Unit 5 American Economy 2
商务英语翻译Unit 5 Economy
Vocabulary Preparation
外汇储备 粮食储备 创历史最高纪录 经济运行 效益 全面的 技术改革 世界500强 教育事业 前所未有的 国民素质 财政收入 大幅度地
foreign exchange reserves grain reserves hit an all-time high economic performance efficiency all-around technological renovation the ranks of global top500 educational undertaking unprecedented people’s quality financial revenue considerably
• （4）经济增长及其健康水平。一些经济报 告，如GDP、就业水平、零售状况、产能利 用率等，均可详实地反映一国经济增长状 况和该国的经济健康水平。一般来说， 一 个国家的经济越强劲，其货币流通就越好， 对该货币的需求量就会越大。
• 经济状况包括以下几个方面： • （1）政府财政赤字或盈余。市场通常都会 对政府赤字扩大做出负面的反应，而对预 算赤字缩小做出积极的反应。这些反应往 往会通过国内货币价值显现出来。
• 2) Balance of trade level and trends. The trade flow between countries illustrates the demand for goods and services, which in turn indicates demand for a country’s home currency to conduct trade. Surpluses and deficits in trade of goods and services reflect the competitiveness of a nation’s economy. Therefore, trade deficits may have a negative impact on a nation’s home currency.
英概2unit5
Question Two:
It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business . Why do you think there are so many people involved in it?
Answer
1.It did not need a great deal of money. 2.Individual stocks are rather low-priced. 3.In order to make a profit.
Question Three:
Give examples of industries which are declining, and industries which are fast developing in the United State.
America Economy
Questions and Answers
2011418307 翻译 黄欣
Question One:
Do you agree that ”cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens”? GiYes, I agree. Because agriculture provides the sustenance that meets people’s most basic needs, serves as the foundation of economic life with its related industries, represents a bond of continuity between present and past. And it is cultivators that hold on working on agriculture, they are the most vigorous, the most independent, the most virtuous people. They are those most worthy emulation by the people as a whole.
英语国家概况教案(总)Word版
Teaching Plan of The Society and Culture of Major English–speaking Countries Course material: The Society and Culture of Major English –speaking CountriesAn IntroductionTeaching Objectives:To introduce the society and culture of major English–speaking countries : the United States ,Canada ,the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and New ZealandThe main task for the course: to help students to know the major English–speaking countries’ the general knowledge about thePhysical geographyHistoryLanguage, customs, religion and activities and social problemsPolitical systemEducationArts and literatureEconomyTeaching Methods:general introduction /brief account (of focal points/ a survey )by the teacher ; students’individual work; pair-work; group-work in 4-6 students, analysis of difficult points by the teacher;show maps ; play video or film concerning with the corresponding cultureslink with websitesTime Allotmentgeneral introduction /brief account (of focal points/ a survey )by the teacher in the first step; students read the text or extra materials to discuss the focal points in the second stepplay video o/ film or link websites to explore the more culture in the third stepThe United States of AmericaChapter 1 American BeginningFocal PointsMeaning of the being an American according to CrevecoeurTwo immigration movements to the AmericasThe religious ReformationThe forces that brought about the modern development of EuropeThe heritage of the settlement of VirginianPuritanism and the influence of Puritanism on American cultureWilliam Penn and his heritage in American cultureThe Causes and major leader of the American revolutionThe Declaration of IndependenceI.Meaning of the being an American according to CrevecoeurIn the book , Letters from an American Former, the French theology Grevecoeur , posed the American was a new man with the strange mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants. This mew man left behind him all the ancient European traditions and received new ones in the new world . In North America, all individuals of all nations ,were melted into a new race of the American . This new man acted upon new principles, entertained new ideas and formed new options.II.Two immigration movements to the AmericasThe American continents were peopled as result of two long continuing immigration movements ,the first from Asia ,and the second from Europe and Africa.III. The forces that brought about the modern development of Europe1.the d evelopment of capitalism( economic system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit ,rather than by the state), the growth of capitalism produced two new classes – the bourgeois class and the working class;2.the Renaisance (the period of the revival of art and literature in the 14th ,15th and16th centuries based on classical form),which was marked by a changing outlook on life .3.the influential force was the Religious Reformationin 1517 ,Martin Luther, started to reform the Catholic Church in England ,King Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and set up the Church of England, These reforms reflected the rise of nationalism in Europe.IV.The heritage of the settlement of Virginianin 1619 ,the delegates elected from various communities in Virginia as the House of Burgesses met with the governor and his council members to discuss the enactment of law for the colony. This the first meeting of an elected legislature ,a reprehensive assembly. It was thought to be the early embryonic form for the future democracy of the U.S.And a Dutch ship brought over 20 Negroes into Virginia , a start had been made toward the enslavement of Africans within what was to be the American republic. These white people fought for seeking their own freedom ,meanwhile they deprived black African freedomWhat happened here produced the American early culture: self-reliance; democracy; freedom V. Puritanism and the influence of Puritanism on American cultureIn New England, these Puritans were the Protestants who followed the doctrine preached by John Calvin and they wanted to purify the Church of England. They had some different beliefs from the Catholic Church .They believed that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church or good works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture. Puritans’ legacies have a great impact on American society and culture. They have a kind of sense of mission: they hoped to built “ a city upon hill –an ideal community ”.Americans have viewed their country as a great experiment, a worthy model for other nation a strain of often intolerant moralism. This produce American values such as individualism, hard work , respect of education .Catholic MarylandFollowing the early American culture in Virginia and New England , the pattern in the colony of Maryland was founded by Catholics. The founder was the second Lord Baltimore, he carried his father’s will ,who was converted from Church of England to Roman Catholicism, to wish to introduce a feudal system similar to the manor system in Europe to his colony. Even though he encouraged the immigration of Protestants as well as Roman Catholics ,due to the various factors in the New Land ,because the Protestants majority were capitalistic-minded people and refused to carry out the feudal plan, and because the wilderness of North America provided plenty of land while labor was scarce, the feudal experimental plan was dropped ,the colony followed acapitalist development roadVI. William Penn and his heritage in American cultureWilliam Penn was an English Quaker, the founder of Quakerism,who wanted to establish a colony for persecuted fellow religious believers. He assured religious freedom and easy terms for land in Pennsylvania to those Europeans who wished to settle in his colony. In his Holy Experiment, he encouraged the spirit of liberty and equality and carried out the policy of separation of state and church. He set no restrictions on immigration and naturalization was made easy for non-English Europeans. The idea of Melting –pot was first practiced here (p 16 ,Note 60).All this has left rich heritage to American culture: liberty and equalityThose four patterns set by the early colonial leaders were filled with meanings for the future development of the AmericanVII. The Causes of American revolution and major leadersAfter the Seven Year’s War between England and France , Britain won , the Peace of Paris was signed between them , which gave Britain title to Canada and all of North America east of the Mississippi River, This led directly to a conflict with its American colony.Stamp Act was passed ,British government charged new taxes on sugar , coffee , textiles and other imported goods; and With passage of the Stamp Act special tax stamps had to be attached to all news- papers ,pamphlets, legal documents and licensesThe Quartering Act passed, the colonies to house and feed British soldiers.major leadersGeorge Washington, Thomas Jefferson, (John Adams),Benjamin FranklinVIII. T he Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of governments: the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments was to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingTwo Treatises of Government, the Letters Concerning Toleration, The Reasonableness of Christianity and Some Thoughts Concerning Education.Unit 4 the United States Political SystemFocal Points(Note: P=page, L-Par.=last paragraph , F- Par.=first paragraph )Discuss "The Patriot"Points of Discussion - American BeginningsThe Political System of the USA:The Results of the War of Independence (p 44 L-par , p52 F-paragraph )The Results of the Constitutional ConventionThe background of the making of the U.S. Constitution(p53 Par2, 54 Par1,2 )Par2, s 1,2) and the two fear in writing the Constitution((p55 par2,3,4)The three branches of the federal government and their functionThe reasons for checks and balanceThe Bill of Rights (p 58 L-Par)Political partiesOverview of the United States Political SystemThe US is the oldest continuous democracy in the world. It was established in 1789, although not all features of the system were as democratic as they are now.Key Facts•The US is a Federal system. This means that power is divided between a central/national government and the States. The national government is referred to as the Federal Government.•There are 50 States. (A complete list is here. The list of original 13 States is here.)•The Federal Government has three branches/arms:o Legislative Brancho Executive Brancho Judicial Branch•The Legislative Branch consists of:o House of Representativeso Senate•The Executive Branch consists of:o The Presidento The Cabineto The Federal Departments and Agencies•The Judicial Branch consists of:o The Supreme Courto Other Federal Courts•The partiesI. The background of the making of the U.S. Constitution and the ConstitutionAfter the war of Independence was over ,the Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the U.S. and the former 13 British colonies became 13 states of the new nation . But the U.S. was not the one unified nation as it is today .According to the Declaration of Independence the 13 states were the united colonies ,otherwise they were not clear about :the future political system of the U.S.;the relationship between the states ;the government of the new nation.So the Article of Confederation(2)was born. Then the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress. Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled itsinternal affairs. The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other. The Congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either. As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.But the congress handled the problems and needs that the individual state could not handle alone Question 1What problems would the Congress handle ?(p 21 ,p 2)Many Americans worried about the future of the new nation.Question 2What did Many Americans worried about?(p 22,p2)Thus a constitution (4)was badly neededQuestion 3 (3)What is the federal system?(p22, 2-p1)Question 4In writing the Constitution the delegates should deal with two main fears shared by most Americans , what are they?(p22-23, Ss in group of 4-6)II. The three branches of the federal government and their functionIn order to guard against the first fear of people the delegates set up a government consisting of three branches : the executive, the legislative and the judicial.(5,6,7)III. The reasons for checks and balanceChecks and balance ,this system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another.IV. The Bill of RightsIn order to guarantee the freedom or the basic rights and privileges of citizens and further protect against tyranny , a “Bill of Rights’’(8) was added to the Constitution in 1791The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendment added to the Constitution in 1790,which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individual by the government, such as ,it guarantees Americans’freedom of speech, of religion, of the press; to guarantee the right to assemble in public places, to protest government actions and demand change.; the right to own weapons ; neither police nor soldiers can stop ad search a person without good reason. They can not search a person’s home without legal permission from a court; the right to speedy trial if accused of a crime. There are 16 amendments to the constitution as of 1991.V. Political partiesToday ,the United State has two major political partied : democratic Party (George Walker Bush ,Obama )and Republican Partythe symbol donkey , the elephentQuestion for thoughHow the three branches supposed to check and balance each other ?Unit 5 American EconomyCauses that brought about the American industry developmentsIndustrial revolution in America _the development of American industry(give some examples) Corporation and stock shareThe roots of America’s affluenceThe success and problems of American agricultureI. Causes that brought about the American economic developmentsQuestion 1(p 33, p 1 -3)What brought about the American industry developments?II. Overview of how the American economy worksII. Industrial revolution in America _the development of American industry(give some examples)(2 ,5,6)III. Corporation (7)and stock(9)Ⅳ.The roots of America’s affluence(10,11)Hispanic AmericansThere’re three large groups of people . The largest is the white race and they are almos t all from Europe. The second is the black race and they are almost all from Africa. The third is the Hispanic race and they are almost all from Mexico and Central AmericaⅤ.The success and problems of American agriculture(p 40 p3 ; p41,p 2 p42, p2) Question for thought:Why do you think there are still so many people involving in buying and selling stock which is a risky business.（300-500 words）Unit6Religionin in United StatesDiscussion Points-：Public and Private Behavior“W ASP” cultureReligious LibertyProtestantsCatholicsThree FaithsReligious DiversityAmerican Character of ReligionOverview of American religionAmericans with different religions live together under the same law. American main-stream culture was developed from "WASP" culture and that people who settled in the 13 North American colonies that would become the United States were mostly Protestant believers. I．“WASP” cultureWASP stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant", is believed to be the basis of the II．Religious LibertyThe U.S. has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movement. Frontier American provided plenty of room to set up a new religionBy the middle of the 18th century, many different kinds of Protestants lived in America.(1)Lutherans had come to America from Germany.( 2) The Dutch Reformed Church flourished in New York and New Jersey.(3)Presbyterians came from Scotland and (4)Huguenots from France. (5)Congregationalists, as the Puritans, dominated in Massachusetts and the neighboring colonies, known as New England. (6)Protestants lived side by side in relative harmony. The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a "revival" movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups, or denominations .**Relationship between the government and religion (p49)The Unites States would have no state-supported religion. The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion.The First Amendment insured that American government would not meddle in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens.The government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States. The armed forces pay chaplains of all faiths.But government does not pay ministers' salaries or require any belief not even a belief in God -- as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead.The truth is that for some purposes government ignores religion and for other purposes it treats all religions alike at least as far as is practical. When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them.II.Protestants（p 6-7）Catholics in the U.S.(3,4)(Protestants covers 4 large groups : the Baptist, Methodists , Presbyterians and Episcopalian)III.Three major faiths in the U.S.(5)**Christianity : protestant ,Catholic and the Orthodox Eastern ChurchIV. Religious diversityThe U.S. has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movement. Frontier American provided plenty of room to set up a new church or found a new communityAmish ; Utopias; Mormons; evangelical Protestants; Orthodox Jew ;Jewish; the Islam religion; Buddhism; HinduV.Characteristics of American religious beliefs(6)Question for thoughtWhat are some of the feature in region that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in EuropeUnit7American LiteratureOverview of American LiteratureAmerican literature has recorded the story of a quest taken different forms at different times1.Early fictionmajors writers and their masterpieces. of the post-Revolutionary period:Washington Irving and James Fennimore Cooper2.Transcendentalists(3)Ralph Waldo Emerson,The core idea of Transcendentalist(P102 F- par.)Henry David ThoreauTraditional American values(P102 par-3.)3.Power of Imagination(P103 par-2)Edgar Allen PoeNathaniel Hawthorne,Herman Melville4.New Visions and AmericaWhat was American New voice? (P103 L-par )Walt Whitman5.Reform and liberationHarriet Beecher StoweWhat intensified the political debate on slavery?6. RegionalismWilliam Dean Howells, Samuel ClemensMark Twain and his writing style, (P105 par-2)Emily Dickinson7.A new wavethe naturalists (P106 par-3)Henry JamesStephen Crane8.the ModernistsEzra Poundthe "Modem Movement" in poetry (P108 par-3)T. S. Eliot9.the "Lost Generation"What is Lost Generation(P108 L-par )F. Scott Fitzgerald, ErnestHemmingway and his writing style, (P109 par-2)William Faulkner10.the Harlem RenaissanceJohn Steinbeck11.Depression Realism and EscapismMargaret ,Mitchell, Joseph Heller12.the "Beat Generation"What is Beat Generation？(P111 par-4)Overview of the Mississipp RiverI.writers and their master works of the post-Revolutionary period . Washington Irving and James Fennimore Cooper（2，3）II.Transcendentalists(3)Ralph Waldo Emerson, (The American idea of success)Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson, whose original profession and calling was as a Unitarian( of the Christian religious sect which rejects the doctrine of the Trinity and believe that God is one person 一位论派) minister, left the ministry to pursue a career in writing and public speaking. Emerson became one of America's best known and best loved 19th century figuresHenry David Thoreau(3)III.Power of ImaginationEdgar Allen Poe,EDGAR ALLAN POE1809 - 1849‘Quoth the Raven, “Nevermore”’*This site is dedicated to the work of Edgar Allan Poe, who is considered one of the most gifted writers of American literature. Over 120 of his short-stories and poems as well as collections of his articles and criticism is available here and can be read on line and searched.Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, to a family that had been prominent in the area since colonial times. A rich lore of family and local history provided much of the material for Hawthorne's works. When Nathaniel was four, his father died on a voyage in Surinam, Dutch Guinea, but maternal relatives recognized his literary talent and financed his education at Bowdoin College. Among his classmates were many of the important literary and political figures of the day: writer Horatio Bridge, future Senator Jonathan Ciley, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and future President Franklin Pierce. These prominent friends supplied Hawthorne with government employment in the lean times, allowing him time to bloom as an author. Like James Fenimore Cooper, Hawthorne was extremely concerned with conventionality; his first pseudonymously published short stories imitated Sir Walter Scott, as did his 1828 self-published Fanshawe. Hawthorne later formally withdrew most of this early work, discounting it as the work of inexperienced youth. From 1836 to 1844 the Boston-centered Transcendentalist movement, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson, was an important force in New England intellectual circles. The Transcendentalists believed that human existence transcended the sensory realm, and rejected formalism in favor of individual responsibility. Hawthorne's fiancé Sophia Peabody drew him into "the newness," and in 1841 Hawthorne invested $1500 in the Brook Farm Utopian Community, leaving disillusioned within a year. Hawthorne's later works show someTranscendentalist influence, including a belief in individual choice and consequence, and an emphasis on symbolism. As America's first true psychological novel,The Scarlet Letter would convey these ideals; contrasting puritan morality with passion and individualism.Herman MelvilleAmerican author, best-known for his novels of the sea and his masterpiece MOBY-DICK (1851), a whaling adventure dedicated to Nathaniel Hawthorne. "I have written a wicked book and feel as spotless as the lamb," Melville wrote to Hawthorne. The work was only recognized as a masterpiece 30 years after Melville's death. TYPEE (1846), a fictionalized travel narrative, was the author's most popular book during his lifetime."All that most maddens and torments; all that stirs up the less of things; all truth with malice in it; all that cracks the sinews and cakes the brain; all the subtle demonisms of life and thought; all evil, to crazy Ahab, were visibly personified, and made practically assailable in Moby Dick. He piled upon the whale's white hump the sum of all the general rage and hate felt by his whole race from Adam down; and then, as if chest had been a mortar, he burst his hot heart's shell upon it." (from Moby-Dick)4.New Visions and AmericaWalt Whitman5.Reform and liberation(5)( Mississippi : Landscape)(baidu )Harriet Beecher Stowe6.RiginalismWilliam Dean Howells, Samuel ClemensMark Twain and his writing style ,Emily Dickinson7.A new waveThe background that arose the New WaveHenry Jamesthe naturalistsStephen Crane8.Rebellious SpiritsSherwood Anderson (characteristic)9.the ModernistsEzra Poundthe "Modem Movement" in poetryT. S. Eliot10.the "Lost Generation"F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemmingway and his writing style, William Faulkner11.the Harlem RenaissanceJohn Steinbeck12.New DramaEugene O'Neill13.Depression Realism and EscapismMargaret ,Mitchell, Joseph Heller14.the "Beat Generation"15.black writers, and women writers。
Lecture_5__American_economy
From Producers to Consumers
During most of US History, Americans have seen themselves as great producers
– The beliefs, determination, and hard work of the early settlers were equally important
Heritage of Abundance
In the early years of the US, wealth and social position were not permanently determined at birth The ideal of equality of opportunity in America made the level of material wealth of both the rich and the poor much less certain
– Agriculture and Domestic goods – Manufactured goods
This began to change with the advent of radio and television
onsume
American Economy
Heritage of Abundance
This abundance if the gift of nature In what is now the continental US, there are more than three million square miles of land It is a mistake to say that the abundant natural resources of North America were the only reason why the US became a wealthy nation
unit5 American_economy
10. Dr. Richard Gatling
4. Elias Howe/Isaac Singer
5. Cyrus McCormick
The McCormick Reaper
6. George Eastman
Development of American Industries
• First depended on skilled artisans working in small shops serving local markets • Labor was scarce, wages were high • Industrialization welcomed- reduced need for labor • Factory system- first factory dated to 1793 • Samuel Slater- built cotton factory from memory (why?) • Success turned North Eastern U.S. into manufacturing centre, increased demand for cotton in Southern states • U.S. became major cotton producer
Development of the Bank and Corporation
• Facilitated growth of industry • First bank appeared in 1780’s • 1863- first proper national banking system with paper money • Advantages of corporation over sole proprietorship • Connecticut (1837)- first state to pass legislation but until 1860’s most enterprises still owned by individuals or partners
国概下册课文翻译Unit 5
Unit 5 American Economy第五单元美国的经济工业革命正值美国诞生以及亚当•斯密的著作《富国论》出版之时，另一场革命——工业革命也正在进行。
尤其在英国，先由水动力，后由蒸汽机驱动的机器用来生产棉布。
这改变了人们的工作方式。
人们不再在家里织布，而是在工厂里使用机器在很短的时间内生产更多的布匹。
美国人在推进自己新国家的工业化以及与别国建立贸易关系上丝毫没有耽搁时间。
历经1776年美国独立革命而建立起来的美国，主要是一个以农业为主的国家。
尽管它本可以保持这种现状到下一个世纪，但美国的社会及政治领袖们在某些早期决策中已经埋下了发展工业的种子。
例如：亚历山大•汉密尔顿，第一任财长，说服国会建立保护性关税，利用较高的关税抑制进口，使国内产业有足够的时间发展。
总体来说，这种措施以及其他相关措施鼓励了商业的发展。
美国早期的产业大都依赖技能娴熟的工匠，在小作坊生产供应当地市场的产品。
但发生在十八世纪期间的工业革命，从发源地英国不久就穿越了大西洋到达了美国。
这给1776至1860年的美国工业带来了很多变化。
因为美国的劳动力短缺，工资很高，所以雇主们非常欢迎使用任何新方法削减用工报酬。
第一个重要的发展就是引进了工厂体系，使很多工人聚集在一个生产场所，生产的产品可销售到广大的地区。
在美国建立的第一个工厂可以追溯到1793年，是设在罗德岛州波塔基特市的一家棉纺厂，可以进行梳棉、粗纺和精纺。
1793年，一名叫塞缪尔•斯莱特的英国人，来到美国创建了一个棉纺厂。
因为将工厂搬迁出英国是违法的，所以他凭着记忆建造机械。
斯莱特工厂的建成开创了将美国东北部地区变成一个重要的制造业中心的事业。
纺织业的兴旺，增加了对美国南部产棉地区棉花的需求量，因而美国成为了产棉大国。
第二个发展是“美式体系”批量生产，起源于1800年左右的军火工业。
这种新体系需要精密仪器工程生产出可互换的零部件。
这反过来使成品可以在不同阶段进行组装，而每个工人可以专做某一具体操作。
2020版《英美国家文化概况》教学大纲
《英美国家文化概况》教学大纲课程名称：英美国家文化概况课程代码：190402043适用专业：商务英语学时：34学时（理论34 ）学分：1开设学期：第4学期课程类型：专业拓展课（选修）编写执笔人：江金波编写日期：2020.5.31审定负责人：陈曦审定日期：2020.6.3一、课程定位1、课程的性质与作用该课程是商务英语专业拓展课，属于选修课。
《英美国家文化概况》是以英语为授课媒介，重点介绍英国和美国等主要英语国家的历史、宗教、政治、教育、体育、经济、娱乐等社会文化各个层面的背景性人文学科知识。
要求学生了解主要英语国家社会和文化的起源和发展和变迁、各国文化间的共性与差异，以及当今英美的流行文化。
主要任务在于扩展学生的文化和社会视野，引导他们注意到英语语言内在的文化土壤、英语语言外在的多面性、语言和产生其语言的社会一致性、相关性；提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性以及处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生的跨文化交际能力。
2、本课程与其它课程的关系本课程在第四学期开设，其前导课程有商务英语精读、商务英语阅读、跨文化商务交际、商务礼仪等专业课程，与之一起开设的还有商务英语翻译、国际人才英语等课程，其后继课程有国际商务秘书实务、国际商情导读、国际市场营销等课程。
通过对英美国家基本情况的了解和学习，扩大学生的知识面，掌握英语相关背景文化知识，与各种商务英语基础课程紧密结合，能全面多维的夯实巩固学生的商务英语知识。
二、课程教学目标本课程的总体目标在于使学生通过学习，了解英美国家的社会与文化概况，如地理、历史、政治、经济、教育、社会生活以及文化风俗等方面的基础知识，理解英美文化、思维方式、价值观念和生活习惯，扩大学生的知识面，培养学生正确分析有关英美等国问题的能力，并能以正确的眼光看待世界上所发生的问题，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性和宽容性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。
同时也促进加强学生的语言学习，达到提高其商务英语水平的目的。
Unit5 American Economy
The second development
A second development was the ‘American system’ of mass production which originated in the firearms industry about 1800.
Eli Whitney
The first development
One key development was introduction of factory system ,which gathered many workers together in one workplace . The first factory in US is a cotton textile mill in Pawtucket ,Rhode Island in 1793 build by Samuel Slater.
Stock exchanges—New York Stock Exchange at Wall Street Not all business sell stock Problems accompanied— ----immigration, urban population, children of poor families, black Americans --they suffered discrimination in hiring.
Free enterprise
Free enterprise(自由经济) ---the example of Samuel Slater reflected may other companies in U.S. The creation of a key part of the current economic scene: the selling of stock
unit 5 American economy
American Agriculture
Agriculture and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic life, accounting for a larger portion of the United States’ GNP than any other States’ endeavor. Agribusiness includes farmer cooperatives, rural banks, shippers of farm products, commodity dealers, firms that manufacture farm equipment, foodfoodprocessing industries, grocery chains and many other business. The readiness of many farmers to adopt new technology has been one of the strengths of American agriculture. Dark side of American agriculture.
Economic Report of the President
Those financial shocks combined with other factors--record high factors--record commodity prices earlier in the year, natural disasters, and continued weakness in the housing market--to market--to cause the economy to contract modestly in the third quarter and what appears to be a sharp decline in the fourth Quarter.
Chapter 2 American Economy
• 过去三年，美国经济步履维艰，特征是房 价下跌、失业率高企、对衰退的担忧屡消 不散。由债务推动的房地产泡沫、以及随 后爆发的2007/2008年金融危机，让美国经 济一直在困境中苦苦挣扎。
• A number of drags on the economy remain, including a large pipeline of homes in foreclosure （抵押品赎回权的取消）and the government’s need to close its deficit, and they limit the chances of rapid growth. But in several parts of the economy hit by the financial crisis – the credit, housing and labor markets – there are signs of a return to health.
• back up 支持 • He brought along a file of document to back up his claim. • 他随身携带一卷宗文件以支持索赔要求。 • assertion 断言，主张 • steep 险峻的，陡峭的，价格过高的
• 有一些数据支持这个主张。从去年12月至 今年1月，零售销售额上涨了1%，自去年6 月以来，这还是首次出现月度上涨。虽然1 月份的汽车销量有所下滑，而如果说对企 业的销售并不稳定，但是对个人的汽车销 售则是很稳定的。
• junk bond
垃圾债券，指信用评级甚低的企业所发 行的债券。一般而言，BB级或以下的信用评级属于低。 信用评级低的企业所发行的债券的投资风险较高，因此， 须以较高的息率吸引投资者认购。以标准普尔(Standard& Poors)的信用评级计，投资于BB级、B级、CCC级、CC 级或C级的债项或发行人，具有一定的投机性，而在不稳 定的情况下，即使发行人或公司为投资者提供了一些保障 ，有关保障的作用也会被抵销。质素最低之债券，即标准 普尔评级BBB及以下，或穆迪投资的BBB及以下，所获评 级一般较低及不能履行偿还本金之风险较高。在BAA或 BBB以下的债券，是属于违约风险较高的投机级债券。
《英语国家概况》Unit 5 American Economy课件
American Economy General Survey
Deficit
American economy is deficit financing. 1. $23 billion during WWⅠ 2. $13 billion more during the 1930s 3. $200 billion more during WWⅡ 4. By 1998 the gross federal debt has reached $ 2 trillion 5. Interest on the federal debt is over $ 150 billion a year.
1. Manufacturing 2. High Technology 3. Heavy Industry 4. Aviation 5. Car Industry
American Economy Industries ------Sectors
Manufacturing
The US manufacturing industry is the largest in the world, almost 3 times the size of Japan.
3. The conference also set up the IMF (International Monetary Fund), the World Bank, and GATT( the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), later known as WTO, it is a world trading system.
5 American_Economy
1.the biggest industrial country in the world. • both an economic and technological giant. • The American people enjoy a better standard of living than most of the nations in the world. 2. less than 6% of the world’s population. produces about 25% of the total world output.
(2) Eli Whitney: inventing the cotton gin to remove the seeds from the bolls of cotton quickly; manufacturing rifles (3) Henry Ford: introducing the "moving assembly line" in 1913 (4) A new breed of industrial managers' concepts of "scientific management" : helping to lower the costs of production.-- finding the most efficient ways of organizing tasks. And it made possible both higher wages for workers and lower prices for consumers.
Developments of Industrial Revolution 5. The construction of railroads marked the start of a new era for the United States. The greatest thrust? Up to the 1880s, the bulk of Americans' incomes came from farming. The census of 1890 was the first in which the output of American factories was shown to exceed that of American farms. industry in the united states grew quickly, by 1913, more than 1/3 of the world's industrial production came from the US. By the time World War II ended in 1945, the US had the greatest productive capacity of all of the world's nations.
全新版大英5(第二版)课文翻译
Prison Studies狱中学习今天，许多在什么地方直接听我讲话的人，或在电视上听我讲话的人，或读过我写的东西的人，都会以为我上学远不止只读到8年级。
这一印象完全归之于我在监狱里的学习。
其实这事要从查尔斯顿监狱说起，一开始宾比就让我对他的知识渊博羡慕不已。
宾比总是主宰谈话话题，我总想效仿他。
可是，我随便打开一本书，几乎没有一个句子不是少则一两个字，多则差不多所有的字都不认识。
我只好跳过这些字，结果自然是对书上说的几乎一无所知了。
因此，我被解送到诺福克拘留所时，读书还只是为了摆摆样子而已。
要不是我真的获得了学习动力，我恐怕没多久就会连读书的样子也懒得去摆了。
我认识到，最要紧的是得到一本字典好认字学字。
幸好我还认识到得好好练习写字。
说来悲伤，我写字都不能写得齐整成行。
这两个想法促使我向诺福克拘留所学校要了字典，还有本子和笔。
整整两天，我把字典一页页翻了个遍，不知该怎么学。
我压根儿没想过会有那么多字。
我不知道自己需要学哪些字。
最后，总得有所行动吧，我便开始抄写。
我写字又慢又费劲，而且歪歪斜斜，但我在本子上抄写下了第一页上包括标点在内的所有印刷符号。
记得我抄写了一天。
然后,我把本子上抄写下的所有字大声朗读给自己听。
一遍又一遍，我大声朗读自己抄写的字。
我第二天早上醒来，仍想着那些字——想到自己不仅一次写了那么多字，而且还写了以前根本不认识的字，不由得深感自豪。
更何况，略加回想，我还能记住其中许多字的意思。
没记住的字我都复习了一遍。
有趣的是，此时此刻，那本字典第一页上“aardvark”这个字跃入了我的脑海。
字典上有一幅画它的插图，那是一种长尾巴长耳朵会掘洞的非洲哺乳动物，像食蚁兽捕食蚂蚁那样伸出舌头捕食白蚁。
我完全着迷了，于是继续抄——我又抄写了字典的第二页。
我学这一页上的字时体验到了同样的感受。
每学一页字，我还学到了一点有关人物、地方和历史事件的知识。
字典实际上就像是一部小型百科全书。
最后，字典上A那部分字的条目抄满了整整一个本子——接着我抄写B字部。
unit-5-economy
Section two: since American Independence
Two important persons in the period
➢ Alexander Hamilton
He’s one of the founding fathers of the nation and its first Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated an economic strategy. Thanks to his efforts, tariffs became an essential part of American foreign policy, which lasted until the middle of the 20th century and the first bank of the US founded.
Abraham Lincoln
➢ Before Lincoln’s presidency, the Industrial Revolution began in Europe and spread to the US later. During the time, economy included manufacturing, textile, and machinery.
➢It has abundant rainfalls, well irrigation and large areas of level or gently rolling land.
➢Large capital investments and the use of highly trained labor also contribute to the success of US agriculture.
Unit 5 American Economy
The population density figure
American Agriculture
The crops are mainly corn, soybeans, cotton, wheat, etc
American agriculture pattern
The development of American agriculture
The Units States has rich mineral resources
American population
• American have more than 310 millions people , this can meet the demand of labor and promoting the economic growth • Population movement to promote economic • Americans think their innovation economic development
Development phase five
• The construction of railroads beginning in the 1830s , marked the start of new era for the United States. Railway can transport all kinds of goods , the promotion of industrial development. • Modern agricultural development due to the use of the machine.
Development phase three
美国经济专题 2
Jim Casey borrows $100 from a friend to start the American Messenger Company in Seattle, Washington, 1907.
4. A Mixed Economy: The Role of the Market
The emphasis on private ownership arises from American beliefs about personal freedom. 1) Americans have feared excessive government power, and they have sought to limit government's authority over individuals -- including its role in the economic realm. 2) Americans generally believe that an economy characterized by private ownership is likely to operate more efficiently than one with substantial government ownership.
account for 占据 top-down chain of command 至上而下的命令体制
Divisions and workers 部门和工人 Chief Executive 首席执行官 Lower Managers 下级经理 Top-down Chain of Command. Foremen 领班
Stabilization and Growth. Perhaps most importantly, the federal government guides the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability.
Unit5A-工商管理英语-第二版-课文翻译参考-雷涯邻主编-高等教育出版社
市场营销：概论在过去的一百多年中，市场营销作为一项商业职能，其职责和概念有了长足的发展。
最初，市场营销活动仅仅关注如何完成商业交换，即让顾客去买东西。
通常一些较大的商业力量经常自己完成销售活动。
在美国，在这些商业力量的影响下，销售过程的发展可以分为几个时期。
Perreault和McCarthy 总结为以下五个时期（1）简单贸易时期（2）产品时期（3）销售时期（4）市场营销部门时期（5）市场营销公司时期。
为了了解现代市场营销在美国商业中如何发挥作用，回顾每个时期的销售行为是很有帮助的。
在讨论其发展过程后，将可以依据它在美国商业行为中的运做而提出一个现代市场营销的定义。
在简单贸易时期，通常“制造商”是专门生产一种或几种产品的乡村家庭。
这些产品通常是农作物或牲畜，但是他们可以是使用简单的手工工具来完成的技艺。
剩余的产品就卖给或以实物交换给当地的中间商，这些中间商又寻找更远的顾客来出售他们收集来的产品。
这个时期在西方社会持续了几百年。
此外，这个时期的中间人的活动范围都比较大。
举个例子，文艺复兴时期的意大利特别是威尼斯商人，从印度、中国和东南亚进口商品。
这些商人是这个简单贸易时期运作最成功的商人。
当19世纪末，工业革命在欧洲兴起的时候，美国开始发展起来，这时产品时期也取代了简单的贸易时期。
产品时期最明显的特征就是机器使用率的提高和新的组织技术的发展，这些大大促进了产品数量的增加。
因此有很多商品都能以较低的价格提供给更多的顾客，从而也大大刺激了需求的增长。
所以，很多公司把更多的精力放在提高生产技术上。
生产效率很高的公司很少关注产品的销售，因为这个时期需求远远大于供给。
如果公司生产一件产品，通常就有现成的买主在等待着。
到了19世纪30年代，很多生产商已经大大地提高了产量，使得西方国家很多行业的生产能力超过了潜在顾客的需求，这就导致了销售时代的来临。
销售时代的特征是相信顾客不愿购买产品，部分原因是因为如此众多的公司为了获得客户的关注而展开竞争。
商务英语阅读课文翻译第5 课
第5 课主课文译文失业快车道贸易逆差和制造业滑坡是北美自由贸易协定和世界贸易组织的产物近三十年来美国的贸易逆差一直稳定上升，而自1994 年北美自由贸易协定生效和1995 年世界贸易组织创立以后，逆差便加速上升。
这给美国就业带来的损失是惨重的：从1994 年到2000 年，日益上升的贸易逆差使得美国经济失去了总共三百万个实际和潜在的就业机会。
然而，尽管大量证据表明，目前的贸易政策导致了巨额贸易逆差和大量失业，但布什政府仍敦促国会批准“快车道”贸易谈判权。
根据这项授权，总统向国会提交贸易协议时，国会只能批准或否决而不能对协议进行任何修正。
“快车道”的提倡者希望，这一授权可通过所提议的美洲自由贸易区协定，促使北美自由贸易协定扩展至整个半球，并通过新一轮多边谈判使世界贸易组织得以扩大。
对“快车道”的宣传甚至发展成为了9.11 事件后如何刺激经济的一场辩论，众议院拨款委员会主席比尔·托马斯反复敦促国会，将“快车道授权”纳入所有刺激经济的计划之中。
自20 世纪90 年代中期以来，美国在贸易协定谈判方面的不佳记录，如日益上升的贸易逆差以及伴随而来的经济问题，均表明快速通过授权恰恰并非美国所需：.. 虽然1994 至2000 年间美国总出口上升了61.5%，但进口上升幅度更大，为80.5%。
.. 1994 年和2000 年间与贸易逆差相关的失业增长速度比1989 年和1994 年间的速度了快六倍。
.. 由于1994 至2000 年间日益上升的贸易逆差，每个州及哥仑比亚特区均遭受了巨大的就业损失。
以加利福尼亚为首的十个州，净失业总数达10 万以上。
.. 1994 至2000 年间，制造业贸易逆差上升了158.5%，其同期失业增长高达65%。
.. 1993 至2000 年间，美国对北美自由贸易协定伙伴加拿大和墨西哥的贸易逆差增加近四倍，主要是因为由美国直接投资的加拿大和墨西哥工厂向美国出口。
美元的持续升值也鼓舞全世界投资者增加和扩大国内生产能力，以向美国出口更多的产品。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2) "Cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens. They are the most vigorous, the most independent, the most virtuous, and they are tied to their country and wedded to its interests by the most lasting bonds."
2) Agribusiness Read and Discuss: What is "agribusiness"?
3) High living standards of American farmers and their readiness in adopting new technology.
What is of the U.S.agriculture?
Five Developments of Industrial Revolution in US
• 1. The introduction of the factory system Advantages:
__________________________________________________ gathered many workers together in one workplace _________________________________________________ and produced goods for distribution over a wide
Eli Whitney: an American inventor best known for inventing the "cotton gin".
2. "American system" of mass production:
(3) Henry Ford: introducing the ______________________ in 1913 "moving assembly" line (4) Introduction of the concepts of ____________________: "scientific management" helping to lower the costs of production still further
①low profit caused by crop trading surpluses
②Environment damage with the large use of _______________and ______________. artificial fertilizers toxic chemicals
4. The emergency of new forms of business organizations
The first American commercial bank appeared in ___________. the 1780s Not until 1863 did the US create a truly ational banking system with a ____________________. standard paper currency What is the most popular form of organization at that time? Corporation a. Survived even the death of its founders. b. Raising capital easily. c. Enjoyed limited liability.
3. The application of new technologies to industrial tasks
3. The application of new technologies to industrial tasks.
The 19th Century
The 20th Century
3. Instituional factors: limiting governmental powers Reluctance in intervening in economic activities.
American Agriculture
The importance of U.S Agriculture
5. The construction of railroads marked the start of a new era for the United States.
Read and Discuss: What are the functions of railroads in boosting American economy?
The Roots of Affluence
Read and Discuss: What factors are responsible for the successes of American business and industry?
The Roots of Affluence
1. The vast dimensions and ample natural resources.
Cotton textile mill (Cotton cloth factory)
2. "American system" of mass production:
Read and Discuss: What is so-called "American system" ?
(1)Firearms industry requiring precision engineering (2) Eli Whitney: inventing the cotton gin to remove the seeds from the bolls of cotton quickly; manufacturing rifles
2. The population a. more than 310 million people provides both workers and consumers. b. a remarkable mobility in the American population contributes a useful flexibility to business life. c. entrepreneurial spirit: two contrary views ( pleasing God; material acquisitiveness)
area.
• Samuel Slater: build a cotton cloth factory in 1793
Samuel Slater: an early American industrialist , the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" or the "Father of the American Factory System"
What is of the U.S.agriculture?
1) A richness and variety in agriculture unmatched in most other parts of the world half of the world's Produces as much as _______ soybeans and corn for grain, and from __________ 10 to 25 percent of its cotton, wheat, tobacco and vegetable oils.
“When the United States coughs, the rest of the world catch cold.”
Unit 5
Key Points: Industrial Revolution Free Enterprise The Roots of Affluence American Agriculture The Current Recession
Changes to the US in 20th Century
• In 1890, the output of ________________first American factories went beyond ___________. farms • By 1945, US had the greatest _____________of productive capacity the world • ___________vs. traditional industries ( The High tech auto industry) • With fewer workers employed by high-Tech industry, ________________dominated the Service industry “post-industrial era” economy in the so-called __________________.
Read and Discuss: What are the problems about the Free enterprise?