浅议测绘行业标准术语英译的若干问题
测绘专业术语中英文对照
工程测量学engineering surveying测量学gematics, surveying大地水准面geoid surface平均海水面mean sea level高程elevation, height平面坐标horizontal coordinate高程基准height datum铅垂线plumb line三角高程测量trigonometric heighting水准测量direct leveling, leveling精密水准测量precise leveling水准仪level水准尺leveling staff附合水准路线link route闭合水准路线loop route水准支线open route水准网leveling Network闭合差misclosure水准点Bench Mark, or BM后视backsight前视foresight水平角horizontal angle竖直角vertical angle经纬仪theodolite光学经纬仪optical theodolite电子经纬仪electric theodolite对中centering整平leveling指标差index error水平度盘horizontal circle竖盘vertical circle视准轴line of collimation (LOC)距离测量distance measurement平距horizontal distance斜距slope distance高差height difference/difference in height 钢尺steel tape钢尺量距steel taping 视距法测距stadia tacheometry电磁波测距electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM)全站仪total station直线定向line orientation方位角azimuth象限角bearing粗差gross error, mistake, blunder or outlier系统误差systematic error偶然误差random/accidental error误差传播定律error propagation law测量（值）measurement/observation真误差true error真值true value精度指标precision indicator方差variance中误差standard deviation (SD)容许误差allowable error相对误差relative error极限误差limited error最或然值most probable value算术平均值arithmetic mean权weight测站station转点turning point控制网control network水平控制网horizontal control network高程控制网vertical control network工程控制网engineering control network控制测量control survey导线traverse导线测量traverse survey导线转折角traverse angle导线边长traverse leg坐标正算direct coordinate computation坐标反算inverse coordinate computation。
测绘专业英语中文翻译unit1
Uuit1什么是测绘学测绘学定义Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学。
据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解。
这个术语作为一个学科第一次形成于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS 方向的课程后重新命名的。
随着新技术的发展和不断增长的对空间关系的信息类型的需求，尤其是在测量和监测我们的环境方面，现在，传统测量学定义连同日益增长的测量的重要性一起包含在这个术语里了。
日益增长的危机来自人口扩张，地价上涨，资源紧缩，还有由于人类活动引起的土地、水、空气质量的持续的压力。
这样，测绘学在地球科学，各种工程学，计算机科学，空间规划，土地开发和环境科学相互之间架起了广泛的桥梁。
在内的数个国际机构所采用，因此它就这样被普遍接受(be here to stay 习惯用语“被普遍接受”)。
surveyor 这个词按惯例用来总指（这换成“总称”较好）那些从事上述活动的人。
更具体的工作如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，一般被业内人士用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。
(直译为：更清楚的工作描述就如如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，一般被从业者用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。
)geomatics 这个术语是个新词，表达了实体集合和它们相关联的活动的自然科学，并使这些领域的未来技术发展的结合成为可能。
这个术语的采用同时也在全世界范围里为行业里和学校建立了一个一致的专业市场。
结果，世界上许多一流大学的传统的测量专业的无论是课程还是授予资格都改为“测绘学位”的了。
这并不意味着“surveyor”这个词的消亡，测绘毕业生还将从事适合他们专业的土地测量员、摄影测量员及其他的工作。
测绘专业英语课文翻译
Geodetic Surveying and Plane SurveyingSurveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position of natural and artificial features on, above or below the earth’s surface; and representing this information in analog form as a contoured map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer. As such, the surveyor/geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement. The accurate determination and monumentation of points on the surface of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task.Though these surveys are for various purposes, still the basic operations are the same---they involve measurements and computations or, basically, fieldwork and office work. There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying.Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth（Geodetic surveys）or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). Additionally, surveys are conducted for the purpose of positioning features on the ground(Horizontal surveys), determining the elevation or heights of features(Vertical surveys) or a combination of both.Geodetic SurveyingThe type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic surveying.This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys. In geodetic surveys, the stations are normally long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.Widely spaced, permanent monuments serve as the basis for computing lengths and distances between relative positions. These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control survey points, which support the production of consistent and compatible data for surveying and mapping projects. In the past, ground-based theodolites, tapes, and electronic devices were the primary geodetic field measurements used. Today, the technological expansion of GPS has made it possible to perform extremely accurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the cost.A thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite for the proper planning and execution of geodetic surveys.In Geodetic Surveys, the shape of the earth is thought of as a spheroid, although in a technical sense, it is not really a spheroid. Therefore, distances measured on or near the surface of the earth are not along straight lines or planes, but on a curved surface. Hence, in the computation of distances in geodetic surveys, allowances are made for the earth’s minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of reference is developed. The position of each geodetic station is related to this spheroid. The positions are expressed as latitudes(angles north or south of the Equator) and longitudes(angles east or west of a prime meridian) or as northings and eastings on a rectangular grid.A geodetic survey establishes the fundamentals for the determination of the surface and gravity field of a country. This is realized by coordinates and gravity values of a sufficiently large number of control points, arranged in geodetic and gravimetric networks. In this fundamental work, curvature and the gravity field of the earth must be considered.The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in which the curvature of the earth can be disregarded without significant error, generally is called plane surveying. The term is used to designate survey work in which the distances or areas involved are of limited extent. With regard to horizontal distances and directions, a level line is considered mathematically straight, the direction of the plumb line is considered to be the same at all points within the limits of the survey, and all angles are considered to be plane angles. To make computations in plane surveying, you will use formulas of plane trigonometry, algebra, and analytical geometry. For small areas, precise results may be obtained with plane surveying methods, but the accuracy and precision of such results will decrease as the area surveyed increases in size. For example, the length of an arc 18.5 km long lying in the earth’s surface is only 7mm greater than the subtended chord and, further, the difference between the sum of the angles in a plane triangle and the sum of those in a spherical triangle is only 0.51 second for a triangle at the earth’s surface having an area of 100km2 . It will be appreciated that the curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precise surveys of large areas.A great number of surveys are of the plane surveying type.Surveys for the location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, and in general, the surveys necessary for the works of human beings are plane surveys, as are the surveys made to establish boundaries, except state and national. However, with the increasing size and sophistication of engineering and other scientific projects, surveyors who restrict their practice to plane surveying are severely limited in the types of surveys in which they can be engaged. The operation of determining elevation usually is considered a division of plane surveying. Elevations are referred to the geoid. The geoid is theoretical only.It is the natural extension of the mean sea level surface under the landmass. We could illustrate this idea by digging an imaginary trench across the country linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.If we allowed the trench to fill with seawater, the surface of the water in the trench would represent he geoid. So for all intents and purposes, the geoid is the same as mean sea level. Mean sea level is the average level of the ocean surface halfway between the highest and lowest levels recorded. We use mean sea level as a datum or, curiously and incorrectly, a datum plane upon which we can reference or describe the heights of features on, above or below the ground. Imagine a true plane tangent to the surface of mean sea level at a given point. At horizontal distances of 1km from the point of tangency, the vertical distances(or elevations) of the plane above the surface represented by mean sea level are 7.8cm. Obviously, curvature of the earth’s surface is a factor that cannot be neglected in obtaining even rough values of elevations. The ordinary procedure in determining elevations, such as balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling, automatically takes into account the curvature of the earth and compensates for earth curvature and refraction, and elevations referred to the curved surface of reference are secured without extra effort by the surveyor.There is close cooperation between geodetic surveying and plane surveying. The geodetic survey adopts the parameters determined by measurements of the earth, and its own results are available to those who measure the earth. The plane surveys, in turn, are generally tied to the control points of the geodetic surveys and serve particularly in the development of national map series and in the formation of real estate cadastres.Below we are about measure distance, Angle and Direction Measurement and Traversing. Distance MeasurementOne of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance. Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth. In this subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean space, which we can consider a straight line from one point or feature to another. Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. Horizontal and slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. If the points are at different elevations, then the distance is the horizontal length between plumb lines at the points. Here gives a brief summary of relevant techniques and their respective accuracies:Pacing and OdometerPacing is a very useful form of measurement though it is not precise, especially when surveyors are looking for survey marks in the field. Pacing can be performed at an accuracy level of 1/100~1/500 when performed on horizontal land, while the accuracy of pacing can’t be relied upon when pacing up or down steep hills. The odometer is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and directly registers the number of revolutions of a wheel. With the circumference of the wheel known, the relation between revolutions and distance is fixed.Ordinary Taping and Precise TapingTaping is a very common technique for measuring horizontal distance between two points. Ordinary taping refers to the very common tapes that we can buy them in stores, such as the plastic tapes or poly tapes. Such tapes have low precision in distance measurements with about 1/3000~1/5000. The precise taping refers to the steel tapes and which are much more expensive than the plastic tape and have higher precision of 1/10000~1/30000. Invar tapes are composed 35% nickel and 65% steel. This alloy has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, making the tapes useful in precise distance measurement. Many tapes are now graduated with foot units on one side and metric units on the reverse side. Metric units are in meters, centimeter and minimeter with the total length of 20 m, 30 m, 50 m and 100 m.If we want to measure the horizontal distance between the two points A and B, we can do like this: With zero of the tape to the higher point B and tape going along the point A, we can measure the horizontal distance by using the plumb bob with pump line entering to the point A. To judge the exact horizontal line, we should move the tape up and down along the pump line and we will find the changes of reading in the tape. The shortest reading of the tape is the horizontal distance.If the distance is longer than the length of tape, then we can divide the long distance into several segments and get the total distance by plus each segment together. Since different tapes have different starts of zero of the tapes, it is very important to judge where the zero of the tape begins. Tacheometry and StadiaTacheometry is an optical solution to the measurement of distance. The word is derived from the Greek Tacns, meaning “swift”, and metrot, meaning “a measure”. Tacheometry involves the measurement of a related distance parameter either by means of a fixed-angle intercept. Theodolite tacheometry is an example of stadia system.The theodolite is directed at the level staff where the staff is held vertically and the line of sight of the telescope is horizontal.By reading the top and bottom stadia hairs on the telescope view and then the horizontal distance from center of instrument to rod can be obtained by multiplying the stadia interval factor K by the stadia interval and plus the distance C which is from the center of instrument to principal focus, i.e. D=Ks + C. Usually the nominal stadia interval factor K equals 100 which is a constant for a particular instrument as long as conditions remain unchanged, but it may be determined by observation in practice. The value of C is determined by the manufacturer and stated on the inside of the instrument box. For external-focusing telescopes, under ordinary condition, C may be considered as 1 ft without error of consequence. Internal-focusing telescopes are so constructed that C is 0 or nearly so; this is an advantage of internal-focus telescopes for stadia work. Most instruments now used for stadia are equipped with internal-focusing telescopes.Applications of tacheometry include traversing and leveling for the topographic surveys, location of detail surveys, leveling and field completion surveys for the topographic mapping, and hydrographic mapping. The relative precision is 1:1000 to 1:5000.Stadia is a form of tacheometry that uses a telescopic cross-hair configuration to assist in determining distances.A series of rod readings is taken with a theodolite and the resultant intervals are used to determine distances.Electronic Distance Measurement(EDM)The Electronic Distance Measurement(EDM) was first introduced in 1950s by the founders of Geodimeter Inc. The advent of EDM instrument has completely revolutionized all surveyingprocedures, resulting in a change of emphasis and techniques. Distance can now be measured easily, quickly and with great accuracy, regardless of terrain conditions.EDM instruments refer to the distance measurement equipments using light and radio waves. Both light waves and radio waves are electromagnetic. They have identical velocities in a vacuum (or space) to 299,792.458±0.001km/sec.These velocities, which are affected by the air’s density, are reduced and need to be recalculated in the atmosphere. The basic principle of EDM instruments is that distance equals time multiplied by velocity.Thus if the velocity of a radio or light wave and time required for it to go from one point to another are known, the distance between the two points can be calculated.The EDM instruments may be classified according to the type and wavelength of the electromagnetic energy generated or according to their operational range. EDM instruments use three different wavelength bands: (1)Microwave systems with range up to 150km, wave length 3 cm, not limited to line of sight and unaffected by visibility; (2)Light wave systems with range up to 5 km (for small machines), visible light, lasers and distance reduced by visibility; (3)Infrared systems with range up to 3 km, limited to line of sight and limited by rain, fog, other airborne particles. Although there is a wide variety of EDM instruments available with different wavelengths, there are basically only two methods of measurement employed which may divide the instruments into two classification as electro-optical (light waves) and microwaves (radio waves) instruments. These two basic methods are namely the pulse method and more popular phase different method. They function by sending light waves or microwaves along the path to be measured and measuring the time differences between transmitted and received signals, or in measuring the phase differences between transmitted and received signals in returning the reflecting light wave to source. Modern EDM instruments are fully automatic to such an extent that, after the instruments, set up on one station, emits a modulated light beam to a passive reflector set up on the other end of the line to be measured. The operator need only depress a button, and the slope distance is automatically displayed. More complete EDM instruments also have the capability of measuring horizontal and vertical or zenith angles as well as the slope distance. These instruments referred to as total station instruments.Angle and Direction MeasurementHorizontal and vertical angles are fundamental measurements in surveying. It is necessary to be familiar with the meanings of certain basic terms before describing angle and direction measurement. The terms discussed here have reference to the actual figure of the earth.Basic TermsA vertical line at any point on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction of gravity at that point.It is the direction that a string will assume if a weight is attached at that point and the string is suspended freely at the point.At a given point there is only one vertical line.A horizontal line at a point is any line that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point.At any point there are an unlimited number of horizontal lines.A horizontal plane at a point is the plane that is perpendicular to the vertical line at the point. There is only one horizontal plane through a given point.A vertical plane at a point is any plane that contains the vertical line at the point.There are an unlimited number of vertical planes at a given point.Horizontal Angle and Vertical AngleA horizontal angle is the angle formed in a horizontal plane by two intersecting vertical planes, or a horizontal angle between two lines is the angle between the projections of the lines onto a horizontal plane. For example, observations to different elevation pointsB andC from A will give the horizontal angle ∠bac which is the angle between the projections of two lines (AB and AC) onto the horizontal plane. It follows that, although the points observed are at different elevations, it is always the horizontal angle and not the space angle that is measured (Figure 1). The horizontal angle is used primarily to obtain relative direction to a survey control point, or topographic detail points, or to points to be set out.A vertical angle is an angle measured in a vertical plane which is referenced to a horizontal line by plus (up) or minus (down) angles, or to a vertical line from the zenith direction. Plus and minus vertical angles are sometimes referred to as elevation or depression angles, respectively. A vertical angle thus lies between 0°and ±90°. Zenith is the term describing points on a celestial sphere that is a sphere of infinitely large radius with its center at the center of the earth. The zenith is anangle measured in a vertical plane downward from an upward directed vertical line through the instrument. It is thus between 0°and 180°. Obviously the zenith angle is equal to 90°minus the vertical angles. Vertical angles or zeniths are used in the correction of slope distance to the horizontal or in height determined. For the most part, the instrument used in the measurement of angles is called a transit or theodolite, although angles can be measured with clinometers, sextants (hydrographic surveys), or compasses.The theodolite contains a horizontal and vertical circles of either glass or silver.The horizontal and vertical circles of theodolite can be linked to circular protractors graduated from 0°to 360°in a clockwise manner set in horizontal and vertical plane. The horizontal circle is used when measuring or laying off horizontal angles and the vertical circle is used to measure or lay off vertical angles or zenith angles. Usually the units of angular measurement employed in practice are degrees, minutes, and seconds, the sexagesimal system.Angle MeasurementA horizontal angle in surveying has a direction or sense; that is, it is measured or designed to the right or to the left, or it is considered clockwise or counterclockwise. In the above figure, the angle at A fromB toC is clockwise and the angle from C to B is counterclockwise. With the theodolite set up, centered, and leveled over at station A, then a simple horizontal angle measurement between surveying point B, A and C would be taken as follows:⑴Commencing on, say, “face left”, the target set at survey point B is carefully bisected and the reading on horizontal scale is 25°. ⑵The upper plate clamp is released and telescope is turned clockwise to survey point C. The reading on horizontal circle is 75°⑶The horizontal angle is then the difference of the two directions, i.e. (75°-25°) =50°（⑷Change face and observe point C on “face right”, and note the reading=255°⑸Release upper plate and swing counterclockwise to point B and note the reading =205°⑹The reading or the direction must be subtracted in the same order as 255°-205°=50°⑺The mean of two values would be accepted if they are in acceptable agreement. Modern electronic digital theodolites contain circular encoders that sense the rotations of the spindles and the telescope, convert these rotations into horizontal and vertical (or zenith) angles electronically, and display the value of the angles on liquid crystal displays (LCDs) or light-emitting diode displays (LEDs). These readouts can be recorded in a conventional field book or can be stored in a data collector for future printout orcomputation. The instrument contains a pendulum compensator or some other provision for indexing the vertical circle readings to an absolute vertical direction.The circle can be set to zero readings by a simple press of a button or initialized to any value on the instrument.Azimuth is the horizontal angle measured in a clockwise direction from the plane of the meridian, which is a line on the mean surface of the earth joining the north and south poles. Azimuth ranges in magnitude from 0°to 360°, values in excess of 360°, which are sometimes encountered in computations, are simply reduced by 360°before final listing.Bearing is the traditional way of stating the orientation of the line. It is actually the angle measured from the north or south.The bearing, which can be measured clockwise or counterclockwise from the north or south end of the meridian, is always accompanied by letters that locate the quadrant in which the line falls. For example, bearing N32W indicates a line trending 32°west of the north. It is equal to an azimuth of 328°.Bearing S12W indicates a line trending 12°west of the south. It is equal to an azimuth of 192°. It is important to state that the bearing and azimuth are respect to true north..TraversingThe purpose of the surveying is to locate the positions of points on or near the surface of the earth. To determine horizontal positions of arbitrary points on the earth’s surface and elevation of points above or below a reference surface are known as a control survey.The positions and elevations of the points make up a control network.There are different types of control networks depending on where and why they are established.A control network may have very accurate positions but no elevations (called a Horizontal Control Network) or very accurate elevations but no positions (called a Vertical Control Network).Some points in a control network have both accurate positions and elevations.Control networks range from small, simple and inexpensive to large and complex and very expensive to establish.A control network may cover a small area by using a “local” coordinate system that allows you to position the features in relation to the control network but doesn’t tell you where the features areon the surface of the earth, or cover a large area by consisting of a few well-placed and precise-established control points, which is sometimes called the primary control.The horizontal positions of points in a network can be obtained in a number of different ways.（The generally used methods are triangulation, trilateration, traversing, intersection, resection and GPS.The main topic of this text refers to the traversing.TriangulationThe method of surveying called triangulation is based on the trigonometric proposition that if one side and three angles of a triangle are known, the remaining sides can be computed by the law of sines.Furthermore, if the direction of one side is known, the direction of the remaining sides can be determined.And then coordinates of unknown points can be computed by application of trigonometry.TrilaterationSince the advent of long-range EDM instrument, a method of surveying called trilateration was adopted to combine with triangulation.The trilateration is based on the trigonometric proposition that if the three sides of a triangle are known, the three angles can be computed by the law of cosines.Trilateration possesses some advantages over triangulation because the measurement of the distances with EDM instrument is so quick, precise and economical while the measurement of the angles needed for triangulation may be more difficult and expensive. For some precise projects, the combination of triangulation and trilateration which is called triangulateration is applied.TraversingA survey traverse is a sequence of lengths and directions of lines between points on the earth, obtained by or from field angle and distance measurements and used in determining positions of the point. The angles are measured using transits, theodolites, or total stations, whereas the distances can be measured using steel tapes or EDM instruments. A survey traverse may determine the relative positions of the points that if connects in series, and if tied to control stations based on some coordinate system, the positions may be referred to that system. From these computed relative positions, additional data can be measured for layout of new features, such as buildings and roads. Since the advent of EDM equipment, traversing has emerged as the most popular method to establish control networks such as basic area control, mapping, control of hydrographic surveys and construction projects.In engineering surveying, it is ideal way to surveys and dimensional control of route-type projects such as highway, railroad, and pipeline construction. In general, a traverse is always classified as either an open traverse or a closed traverse. An open traverse originates either at a point of known horizontal position with respect to a horizontal datum or at an assumed horizontal position, and terminates at a station whose relative position is not previously known..The open traverse provides no check against mistakes and large errors for its termination at anunknown horizontal position and lack of geometric closure. This lack of geometric closure means that there is no geometric verification possible with respect to the actual positioning of the traverse stations. Thus, the measuring technique must be refined to provide for field verification. At a minimum, distances are measured twice and angles are doubled. Open traverses are often used for preliminary survey for a road or railroad.A closed traverse can be described in any one of the following two ways: ⑴A closed loop traverse, as the name implies, forms a continuous loop, enclosing an area.This type of closed traverse starts at assumed horizontal position or at a known horizontal position with respect to a horizontal datum and ends at the same point. ⑵A connecting traverse starts and ends at separate points, whose relative positions have been determined by a survey of equal or higher order accuracy. A known horizontal position is defined by its geographic latitude and longitude, or by its X and Y coordinates on a grid system.Closed traverses, whether they return to the starting point or not, provide checks on the measured angles and distances.In both cases, the angles can be closed geometrically, and the position closure can be determined mathematically. Therefore they are more desirable and used extensively in control, construction, property, and topographic surveys.As we mentioned above, a closed traverse provides checks on the measured angles and distances. For example, the geometric sum of the interior angles in an n-side closed figure should be (n-2)×180°, but due to systematic and random errors of the measurements, when all the interior angles of a closed traverse are summed, they may or may not total the number of degrees required for geometric closure. The difference between the geometric sum and actual field sum of the interior angles is called angular closure. The total error of angular closure should be distributed evenly to each angle (if all angles were measured with the same precision) before mathematical analysis of the traverse. The important point before doing this is that the overall angular closure can’t be beyond the survey specifications.Closed traverses provide also checks on the measured distances, and the position closure can be determined mathematically, which means that an indication of the consistency of measuring distances as well as angles should be given to a traverse that closes on itself. Theoretically this position closure from the origin back to itself should be zero. But the Errors in the measured distances and angles of the traverses, however, will tend to alter the shape of the traverse, therefore we should compute the algebraic sum of the latitudes and algebraic sum of the departures, and compare them with the fixed latitude and departure of a straight line from the origin to the closing point. By definition, latitude here is the north/south rectangular component of a line and departure is the east/west rectangular component of a line. To differentiate direction, north is considered plus, whereas south is considered minus.Similarly, east is considered plus, whereas west is considered minus.Then the discrepancy should be adjusted by apportioning the closure both in latitudes and in departures on a reasonable basis. The adjusted position of each traverse point is determined with respect to some origin.This position is defined by its Y coordinates and its X coordinates with respect to a plane rectangular coordinate system in which the Y axis is assumed north-south whereas the X axis east-west.。
国家标准英文译本的编写规则及常见问题
国家标准英文译本的编写规则及常见问题作者：李春丽来源：《中国质量与标准导报》2017年第05期为适应我国加入世界贸易组织和标准化活动对外交流的需要，从1997年起，一部分国家标准被翻译成英文。
国家质量技术监督局标准化司于2000年2月12日印发了“关于印发《国家标准英文版翻译指南》的通知”，及时准确地指导了我国国家标准的英文译本的翻译工作。
随着我国“一带一路”国家战略的实施，推进“一带一路”建设工作领导小组办公室发布了《标准联通“一带一路”行动计划（2015—2017）》，在设施联通、能源资源合作、动植物检验检疫和提升双边经济贸易水平等方面，组织翻译500项急需的中国国家、行业标准外文版。
2016年9月12日国家标准委在北京举办“一带一路”沿线国家标准化合作协议签署仪式，并与阿尔巴尼亚、波黑、柬埔寨、黑山、俄罗斯、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、马其顿及土耳其9个“一带一路”沿线国家签署了标准化合作协议。
标准化对“一带一路”建设具有基础和支撑作用，积极推进标准互认，有利于推动中国标准“走出去”，有利于提升标准国际化水平，有利于更好地支撑服务我国产业、产品、技术、工程等“走出去”。
国家标准的英文译本正是中国标准跟随“一带一路”战略走出去的重要举措，为及时指导国家标准的英文译本的翻译工作，保障英文译本的翻译质量，国家质量监督检验检疫总局与国家标准化管理委员会于2016年8月29日发布了GB/T 20000.10—2016 《标准化工作指南第10部分：国家标准的英文译本翻译通则》、GB/T 20000.11—2016《标准化工作指南第11部分：国家标准的英文译本通用表述》，全面具体地指导国家标准英文译本的编写和出版工作。
本文结合国家标准英文译本的出版中遇到的常见问题，着重叙述了英文译本的规范性问题，并对编写规则进行了提示与简要分析，为国家标准的翻译和编辑出版提供参考。
1 编写规则及常见问题1.1 通则为了统一规范国家标准的翻译，遵循国际标准书写规范，保障国家标准英文译本的质量，GB/T 20000.10—2016、GB/T 20000.11—2016对英文译本的用语进行了规范。
工程测量学测绘名词英汉标准化翻译【范本模板】
001工程测量engineering survey002测量学surveying003普通测量学elementary surveying004地形测量学topography005测量控制网surveying control network006平面控制网（又称“水平控制网”)horizontal control network 007高程控制网vertical control network008平面控制点horizontal control point009高程控制点vertical control point010平面坐标horizontal coordinate011控制测量control survey012地形测量topographic survey013三边网trilateration network014边角网triangulateration network015导线网traverse networt016三边测量trilateration survey017边角测量triangulateration018导线测量traverse survey019水平角horizontal angle020垂直角vertical angle021点之记description of station022测站station023测站归心station centring024照难点归心sighting centring025照准点sighting point026闭合导线closed traverse027附合导线connecting traverse028支导线open traverse029经纬仪导线theodolite traverse030视差导线subtense traverse031视距导线stadia traverse032平板仪导线plane-table traverse033距离测量distance measurement034电磁波测距electro-magnetic distance measurement 035标准检定场standard field of length036光电测距导线EDM traverse037小三角测量minor triangulation038线形锁linear triangulation chain039线形网linear triangulation network040图根控制mapping control041导线边traverse leg042导线折角traverse angle043导线结点junction point of traverses044导线曲折系数meandering coefficient of traverse045导线角度闭合差angle closing error of traverse046导线全长闭合差total length closing error of traverse 047导线相对闭合差relative length closing error of traverse 048导线纵向误差longitudinal error of traverse049导线横向误差lateral error of traverse050控制点control point051导线点traverse point052图根点mapping control point053高程点elevation point054碎部点detail point055图解图根点graphic mapping control point056解析图根点analytic mapping control point057坐标增量increment of coordinate058坐标增量闭合差closing error in coordinate increment059前方交会［forward］intersection060侧方交会side intersection061后方交会resection062边角交会法linear—angular intersection063边交会法linear intersection064贝塞尔法Bessel method065莱曼法Lehmann method066横基尺视差法subtense method with horizontal staff067竖基尺视差法subtense method with vertical staff068复测法repetition method069高程控制测量vertical control survey070水难测量leveling071附合水准路线annexed leveling line072闭合水准路线closed leveling line073支水准路线spur leveling line074水准网leveling network075视线高程elevation of sight076多角高程导线polygonal height traverse077独立交会高程点elevation point by independent intersection 078高程导线height traverse079严密平差rigorous adjustment080近似平差approximate adjustment081典型图形平差adjustment of typical figures082等权代替法method of equal-weight substitution083多边形平差法adjustment by method of polygon084结点平差adjustment by method of junction point085工程控制网engineering control network086施工控制网construction control network087三维网three一dimensional network088变形观测控制网control network for deformation observation 089勘测设计阶段测量survey in teconnaissance and design stage090施工测量construction survey091竣工测量finish construction survey092纵断面测量profile survey093横断面测量cross-section surveyo5。
测绘类词汇中英文对照
测绘类词汇中英文对照阿贝比长原理Abbe comparator principle阿达马变换Hadamard transformation安平精度setting accuracy岸台，*固定台base station暗礁reef靶道工程测量target road engineering survey半导体激光器semiconductor laser半日潮港semidiurnal tidal harbor半色调halftone饱和度saturation北极星任意时角法method by hour angle of Polaris贝塞尔大地主题解算公式Bessel formula for solution of geodetic problem 贝塞尔椭球Bessel ellipsoid贝叶斯分类Bayesian classification被动式遥感passive remote sensing本初子午线prime meridian比较地图学comparative cartography比较地图学comparative cartography比例尺scale比例量表ratio scaling比例误差proportional error比值变换ratio transformation比值增强ratio enhancement闭合差closing error闭合差closure闭合差closing error闭合差closure闭合导线closed traverse闭合导线closed traverse闭合水准路线closed leveling line闭合水准路线closed leveling line边长中误差mean square error of side length边交会法linear intersection边角测量triangulateration边角交会法linear-angular intersection边角网triangulateration network边缘检测edge detection边缘增强edge enhancement编绘compilation编绘compilation编绘原图compiled original编绘原图compiled original变比例投影varioscale projection变换光束测图affine plotting变线仪variomat变形观测控制网control network for deformation observation 变形观测控制网control network for deformation observation 变形椭圆indicatrix ellipse标称精度nominal accuracy标称精度nominal accuracy标尺rod标尺staff标高差改正correction for skew normals标高差改正correction for skew normals标界测量survey for marking of boundary标志灯，*回光灯signal lamp标准差standard deviation标准配置点Gruber point标准纬线standard parallel冰后回弹post glacial rebound波茨坦重力系统Potsdam gravimetric system波带板zone plate波浪补偿compensation of undulation波浪补偿compensation of undulation波浪补偿heave compensation波浪补偿器，*涌浪滤波器heave compensator波罗-科普原理Porro-Koppe principle波谱测定仪spectrometer波谱集群spectrum cluster波谱特征空间spectrum feature space波谱特征曲线spectrum character curve波谱响应曲线spectrum response curve波束角beam angle波束角wave beam angle泊位Berth补偿器compensator补偿器compensator补偿器补偿误差compensating error of compensator补偿器补偿误差compensating error of compensator布格改正Bouguer correction布格异常Bouguer anomaly布隆斯公式Bruns formula布耶哈马问题Bjerhammar problem采剥工程断面图striping and mining engineering profile采剥工程综合平面图synthetic plan of striping and mining 采场测量stope survey采掘工程平面图mining engineering plan采区测量survey in mining panel采区联系测量connection survey in mining panel采区联系测量connection survey in mining panel采样sampling采样间隔sampling interval彩色编码color coding彩色编码color coding彩色变换color transformation彩色变换color transformation彩色复制color reproduction彩色复制color reproduction彩色感光器材color sensitive material彩色感光器材color sensitive material彩色红外片，*假彩色片false color film彩色红外片，*假彩色片color infrared film彩色红外片，*假彩色片color infrared film彩色片color film彩色片color film彩色摄影color photography彩色摄影color photography彩色校样color proof彩色校样color proof彩色样图color manuscript彩色样图color manuscript彩色增强color enhancement彩色增强color enhancement彩色坐标系color coordinate system彩色坐标系color coordinate system参考数据reference data参考椭球reference ellipsoid参考效应reference effect参数平差，*间接平差parameter adjustment侧方交会side intersection侧扫声呐side scan sonar侧视雷达side-locking radar测标[measuring] mark测杆measuring bar测高仪Altimeter测绘标准standards of surveying and mapping测绘联合会International Union of Surveying and Mapping 测绘学geomatics测绘学SM测绘学surveying and mapping测绘仪器instrument of surveying and mapping测角中误差mean square error of angle observation测距定位系统，*圆-圆定位系统range positioning system 测距雷达range-only radar测距盲区range hole测距仪rangefinder测量标志survey mark测量船survey vessel测量规范specifications of surveys测量控制网surveying control network测量平差adjustment of observation测量平差survey adjustment测量学surveying测流current surveying测流current surveying测深改正correction of depth测深改正correction of depth测深杆sounding pole测深精度total accuracy of sounding测深仪读数精度reading accuracy of sounder测深仪发射参数，*测深仪零线transmiting line of sounder 测深仪回波信号echo signal of sounder测深仪记录纸recording paper of sounder测速标marks for measuring velocity测图卫星mapping satellite测微密度计microdensitometer测微目镜micrometer eyepiece测微器micrometer测线survey line测站station测站归心station centring层间改正plate correction觇牌target长度标准检定场standard field of length厂址测量surveying for site selection超导重力仪superconductor gravimeter超焦点距离hyperfocal distance超近摄影测量macrophotogrammetry潮汐表tidal tables潮汐波tidal wave潮汐调和常数tidal harmonic constants潮汐调和分析tidal harmonic analysis潮汐非调和常数tidal nonharmonic constants潮汐非调和分析tidal nonharmonic analysis潮汐摄动tidal perturbation潮汐因子tidal factor潮汐预报tidal prediction潮信表tidal information panel沉船wreck沉降观测settlement observation成像光谱仪imaging spectrometer成像雷达imaging radar城市测量urban survey城市地形测量urban topographic survey城市地形图topographic map of urban area城市基础地理信息系统UGIS城市基础地理信息系统urban geographical information system 城市控制测量urban control survey城市制图urban mapping乘常数multiplication constant尺度参数scale parameter抽象符号abstract symbol触觉地图tactual map船台，*移动台mobile station垂核面vertical epipolar plane垂核线vertical epipolar line垂球plumb bob垂线偏差改正correction for deflection of the vertical垂线偏差改正correction for deflection of the vertical垂直角vertical angle垂直折光误差vertical refraction error垂直折光系数vertical refraction coefficient垂准仪，*铅垂仪plumb aligner纯重力异常pure gravity anomaly磁变年差annual change of magnetic variation磁测深magnetic sounding磁测深线magnetic sounder磁方位角magnetic azimuth磁力扫海测量magnetic sweeping磁力异常区magnetic anomaly area磁偏角magnetic variation磁倾角magnetic dip磁像限角magnetic bearing磁子午线magnetic meridian粗差gross error粗差检测gross error detection粗码C/A Code粗码Coare/Acquision Code粗码C/A Code粗码Coare/Acquision Code打样Proofing大比例尺测图large scale topographical mapping大潮升spring rise大地测量边值问题geodetic boundary value problem大地测量参考系geodetic reference system大地测量数据库geodetic database大地测量学geodesy大地测量仪器geodetic instrument大地方位角geodetic azimuth大地高ellipsoidal height大地高geodetic height大地基准geodetic datum大地经度geodetic longitude大地水准面geoid大地水准面高geoidal height大地水准面高geoidal undulation大地天顶延迟atmosphere zenith delay大地天文学geodetic astronomy大地网geodetic network大地纬度geodetic latitude大地线geodesic大地原点geodetic origin大地主题反解inverse solution of geodetic problem大地坐标geodetic coordinate大地坐标系geodetic coordinate system大陆架地形测量continental shelf topographic survey大陆架地形测量continental shelf topographic survey大气传输特性characteristics of atmospheric transmission 大气传输特性characteristics of atmospheric transmission 大气窗atmospheric window大气改正,*气象改正atmospheric correction大气透过率atmospheric transmissivity大气噪声atmospheric noise大气阻力摄动atmospheric drag perturbation大像幅摄影机large format camera大像幅摄影机LFC大洋地势图GEBCO大洋地势图general bathymetric chart of the oceans大圆航线图great circle sailing chart带谐系数coefficient of zonal harmonics带谐系数coefficient of zonal harmonics带状平面图zone plan单差相位观测single difference phase observation单点定位point positioning单片坐标量测仪monocomparator单位权unit weight单位权方差，*方差因子variance of unit weight弹道摄影测量ballistic photogrammetry弹道摄影机ballistic camera当地平均海面local mean sea level挡差改正correction of scale difference挡差改正correction of scale difference导标leading beacon导弹定向测量missile orientation survey导弹试验场工程测量engineering survey of missile test site 导航台定位测量navigation station location survey导航台定位测量navigation station location survey导航图navigation chart导航图navigation chart导航线，*叠标线leading line导入高程测量induction height survey导线边traverse leg导线测量traverse survey导线点traverse point导线横向误差lateral error of traverse导线角度闭合差angle closing error of traverse导线结点junction point of traverses导线曲折系数meandering coefficient of traverse导线全长闭合差total length closing error of traverse导线网traverse network导线相对闭合差relative length closing error of traverse导线折角traverse angle导线纵向误差longitudinal error of traverse岛屿测量island survey岛屿联测island-mainland connection survey岛屿图island chart倒锤[线]观测，倒锤法inverse plummet observation灯[光性]质characteristic of light灯[光性]质characteristic of light灯标light beacon灯船light ship灯船light vessel灯浮标light buoy灯高height of light灯光节奏flashing rhythm of light灯光射程light range灯光遮蔽Eclipse灯光周期light period灯色light color灯塔light house等比线isometric parallel等高距contour interval等高距contour interval等高棱镜contour prism等高棱镜contour prism等高线Contour等高线Contour等高仪astrolabe等积投影equivalent projection等级结构hierarchical organization等角定位格网equiangular positioning grid等角条件，*正形投影conformal projection等角条件，*正形投影conformal projection等精度[曲线]图equiaccuracy chart等距量表interval scaling等距投影equidistant projection等距圆弧格网equilong circle arc grid等量纬度isometric latitude等偏摄影parallel-averted photography等倾摄影equally tilted photography等权代替法method of equalweight substitution 等值灰度尺equal value gray scale等值区域图，*分区量值地图choroplethic map 等值区域图，*分区量值地图choroplethic map 等值线地图isoline map等值线法isoline method低潮线low water line底板测点floor station底点纬度latitude of pedal底色去除under color removal底色增益under color addition底质bottom characteristics底质quality of the bottom底质采样bottom characteristics sampling底质调查bottom characteristics exploration底质分布图bottom sediment chart地产界测量property boundary survey地磁经纬仪magnetism theodolite地磁仪magnetometer地底点ground nadir point地固坐标系body-fixed coordinate system地固坐标系earth-fixed coordinate system地基系统ground-based system地极坐标系coordinate system of the pole地极坐标系coordinate system of the pole地籍cadastre地籍cadastre地籍簿land register地籍册cadastral lists地籍册cadastral lists地籍测量cadastral survey地籍测量cadastral survey地籍调查cadastral inventory地籍调查cadastral inventory地籍更新renewal of the cadastre地籍管理cadastral survey manual地籍管理cadastral survey manual地籍图cadastral map地籍图cadastral map地籍修测cadastral revision地籍修测cadastral revision地籍制图cadastral mapping地籍制图cadastral mapping地界测量land boundary survey地壳均衡isostasy地壳均衡改正isostatic correction地壳形变观测crust deformation measurement地壳形变观测crust deformation measurement地块测量parcel survey地类界图land boundary map地理格网geographic grid地理视距geographical viewing distance地理信息传输geographic information communication 地理信息系统geographic information system地理信息系统GIS地理坐标geographic graticule地理坐标参考系geographical reference system地貌图geomorphological map地貌形态示量图morphometric map地面接收站ground receiving station地面立体测图仪terrestrial stereoplotter地面摄谱仪terrestrial spectrograph地面摄影测量terrestrial photogrammetry地面摄影机terrestrial camera地面实况ground truth地面照度illuminance of ground地名geographical name地名place name地名标准化place-name standardization地名录gazetteer地名数据库place-name database地名索引geographical name index地名通名geographical general name地名学toponomastics地名学toponymy地名转写geographical name transcription地名转写geographical name transliteration地平线摄影机horizon camera地平线像片horizon photograph地倾斜观测ground tilt measurement地球定向参数earth orientation parameter地球定向参数EOP地球同步卫星geo-synchronous satellite地球椭球earth ellipsoid地球位，*大地位geopotential地球位数geopotential number地球位系数potential coefficient of the earth地球形状earth shape地球形状Figure of the earth地球仪globe地球引力摄动terrestrial gravitational perturbation地球重力场模型earth gravity model地球资源卫星earth resources technology satellite地球资源卫星ERTS地球自转参数earth rotation parameter地球自转参数ERP地球自转角速度rotational angular velocity of the earth 地势图hypsometric map地图map地图编绘map compilation地图编辑map editing地图编辑大纲map editorial policy地图表示法cartographic presentation地图表示法cartographic presentation地图传输cartographic communication地图传输cartographic communication地图叠置分析map overlay analysis地图分类cartographic classification地图分类cartographic classification地图分析cartographic analysis地图分析cartographic analysis地图符号库map symbols bank地图符号学cartographic semiology地图符号学cartographic semiology地图负载量map load地图复杂性map complexity地图复制map reproduction地图感受map perception地图更新map revision地图集信息系统Atlas information system地图利用map use地图量算法cartometry地图量算法cartometry地图模型，*制图模型cartographic model地图模型，*制图模型cartographic model地图内容结构cartographic organization地图内容结构cartographic organization地图判读map interpretation地图评价cartographic evaluation地图评价cartographic evaluation地图潜信息cartographic potential information 地图潜信息cartographic potential information 地图清晰性map clarity地图色标color chart地图色标color chart地图色标map color standard地图色谱map color atlas地图设计map design地图数据结构map data structure地图数据库cartographic database地图数据库cartographic database地图数字化map digitizing地图投影map projection地图显示map display地图信息cartographic information地图信息cartographic information地图信息系统cartographic information system 地图信息系统CIS地图信息系统cartographic information system 地图信息系统CIS地图选取cartographic selection地图选取cartographic selection地图学cartography地图学cartography地图研究法cartographic methodology地图研究法cartographic methodology地图易读性map legibility地图印刷map printing地图语法cartographic syntactics地图语法cartographic syntactics地图语言cartographic language地图语言cartographic language地图语义cartographic semantics地图语义cartographic semantics地图语用cartographic pragmatics地图语用cartographic pragmatics地图阅读map reading地图整饰map decoration地图制图map making地图制图软件cartographic software地图制图软件cartographic software地图注记map lettering地下管线测量underground pipeline survey地下铁道测量subway survey地下铁道测量underground railway survey地下油库测量underground oil depot survey地心经度geocentric longitude地心纬度geocentric latitude地心引力常数geocentric gravitational constant 地心坐标系geocentric coordinate system地形测量topographic survey地形底图base map of topography地形改正topographic correction地形数据库topographic database地形图topographic map地形图更新revision of topographic map地形图图式topographic map symbols地震台精密测量precise survey at seismic station 地质测量geological survey地质点测量geological point survey地质略图geological scheme地质剖面测量geological profile survey地质剖面图geological section map典型图形平差adjustment of typical figures点方式point mode点位中误差mean square error of a point点下对中centering under point点下对中centering under point点状符号point symbol电磁波测距electromagnetic distance measurement电磁波测距仪electromagnetic distance measuring instrument电磁传播[时延]改正correction for radio wave propagation of time signal 电磁传播[时延]改正correction for radio wave propagation of time signal 电荷耦合器件CCD电荷耦合器件charge-coupled device电荷耦合器件CCD电荷耦合器件charge-coupled device电离层折射改正ionospheric refraction correction电子测距仪EDM电子测距仪electronic distance measuring instrument电子出版系统electronic publishing system电子地图集electronic atlas电子分色机color scanner电子分色机color scanner电子海图electronic map电子海图数据库ECDB电子海图数据库electronic chart database电子海图显示和信息系统ECDIS电子海图显示和信息系统electronic chart display and information system 电子经纬仪electronic theodolite电子平板仪electronic plane-table电子求积仪electronic planimeter电子水准仪electronic level电子速测仪，*全站仪electronic tachometer电子显微摄影测量nanophotogrammetry电子显微摄影测量nanophotogrammetry电子相关electronic correlation电子印像机electronic printer调绘Annotation调焦误差error of focusing调频频率modulation frequency调制传递函数modulation transfer function调制传递函数MTF调制器modulator叠栅条纹图，*莫尔条纹图moirétopography顶板测点roof station定深扫海sweeping at definite depth定位标记positioning mark定位点间距positioning interval定位检索，*开窗检索retrieval by windows定位统计图表法positioning diagram method定线测量Alignment survey定向连接点connection point定向连接点connection point for orientation定向连接点connection point定向连接点connection point for orientation定性检索retrieval by header定影Fixing动感autokinetic effect动画引导animated steering动画制图animated mapping动态定位kinematic positioning独立交会高程点elevation point by independent intersection独立模型法空中三角测量independent model aerial triangulation 独立坐标系independent coordinate system度盘circle度盘circle断面仪Profiler对景图front view对流层折射改正tropospheric refraction correction对数尺logarithmic scale对中杆centering rod对中杆centering rod多倍仪multiplex多边形地图polygonal map多边形结构polygon structure多边形平差法Adjustment by method of polygon多波束测探multibeam echosounding多波束测探系统multibeam sounding system多层结构multi layer organization多级纠正multistage rectification多焦点投影polyfocal projection多路径效应multipath effect多媒体地图multimedia map多年平均海面multi-year mean sea level多谱段扫描仪MSS多谱段扫描仪multispectral scanner多谱段摄影multispectral photography多谱段摄影机multispectral camera多谱段遥感multispectral remote sensing多时相分析multi-temporal analysis多时相遥感multi-temporal remote sensing多星等高法equal-altitude method of multi-star多用途地籍multi-purpose cadastre多余观测redundant observation多圆锥投影polyconic projection厄特沃什效应Eötvös effect二值图像binary image发光二极管LED发光二极管light-emitting diode法方程normal equation法方程normal equation法截面normal section法截面normal section法伊改正Faye correction反差Contrast反差Contrast反差系数contrast coefficient反差系数contrast coefficient反差增强contrast enhancement反差增强contrast enhancement反立体效应pseudostereoscopy反射波谱reflectance spectrum反束光导管摄影机return beam vidicon camera反像mirror reverse反像wrong-reading反转片reversal film范围法area method方差-协方差传播律variance-covariance propagation law 方差-协方差矩阵variance-covariance matrix方里网kilometer grid方位角中误差mean square error of azimuth方位圈compass rose方位圈compass rose方位投影azimuthal projection方向观测法method by series方向观测法method of direction observation防波堤Breakwater防波堤mole房地产地籍real estates cadastre仿射纠正affine rectification放样测量setting-out survey非地形摄影测量nontopographic photogrammetry非地形摄影测量nontopographic photogrammetry非监督分类unsupervised classification非量测摄影机non-metric camera非量测摄影机non-metric camera菲列罗公式Ferrero's formula分版原图Flaps分瓣投影interrupted projection分层layer分层设色表graduation of tints分层设色法hypsometric layer分潮Constituent分潮Constituent分潮迟角epoch of partial tide分潮振幅amplitude of partial tide分带纠正zonal rectification分带子午线zone dividing meridian分类器classifier分类器classifier分区统计图表法cartodiagram method分区统计图表法chorisogram method分区统计图表法cartodiagram method分区统计图表法chorisogram method分区统计图表法，*等值区域法cartogram method分区统计图表法，*等值区域法cartogram method分区统计图法，*等值区域法choroplethic method分区统计图法，*等值区域法choroplethic method分色，*分色参考图color separation分色，*分色参考图color separation分析地图analytical map风讯信号杆wind signal pole浮标Buoy浮雕影像地图picto-line map浮子验潮仪float gauge符号化symbolization辐射三角测量radial triangulation辐射线格网radial positioning grid辐射校正radiometric correction辐射遥感器radiation sensor负荷潮load tide负片negative负片negative附参数条件平差condition adjustment with parameters附参数条件平差condition adjustment with parameters附合导线connecting traverse附合导线connecting traverse附合水准路线annexed leveling line附加位additional potential附条件参数平差，*附条件间接平差parameter adjustment with conditions 复测法repetition method复垦测量reclaimation survey复照仪reproduction camera副台slave station概率判决函数Probability decision function概然误差probable error干出礁covers and uncovers rock干出礁covers and uncovers rock干涉雷达INSAR干涉雷达interometry SAR感光sensitization感光材料sensitive material感光测定sensitometry感光度sensitivity感光特性曲线characteristic curve of photographic transmission 感光特性曲线characteristic curve of photographic transmission 感受效果perceptual effect港界harbor boundary港口port港口工程测量harbor engineering survey港湾测量harbor survey港湾锚地图集harbor/anchorage atlas港湾图harbor chart高差仪statoscope高程height高程导线height traverse高程点elevation point高程基准height datum高程控制测量vertical control survey高程控制点vertical control point高程控制网vertical control network高程系统height system高程异常height anomaly高程中误差mean square error of height高度角altitude angle高度角elevation angle高密度数字磁带HDDT高密度数字磁带high density digital tape高斯-克吕格投影Gauss-Krüger projection高斯平面子午线收敛角Gauss grid convergence高斯平面坐标系Gauss plane coordinate system高斯投影方向改正arc-to-chord correction in Gauss projection 高斯中纬度公式Gauss midlatitude formula格网单元cell格网单元cell跟踪数字化tracing digitizing工厂现状图测量survey of present state at industrial site 工程测量engineering survey工程测量学engineering surveying工程经纬仪engineer's theodolite工程控制网engineering control network工程摄影测量engineering photogrammetry工程水准仪engineer's level工业测量系统industrial measuring system工业摄影测量industrial photogrammetry公路工程测量road engineering survey功率谱power spectrum共面方程coplanarity equation共面方程coplanarity equation共线方程collinearity equation共线方程collinearity equation构像方程imaging equation古地图ancient map骨架航线，*构架航线,测控条control strip骨架航线，*构架航线,测控条control strip固定平极fixed mean pole固定误差fixed error固定相移fixed phase drift固体潮[solid] Earth tide固体激光器solid-state laser管道测量pipe survey管道综合图synthesis chart of pipelines贯通测量holing through survey贯通测量breakthrough survey惯性测量系统inertial surveying system惯性测量系统ISS惯性坐标系inertial coordinate system惯用点conventional name惯用点conventional name灌区平面布置图irrigation layout plan光电测距导线EDM traverse光电测距仪electro-optical distance measuring instrument 光电等高仪photoelectric astrolabe光电遥感器photoelectric sensor光电中星仪photoelectric transit instrument光碟，*光盘CD光碟，*光盘compact disc光碟，*光盘CD光碟，*光盘compact disc光谱感光度，*光谱灵敏度spectral sensitivity光圈,*有效孔径Aperture光圈号数f-number光圈号数stop-number光束法空中三角测量bundle aerial triangulation光栅grating广播星历broadcast ephemeris归化纬度reduced latitude归心改正correction for centering归心改正correction for centering归心元素elements of centring龟纹moire规划地图planning map规矩线register mark国际测绘联合会IUSM国际测量师联合会Fédération Internationale des Géométres国际测量师联合会FIG国际大地测量协会IAG国际大地测量协会International Association of Geodesy国际大地测量与地球物理联合会International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 国际大地测量与地球物理联合会IUGG国际地球参考架international terrestrial reference frame国际地球参考架ITRF国际地球自转服务局IERS国际地球自转服务局International Earth Rotation Service国际海道测量组织IHO国际海道测量组织International Hydrography Organization国际海图international chart国际航天测量与地球学学院ITC国际矿山测量学会International Society of Mine Surveying国际摄影测量与遥感学会International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote S国际摄影测量与遥感学会ISPRS国际天球参考架ICRF国际天球参考架international celestial reference frame国际协议原点CIO国际协议原点Conventional International Origin国际协议原点CIO国际协议原点Conventional International Origin国际原子时IA T国际原子时international atomic time国际制图协会ICA国际制图协会International Cartographic Association国家地图集national atlas国家地图集national atlas国家基础地理信息系统national fundamental geographic information system 国家基础地理信息系统national fundamental geographic information system 海[洋]图集marine atlas海岸coast海岸coast海岸地形测量coast topographic survey海岸地形测量coast topographic survey海岸图coast chart海岸图coast chart海岸线coast line海岸线coast line海岸性质nature of the coast海岸性质nature of the coast海拔height above sea level海道测量，*水道测量hydrographic survey海道测量学，*水道测量学hydrography海底成像系统seafloor imaging system海底地貌submarine geomorphology海底地貌图submarine geomorphologic chart海底地势图submarine situation chart海底地形测量bathymetric surveying海底地形图bathymetric chart海底地质构造图submarine structural chart海底电缆submarine cable海底管道submarine pipeline海底控制网submarine control network海底倾斜改正seafloor slope correction海底声标acoustic beacon on bottom海底施工测量submarine construction survey海底隧道测量submarine tunnel survey海福德椭球Hayford ellipsoid海军导航卫星系统Navy Navigation Satellite System海军导航卫星系统NNSS海军导航卫星系统Navy Navigation Satellite System海军导航卫星系统NNSS海军勤务测量naval service survey海军勤务测量naval service survey海控点hydrographic control point海流计current meter海流计current meter海面地形sea surface topography海区界线sea area bounding line海区资料调查sea area information investigation海区总图general chart of the sea海图Chart海图Chart海图比例尺Chart scale海图比例尺Chart scale海图编号Chart numbering海图编号Chart numbering海图编制Chart compilation海图编制Chart compilation海图标题Chart title海图标题Chart title海图大改正Chart large correction海图大改正Chart large correction海图分幅Chart subdivision海图分幅Chart subdivision海图改正Chart correction海图改正Chart correction海图投影Chart projection海图投影Chart projection海图图廓Chart boarder海图图廓Chart boarder海图图式symbols and abbreviations on chart 海图小改正Chart small correction海图小改正Chart small correction海图制图charting海图制图charting海图注记lettering of chart海洋测绘marine charting海洋测绘数据库marine charting database海洋测量marine survey海洋测量定位marine survey positioning海洋磁力测量marine magnetic survey海洋磁力图marine magnetic chart海洋磁力异常marine magnetic anomaly海洋大地测量marine geodetic survey海洋大地测量学marine geodesy海洋工程测量marine engineering survey海洋划界测量marine demarcation survey海洋环境图marine environmental chart海洋气象图marine meteorological chart海洋生物图marine biological chart海洋水文图marine hydrological chart海洋水准测量marine leveling海洋卫星Seasat海洋质子采样器marine bottom proton sampler 海洋质子磁力仪marine proton magnetometer海洋重力测量marine gravimetry海洋重力仪marine gravimeter海洋重力异常marine gravity anomaly海洋重力异常图Chart of marine gravity anomaly 海洋重力异常图Chart of marine gravity anomaly 海洋专题测量marine thematic survey海洋资源图marine resource chart航标表list of lights航带法空中三角测量strip aerial triangulation航道channel航道channel航道fairway航道图navigation channel chart航道图navigation channel chart航高flight height航高flying height航海天文历nautical almanac航海天文历nautical almanac航海通告NM航海通告notice to mariners航海通告NM航海通告notice to mariners航海图nautical chart航海图nautical chart航迹track航空摄谱仪aerial spectrograph航空摄影aerial photography航空摄影测量aerial photogrammetry航空摄影测量aerophotogrammetry航空摄影机aerial camera航空图aeronautical chart航空遥感aerial remote sensing航空重力测量airborne gravity measurement航路指南sailing directions航路指南SD航摄计划flight plan of aerial photography航摄领航navigation of aerial photography航摄领航navigation of aerial photography航摄漏洞aerial photographic gap航摄软片aerial film航摄像片,航空像片aerial photograph航摄质量quality of aerophotography航速speed航天飞机space shuttle航天摄影space photography航天摄影测量，*太空摄影测量space photogrammetry航天遥感space remote sensing航向course航向course航向倾角longitudinal tilt航向倾角pitch航向重叠end overlap航向重叠fore-and-aft overlap航向重叠forward overlap航向重叠longitudinal overlap航行通告notice to navigator航行通告notice to navigator航行图sailing chart航行障碍物navigation obstruction航行障碍物navigation obstruction合成地图synthetic map合成孔径雷达SAR合成孔径雷达synthetic aperture radar合点控制vanishing point control河道整治测量river improvement survey河外致密射电源，*类星体extragalactic compact radio source 核点epipole核面epipolar plane核线epipolar line核线epipolar ray核线相关epipolar correlation盒式分类法box classification method黑白片black-and-white film黑白摄影black-and-white photography恒时钟sidereal clock恒星摄影机stellar camera恒星时sidereal time恒星中天测时法method of time determination by star transit 横断面测量cross-section survey横断面测量cross-section survey横断面图cross-section profile横断面图cross-section profile横轴投影transverse projection红外测距仪infrared EDM instrument红外辐射计infrared radiometer红外片infrared film。
关于测绘学中精度术语及其规范化问题
中， 一术语 通 常用其 他 的术 语来 定 义 ， 这 如准 确度 等
级、 测量仪器的： 示值］ 误差 、 测量仪器的最大允许误 差等 在测绘 学 领 域 ， 常用 一次 测 量标 准差 等来 表
示测量 仪 器的准 确 度 ， ２列 出 了常用 测量 仪 器 的 表 准确度 表述 方法 。
维普资讯
２０ ０ ２年
第 ５期
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文章编 号 ：４ ４０ １ （０ ２ ０ ．０ ３０ ０ ９ ．９ １ ２ ０ ） ５０ ５ ．３
中图分 类号 ： ２ １ Ｐ ０
文献 标识 码 ： Ｃ
关 于 测绘 学 中 精 度术 语 及 其规 范 化 问题
扬 傻 志
（ 国家光 电测距仪 检 测 中０ ， 京 １０ ３ ） 北 ０ ０ ９
Ｏｎ Ｔｅ ｈｎ ｃ ｒ ｓｏ ｃ ｒ ｃ ｎ Ｓ ｒ ｅ ｉ ｇ ａ ａ ｐｉ ｇ ａ ｃ ｉａｌＴｅ ｍ ｆＡｃ ｕ ａ ｙ ｉ ｕ ｖ ｙｎ ｎｄ Ｍ ｐ ｎ ｎｄ ＴＩ ｉ ｒ Ｉ ｒＮｏ ｍａｌ ａ ｉｎ ｅ ｉ ｔｏ ｚ
上， 因此 保障量值传递的准确可靠对获取待测点位 置 至关重 要 ， 这 一层意 义上讲 ， 在 测绘 工作 亦可 称之 为计量 工作 。确 定待测 点 的空 间位 置 的过程也 可 认为是一个量值传递的过程。原国家质量技术监督
局 于 １９ ９ ８年 发 布 了 《 用 计 量 术 语 及 定 义 》 通 ＪＦ ０ １１９ 和 《 量 不 确 定 度 评 定 与 表 示 》 Ｊ １０ ． ８ ９ 测 ＪＦ ０９１９ ， Ｊ １５．９９ 其主 要 目的是 为 促 进 我 国 法 规 性 计 量技 术文 件 中术语 表 述 的规范化 和对 测量 结果质 量 的评定方 法统 一 化。 ＪＦ Ｏ １１９ Ｊ １０ ．９ ８和 ＿Ｆ １５ ｌ ．０９作 为 通 用 的 计 量 法 Ｊ 规 性文件 ， 于 国际 计量 局 （ ＩＭ） 国际 电工 委 员 源 ＢＰ 、 会 （Ｅ ）国际标 准化 组 织 （Ｓ 、 际法 制 计 量 组 ＩＣ 、 ＩＯ） 国 织 （ ｌ ） 国际理论 和应 用物理 联合 会 （ＵＰ ） Ｏ ＭＬ 、 Ｉ ＡＰ 、
浅谈测绘专业英语教学
浅谈测绘专业英语教学摘要:分析测绘专业英语教学的必要性，在指出测绘专业英语教学中存在的弊端和不足的基础上，有针对性地提出了一系列的建议和措施。
关键词：测绘工程；专业英语;教学一、测绘专业英语教学的必要性ﻭ随着科学技术的迅猛和经济跨区域交流合作的日益增多，对人才的要求也不断提高，具备英语和计算机能力成为了基本要求。
在测绘领域，一些进口的先进仪器设备如三维激光扫描仪、ＧPS接收机等都只配有英文说明书;高精度ＧPS数据处理软件ＧＡMＩT和BＥRNESE也是全英文版,不仅如此,其系统也是英文界面。
当前,与盟、非洲等世界各地的往来不断，每年均有不少测绘专业毕业生出国进修或工作,英语成为了他们日常交流用语。
因此，没有过硬的专业英语能力，就无法在第一时间掌握前沿的知识和技术，无法完成跨区域合作项目的本职工作.ﻭ我国高校的测绘类专业大都设置了测绘专业英语这门课程，它既是基础英语教学的延伸,又是基础英语与专业教学的结合，对学生的全面素质教育具有十分重要的作用.然而测绘专业英语教学普遍存在“费时较多,收效较低”的问题。
学生在毕业走上工作岗位后或者继续深造的过程中，面对英语的听、说、读、写依然感觉非常吃力。
所以,为了进一步提高测绘专业英语的教学质量，以培养出合格的、能适应并与国际接轨的高级专门技术人才,有必要对测绘专业英语课程进行必要的。
ﻭ二、测绘专业英语教学现状及存在的问题1.教学不平衡。
在我国,测绘专业英语的教学存在地区差异性大，不同地区、不同高校对这门课的重视程度和投入水平差距较大等问题。
另外,学生对学习专业英语的期望差异也较大。
特别是近几年学生的大量扩招，使得学生的英语水平。
总体来说,由于这门课程的定位是专业考查课，学校、老师、学生对其重视程度都不够,学生的学习积极性不高，所以，实际教学效果不是很理想。
2。
教学模式单一，教学手段落后。
目前，测绘专业英语在各高校普遍采用的教学模式主要是“语言分析阅读翻译”。
由老师逐句对课文内容进行翻译，对课文中涉及到的专业词汇进行重点讲解,对较复杂的句子进行单独分析。
测绘行业中英文缩写词误作为计量单位问题探讨
摘 要 针对测绘行业 中将 英文缩写词误 作为计量单位使 用 问题 ，以 国家法定计量 单位要 求为依据 ，分析研 究 了
含有“计数 量词”、“计量量词”，或省略“计数量词”等表达数 量的特 殊短语的正确使 用方 法。以此研 究为基础 ，剖析
了测绘行业 中“历元”、“ＴＥＣｕ”及“ｍａ￥”等 ３个常见短语作 为计 量单位的使 用 问题 。给 出了在 中文文 献 中正确使 用 “历元”、“ＴＥＣｕ”及“ｍａｓ”的建议 ，即需要在“历元 ”、“ＴＥＣｕ”与数字 间增加“计数量词”“个”；“ｍａｓ”只能够使 用“毫角
秒 ”的 中文 符 号 。
关键词 英文缩写词；计量单位 ；计数 量词 ；历元 ；ＴＥＣｕ 毫 角秒
中图 分 类 号 ：ＴＢ９１
文 献 标 识 码 ：Ｂ
文 章 编 号 ：１６７２—４ｏ９７（２０侣 ）０２—０ｏ５８—０４
０ 引 言
计量 单 位 制 是 国家 主权 的 象 征 。在 中华 人 民 共 和 国建 国之前 ，我 国历 朝历 代 计 量 单 位 的使用 相 当混乱 ，清代 及 其 以前 朝 代 ，计 量 单 位 基 本 都 沿 用 秦 制 ：长 度 单 位 为丈 、尺 、寸 、分 、厘 、毫 ；容 量 单位 为 石 、斛 、斗 、升 、合 、勺 、撮 ；重 量 单 位 为 担 、斤 、两 、钱 、 分 、厘 、 毫 ；面 积 单 位 为 顷 、亩 、分 、厘 、毫 、丝 、忽 ；度 量衡 器 为尺 、秤 、升 、斗 、提 等［】］。
测绘专业英语词汇及名词解释
测绘专业英语词汇及名词解释测绘学：geomatics，surveying and mapping，SM；研究与地球有关的基础空间信息的采集、处理、显示、管理、利用的科学与技术。
中华人民共和国测绘法：Surveying and Mapping Law of the People's Republic of China；我国关于测绘的基本法律，是从事测绘活动和进行测绘管理的基本准则和基本依据。
测绘标准：standards of surveying and mapping；由主管部门颁发的关于测绘技术方法、产品质量、品种规格、地图表示等统一规定的技术文件。
测量规范：specifications of surveys；对测量产品的质量、规格以及测量作业中的技术事项所作的统一规定。
地形图图式：topographic map symbols；对地图上地物、地貌符号的样式、规格、颜色、使用以及地图注记和图廓整饰等所作的统一规定。
大地测量学：geodesy；研究和确定地球的形状、大小、重力场、整体与局部运动和地表面点的几何位置以及它们的变化的理论和技术的学科。
地球形状：earth，shape，figure of the earth；地球自然表面的形状或大地水准面的形状。
重力基准：gravity datum；重力的起算值和尺度因子。
重力场：gravity field；地球重力作用的空间。
在该空间中，每一点都有惟一的一个重力矢量与之相对应。
地心坐标系：geocentric coordinate system；以地球质心或几何中心为原点的坐标系。
地球椭球：earth ellipsoid；近似表示地球的形状和大小，并且其表面为等位面的旋转椭球。
大地原点：geodetic origin；大地坐标的起算点。
水准原点：leveling origin；高程起算的基准点。
测量标志：survey mark；标定地面测量控制点位置的标石、觇标以及其他用于测量的标记物的通称。
标牌英译规范问题及对策研究
标牌英译规范问题及对策研究标牌是指用来标识或指示特定场所、设施或物品的牌子，其作用是为了方便人们识别和理解所要表达的信息。
在现实生活中，标牌广泛应用于各个领域，如交通标志、公共设施标识、产品标识等，因此标牌的英译问题对于人们的生活和工作都有着重要的影响。
在实际应用中，标牌的英译问题时有发生，给人们的理解和使用带来了困扰。
本文将从标牌英译规范问题及对策研究展开讨论，希望为相关问题的解决提供参考。
一、标牌英译规范问题1.1 标牌英译不准确在实际应用中，部分标牌的英译存在不准确的问题，表达的含义与原文不符合，或者存在语法错误、用词不当等情况。
这会给使用者带来误导或困扰，影响实际使用效果。
1.2 标牌英译不规范有些标牌的英译存在不规范的问题，比如使用了过时的词汇、语法结构不规范、标点符号使用错误等。
这样的问题会影响标牌的整体形象和可读性，降低其传达信息的效果。
1.3 标牌英译不一致在某些场合下，相同的标牌可能出现在不同的地方或产品上，但其英译却存在不一致的情况。
这会给使用者造成困扰，降低标牌的可信度和统一性。
二、标牌英译问题的对策研究2.1 加强标牌英译的专业性针对标牌英译不准确和不规范的问题，需要加强从事标牌翻译工作人员的专业培训和素质提升。
引导他们正确认识标牌翻译的重要性，提高对标牌翻译工作的重视程度，从而提高翻译质量和准确性。
2.2 完善标牌英译的审核机制，在标牌英译的过程中加强审核工作，建立完善的审核机制。
对标牌英译人员的翻译成果进行评审，发现问题及时进行整改，确保标牌英译质量达到标准，并提高标牌英译的一致性和规范性。
2.4 标牌英译的多方沟通在进行标牌英译的过程中，建立起多方沟通的平台，包括标牌使用者、翻译人员、审核人员和管理者等，大家共同研究标牌的翻译内容，充分沟通交流，以确保标牌英译的准确性、规范性和一致性。
2.5 积极采用新技术在标牌英译工作中积极采用新技术，如人工智能翻译、机器翻译等，以提高标牌英译的效率和质量。
论术语翻译的标准
目录
CONTENTS
术语翻译的重要性
准确性 可读性
1 2 3 5
4
透明性
约定俗成
6
小结
1
术语翻译的重要性
“
近代中国翻译第一人严复，特别看重术语 翻译。
“今夫名词者，译事之权舆也，而亦为之
归宿。言之必有物也，术之必有涂也，非 是且靡所托始焉，故曰权舆。识之其必有 兆也，指之必有橥也，否则随之亡焉，故 曰归宿。”
”
2
准确性
“ 术语翻译首先要考虑准确性。
术语翻译的准确性就是术语要能表达原文 的意义，不能误导读者。
”
3
可读性
可读性
一个好的译名还必须具有可读性，便于使用。 当准确性和可读性不可兼顾时，我们主张“宁准而不可读”。宁要“语
内表现行为的”，而不要“言外行为”，以免误导读者。
玄奘主张，不得已时，可以音译。除了玄奘五不翻中“顺古故”的情况， 其他情况下的不翻译，都是为求准确而牺牲可读性。但这种可读性的丧 失是暂时的，随着时间推移，读者熟悉了这些音译词，它们就有了跟意 译词一样的可读性。
4
透明性
透明性
译名的透明性是指读者能从译名轻松地辩认出词源，能轻松地回译。
如：Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty 译为“核不扩散条约”而
很多英汉词典将其译作“防止核扩散条约” 当有些译名只考虑透明性，会引起误解时，就必须做出适当调整。 如：error analysis 译作“错误分析”最好译为“误差分析”
6
小结
小结 术语翻译的标准问题是术语翻译研究的基本问题， 也是非常关键而重要的问题。译者应尽可能兼顾 准确性、可读性、透明性三者。准确性是第一位 的，可读性和透明性不能以牺牲准确性为代价。
测绘工程专业英语全文翻译
Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMA TICS or GEO- for earth and –MA TICS for mathematical or GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学或者geo 代表地球，matics 代表数学，或者geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）The term geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an academic discipline; it has been introducedworldwide in a number of institutes of higher education during the past few years, mostly by renamingwhat was previously called “geodesy”or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer science-and/or GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS 方向【或“基于GIS”】的课程后重新命名的。
标牌英译规范问题及对策研究
标牌英译规范问题及对策研究随着全球化进程的加快，跨国合作变得日益频繁，英语作为国际通用语言，已经成为企业传播信息的重要工具。
在这样的背景下，标牌英译规范问题成为了一个备受关注的话题。
在国内外市场推广与交流中，标牌的英文翻译不规范不仅可能导致企业形象受损，还可能对用户带来不必要的困扰。
需要对标牌英译规范问题进行研究，并提出相应的对策，以提高标牌英译的质量，促进企业形象的提升和国际交流的顺畅。
一、标牌英译规范问题存在的主要原因1. 翻译水平不高标牌英译规范问题的主要原因之一是翻译人员翻译水平不高。
在许多企业中，标牌的英文翻译工作常常由没有接受专业英语培训的员工担任，这样容易导致翻译质量参差不齐，影响标牌的质量和形象。
2. 语言表达不准确另外一个导致标牌英译规范问题的原因是语言表达不准确。
由于中文和英文的语言结构和表达方式不同，很多时候在进行英文翻译时不易完整表达原文的意思，导致标牌的英译规范问题。
3. 文化差异文化差异是导致标牌英译规范问题的另一个原因。
由于中西方文化的差异，一些中文中的俗语、成语等很难直译成英文，如果翻译人员没有足够的文化背景知识，就会导致翻译不规范。
1. 语法错误标牌英译规范问题的表现形式之一是语法错误。
在一些标牌的英文翻译中，会出现词序不当、时态错误、主谓不一致等语法问题，影响了读者的理解和对企业形象的评价。
2. 用词不当另外一个表现形式是用词不当。
一些标牌的英文翻译中，会出现词义不准确、词语搭配不当等问题，影响了标牌宣传的效果。
3. 表达模糊一些标牌的英文翻译在表达上过于模糊，不够精准。
这样的翻译容易导致读者的理解困难，甚至产生误解，影响了标牌的传播效果。
三、改进标牌英译规范的对策研究1. 提高翻译人员的水平要改进标牌英译规范，首先应该提高翻译人员的水平。
企业应该加大对翻译人员的培训力度，提供专业的英语培训，提高翻译人员的翻译水平和文化背景知识，确保翻译质量。
2. 加强审核与审定企业应加强对标牌英译的审核与审定工作。
浅议科技术语英汉互译中的几个问题
浅议科技术语英汉互译中的几个问题刘振海;樊春华;杨珊一【摘要】The character of Chinese and English inter-transition, such as accuracy, respective grammar rules and custom has been il-lustrated with several samples. Based on case study of new technical methods “modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry”, we discussed related issues such as translated term, definition, abbreviation, consistency of expression, etc. .%列举若干在科技术语英汉互译中表达欠妥的译名，阐述科技术语英汉互译应遵循科学性和汉英语法规则，以及习惯性。
并就新术语温度调制式差示扫描量热法的译名和定义进行了探讨。
【期刊名称】《中国科技术语》【年(卷),期】2016(018)005【总页数】3页(P29-31)【关键词】科技术语;英汉互译;准确性;语法规则;习惯性【作者】刘振海;樊春华;杨珊一【作者单位】中国科学院长春应用化学研究所，吉林长春 130022;中国科学院长春应用化学研究所，吉林长春 130022;中国科学院长春应用化学研究所，吉林长春 130022【正文语种】中文【中图分类】N04;H059科技术语的基本特性包含科学性、单义性、简明性和习惯性等［1］。
笔者结合工作中遇到的具体实例，阐明科技术语翻译的科学性和应符合汉英语法规范等基本要求。
英俄等外语词的一个普遍特点是一词多义，科技术语词义的选择应取决于其科学内涵，如mechanical一词，有“力学的”“机械的”之义。
关于测绘学中精度术语及其规范化问题
文章编号:049420911(2002)0520053203中图分类号:P201 文献标识码:C关于测绘学中精度术语及其规范化问题杨俊志(国家光电测距仪检测中心,北京100039)On Technical Terms of Accuracy in Surveying and Mapping andTheir N ormalizationY ANGJun 2zhi摘要:针对测绘学中精度术语表述的模糊性,提出了测绘学术语的规范化问题。
关键词:术语;规范化;准确度;测量不确定度 收稿日期:2001212210作者简介:杨梭志(19622),男,四川南部人,副研究员,从事测绘仪器检测方面研究工作。
一、前 言测绘学是一门古老而年轻的科学,它的一个主要任务是获取地球自然表面,人造物体及人工设施的空间几何位置。
在获取这些数据的过程中,需要将国家的基准数据通过一系列手段传递至待测点上,因此,保障量值传递的准确可靠对获取待测点位置至关重要,在这一层意义上讲,测绘工作亦可称之为计量工作。
确定待测点的空间位置的过程也可以认为是一个量值传递的过程。
原国家质量技术监督局于1998年发布了《通用计量术语及定义》JJ F100121998和《测量不确定度评定与表示》JJ F105921999,其主要目的是为促进我国法规性计量技术文件中术语表述的规范化和对测量结果质量的评定方法统一化。
JJ F100121998和JJ F 21059作为通用的计量法规性文件,源于国际计量局(BIPM )、国际电工委员会(IEC )、国际标准化组织(IS O )、国际法制计量组织(OI M L )、国际理论和应用物理联合会(I UPAP )、国际理论和应用化学联合会(I UPAC )和国际临床化学委员会(IFCC )等7个国际权威组织发布的《国际计量基本及通用术语》(International Vocabulary of Ba 2sic and G eneral T erms in Metrology )和《测量不确定度的表示指南》(G uide to Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement )。
标示语英译的语用失误探析
2006年1月第22卷第1期四川外语学院学报Journal of Sichuan I nternati o na l Stud ies Un i v ersityJan.,2006Vo.l22No.1标示语英译的语用失误探析陈淑莹(浙江财经学院外国语学院,浙江杭州310012)提要:标示语是社会用语的重要组成部分。
标示语的翻译应注重语用语言等效和社交语用等效。
在分析英汉标示语的语言特征基础上,讨论英译标示语出现的语用失误问题。
关键词:标示语;语用失误;言语行为中图分类号:H31519文献标识码:A文章编号:1003-3831(2006)01-0117-04P rag m a tic Fa il ures i n C2E Tran sl a ti on of Si gns and R e m i ndersC HEN Shu2yingAbstr ac t:S i gns and re m i nde rs are an i m portant part of language i n society.P rag m ali ng u istic equ i va lence and soc i oprag2 m atic equ i va lence are t wo pr i nciples we should adhere t o i n C2E translatio n of si gns and re m i nders.Th is paper,based on the contrastive ana l ys i s of t he character i sti cs of English2Chinese s i gns and re m i nders,d iscusses the prag m atic fa il ures of C2E translatio n sig ns and re m i nders.K ey word s:s i gns and re m i nders;prag m a tic f a il ures;speech ac ts根据H a lliday的功能主义语言理论[1],语言在交际中具有概念、人际和语篇三大元功能。
标牌英译规范问题及对策研究
标牌英译规范问题及对策研究随着国际交流的不断增强，标牌英译已经成为了许多企业必不可少的环节。
然而，在标牌英译的过程中，存在着一些规范问题，如翻译的准确性、格式的规范性、语言的得体性等。
本文将通过对这些问题的分析，提出相应的对策。
一、翻译的准确性在标牌英译中，准确性是首要的问题。
因为一旦翻译不准确，就会给消费者带来误解，甚至影响企业形象。
尤其是在一些专业名词、行业术语的翻译中，更需要确保翻译的准确性。
对策：1. 择优选译员：在进行标牌英译的过程中，选择经验丰富、专业能力强、语言表达准确的译员，能够有效提高翻译的准确性。
2. 多方确认：在翻译完成后，需要多方面确认翻译的准确性。
可以邀请专业人士、业内人员等多方确认。
同时也要注意保密工作，避免信息泄露。
3. 权威参考：翻译过程中，可以参考权威的行业标准、规范或者专业术语词典等，确保翻译的准确性。
二、格式的规范性标牌英译的格式规范性也是需要注意的问题。
不同的标牌需要有不同的格式，但都需要符合一定的规范。
否则，会影响标牌的整体美观度和可读性。
1. 根据不同标牌进行格式定制：对于不同的标牌，根据其用途、风格等特点定制相应的格式。
同时要注意标牌的美观度和可读性。
2. 符合行业规范：在制定标牌格式时，要考虑行业规范。
例如：在医疗领域，标牌内容需要包含产品名称、使用范围、适应症、用法用量等，同时要根据行业规范进行格式规范。
三、语言的得体性在标牌英译中，语言的得体性也是需要注意的问题。
语言不得体会影响标牌的正式程度和客户接受程度。
1. 根据受众进行语言定制：在进行标牌英译的过程中，需要针对受众的文化和语言习惯进行定制。
例如：在对外发布英文标牌时，需要遵循英美语言习惯，避免使用过度显眼的颜色或字体。
2. 注意语言得体性：在翻译标牌的内容时，需要注意语言得体性。
例如：在对照不同语言或者文化进行翻译时，需要了解目标文化的礼仪、文化背景，以避免翻译不当的情况发生。
总之，标牌英译的规范问题需要我们重视。
浅谈专业术语对翻译质量的影响
《浅谈专业术语对翻译质量的影响》摘要：从宏观层面来说，术语主要分为科学类，艺术类及社会生活类等;从微观层面，术语还可细化为法律术语，医学术语，科技术语，政治术语，经济术语，文化术语，工程术语以及养生术语等，Colonization and Empire 为例，该著作中包括大量术语，如地名，国名，政府机构，职位名称等，the bee navigates by polarized light and the fly controls its flight by its back wings李树芳周亚莉摘要：在翻译过程中，影响翻译质量的因素多种多样。
术语是知识的基本载体，正确地翻译专业术语，可精准传达源语信息，充分体现目的语的专业性，使目标读者更加了解相关领域的专业知识。
本文通过研究术语的定义，特点及类型，深入分析了术语翻译的重要性及其影响，以期引起译员对术语翻译的重视。
关键词：专业术语;翻译一、术语的定义术语一词在英语中有两种表达，即term与terminology，其词源均为拉丁词terminus，译为“边界、终点”。
term为单数名词，而terminology为学科“术语学”。
专家学者对术语的主要定义有：术语是指各门学科的专门用语，用来正确标记生产技术，科学，艺术，社会生活等各个专门领域的事物、现象和过程。
（方梦之，2011a：193）通过语音或文字来表达或限定专业概念的约定性符合，称作术语。
（冯志伟，1997：1）由上述概念可知，术语即表示某一特定学科领域特定概念的语言符号。
二、术语研究的发展历程西方术语研究由来已久，认为现代术语学可以分为四个学派：德国-奥地利学派、俄罗斯学派、捷克斯洛伐克学派、加拿大魁北克学派。
（冯志伟，2011）。
而中国术语研究起步更早，《周礼》谓秋官司寇所属有象胥。
象胥即指译员兼任接待少數民族的使者。
为与少数民族进行正常交流与友好往来，不可避免的会有文化差异。
此外，中国历史上曾出现四大著名的“翻译热”，即唐朝佛经翻译;明清时期科技翻译;近代文学名著翻译以及改革开放后“百花齐放”的众多领域，都为术语翻译研究提供了基础。
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如术 语 “ 缺 陷” ， 在 不 同的 规 范 中 分类 各 异 ： 有
收稿 日期 ： ２ ０ １ ３— ０ ２— ０ ４ 作者 简介 ： 霍伯 承（ １ ９ ７ ３ 一） ， 男， 学士 ， 西安测绘 信息技术总站工程 师 ， 研 究方 向为测绘 科技英 语 和地 名 、 人 名翻译 。通 信方
语 的定义 或 分类 并不 统一 。
汉语 中同义词的辨析与运用 较为复杂 ， 英文亦 是
如此 。在术语英译时 ， 于众 多同义词 中挑选 出符合 本 义 的词并非易事 ， 如“ 检查” 一词 ， 在《 新世纪汉英 大词 典》 中有如下 几种英 译 ： ｃ ｈ ｅ ｃ ｋ 、 ｉ ｎ ｓ ｐ ｅ ｃ ｔ 、 ｅ ｘ ａ ｍ ｉ ｎ ｅ 、 Ｓ Ｕ ｌ ＇ － ｖ ｅ ｙ 、 ｔ ｅ ｓ ｔ 、 ｓ ｃ ｒ ｕ ｔ ｉ ｎ ｙ ， 若不仔 细推敲认真 比对 ， 难 以选 出恰
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“ 检查 项 ” 可译 为 ： ｅ ｎ ｔ ｙ ｒ ｔ ｏ ｂ ｅ ｃ ｈ ｅ ｃ ｋ ｅ ｄ ，ｅ ｎ ｔ ｙ ｒ ｕ ｎ ｄ ｅ ｒ ｃ ｈ ｅ ｃ ｋ ，ｃ ｈ ｅ ｃ ｋ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｙ。不 过 ， ｒ 术语 翻译 ， 也 不 宜 烦琐 ，
准 的规 范化 和 与 国际接 轨 ， 行 业 标 准 中 的术语 要 求 汉英 对 照 ， 因此 ， 术 语 的英 译 成 为 一 项 必 不 可 少 的 工作 。笔 者 在对 新 旧标 准术 语 英译 对 比分 析 过 程 中， 发现 行业 标 准 在 术 语 定 义 、 译 法 等 方 面 存 在 一 些 问题 ， 故做 以下 浅 析 ， 希 望 以此 促 进 测 绘 行 业 术
给出明确或具体的定义。笔者认为 ， 这些 中文术语 使用上的不规范 、 不准确 ， 给下一 步的术语英译工
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ＨＵＯ Ｂｏ ｃ ｈ ｅ ｎ ｇ
Ａｂ ｓ ｔ ｒ ａ ｃ ｔ ： Ｂａ ｓ ｅ ｄ ｏ ｎ ｔ ｒ ａ ｎ ｓ ｌ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｏ ｒ ｙ ａ ｎ ｄ ｔ ｅ ｃ ｈ ｎ ｉ ｑ ｕ ｅ ｓ ｆ ｒ Ｏ ｍ Ｃｈ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｓ ｅ ｔ ｏ Ｅｎ ｇｌ ｉ ｓ ｈ． ｗｅ ａ ｎ ａ ｌ ｙ ｚ ｅ ｄ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｍｉ ｎ ｏｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ ｔ ｒ ａ ｎ ｓ ｌ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｐｒ ｏ ｂｌ ｅ ｍｓ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｆ ｉ ｅ ｌ ｄ ｏ ｆ Ｓ ｕ ｒ ｖ ｅ ｙ ｉ ｎ ｇ ａ ｎ ｄ Ｍａ ｐ ｐｉ ｎ ｇ，ａ ｎ ｄ ｇ ａ ｖ ｅ ｓ ｏ ｍｅ ｓ ｕ ｇ ｇ ｅ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｓ ｏｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ
况 。《 数字 测 绘 成 果 质 量检 查 与验 收》 中的 ２ ． ６ 有 检查 项 ｉ ｎ ｓ ｐ ｅ ｃ ｔ ｅ ｄ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｙ 一词 。检 查项 是还 未检查 ｒ 的项 目， 此处 英 译 容 易产 生歧 义 ， 既 可 表 示 已经 检 查 完成 的项 目， 亦可表 示被 检查 的项 目。为 避免 歧 义产生， 可 以 不 用 过 去 分 词 作 前 置 定 语 的表 达 方 式， 而 用不 定式 被动结 构 、 介词结 构 或 名词 结 构 ， 如
式： ｖ ｏ ｌ ｃ ａ ｎ ｏ ｈ ｂ ｃ ｌ １ ０ １ ２ ０ ０ ９ ＠ｑ ｑ ． ｔ ｏ ｍ。
中国科 技术￣／ ２ ０ １ ３年第 ３期
当译词 Байду номын сангаас规范 中类似 英译 同义词选 用 问题 比较突 出 ， 在此结合部分标准 中术语英译举例说 明。
（ 一） “ 评 定” 译 为“ ａ ｓ ｓ ｅ ｓ ｓ ｍ ｅ ｎ ｔ ” 还是 “ ｅ ｖ ａ ｌ ｕ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ”
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浅 议测 绘 行 业 标 准 术 语 英译 的若 干 问题
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（ 西安测 绘 信 息技术 总站 ， 陕西 西安 ７ １ ０ ０ ５ ４ ）
摘 要： 就测绘行业标准术语英译 中发现 的若干 问题进行 了阐述 ， 并结合汉英翻译理论做 了
进 一步 分析 ， 提 出 了几 点建议 。 关键 词 ： 术语 ， 测绘， 标 准 中 图分 类号 ： Ｐ ２ ０ １ ； Ｎ ０ ４ 文 献标 识码 ： Ａ 文章 编 号 ： １ ６ ７ ３—８ ５ ７ ８ （ ２ ０ １ ３ ） ０ ３— ０ ０ ２ ９— ０ ２
ｒ ｅ ｌ ａ ｔ ｅ ｄ ｉ ｓ ｓ ｕ ｅ ｓ ． Ｋ ｅ ｙ ｗｏ ｒ ｄ ｓ：ｔ ｅ ｒ ｍｉ ｎ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ，ｓ ｕ ｒ ｖ ｅ ｙ ｉ ｎ ｇ ａ ｎ ｄ ｍａ ｐ ｐｉ ｎ ｇ，ｓ ｔ ａ ｎ ｄ ａ ｒ ｄ
测绘行业标准是 由国家测绘地理信息局发布 ， 在测绘领域 内统一使用 的标准 。为进一步加强标