.0120mm
n
0 +0.2 +0.1 -0.2 -0.1 0
150.0015
w.
-0.1 0
网
案
课
σ=
查 t 分布表得
例4 在万能测长仪上测量某校对量具。 重复测量 8 次， 测得值 （单位 mm） 为 150.0015， 150.0017，150.0016，150.0014，150.0013，150.0015，150.0016，150.0014。试分别以 99.73% 和 95%的概率确定测量结果 解：列表计算如下：
英语语言学教程Chapter_2_PPT
The three main areas of the study of sounds
Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds Perceptual or auditory phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds
The international phonetic alphabet (P.28)
2.2 Consonants and vowels (p. 29-37)
Consonants are sounds made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, or so restricted that audible friction is produced. A vowel is produced without such “stricture” so that „air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth and nose.” (Crystal, 1997: 154)
Lateral （边音 / 舌边音） [l] ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ncomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth
三年级上册朗文2B Chapter2 知识点总结
Chapter2 Our favourite food.● Words 单词加粗的词要求能听、说、读、写；不加粗的要求能听、说、读，并且能英汉互译● Sentences 句型 要求能深入理解并熟练运用 ● Grammar 语法 要求能深入理解并且熟练运用1. 语法点：怎么问怎么答。
仔细找出疑问词。
Is 问is 答， Are 问are 答。
Is there any butter(不可数)? 因为butter 不可数，所以前面用is.grapes oranges a mango 葡萄 橘子/橙子 一只芒果 an egg sugar flour butter a cake一个鸡蛋 糖 面粉 黄油一只蛋糕people人;人类these thosejoinpartypasspolitenamesandsame game这些那些加入派对递给有礼貌的名字沙子一样的 游戏ham 火腿a tomato a potato a carrot 一个西红柿 一个土豆 一个胡萝卜salad dressing cheese a sandwich 沙拉酱奶酪 一只三明治1. --Is there any butter? --Yes, there is. --No, there isn ’t.2. --Are there any eggs? --Yes, there are. --No, there aren ’t.Yes, there is.No, there is n’t.Are there any egg s（复数）? 因为s结尾是复数，所以前面用are. Yes, there are.No, there are n’t.。
chapter 2 超临界汽轮机技术特点
T 1’ 锅 4’ 4 3 0-1 火电厂朗肯循环示意图 1-2 蒸汽在汽轮机中膨胀做功，将热能转换为机械能； 2-3 蒸汽在凝汽器中凝结成水； 3-4 给水在给水泵中升压； 4-1 工质在锅炉中定压加热。（4’-1’+2’-1 为一次再 热式汽轮机在锅炉内的吸热过程） 2 S 2’ 1
与亚临界机组的主要区别
（2）喷嘴室双流压力级单流结构 ） 采用双流喷嘴室结构， 采用双流喷嘴室结构，从前轴封侧喷嘴根部流 出的小部分蒸汽， 出的小部分蒸汽，经喷嘴室与转子之间的腔室 流入另外一列喷嘴后主流。随着转子的转动， 流入另外一列喷嘴后主流。随着转子的转动， 由于主流的抽吸作用，腔室中的蒸汽流出， 由于主流的抽吸作用，腔室中的蒸汽流出，使 转子和喷嘴室得到冷却。如图6所示 所示。 转子和喷嘴室得到冷却。如图 所示。
蒸汽冷却是采用温度较低的蒸汽（ 蒸汽冷却是采用温度较低的蒸汽（如高压缸排 高压抽汽、或动叶后的蒸汽等） 汽、高压抽汽、或动叶后的蒸汽等）来冷却超 临界汽轮机的高温部件， 临界汽轮机的高温部件，降低这些高温部件的 工作温度。 工作温度。 超临界汽轮机的喷嘴室、转子、 超临界汽轮机的喷嘴室、转子、汽缸等高温部 件采用蒸汽冷却技术， 件采用蒸汽冷却技术，既可提高现有材料的使 用等级，充分利用材料的机械性能， 用等级，充分利用材料的机械性能，降低启停 过程中的瞬态热应力， 过程中的瞬态热应力，又可延长这些部件的设 计寿命。目前， 计寿命。目前，蒸汽冷却技术是超临界汽轮机 研制和生产中的关键技术， 研制和生产中的关键技术，也是保证超临界汽 轮机安全运行的重要技术手段
超临界带来的问题
高、中压汽缸 1、引起汽缸喷嘴室、主汽阀、进汽管等耐压 、引起汽缸喷嘴室、主汽阀、 部件壁厚增厚约1.2倍 而尺寸又减小， 部件壁厚增厚约 倍，而尺寸又减小，因此 要解决好耐压件壁厚增加与热应力的矛盾。 要解决好耐压件壁厚增加与热应力的矛盾。 2、由于高压级间和轴封压差增大，引起汽 、由于高压级间和轴封压差增大， 封结构、长度和隔板厚度的问题。 封结构、长度和隔板厚度的问题。应采用宽 静叶分流式叶栅、厚围带和良好的焊接工艺。 静叶分流式叶栅、厚围带和良好的焊接工艺。 高、中压转子 高压转子蒸汽涡动对转子低频振动影响，应 高压转子蒸汽涡动对转子低频振动影响， 控制好动叶顶漏气量。 控制好动叶顶漏气量。
Chapter-2(第三版教材)
Discrete-Time Signals: Time-Domain Representation
• A right-sided sequence x[n] has zerovalued samples for n < N1
A right-sided sequence
•If N1 0, a right-sided sequence is called a causal sequence
In some applications, a discrete-time sequence {x[n]} may be generated by periodically sampling a continuous-time signal xa(t) at uniform intervals of time
Discrete-Time Signals: Time-Domain Representation
• Discrete-time signal may also be written as a sequence of numbers inside braces: {x[n]}={…,-0.2,2.2,1.1,0.2,-3.7,2.9,…} • The arrow is placed under the sample at time index n = 0 • In the above, x[-1]= -0.2, x[0]=2.2, x[1]=1.1, etc.
Discrete-Time Signals: Time-Domain Representation
• Graphical representation of a discrete-time signal with realvalued samples is as shown below:
Chapter2第二章
第二章思考题1 试写出导热傅里叶定律的一般形式，并说明其中各个符号的意义。
答：傅立叶定律的一般形式为：nx t gradt q∂∂-=λλ＝－，其中：gradt 为空间某点的温度梯度；n 是通过该点的等温线上的法向单位矢量，指向温度升高的方向；q 为该处的热流密度矢量。
2 已知导热物体中某点在x,y,z 三个方向上的热流密度分别为y x q q ,及z q ，如何获得该点的热密度矢量？答：k q j q i q q z y x ⋅+⋅+⋅=，其中k j i,,分别为三个方向的单位矢量量。
3 试说明得出导热微分方程所依据的基本定律。
答：导热微分方程式所依据的基本定律有：傅立叶定律和能量守恒定律。
4 试分别用数学语言将传热学术语说明导热问题三种类型的边界条件。
答：① 第一类边界条件：)(01ττf t w =>时，② 第二类边界条件：)()(02τλτf x tw =∂∂->时③ 第三类边界条件：)()(f w w t t h x t-=∂∂-λ5 试说明串联热阻叠加原则的内容及其使用条件。
答：在一个串联的热量传递过程中，如果通过每个环节的热流量都相同，则各串联环节的总热阻等于各串联环节热阻的和。
使用条件是对于各个传热环节的传热面积必须相等。
7.通过圆筒壁的导热量仅与内、外半径之比有关而与半径的绝对值无关，而通过球壳的导热量计算式却与半径的绝对值有关，怎样理解？ 答：因为通过圆筒壁的导热热阻仅和圆筒壁的内外半径比值有关，而通过球壳的导热热阻却和球壳的绝对直径有关，所以绝对半径不同时，导热量不一样。
6 发生在一个短圆柱中的导热问题，在下列哪些情形下可以按一维问题来处理？ 答：当采用圆柱坐标系，沿半径方向的导热就可以按一维问题来处理。
8 扩展表面中的导热问题可以按一维问题来处理的条件是什么？有人认为，只要扩展表面细长，就可按一维问题来处理，你同意这种观点吗？答：只要满足等截面的直肋，就可按一维问题来处理。
Chapter2 知识组织系统_分类法
2.2.1 分类法概述
类型
按分类法编制的结构形式： 列举式分类法 组配式分类法 体系－组配式分类法
2.2.1 分类法概述
结构——宏观结构
编制说明 基本大类表 基本类目表
主表
索引 附表 使用手册
分类法的宏观结构
2.2.1 分类法概述
结构——微观结构——类目
什么是分类法
定义
分类法是指将类或组按照其相互间的关系，组成的系统化 结构，并体现为许多类目按照一定的原则和关系组织起来的 体系表，是分类工作的依据和工具。
类（Class 或Category ）或组(Group)：符合同一标准的事物 构成一个类或组。
近义词
分类系统（Classification System） 分类表、类目表
CC类表,包括大类、惯用类、分面公式中各分面的焦点号码表，以及 四种附表（共同点、时间点、空间点、语言点）
特点：篇幅较小，按分面公式进行组配，并且要遵照分类规则进行。 将所有分类特征归纳为五种基本范畴：
本体（Personality） ：事物本身的各种体现 物质（Matter） ：构成事物的材料 能量（Energy） ：事物的各种活动、影响、状态和问题 空间（Space） ：事物存在或发生的地点 时间（Time） ：事物存在或发生的时期
简称《中图法》 （ Chinese Library Classification，简称CLC ） 目前我国应用最广泛的综合型分类法 它是由国家图书馆等单位组织全国力量，以学科 分类为基础，并结合图书的特性所编制的分类法。
《中图法》历史
1957年《中小型图书馆分类表草案》(简称《中小型表》) 1964年《中国图书馆图书分类法草案》（下册） 1971年 在北京图书馆倡导下着手编辑 1973年 完成试用本 1975年《中国图书馆图书分类法》第1版 1980年《中国图书馆图书分类法》第2版 1990年《中国图书馆图书分类法》第3版 1999年《中国图书馆图书分类法》第4版起改名为《中国图书馆分类法》 2000年 建立《中图法》网站 / 2001年6月 《中图法》（第四版）电子版 ……搜索引擎版，满足互联网信息分类组织和检索 2010年3月 网络版 2010年9月 第五版
新编简明英语语言学教程chapter2笔记
Chapter 2 Phonology2.1 The phonic medium of language (Lead in)Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds----sounds that convey meaning in human communication.Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.Language is a “system of vocal symbols”. Speech sounds had existed long before writing was invented, and even today, in some parts of the world, there are still languages that have no writing system. Therefore, the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics.2.2 Phonetics2.2.1 What is phonetics?----A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop.Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points of view:(Speech production-----------------speech transmission---------------speech perception)⏹Articulatory phonetics（发音语音学）----from the speakers‟point of view, “how speakers produce speechsounds”⏹Auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）----from the hearers‟ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”⏹Acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from oneto another.2.2.2 Organs of speechSpeech organs, also known as V ocal organs, are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. The diagram of speech organs:1. Lips 7. Tip of tongue2. Teeth 8. Blade of tongue3. Teeth ridge (alveolar) 9. Back of tongue4. Hard palate 10. V ocal cords5. Soft palate (velum) 11.Pharyngeal cavity6. Uvula 12. Nasal cavityThe important cavities:☆The pharyngeal cavity 咽腔---- the throatLarynx: at the top of the trachea, the front of which is the Adam‟s apple. This is the first place where sound modification might occur. The larynx contains the Vocal folds, also known as Vocal cords or Vocal bands. The vocal folds are a pair of structure that lies horizontally with their front ends joined together at the back of the Adam‟s apple. Their rear ends, however, remain separated and can move to various positions. The vocal folds are either (a) apart, (b) close together, (c) totally closed.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.Voiceless: when the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded.V oiced (V oicing): when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeated pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect.☆The oral cavity 口腔---- the mouthThe oral cavity provides the greatest source of modification of the air stream. ([k]/[g], [t]/[d], [θ]/[δ], [f]/[v], [p]/[b])☆The nasal cavity 鼻腔---- the noseThe nasal cavity is connected with the oral cavity. The soft part of the roof of the mouth, the velum, can be drawn back to close the passage so that all air exiting from the lungs can only go through the mouth. The sounds produced in this condition are not nasalized. If the passage is left open to allow air to exit through the nose, the sounds produced are nasalized sounds.2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds--- broad and narrow transcriptions（语音的正字法表征：宽式/窄式标音）---- A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.Broad transcription: the transcription with letter-symbols only（代表字母的符号）e.g. clear [l]Narrow transcription: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ] (Diacritics are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.)E.g. : [l]→[li:f]--→ a clear [l] (no diacritic); [l]→[bild]--→a dark [l] (~)[p]→[pit]--→an aspirated [p h](h表示送气)[p]→[spit]--→an unaspirated [p] (no diacritic)2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds---- English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories:⏹V owels⏹ConsonantsNote: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the air stream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.2.2.4.1 Classification of English consonantsEnglish consonants can be classified either in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation根据发音方法分(the manner in which obstruction is created)① Stops闭塞音: the obstruction is total or complete, and then going abruptly[p]/[b], [t]/[d], [k]/[g]② Fricatives摩擦音: the obstruction is partial, and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the month[f]/[v], [s]/[z], [∫]/[з], [θ]/[δ], [h] (approximant)③ Affricates塞擦音: the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly as in fricatives [t∫]/[dз]④ Liquids流音: the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part or parts of the tongue and the roof of the mouth[l]→a lateral sound; [r]→ retroflex⑤ Glides滑音: [w], [j] (semi-vowels)Liquid + glides + [h]→ approximants⑥ Nasals鼻音: the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate to let air pass through it[m], [n], [η]By place of articulation根据发音部位分(the place where obstruction is created)①bilabial双唇音: upper and lower lips are brought together to create obstructions [p]/[b], [w]→(velar)②labiodentals唇齿音: the lower lip and the upper teeth [f]/[v]③dental齿音:the tip of the tongue and the upper front teeth [θ]/[δ]④alveolar齿龈音: the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge [t]/[d], [s]/[z], [n], [l], [r]⑤palatal腭音: tongue in the middle of the p alate [θ]/[δ], [t∫]/[dз], [j]⑥velars软腭音:the back of the tongue against the velum [k], [g], [η]⑦glottal喉音: the glottal is the space between the vocal cords in the larynx [h]Conclusion: Factors to describe a consonant(1) State of vocal cords (VL/VD)(2) Manner of articulation (MA)(3) Place of articulation (PA)2.2.4.2 Classification of English vowelsV owel sounds are classified according to: the position of the tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.Highest Part of the tongue (front, central, back)Front vowels are the ones in the production of which the front part of the tongue is raised the highest such as [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a].When the central part of the tongue maintains its highest position, the vowels thus produced are central vowels such as [3:] [Ə] and [ ] .If the back of the tongue is held the highest, the vowels thus produced are back vowels such as [u:][u] Openness of mouthRounded or unrounded lipsrounded vowels: All the back vowels in English are rounded except [ɑ:].unrounded vowels: All the front vowels and central vowels in English are unrounded.Length of the vowellong vowels: They are usually marked with a colon such as [i:] and [ɑ:]short vowels: other vowels in English are short vowels such as [e], [ə] and [æ].monophthongs: individual vowelsdiphthongs: produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. (集中/合口)2.3 Phonology2.3.1 Phonology and phoneticsWhat does English phonetics deal with?English phonetics is concerned with all speech sounds that occur in the English language. It studies how these sounds are produced and how they are described and classified.What does English phonology deal with?English phonology investigates the sound system of English. Different from English phonetics, English phonology is not interested in the actual production of English sounds, but in the abstract aspects:A. the function of sounds--- whether a sound can differentiate the meanings of wordsB. their patterns of combination--- how sounds are combined to form a permissible sound sequence⏹Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approachand focus.⏹Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims toanswer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.⏹Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used toconvey meaning in linguistic communication.(Speaker‟s mind--- Mouth--- Ear--- Listener‟s mind)2.3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophonePhoneme: minimal distinctive unit in sound system of a language; a phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value, it is an abstract unit; not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].Phone: a phone is a phonetic unit or segment; the realization of phoneme in general. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don‟t. For example, in the words feel[fi:ł], leaf[li:f], tar[t h a:], star[sta:],there are altogether 7 phones: [f],[i:],[ł], [l], [t h]. [t], [a:], but [ł] and[l] do not distinguish meaning, [t h] and [t] do not distinguish meaning as well.Allomophone: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme; realizations of a particular phoneme.2.3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pairPhonemic contrast: when two phonemes can occur in the same environments in two words and they distinguish meaning, they‟re in phonemic contrast.E.g. pin & bin → /p/ vs. /b/ rope & robe → /p/ vs. /b/Complementary distribution:two or more than two allophones of the same phonemes are said to be in complementary distribution because they can not appear at the same time, or occur in different environment, besides they do not distinguish meaning.E.g. dark [l] & clear [l], aspirated [p] & unaspirated [p]Minimal pair: when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sounds are said to form a minimal pair.E. g. mail vs. nail beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat2.3.4 Some rules in phonology2.3.4.1 Sequential rulesSequential rules ---- the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, e.g. in English, “k b i I” might possibly form blik, klib, bilk, kilb.⏹If a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel.⏹If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey thefollowing three rules, e.g. spring, strict, square, splendid, screama) the first phoneme must be /s/,b) the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/,c) the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/.⏹The affricates [t∫],[dз] and the sibilants [s],[z],[θ],[δ]are not to be followed by anothersibilants.2.3.4.2 Assimilation ruleAssimilation: articulatory adaptation of one sound to a nearby sound with regard to one or more features.Nasalization: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/[-nasal]→ [+nasal]/_______ [+nasal]Dentalization: /ð/, /θ/[-dental]→[+dental]/______[+dental]V elarizatio n: /k/, /g/, / ŋ/: Word-final /n/ becomes velar before velar plosives/k, g/: ten cups; ten girls[-velar]→ [+ velar]/______[+velar]2.3.4.3 Deletion ruleDeletion rule---- it tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented, e.g. design, paradigm, there is no [g] sound; but the [g] sound is pronounced in their corresponding forms signature, designation, paradigmatic.E.g. delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant 省略词末鼻辅音前的[g]音2.3.5 Suprasegmental features--- stress, tone, intonationsegmental features（切分特征）--- the distinctive features which can only have an effect on one sound segment are called segmental features.Suprasegmental features----the phonemic features that involve more than single sound segments (larger than phoneme)2.3.5.1 StressWord stress⏹The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, e.g. a shift in stress in English may change the part ofspeech of a word:verb: im‟port; in‟crease; re‟bel; re‟cord …noun: …import; …increase; …rebel; …record …⏹Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the sameelements:compound: …blackbird; …greenhouse; …hotdog…noun phrase: black …bird; green …house; hot …dog…⏹The meaning-distinctive role played by word stress is also manifested in the combinations of -ing forms andnouns:modifier: …dining-room; …reading room; …sleeping bag…doer: sleeping …baby; swimming …fish; flying …plane…Sentence stressSentence stress----the relative force given to the components of a sentence. Generally, nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals and demonstrative pronouns are stressed. Other categories like articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs prepositions and conjunctions are usually not stressed.Note: for pragmatic reason, this rule is not always right, e.g. we may stress any part in the following sentences.He is driving my car.My mother bought me a new skirt yesterday.2.3.5.2 T oneTones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.⏹English is not a tone language, but Chinese is.ma 妈(level)ma 麻(the second rise)ma 马(the third rise)ma 骂(the fourth fall)2.3.5.3 IntonationWhen pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as intonation.English has three types of intonation that are most frequently used (first three types):falling tone (matter of fact statement)rising tone (doubts or question)the fall-rise tone (implied message)the rise-fall toneHe is not ↘ there. What did you put in my ↗ drink, ↘ Jane?He is not ↗ there? What did you put in my ↘ drink, ↗ Jane?For instance,“That’s not the book he wants.”Ss exercise: Explain the meaning of the following words or phrases or sentences when marked with different stress or with different intonation.Assignments1. Ss complete the review questions during the classes.2. Ask students to do the exercises 1-10 on Page 30.。
02朗文国际英语教程 第1册备课课件_Chapter 2
We are from Canada.
They are good students.
You are my friends.
主格的用法1
1.主格在句子中作主语
(主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物。)
I love my motherland.
He is a French teacher.
主格的用法2
2.主格在句子中作表语
He is interested in the film.
练习题:用interesting和interested填空。
1、This story is very_i_n_te__re_s_t_in__g. 2、I'm _i_n_t_e_re_s__te_d_ in your story. 3、She isi_n_te_r_e_s_t_e_d_ in the i_n_te__re_s_t_i_n_g news. 4、Tom is _in_t_e_r_e_s_te__d in playing basketball. 5、David is i_n_te__re_s_t_e_d_in the _in_t_e_re__s_ti_n_gbook。
English.(we)
3. This book is useful , I want to buy it
______.(it)
you
4. This gift is for ______. (you)
me
5. My parents love ______.(I)
宾格的用法
宾格在句子中作宾语 （宾语表示动作行为的对象）
Oral Practice
above, over, on 在……上 above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对; over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的 空间，不直接接触。 on表示某物体上面并与之接触。与 beneath [bɪˈni:θ]相 对; The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He puts his watch on the desk.
朗文2A chapter2 核心词核心句及语法重点
Chapter 2 About meHello. Where do you live ?I live in Beijing.Where do you live?I live in ShanghaiHello. What’s your name?My name’s Kitty.I’m Mary.How old are you , Kitty?I’m seven.I’m seven too!Where do you live ?I live in Pudong.Oh! Our new home’s in Pudong too. Come on, Kitty.Let’s get in this taxi.Bye-bye, Mary.See you , Kitty.Twenty minutes later, the girls arrive home. Hello again!Hi ! Nice to see you again.Come , and play with my new toys tomorrow! What’s your telephone number ?It’s 1823 3440What’s your telephone number ?It’s 1832 3454.Great ! see you tomorrow !Special meEveryone is different, don’t you agree ? There is no one quite like me !The things I do , the things I see ,Make me special, make me Me !Key Wordsin on whereliveExtension WordsBeijing ShanghaiNanjingHangzhou Guangzhou Hainan Islandspecial different agree thin win hitsit tin fit tomorrow telepnon numberKey Sentences1.Where do you live?2.I live in Beijing.Extention Sentences1.Our new home is in Pudong2.Let’s get in this taxi.3.See you.4.What’s your telephon number ?5.It’s …6.Twenty minutes later , the girls arrive home. Language Focus1.whereWhere are you ?Where is the teddy bear ?Where do you live ?2.liveI live in Pudong/xianlin…I line on Hainan Island.3.How to read telephone numberWhat’s you telephone number?It’s 20234566。
Chapter 2(中英完整版)
机会指那些能帮助企业获得竞争优势的总体环境条件。 机会指那些能帮助企业获得竞争优势的总体环境条件。 Threat
General environment condition that may hinder a company's efforts to achieve strategic competitiveness
Competitor Environment
Gives details about
A firm’s direct and indirect competitors The competitive dynamics expected to impact a firm's efforts to generate above-average returns
威胁指那些会妨碍企业获得竞争优势的环境条件。 威胁指那些会妨碍企业获得竞争优势的环境条件。
12
External Environment Analysis
Scanning 搜索——总体环境各方面的研究 总体环境各方面的研究 搜索 Monitoring
(Cont’d)
4 components of External Environment
7
The External Environment
经济
人口
社会文化
政策 技术
全球化
8
External Environment: General, Industry and Competitor
Industry Environment
(Cont’d)
行业环境
Set of factors directly influencing
11
External Environment Analysis
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• The non-basic word stock:
National character Stability Word-forming ability: football, footpath, footprint Ability to form collocations: a heart of gold, at heart, break one’s heart, heart and soul, with all one’s heart
• Technical words: words used in various special fields, e.g.
• By morphological structure:
• Simple words: those consisting of a
single morpheme. • Derived words (complex words): those which are the result of a derivational process. • Compound words: those which are composed of two or more free morphemes.
• Roots and affixes:
• Roots: A root is the basic unchangeable
part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.
• Free roots: • Bound roots:
friend/friendly/friendliness
•
•
Morph: the smallest sequence of phonological units into which words are divided in an analysis of morphemes.
friend /frend/, friendly /frend/+/li/, friendliness /frend/+/li/+/nis/
•
• • • •
• Derivational affixes:
•
• • •
• Definition: When derivational affixes are
added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. Features:
Many derivational affixes have a specific lexical meaning, e.g. mono-, inter-, anti-, etc. Quite a number of derivational affixes have more than one meaning, e.g. over- (overhead, overwork). Derivational affixes have not only independent lexical meaning but also affective meaning, e.g. mis-, mal-, pseudo-, etc.
words, e.g. with- as in withdraw, withhold; -ant as in servant, etc.
Classification of English Words
• By origin:
• Native words: words of Anglo-Saxon origin. • Loan words: words borrowed from other languages. • By notion: • Function words: Function words do not have much
the the the the plural marker (s, es, en, etc.) genitive case (’s) verbal endings (s, ing, ed, etc.) comparative and the superlative degrees (er, est)
were formed from OE words, e.g. un-, mis-, over-, -ness, -hood, etc. • Foreign affixes: Foreign affixes came as a part of loan words from Latin, Greek, French, or other languages, e.g. bi-, dis-, re-, mal-, ism, etc.
Classification of Morphemes
• Free morphemes and bound
morphemes:
• Free morpheme: morpheme that can be
•
uttered alone with meaning. Bound morpheme: A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.
• Literary words: words chiefly used in writing, especially in books
• Feeling fatigued, Tom retired early.
written in a more elevated style, in official document, or in formal speeches.
• According to productivity:
• Productive (living): those that can be used to form new words. • Unproductive (dead): those that are no longer used to form new
• Colloquial words: Colloquial words are used mainly in spoken
• Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early.
English, as in conversation among friends and colleagues.
• Slang words: Slang is language, words or phrases of a vigorous,
• elevated, comfortable, paralyzed (drunk)
penicillin, symphony.
colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.
Morphological Structure of English Words
Morphemes
•
• Morpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
• By level of usage:
• Common words: words connected with the ordinary things or
• Tom went to early because he felt tired.
activities necessary to everyday life.
• Classification of derivational affixes:
• According to position:
• Prefixes: affixes before the word • Suffixes: affixes after the word • According to linguistic origin: • Native affixes: those that existed in English in the OE period or
Inflectional affixes and derivational affixes:
Inflectional affixes: Inflectional affixes serve to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. Nor does it change the wordclass of the word to which it is affixed. Inflectional affixes include:
• By use frequency:
• The basic word stock:
•
• • • •
• Definition: The basic word stock is the foundation of
the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs and forms the common core of the language. Features: