INTERNET DRAFT Carnegie Mellon University
山东省潍坊市2023-2024学年高一下学期期末考试英语试题
山东省潍坊市2023-2024学年高一下学期期末考试英语试题一、阅读理解GROUP VOLUNTEER PROJECTSSchedule a project for your school, work team, non-profit, club, youth group, faith group, etc.Gather your group members and work together on a fun service project that makes a difference in your parks and community! Our volunteer programs are great team experiences for community organizations, youth groups and schools. Take a break from your routine, get outside get your hands dirty, and enjoy your spectacular national parks next door.No experience necessary. We provide all of the tools, training, and leadership.3-Hour Volunteer Projects Include: Types of Volunteer Projects:●Teambuilding●Habitat Restoration●Energizing Activity●Historic Gardens●Hands-On Learning●Historic Landscapes●Native Plant Nurseries SCHEDULING A GROUP PROGRAMSTEP1：LEND A HAND | FIND A VOLUNTEER PROJECTSelect a project(s) from our List of Available Projects.Submit a Group Project Request Form and let us know the project(s) you would like tojoin.STEP2：W AIT FOR CONFIRMATIONIf you selected an available project(s), we will respond to you soon with next steps. Please note, spring is our busiest season — all requests may take longer than usual.STEP3：PREPARE YOUR TEAMOnce you receive a confirmation, share the details with your team. Make sure your team is prepared to be outside, to get dirty, and to have a great day in the parks. There, you’ll be working alongside experienced park staff.MORE INFORMATIONQUESTIONS?**********************************************-561-3044.Thank you for your service and support! It takes many hands to care for and protect our parks. We look forward to working with you and your team!1．What is a feature of the Group Volunteer Projects?A．Offering no tools.B．Focusing on individuals.C．Requiring no experience.D．Including a sightseeing tour.2．What are you expected to do when scheduling a group program?A．Create a project of your own.B．Make your team fully prepared.C．Get the confirmation instantly.D．Buy necessary tools and uniforms. 3．What is the aim of the Group V olunteer Projects?A．To preserve local parks.B．To design new natural parks.C．To help local people in need.D．To conduct scientific research.Here comes a time for every family when the tables turn and the parent has to answer to the child. Mine came recently when my wife and I visited our son in Los Angeles.“Dad, don’t leave the water running when you brush your teeth,” Nathaniel admonished on our first night. All right, I figured, this is California, where drought (干旱) is a concern. But then more followed. Not to leave my awkward walking shoes sitting out, and did I even need such ugly footwear? Don’t wear a neck warmer when walking the dogs in the morning — it will warm up when we get to the park. And do you have to take a shower before we drive to Topanga?At the beginning, I wondered how I raised such a bossy child. But I recalled my own words when he was young: “Someday, you’ll have your own home and can live however you want. Until then, do as we say.” Now, it was payback time.I remembered being angry at my own father’s commands growing up, how he always tidied my desk or came into my room at dusk to close the windows. And so I smilingly followed Nathaniel’s nagging (唠叨).On our last afternoon, we were walking along ElMatador Beach and hit an extended patch of rocks — clearly the end of the line, I thought. Nathaniel wouldn’t hear of it and encouraged me to walk across one largest one to the next, patiently telling me where to place my arthritic (关节炎的) feet and hands as ocean waves came close. I was terrified, but after a couple hundred yards we eventually reached a fresh sandy beach.“You did it! I’m really proud,” he said, smiling, as if I’d just learned to ride a bike. It was then that I knew for sure that the son also rises to fatherhood.4．What does the underlined word “admonished” in paragraph 2mean?A．Warned gently but firmly B．Explained loudly but lovingly.C．Announced officially and clearly.D．Inspired deeply and indirectly.5．Why did the author refer to his father?A．For memory.B．For reference.C．For encouragement.D．For comparison. 6．What was the writer’s attitude towards his son at last?A．Annoyed.B．Regretful.C．Appreciative.D．Disapproving. 7．What might be the best tile of the passage?A．The Role Switch: Parent to PupilB．The Bossy Son: Nathaniel’s TakeoverC．The Beach Challenge: Crossing the RocksD．The Power of Words: Nagging to ChangeThere are millions — possibly billions — of ponds (池塘).Yet for a century or so, they are poorly understood and scientists have paid them very little attention. This neglect (忽视) might not have mattered if it were not for increasing evidence that ponds are extremely important habitats for wildlife.Ponds are being shown more bio-diverse than rivers or lakes. Interestingly, this seems to be partly due to the small size of ponds, which allows them to have a wide range of conditions. The community in a pond with clear water will be very different to that in a nearby seasonal pond made cloudy by farm animals. Ponds show far greater variation than rivers and streams, as flowing water tends to equalize water chemistry.So why have we ignored such a vital part of the natural world? A key reason appears to be the bias (偏见) we humans have where we assume that if something is small, it can’t be all that important. Rather than study ponds, scientists in the past typically headed for the largest lake or river they could find.Most of us also devalue ponds because we assume they are artificial habitats: we look at the human-made examples around us and don’t realize that these waters have a deeply ancient origin. In our new book Ponds, Pools and Puddles, we show that ponds have clearly existed on Earth as long as there has been land and water and the geological record shows they have been a constantpresence.Now, views are taking on new shapes. Last year, the Ramsar Convention, an international agreement, introduced a proposal on small wetlands, including ponds, giving crucial recognition to them. And the European Union-funded PONDER FUL project is gathering data on Europe’s ponds.In a world where freshwater faces big challenges, creating and protecting ponds provides a ray of hope: a piece of natural ecological (生态的) engineering we can easily achieve to help support one of the most threatened bits of the environment.8．What may contribute to the biodiversity of ponds?A．The nearby animals.B．The constant temperature water.C．Their diverse conditions.D．Their regularly changing conditions. 9．What caused ponds to be neglected?A．People’s love for nature.B．Insufficient ponds for research.C．People’s mistaken belief of ponds.D．Lacking scientific research methods. 10．Why is “PONDERFUL project” mentioned?A．To promote the Ramsar Convention.B．To prepare for the research on pondsC．To highlight the importance of small wetlands.D．To show the changing attitudes towards ponds.11．What can we conclude from the last paragraph?A．Penny wise, pound foolish.B．A small key opens a big door.C．Small streams make great rivers D．A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.We all know how it feels to get lost in a great book. Sometimes the characters and emotions can seem as real as those of our everyday lives, But what’s happening in our brains as we dive into those pages?A team led by Leila Wehbe and Tom Mitchell of Carnegie Mellon University’s machine learning department has provided answers to the question.The researchers gathered a group of 8 volunteers, and recorded their brain activity in an fMRI scanner(扫描仪) as they read Chapter 9 of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone for 45minutes. Then, they put the volunteers’ fMRI data into a computer program they’d written. They’d designed the program to look for patterns of brain activity that appeared when the volunteers read certain words, particular characters’ names and other features of the story—a total of 195 different “story features”.When the researchers used all the 195 story features, the program was able to guess which passage was being read with an accuracy of 74 percent. Finally, the researchers repeated the test at every brain region, which allowed them to figure out which brain regions are processing which types of information.They find that our brains run individual words through the first round of processing in the visual cortex—the brain area that processes all visual input—and through higher-level processing areas like the left inferior frontal gyrus (左侧额下回). When the volunteers read descriptions of physical movement in the story, the descriptions adjusted the activity into the regions involved in sensing real-world movement. A variety of characters, meanwhile, were correlated with the activity patterns in the right posterior superior region (脑右后上区域). This all confirm the existence of what researchers call the “protagonist’s perspective(主人公视角)interpreter network(PPIN)”, a network of brain regions that enable us to “become” the protagonist of the story we’re reading.“We maybe not only toward a more accurate rate neural(神经的)model of language processing, but also toward a clearer understanding of how and why it can go wrong,” We h be said. Someday it may help us design individually tailored neurological treatments for reading disorders. And many people may in the future find it easier to get lost in the pages of a good book. 12．How was the study carried out?A．By using an fMRI scanner.B．By reading the book and telling feelings.C．By tracking the brain’s response to a story.D．By processing the book with a program.13．Why did the researchers repeat the test at every brain region?A．To test its effect.B．To improve the program prediction.C．To confirm “story features”.D．To identify brain’s processing regions. 14．What can we know about the findings of the study in paragraph 5?A．Readers can experience the story through PPIN.B．Higher-level processing areas are for storing words.C．Physical movements are processed in the inferior frontal gyrus.D．Characters are associated with the left posterior superior region.15．What is a possible application of the study?A．Promoting good reading standards.B．Improving humans intelligence.C．Curing people’s reading disorders.D．Mastering learning skills easier.Unaided, we can’t do anything without our feet. So why, when our quality of life is directly related to being active, do many of us ignore these two vital parts of our body?16 In 2021, a study over arise in foot tissues and how poor foot health affects everything from physical activity to the overall health of able-bodied people was conducted. “Foot problems can reduce quality of life, lead to loss of balance, make it difficult to put on shoes and increase the risk of falling,” the authors wrote in the journal Scientific Reports. Meanwhile, a 2017 study, also in Spain, of able-bodied university students confirmed this too. 17 It increased their risk of being socially cutoff.If foot pain limits your activity a and lasts more than a week, says Paul Langer, a sports-medicine podiatrist (足疗医生), it’s time to see a doctor for foot treatment. 18 They’re like the base of the Tower of Pisa. When they’re off, the tower leans (倾斜).Therefore, keeping our foot happy is rather critical. 19 Experts say every move we make creates a chain reaction in our muscles, and joints.The foot is the driver of all movement. 20 If afoot doesn’t work normally, it can drive everything up the chain to be of disfunction, too. The key to a healthy foot is strength and mobility through the hips (臀部). Therefore our feet need help from their friends above to keep them working properly.A．Spanish scientists expressed concern.B．All of this can affect activities of daily living.C．In fact, seeking help from experts is the best way.D．Poor foot health prevented them from being physically active.E．Taking care of your feet sometimes begins elsewhere in your body.F．When the foot hits the ground, everything else in the body changes.G．If the feet aren’t performing properly, they throw everything else off.二、完形填空It was one of my favourite parts of the day, when I walked my husky, Max, around our neighbourhood.Though wolf-like in 21 , he was a teddy bear at heart. My partner, David, and I had got him when he was 12 weeks old, and he 22 into our home perfectly. Now, he is 18 months old.As soon as we’d 23 our walk, we headed back towards home. We were around 200m away, when 24 I felt at thud (重击) on my back and everything went black. When I 25 , I was in the hospital, covered in 26 . David was by my bedside.Later David explained a woman had been driving down the quiet road where Max and I were walking when her vehicle lost control, 27 the sidewalk and hit me, throwing me head-first into a rock wall, causing serious damage to my head.The wall was 28 by trees and bushes, meaning my 29 body was hidden from sight from anyone walking past. Fortunately, Max had escaped, 30 . Realizing I needed help, our clever dog ran home to 31 the alarm. With Max’s help, my husband arrived at the 32 .He found me hidden behind a tree, unconscious (无意识的) and bleeding. I was rushed to the hospital, where I went through an 11-hour 33 operation because every bone in my face was broken.“You wouldn’t have 34 it if it weren’t for Max,” David told me, 35 . 21．A．voice B．behavior C．appearance D．smell 22．A．settled B．broke C．hid D．wandered 23．A．planned B．cancelled C．delayed D．finished 24．A．calmly B．silently C．suddenly D．eventually 25．A．came to power B．came to life C．came over D．came up 26．A．costumes B．sheets C．towels D．wires27．A．avoided B．approached C．mounted D．left 28．A．covered B．surrounded C．protected D．affected 29．A．homeless B．disabled C．lifeless D．burned 30．A．tired B．unharmed C．bored D．weakened 31．A．fix B．raise C．set D．test 32．A．scene B．hospital C．stop D．beginning 33．A．supportive B．creative C．preventive D．reconstructive 34．A．charged B．made C．got D．deserved 35．A．wide-mouthed B．calm-minded C．gray-haired D．teary-eyed三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
以我认为互联网是学英语最好的方式作文
以我认为互联网是学英语最好的方式作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Internet is the Coolest Way to Learn English!Hi, my name is Jimmy and I'm 10 years old. I love learning English and I think the internet is simply the best way to do it! Let me tell you why.First of all, the internet has SO MANY awesome resources for learning English. There are educational websites, videos, games, apps, and more - the options are endless! My favorite site is which has fun games to practice vocabulary and grammar. I also love watching YouTube videos by teachers who make learning super engaging and easy to understand.But the internet doesn't just have educational stuff, it also connects me to people and content in English from all around the world. I can watch movies, shows, and videos in English. I can read books, comics, and websites too. The more I get exposed to authentic English content I enjoy, the more I learn naturally without even realizing it. It's like learning by osmosis!Another amazing thing about the internet is how interactive it is compared to textbooks and classrooms. When I don't understand something, I can leave a comment or join an online forum to get my questions answered quickly. I can even take live virtual classes with teachers and classmates from different countries! The internet makes practicing English conversation really easy.I especially like using language learning apps and websites because they let me go at my own pace. I can study whenever I have free time instead of being limited to a fixed class schedule. And the lessons are multimedia with audio, videos, images and games which makes it way more fun than just reading from a book. The activities are also customized based on my interests and level which keeps me motivated.Another big plus is that so much online English learning content is free or low-cost. My parents don't have to spend a lot on private tutors or expensive courses. With the internet, all I need is a device with an internet connection and I can access materials from anywhere. It's very convenient and affordable.Sometimes, people worry that too much internet usage is unhealthy. But for me, using the internet to learn English has been an incredibly positive experience. It combines my love fortechnology with my passion for mastering the English language. The interactive elements make it feel more like playing than studying.Thanks to the internet's wealth of engaging multimedia resources, immersive content, and opportunities for interaction and practice, my English skills have grown tremendously. I'm more confident in my reading, writing, listening and speaking abilities. My grades have also improved a lot.While classrooms and textbooks are still useful, in today's digital age, the internet is truly an invaluable tool for English language learning. It opens up a whole new interactive and multimedia-richuniverse of possibilities. From fun educational apps to movies and global connectivity, the internet makes learning English easy, affordable and super enjoyable!篇2The Internet is Awesome for Learning English!Hi friends! Today I want to tell you why I think the internet is the best way ever to learn English. It's so much fun and there are tons of great websites, videos, games, and more to help you practice. Let me explain!First of all, the internet has everything you need to learn English. There are websites that teach grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, reading, writing, listening, you name it! My favorite is . They have animated videos that are super engaging and teach new words through stories and songs. I've learned tons of new English vocabulary from watching their cute cartoons.There are also websites with English lessons and quizzes. I really like EnglishCentral because they have videos of real conversations, and you can read along with subtitles. After watching, there are quizzes to test your understanding. EnglishClass101 is another cool site with podcasts, lesson notes, and practice activities. Mastering verb tenses has been so much easier with their clear explanations.But the internet doesn't just have educational websites - you can learn English from things you genuinely enjoy too! I'm obsessed with English movies, TV shows, music videos, video games, you name it. Nowadays, everything is available online with subtitles or captions in English. I've learned loads of idioms, slang, and natural conversational phrases from watching my favorite streamers play games on Twitch and YouTube.Anime and manga are my biggest passions, and I can read and watch them all in English these days! There are awesome fan communities that translate and add subtitles. Reading the manga helps me with vocabulary, while watching the anime is awesome listening practice. The plots and character dialogues have taught me so many useful phrases and expressions.Speaking of fan communities, places like Reddit, Discord servers, and online forums are incredible for practicing your English writing and communication skills. I joined ther/LearnEnglish subreddit and made so many friends from around the world. We chat every day, give each other feedback, play language games, and really get to use English in a natural way.Honestly, the internet provides unlimited engaging content and immersive experiences for learning English. Compared to just reading textbooks and doing worksheets, it makes the whole process way more fun and effective in my opinion. You can learn based on your personal interests and hobbies. Like I'm super into music, so I've picked up lots of English from analyzing lyrics to my favorite songs online.There are even cool language apps like Duolingo that make learning English addictive with bite-sized lessons and games. The gamified elements give you a sense of progress andachievement as you level up skills. I've maintained a daily streak on Duolingo for almost 2 years now! Having fun while building your skills is so motivating.Another big advantage is that all this English content online is 100% free and accessible anywhere, anytime. I can watch videos, read articles, play games, and chat with friends - all while practicing my English. I don't need to buy expensive textbooks or attend boring classes. The internet has everything I need at my fingertips.And these days, with fast internet and mobile devices, learning English online is more convenient than ever before. I can access materials on my tablet, phone, laptop, whatever. I take advantage of "dead time" throughout the day - like when waiting in lines, commuting, or even in the bathroom (don't judge me!)At the end of the day, learning English should be engaging, flexible, fun, and onngoingly immersed in your life. That's why I truly believe the internet provides the best possible environment to pick up and actively use the language. There's such a rich variety of content catered to every interest, learning style, and level. You're never bored or without resources.So in summary, the internet is incredible for studying English because it provides:Unlimited educational resources like websites, videos, apps, and moreImmersive content of real conversations/movies/shows you enjoyOnline communities to practice communicating naturallyEntertaining and gamified lessons to make it addictiveFree and convenient access anywhere, anytimeContinuous learning integrated into your daily lifeIf you really take advantage of all the internet has to offer, your English will improve so fast without it even feeling like hard work. Just immerse yourself in the vast ocean of online content tailored to your passions. Have fun, explore, and your English skills will skyrocket!That's my passionate case for why the internet rules for learning English. Let me know if you agree or have had similar awesome experiences. Thanks for reading! Over and out.篇3The Internet is So Awesome for Learning English!Hi friends! Today I want to tell you why I think the internet is simply the best way ever to learn English. English is a really important language to know these days. It's used all around the world for business, travel, entertainment, and so much more. Knowing good English can help you get better jobs, make friends in other countries, and understand movies, videos, and websites from everywhere. That's why I've been working really hard to learn it!At first, I was learning English just from my classes at school. We had textbooks and did worksheets and took tests. It was okay, but kind of boring to be honest. The examples never seemed to use real conversational English that people actually use. And the topics were kind of dry - things about grammar rules, describing pictures of people at the park, stuff like that. It didn't feel very useful or fun.But then I discovered the wonderful world of the internet and online resources for learning English. It opened up a whole new universe of interactive, engaging ways to practice! Now English learning is one of my favorite things. Let me tell you about some of the awesome websites, apps, videos and activities I use:First up, there are these great learning websites and apps like Duolingo, Babbel, Busuu and many more. They make learning new vocabulary words and grammar points really enjoyable and addictive, kind of like playing a game. You match words with pictures, repeat phrases, and complete fun little challenges. There are stories you can read and listen to. And the apps keep track of your streak so you want to practice every day. Way more interesting than a boring textbook!Then there are websites where you can watch videos in English about literally any topic you're interested in. You can find tutorials on YouTube on how to do things like shoot basketball, bake a cake, or build a robot. There are daily vloggers who share fun stories about their lives. And there are long educational videos that teach about science, history and more. Hearing and reading along with real conversational English is so valuable.Probably my favorite English learning method though is watching TV shows, movies, and kids content in English with subtitles on. Netflix, Disney+, Hulu and other sites have so many entertaining options. I've learned tons of expressions and slang from shows. And I can pause and rewatch scenes over if I miss something. My English vocabulary has grown a ton from binge watching my favorite shows!What's also awesome is you can find English language friends and tutors to practice with over video chat. There are sites that let you book affordable tutors who can go over lessons with you live. Or you can make friends on language exchange apps with people learning your native language. You take turns helping each other practice conversational skills. It's like having an English practice buddy!And those篇4The Internet is the Coolest Way to Learn English!Hi friends! My name is Tommy and I'm going to tell you why I think the internet is the best way ever to learn English. Get ready for an awesome ride!First of all, the internet has tons of really neat videos that can help you learn English. There are educational videos for kids that teach vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and all that important stuff. But even cooler are all the fun videos you can watch!YouTube has millions of videos in English on every single topic you can imagine - video games, science experiments, cute animal clips, you name it. And the best part is, you can watchthem over and over again until you understand everything. The more videos you watch, the better your English listening skills get. It's like having a free English teacher available 24/7!Another big reason the internet rocks for learning English is because of online games and apps. There are so many cool games and activities specifically designed to help kids learn English. My favorite is an app called "Spacekids" where you go on missions and have to answer questions and do activities in English to progress. It's like playing a video game except you're learning at the same time! How cool is that?The internet also connects you to English speakers and learners from allover the world. You can meet kids your age on language learning websites and chat with them in English. Or you can even find a free online teacher to have conversation practice with. The more you interact in English online, the faster your speaking and writing skills improve. Plus it's fun making new friends!Probably the most useful thing about learning English online is being able to look up anything you don't understand right away. If you're reading something or watching a video and there's a word or phrase you don't know, you can just quickly search for it online and find the meaning, pronunciation,example sentences and more. Having that information instantly at your fingertips makes learning so much easier than always having to ask a teacher or look things up in a heavy dictionary.And we haven't even talked about online courses, ebooks, podcasts, news sites, and all the other incredible English learning resources available on the internet! The amount of material out there is basically unlimited. You'll never run out of new and engaging things to read, watch, and learn from.Now of course, the internet does have some downsides. There's a lot of inappropriate content out there that kids shouldn't view. And you have to be careful about internet safety and not sharing too much personal information online. But as long as parents closely supervise and monitor their kids' internet usage, the online world can be an incredibly valuable English learning tool.In my opinion, the internet makes learning English easier and way more fun than just studying from a textbook or listening to a teacher drone on and on. With the internet, you're immersed in the English language through videos, games, websites, music and so much more. You're actively engaged and enjoying yourself instead of feeling bored or frustrated. You can learn atyour own pace, focus on the areas you need the most help with, and explore topics that actually interest you.The internet has revolutionized how we learn and access information on pretty much every subject - including learning foreign languages like English. By taking advantage of all the amazing English resources online, you can improve your skills in reading, writing, listening and speaking faster than you ever could by relying solely on traditional classroom instruction.So what are you waiting for? The internet is a vast ocean filled with endless opportunities for learning English. All you have to do is dive in! Install some language learning apps, subscribe to educational YouTube channels, join an online student community, and start immersing yourself in English online every single day. Before you know it, your English skills will be skyrocketing.The internet really is the best way for kids like us to master the English language. It makes learning super fun and puts the entire world at our fingertips. So let's all log on and start our awesome English learning adventures today! The internet is waiting for you.篇5The Internet is Awesome for Learning English!Hi friends! Today I want to talk about why I think the internet is the best way for kids like us to learn English. English is such an important language to know these days. It's used all around the world and is really useful for travel, school, jobs, and so much more. But learning a new language can be super hard, right? That's why I'm really lucky we have the internet to help!The internet has so many amazing resources for learning English. First of all, there are tons of websites, apps, games, videos, and other cool stuff designed specifically for kids to practice English. My favorite is this awesome app called "English Monster" where you play games to learn new words and grammar. The monster characters are so funny and make practicing feel like playtime instead of work.But it's not just kid stuff on the internet for English learning. There are also regular websites, videos, TV shows, movies, books, and more - all in English! Being able to access stuff like that makes learning way more fun than just reading from a textbook. Like when I'm watching my favorite YouTubers and they use an English word I don't know, I can quickly look it up online and learn it in a real context instead of just memorizing from a list. So much better!Another awesome thing about the internet is how easy it makes it to get reading practice. I can read kids' stories, news articles, jokes, anything I'm interested in - all online and in English. My parents say I'm getting really good at reading English because I spend so much time doing it for fun on websites and apps I enjoy. Adding reading to the listening, writing, and speaking practice I get from other online resources really helps make me a master of all the English skills.But probably the best part about using the internet to learn is how accessible it makes native English speakers and content. With video chat, language exchange websites, online tutors, and more, I can easily interact with and learn directly from people for whom English is their first language. How cool is that?! I get to make friends from around the world and pick up English the authentic way by talking to them.I can also access TV shows, movies, YouTube channels, video games, and so much more straight from English-speaking countries. Instead of just seeing textbook dialogues, I get to hear natural English conversations and accents. The internet brings native English content right to me that I never would have been exposed to otherwise living where I do. It's an amazing opportunity we didn't have before!Another big advantage is how quickly I can get answers to my English questions online. If I'm reading or watching something and don't understand a phrase or grammar rule, all I have to do is quickly search it up for explanations and examples. There are also tons of online forums where I can ask questions directly to English experts and get guidance. No more waiting for the next class or feeling stuck when I'm practicing alone!The internet is available anytime, anywhere too. So I can flexibly study and practice English on my own schedule, not just during class times. I can watch a show in English, do an exercise, play a game - whatever I want, whenever I have free time. This makes it so much easier to consistently immerse myself in English learning compared to only getting it a few hours a week at school.Overall, the internet is hands-down the best way for me to learn English. It provides endless engaging resources and immersive content I actually enjoy. It connects me to authentic English from native speakers around the world. And it gives me flexibility and instant answers when I need them. English is such a universal language, and the internet is helping me to successfully master it from a young age. I'm having so much fun learning withonline tools that English is becoming like a second first language for me!So those are all the reasons why I think the internet rocks for learning English as a kid. What do you think? Do you agree it's an awesome resource, or do you prefer more traditional methods? Let me know! Thanks for reading my thoughts, friends. Now it's time for me to go practice some more by watching an English movie or playing a game. Practice makes perfect when you're learning a new language, and the internet makes practice really fun!篇6The Internet is Awesome for Learning English!Hi friends! Today I want to tell you why I think the internet is the best way ever to learn English. Get ready because I've got a ton of reasons!First of all, the internet has basically everything in English. There are websites, videos, games, songs, books, and more - all in English! That means no matter what you're interested in, you can find stuff to learn English through that topic. Like dinosaurs? There are dinosaur websites and videos in English. Want to learn about cute baby animals? You can find that too. Even better, a lotof this English content is made for kids our age, so it's super easy to understand.Another awesome thing is how many different ways you can practice English online. You can read websites or e-books, listen to audio or watch videos, and even record yourself speaking and get feedback. I sometimes read children's books on websites like and then record myself reading the book out loud. That helps with my pronunciation and fluency. There are also sites with exercises for building vocabulary and grammar skills through fun games and activities.Speaking of games, that's one of my favorite ways to learn English online. There are tons of cool English learning games for free on sites like . Some of them are point-and-click games where you have to pick the right word or grammar rule. Others are more like adventure games where you explore different scenes and environments, and everything is labeled in English. It's like playing and learning at the same time!Another big plus of online English learning is how interactive and engaging it can be compared to textbooks and worksheets. For example, I can join English chat rooms and talk to people from all over the world in real conversations. That builds my speaking and listening abilities in a super natural way. Lots ofEnglish learning websites also use multimedia with animation, sound effects, videos, and more to make things more fun and memorable.I also really like being able to learn English at my own pace online. If I don't understand something, I can replay a video lesson as many times as I need to get it. Or if a topic is too easy, I can quickly move ahead to more challenging stuff. With textbooks and classes, you're kind of forced to follow a set schedule. But online, I can take my time to master each concept before advancing.Another big advantage is how convenient and flexible online English study can be. I can access materials anywhere I have an internet connection - at home, at school, at a friend's house, you name it. I can study for just 10-15 minutes at a time if that's all I have available, or binge for a few hours straight when I'm really into something. It fits right into my busy kid lifestyle!Plus, so much good English learning material online is totally free. Sure, there are some paid programs and subscriptions, but you can honestly become fluent just using all the free websites, YouTube。
英语作文-互联网文化娱乐平台让人们享受智能化娱乐体验
英语作文-互联网文化娱乐平台让人们享受智能化娱乐体验The rapid development of the Internet has brought about a significant change in the way people entertain themselves. With the rise of online entertainment platforms, such as streaming services, social media, and gaming websites, people now have access to a wide range of intelligent entertainment experiences at their fingertips.One of the key benefits of Internet culture and entertainment platforms is the convenience they offer. Instead of having to go out to a physical location to watch a movie or play a game, people can now enjoy these activities from the comfort of their own homes. This not only saves time and money but also allows individuals to tailor their entertainment experiences to their own preferences.Furthermore, the Internet has made it easier for people to discover new forms of entertainment. With the vast amount of content available online, individuals can explore different genres, styles, and formats that they may not have been exposed to otherwise. This has led to a more diverse and inclusive entertainment landscape, where people from all backgrounds can find something that resonates with them.In addition, Internet culture and entertainment platforms have revolutionized the way people interact with each other. Social media sites, online forums, and multiplayer games have created virtual communities where individuals can connect, share, and collaborate with like-minded individuals from around the world. This has fostered a sense of belonging and camaraderie among users, enhancing their overall entertainment experience.Moreover, the intelligent features of many online entertainment platforms have further enhanced the user experience. Personalized recommendations, interactive interfaces, and real-time updates all contribute to a more engaging and immersive entertainment experience. These features not only make entertainment more enjoyable but also help users discover new content and connect with others who share their interests.Overall, the Internet has transformed the way people consume and interact with entertainment. With the rise of online platforms, individuals can now enjoy a wide range of intelligent entertainment experiences that cater to their preferences and interests. This has not only made entertainment more accessible and diverse but has also fostered a sense of community and connection among users. As technology continues to advance, the future of Internet culture and entertainment platforms looks bright, promising even more innovative and exciting experiences for users around the world.。
信息检索与利用
信息检索与利用的相关技术
自然语言处理技术
自然语言处理技术是一种将 自然语言文本转换为计算机 可处理形式的技术。该技术 可以应用于信息检索系统中 ，通过将用户的自然语言输 入转换为计算机可理解的形 式，提高系统的准确率和效 率
信息检索与利用的相关技术
机器学习技术
机器学习技术是一种通过让计算机自 动学习和改进以实现特定任务的技术 。该技术可以应用于信息检索系统中 ，通过训练和学习，使系统能够更好 地理解和处理用户输入，以及更准确 地返回相关结果
和工具，从大量的信息中查找
02
和获取所需信息的过程
本文将介绍信息检索与利用的
04
基本概念、发展历程、重要性
及相关技术03ຫໍສະໝຸດ 而信息利用则是指将所获取的 信息用于解决实际问题或提升 自身能力的过程
2
信息检索与利用 的发展历程
PART 2
信息检索与利用的发展历程
信息检索与利用的发展历程可以
追溯到古代的图书分类和编目。 然而，真正意义上的信息检索始 于20世纪50年代，当时美国国防 部(DOD)开始实施军事数据库项 目，包括"国防部信息查询服务 "(DIALOG)和"军事查找与检索系 统"(MIDS)。这些系统利用了"布 尔模型"和"向量模型"等检索模 型，实现了对大量信息的高效检
本文介绍了信息检索与利用 的发展历程、重要性及相关 技术，希望对大家有所帮助 和启示
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汇报结束
不妥之处敬请批评指正
5
信息检索与利用 的相关技术
PART 5
信息检索与利用的相关技术
信息抽取技术
信息抽取技术是一种从自然 语言文本中提取出特定信息 (如命名实体、时间、地点 等)的技术。该技术可以应 用于信息检索系统中，通过 对文本内容的分析和理解， 提取出其中的关键词、主题 等有用信息，提高系统的查 全率和查准率
关于网上冲浪的英语作文
The Joy and Challenges of Surfing the DigitalWaveIn today's era of digital revolution, surfing the internet has become an integral part of our daily lives.It's not just about checking emails or browsing social media; it's an all-encompassing experience that takes us to the farthest corners of the globe, introducing us to new cultures, ideas, and people. Online surfing is a double-edged sword, offering both immense opportunities and significant challenges.The allure of the digital wave lies in its vastness and accessibility. The internet is a vast ocean of information, and with a few clicks, we can dive into any topic of interest. Whether it's learning about a distant civilization, following the latest trends in fashion, or exploring the mysteries of the universe, the internet has the answers. It's a powerful tool for education, entertainment, and socialization.However, with the bounty of information comes the challenge of information overload. It's easy to get lost in the vastness of the internet, scrolling through endlessstreams of content without any clear purpose. This constant bombardment of information can lead to stress and anxiety, making it difficult to focus on any one task.Moreover, the anonymity of the internet can be both a blessing and a curse. On one hand, it allows us to express ourselves freely, without the fear of judgment or reprisal. On the other hand, it can foster a culture of toxicity and cyberbullying, leading to harmful consequences for individuals and society.To make the most of online surfing, it's essential to maintain a healthy balance. We need to set clear goals and limits when surfing the internet, ensuring that we're not getting lost in the virtual world. We should also be mindful of the content we engage with, avoiding harmful or negative influences.In conclusion, surfing the digital wave is both an exciting and challenging experience. It offers us a window to the world, connecting us with people and ideas from diverse backgrounds. However, it's important to remember that the internet is just a tool, and it's up to us to use it responsibly and productively. By maintaining a healthybalance and being mindful of our online habits, we can make the most of this powerful medium and harness its potential for personal growth and societal progress.**网上冲浪的欢乐与挑战**在当今数字革命的时代，网上冲浪已成为我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
人类根据苍耳特性发明了魔术贴英语作文
人类根据苍耳特性发明了魔术贴英语作文The invention of Velcro is a fascinating story that showcases the ingenuity of the human mind and its ability to draw inspiration from the natural world. It all started with a Swiss engineer named George de Mestral, who went on a hunting trip in the Alps and came back with his clothes covered in burdock burrs. Intrigued by the way these tiny hooks clung to his fabric, he decided to investigate further, leading to one of the most iconic and ubiquitous inventions of the 20th century.Burdock is a common weed that produces seed heads with small hooks, which are designed to latch onto the fur of passing animals, enabling the plant to disperse its seeds. De Mestral recognized the potential of this natural mechanism and set out to replicate it in a man-made material. After years of experimentation, he developed a fastening system that consisted of two components: a strip of tiny hooks and a corresponding strip of soft loops.The key to the success of Velcro lies in the unique properties of the burdock plant. The burrs are composed of hundreds of tiny hooks,each with a curved tip that can easily attach to the loops or fibers of fabric. This design allows for a strong and secure connection, yet it can be easily separated with a gentle pull. De Mestral's invention mimics this natural mechanism, creating a fastening system that is both durable and versatile.One of the most remarkable aspects of the Velcro story is the way it demonstrates the power of biomimicry – the practice of emulating nature's designs and processes to solve human problems. By closely observing the natural world and understanding the underlying principles at work, De Mestral was able to develop a groundbreaking invention that has since become ubiquitous in our everyday lives.The applications of Velcro are vast and diverse. It has revolutionized the way we fasten and secure a wide range of products, from clothing and shoes to backpacks and medical equipment. Its versatility and ease of use have made it an indispensable tool in countless industries, from aerospace and automotive to sports and outdoor recreation.Moreover, the success of Velcro has had a significant impact on the field of materials science and engineering. The development of this innovative fastening system has inspired researchers and engineers to explore other biomimetic approaches, leading to the creation of a wide range of bioinspired materials and technologies.For example, researchers have developed adhesives inspired by the sticky pads of geckos, self-cleaning surfaces inspired by the lotus leaf, and water-repellent coatings inspired by the feathers of ducks. These biomimetic innovations have the potential to revolutionize a wide range of industries, from construction and transportation to healthcare and consumer products.The story of Velcro also highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the value of looking to nature for inspiration. By combining his knowledge of engineering and materials science with his keen observation of the natural world, De Mestral was able to create a groundbreaking invention that has stood the test of time.Today, Velcro continues to be an essential component in a wide range of products, from everyday items to cutting-edge technologies. Its success serves as a testament to the power of biomimicry and the enduring ingenuity of the human mind. As we continue to face complex challenges in the years to come, the lessons learned from the Velcro story will undoubtedly continue to inspire and guide us in our pursuit of innovative solutions.In conclusion, the invention of Velcro is a remarkable example of how the natural world can serve as a source of inspiration for human innovation. By closely observing the properties of the burdock plant,George de Mestral was able to create a fastening system that has become ubiquitous in our daily lives. The success of Velcro demonstrates the power of biomimicry and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in driving technological progress. As we continue to face new challenges, the lessons learned from this iconic invention will undoubtedly continue to shape the future of innovation.。
Unit 3 Developing ideas 课件-高中英语外研版(2019)选择性必修第二册
• Internet emojis have been around for more than 20 years.Scott Fahlman, a professor of artificial intelligence at Carnegie Mellon University since 1982, uses the symbol ":-)" for jokes and ":-(" for problems to be taken seriously on university bulletin boards. In this way, Internet users can avoid misunderstandings arising from online communication. Since then, the Internet emoticons have been rapidly popularized and used.
• B. There are more than 200 emojis when they are first introduced in Japan in 1999.
• C. Emojis have obvious advantages over written language.
• D. Emojis can express feelings when people cannot find the appropriate words.
Writing about a change
Activity 5 Read the passage and answer the questions.
1 Why does the author start the passage by writing about Superman? 2 What will disappear in the future according to the passage? What is the major reason for this phenomenon? 3 What supporting arguments does the author give to make the point convincing?
中国石油大学网络教育大学英语4期末网考答案网考复习资料
请学员检索题目中的关键字找到相应的答案交际用语(共15题)1.-Hello,I am calling about the three-bed room apartment advertised in the newspaper.-Yes it is Would you like to have a look at it?A.Is it still available?2.-How is your backache? Is it still bothering you?Now I can't move.C.Iamafraidso.3、-Would you mind going to the bank with me?C.Not at all.4.-Why don’t we go to the theater this evening?B,Good idea!5.-Do you mind my smoking here?B.Yes, I do.6.-Can I help you?We've got some new shirts here--OK, thanks.B.We are just looking.7，Guess what?Mr.Hale in our office will be promoted as the sales manager.D、oh,you must be kidding!8、-What kind of account do you want to open?D、A savings account9，I'm not satisfied with your product.B.What seems to be the problem?10.-Are you married?C、Not yet11.-Hurry up.The lecture begins at 2:OO.A.Don't worry.We've got 20minutes.12.—Excuse me.I didn't mean to bother you.C、That's quite all right.13.-I haven't seen Belly for 10 years.B.Neither have I.14.-Which language do you speak at home?D、English, most of the time.15.-Must I do the washing-up tonight?B、Leave it if you’re exhausted.词汇与结构(共13题)16.The old couple decided to_____a boy and a girl though they had three children of their own.D、adopt17。
英语作文-互联网文化娱乐平台打造全新的娱乐生活
英语作文-互联网文化娱乐平台打造全新的娱乐生活The rapid development of the internet has greatly enriched our entertainment life. With the emergence of various online entertainment platforms, people now have more choices for their leisure time. These platforms not only provide a wide range of entertainment content, but also create a new way of entertainment life.First of all, the internet culture and entertainment platforms have brought about a revolution in the way we consume entertainment. In the past, people relied mainly on traditional media such as TV, radio, and newspapers for entertainment. However, with the rise of internet culture and entertainment platforms, people can now access a wealth of entertainment content anytime and anywhere. From streaming services for movies and TV shows to online gaming platforms, the internet has fundamentally changed the way we entertain ourselves.Furthermore, these platforms have also fostered the development of new forms of entertainment. For example, social media platforms have become a popular way for people to share and consume entertainment content. Users can follow their favorite celebrities, participate in online challenges, and engage in discussions about the latest trends in entertainment. This not only allows people to stay connected with the latest developments in the entertainment industry, but also enables them to actively participate in the creation and dissemination of entertainment content.In addition, the internet culture and entertainment platforms have also facilitated the democratization of entertainment. In the past, the entertainment industry was dominated by a few major players who controlled the production and distribution of entertainment content. However, with the rise of internet culture and entertainment platforms, anyone with talent and creativity can now create and share their own entertainment content. This has led to the emergence of a wide range of independent content creators who producediverse and innovative entertainment content, catering to the diverse interests and tastes of the audience.Moreover, the internet culture and entertainment platforms have also contributed to the globalization of entertainment. With the internet, people can now easily access entertainment content from different cultures and countries. This has led to a greater exchange and integration of entertainment elements from various cultural backgrounds, enriching the diversity and inclusivity of entertainment content.In conclusion, the internet culture and entertainment platforms have revolutionized the way we entertain ourselves. They have not only expanded the choices and accessibility of entertainment content, but also fostered the development of new forms of entertainment, democratized the production and distribution of entertainment content, and facilitated the globalization of entertainment. As we continue to embrace the opportunities brought by the internet, we can look forward to a future where our entertainment life will be even more diverse, inclusive, and enriching.。
英语作文-互联网文化娱乐平台打造新的创作模式
英语作文-互联网文化娱乐平台打造新的创作模式The rapid development of the Internet has brought about significant changes in the way we create and consume content. In the realm of culture and entertainment, online platforms have become increasingly popular for both creators and audiences. These platforms offer a new and innovative way for creators to showcase their work and engage with a global audience.One of the key advantages of Internet culture and entertainment platforms is the democratization of content creation. Anyone with access to the Internet can now create and share their work with a potentially unlimited audience. This has led to a diverse range of voices and perspectives being represented in the online space, challenging traditional media outlets and promoting inclusivity.Furthermore, these platforms provide creators with a direct line of communication with their audience. Through social media and other online tools, creators can interact with their fans, receive feedback, and tailor their content to meet the needs and preferences of their audience. This real-time feedback loop allows for a more dynamic and responsive creative process.In addition, Internet culture and entertainment platforms offer a wide range of monetization options for creators. From advertising revenue to subscription models to crowdfunding, creators have more flexibility in how they can generate income from their work. This has enabled many independent creators to make a living from their art without relying on traditional gatekeepers.Moreover, these platforms have also facilitated collaboration and cross-promotion among creators. By partnering with other creators or brands, artists can reach new audiences and expand their reach. This has led to the emergence of new forms of content, such as web series, podcasts, and online events, that blur the lines between traditional media formats.Overall, the Internet has revolutionized the way we create and consume culture and entertainment. Online platforms have democratized content creation, provided direct communication channels between creators and audiences, offered diverse monetization options, and fostered collaboration among creators. As we continue to embrace the digital age, these platforms will play an increasingly important role in shaping the future of creativity and entertainment.。
网上冲浪的好处英语作文
网上冲浪的好处英语作文英文回答：In the digital age, internet has become an integral part of our lives. It has transformed the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business. Surfing the internet offers numerous benefits, both personal and professional.Enhanced Communication:The internet facilitates instant and convenient communication across geographical boundaries. Social media platforms, instant messaging apps, and video conferencing tools allow us to stay connected with family, friends, and colleagues from around the world.Access to a Wealth of Information:The internet is an endless reservoir of knowledge.Search engines like Google and specialized databasesprovide quick and easy access to vast amounts ofinformation on any topic imaginable. This enables us tostay informed, expand our knowledge, and quench our curiosity.Educational Opportunities:The internet has democratized education. Online courses, educational videos, and tutorials make it possible for individuals to acquire new skills, pursue higher education, and enhance their professional development.Convenience and Efficiency:The internet offers a wide range of services that make our lives more convenient and efficient. Online shopping, banking, bill payment, and food delivery are just a few examples of how the internet streamlines daily tasks.Entertainment and Relaxation:The internet is also a source of entertainment and relaxation. Streaming services, social media, and gaming platforms provide endless hours of amusement and help us unwind after a long day.中文回答：网络冲浪的好处。
英语作文-互联网文化娱乐平台成为人们休闲放松的首选
英语作文-互联网文化娱乐平台成为人们休闲放松的首选In the digital age, the internet has revolutionized the way we live, work, and play. Among its most significant impacts is the transformation of cultural and entertainment platforms into the preferred choice for leisure and relaxation. These platforms offer an unprecedented variety of content, catering to diverse tastes and preferences, and are accessible from virtually anywhere at any time.The allure of internet entertainment platforms lies in their convenience and flexibility. With a few clicks or taps, users can access a vast array of entertainment options, from streaming movies and TV shows to exploring virtual worlds and engaging in online gaming. This ease of access means that people can enjoy their favorite pastimes without the constraints of traditional media schedules or physical locations.Moreover, the interactive nature of many online platforms adds a social dimension to entertainment. Users can share experiences, connect with friends, and join communitiesof like-minded individuals. This social connectivity enhances the enjoyment of online activities and creates a sense of belonging and community.The personalization of content is another key feature that makes internet platforms so appealing. Algorithms analyze user preferences and viewing habits to recommend content that is likely to be of interest. This tailored approach ensures that users are presented with options that resonate with their individual tastes, making the entertainment experience more engaging and satisfying.The variety of content available on internet platforms is staggering. From niche interests to mainstream pop culture, there is something for everyone. This diversity not only caters to a wide audience but also encourages exploration and discovery, leading to a richer and more fulfilling leisure experience.The impact of internet culture and entertainment platforms on leisure time is profound. They have become a central part of many people's lives, offering a convenient, personalized, and social way to unwind and enjoy themselves. As technology continues to evolve, these platforms will undoubtedly shape the future of entertainment and leisure, offering new and innovative ways to relax and have fun.In conclusion, the rise of internet culture and entertainment platforms as the go-to choice for relaxation reflects the changing landscape of leisure in the modern world. With their convenience, variety, and ability to connect people, these platforms have redefined what it means to relax and have fun, making them an integral part of contemporary life. As we look to the future, it is clear that the influence of these platforms will only grow, continuing to offer new and exciting opportunities for leisure and entertainment. 。
成为聪明的网络学者英语作文高中
成为聪明的网络学者英语作文高中Becoming a Smart Internet ScholarHey there, friends! It's me, your buddy who's always glued to his computer or phone. Today, I want to share with you some tips on how to be a smart internet scholar. You know, with all the information out there on the world wide web, it can be overwhelming trying to separate the good stuff from the bad. But fear not, because I've got your back!First things first, you gotta have a solid grasp on how to use search engines effectively. I'm talking about mastering the art of keyword searches, boolean operators (that's fancy talk for using words like "and," "or," and "not" to filter your results), and even advanced search techniques like site-specific searches or file type filters. Think of it like being a detective, gathering clues and piecing together information from different sources.But here's the thing, you can't just believe everything you read online, right? That's why it's crucial to develop some serious critical thinking skills. Whenever you come across a website, article, or social media post, ask yourself: Who wrote this? What are their credentials? Are they trying to sell me something? Is this information backed up by credible sources? It's like being afact-checking superhero, separating truth from fiction with your laser-sharp mind.Speaking of credible sources, you'll want to familiarize yourself with reliable websites, databases, and online libraries. These are the places where you'll find scholarly articles, research papers, and other trustworthy information. Think of them as the VIP sections of the internet, where only the most legit sources are allowed in.Now, let's talk about organizing all this information you'll be gathering. You're going to need some serious note-taking skills, my friend. Whether you prefer good old pen and paper or fancy digital tools, find a system that works for you. Categorize your notes, use headings and subheadings, and make sure you always cite your sources properly. It's like having your own personal library, but instead of dusty books, it's filled with the digital knowledge you've acquired.But wait, there's more! Once you've mastered the art of finding and organizing information, it's time to take it to the next level: creating your own content. You could start a blog, make videos, or even write research papers or articles of your own. Share your knowledge with the world, and who knows, youmight just become an internet celebrity (or at least impress your teachers).Of course, being a smart internet scholar isn't just about gathering information – it's also about using that knowledge responsibly. Always respect intellectual property rights, avoid plagiarism like the plague, and be mindful of your digital footprint. Remember, the internet is a powerful tool, but with great power comes great responsibility (thanks for the wisdom, Spider-Man!).Last but not least, don't forget to take breaks and have fun! Staring at screens all day can be draining, so make sure you get up, stretch your legs, and engage with the real world too. Hang out with friends, play sports, or pursue other hobbies that don't involve the internet. A well-rounded life is key to being a truly smart and balanced internet scholar.So there you have it, my friends – the path to becoming a smart internet scholar, straight from your trusty pal. Remember, the internet is a vast and incredible resource, but it's up to you to navigate it wisely, think critically, and use your newfound knowledge to make a positive impact on the world. Now go forth and conquer the digital realm, you unstoppable learners!。
网络上奇妙的英语作文翻译
网络上奇妙的英语作文翻译The Wonders of the Internet。
In today's modern world, the Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and even conduct business. The wonders of the Internet are truly endless, and its impact on society cannot be overstated.One of the most amazing things about the Internet is the way it has connected people from all over the world. With just a few clicks, we can communicate with someone on the other side of the globe in real-time. This has made the world a much smaller place, and has allowed for the exchange of ideas and cultures like never before. The Internet has also made it easier for people to stay in touch with friends and family, no matter where they are located.Another wonder of the Internet is the wealth ofinformation that is available at our fingertips. With search engines like Google, we can find answers to almost any question we have within seconds. This hasrevolutionized the way we learn and conduct research, making knowledge more accessible than ever before. The Internet has also made it possible for people to access educational resources and courses online, allowing forself-directed learning and skill development.The Internet has also transformed the way we shop and conduct business. Online shopping has become increasingly popular, with consumers able to purchase goods and services from the comfort of their own homes. This has led to the rise of e-commerce giants like Amazon, and has changed the way traditional brick-and-mortar stores operate. Businesses have also benefited from the Internet, with many using social media and online advertising to reach a wider audience and grow their customer base.One of the most exciting things about the Internet is the way it has enabled creativity and innovation to flourish. Platforms like YouTube and Instagram have allowedfor the rise of content creators and influencers, who have built massive followings and turned their passions into successful careers. The Internet has also given rise to new forms of art and expression, with digital artists and musicians able to share their work with a global audience.Despite all of its wonders, the Internet also has its drawbacks. The rise of social media has led to concerns about privacy and online safety, with many people falling victim to scams and cyberbullying. The spread of fake news and misinformation has also become a major issue, with some people using the Internet to spread lies and manipulate public opinion. It is important for users to be vigilant and discerning when using the Internet, and to take steps to protect themselves from online threats.In conclusion, the Internet is a truly amazing invention that has transformed the way we live, work, and communicate. Its wonders are endless, and its impact on society will continue to be felt for generations to come. As we navigate the digital landscape, it is important touse the Internet responsibly and ethically, in order to fully harness its potential for good.。
英语作文,写关于互联网的发明1971年
英语作文,写关于互联网的发明1971年The invention of the internet in 1971 revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business. Before the internet, people relied on traditional methods of communication such as mail, telephone, and face-to-face interactions. However, with the advent of the internet, the world became interconnected in ways that were unimaginable before.The internet was first developed in 1971 by a team of researchers led by Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn. Their invention, known as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), laid the foundation for the modern internet. The TCP/IP protocol allowed computers to communicate with each other by breaking down data into packets and sending them across a network of interconnected computers.One of the key breakthroughs of the internet was the creation of the World Wide Web in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee. The World Wide Web made it easier for people to access and share information by creating a system of hyperlinked documents that could be accessed through a web browser. This innovation paved the way for the development of websites, search engines, and online platforms that have become integral parts of our daily lives.The internet has had a profound impact on society, transforming the way we communicate, work, shop, and socialize. It has made it easier for people to connect with others around the world, share ideas and information, and collaborate on projects. Businesses have also benefitted from the internet, as it has allowed them to reach a global audience, streamline operations, and create new opportunities for growth.Despite its many benefits, the internet has also raised concerns about privacy, security, and the spread of misinformation. As more people use the internet for everyday tasks, the need for robust online security measures has become increasingly important. Additionally, the proliferation of fake news and propaganda on the internet has highlighted the need for media literacy and critical thinking skills.Overall, the invention of the internet in 1971 has had a lasting impact on society and has forever changed the way we live and work. As we continue to rely on the internet for information and communication, it is important to be mindful of both its benefits and its potential pitfalls. By being responsible users of the internet, we can harness its power for good and continue to shape a better future for all.。
最有用的发明互联网英语作文
最有用的发明互联网英语作文English:The most useful invention in the modern era is the internet. It has revolutionized the way people communicate, learn, do business, and access information. The internet has made it possible for people to connect with others from all over the world in real time, breaking down geographical barriers and making the world a smaller place. It has also transformed the way we access and share information, making it easier than ever to find answers to our questions and stay informed. In terms of education, the internet has made it possible for people to pursue online learning and access a treasure trove of knowledge at their fingertips. Additionally, the internet has reshaped the way businesses operate, making it easier for companies to reach a global audience and for consumers to access products and services with just a few clicks. In essence, the internet has become an indispensable tool for modern life, impacting nearly every aspect of our daily routines.中文翻译:在现代社会中，最有用的发明是互联网。
大学毕业生成为互联网网红的优缺点英语作文
大学毕业生成为互联网网红的优缺点英语作文In recent years, more and more college graduates are choosing to pursue a career as an internet celebrity, leveraging social media platforms to gain fame and fortune. While this trend has its advantages, it also comes with its own set of challenges.On the positive side, becoming an internet celebrity can provide graduates with a platform to showcase their talents, creativity, and unique personalities. It offers opportunities for self-expression, building a personal brand, and reaching a wide audience. Internet celebrities can also enjoy financial rewards through sponsorships, endorsements, and advertising deals.Moreover, being an internet celebrity can bring about a sense of accomplishment and recognition, as followers admire and support their favorite influencers. This can boost self-esteem and confidence, as well as open doors to new career opportunities in the fields of entertainment, media, and marketing.However, there are downsides to being an internet celebrity as well. The pressure to constantly produce content, maintain a certain image, and engage withfollowers can be overwhelming and time-consuming. Internet celebrities may also face cyberbullying, negativity, and privacy invasion, impacting their mental health and well-being.Furthermore, the unpredictable nature of internet fame means that popularity can be fleeting, and success may not be sustainable in the long run. This instability can lead to stress, anxiety, and uncertainty about the future.In conclusion, while becoming an internet celebrity after graduation has its benefits, such as fame, influence, and financial opportunities, it also comes with challenges like pressure, criticism, and instability. It is essential for individuals to weigh the pros and cons carefully before embarking on a career in the world of social media influencers.中文翻译：近年来，越来越多的大学毕业生选择将互联网网红作为职业，利用社交媒体平台赢得名声和财富。
网红小天使作文英语
网红小天使作文英语Title: The Rise of Internet Celebrities: The Story of Little Angel。
In today's digital age, the phenomenon of internet celebrities has taken the world by storm. Among them,there's one particular figure that stands out – Little Angel, a shining star in the vast cosmos of online content creators. Let's delve into the journey of this internet sensation.Born in the virtual realm of cyberspace, Little Angel emerged as a beacon of creativity and charm. With her captivating presence and endearing personality, she quickly garnered a loyal following across various social media platforms. From YouTube to Instagram, Little Angel's influence transcended boundaries, captivating the hearts of audiences worldwide.But what exactly propelled Little Angel to suchmeteoric fame? It was her unique blend of talents and charisma. Whether she was showcasing her exceptionalsinging prowess, demonstrating her impeccable fashion sense, or simply sharing snippets of her daily life, Little Angel had a knack for captivating her audience's attention.Moreover, authenticity played a pivotal role in her ascent to stardom. Unlike traditional celebrities shielded by layers of management and PR strategies, Little Angel remained genuine and relatable. She wasn't afraid to showcase her vulnerabilities and imperfections, endearing herself even further to her fans.However, behind the glitz and glamour of her online persona, Little Angel faced her fair share of challenges. The relentless pressure to maintain relevance in an ever-evolving digital landscape weighed heavily on her shoulders. Yet, she persevered, adapting to changing trends and constantly innovating to stay ahead of the curve.Beyond her individual success, Little Angel's impact extended beyond the confines of the digital realm. Throughher philanthropic endeavors and advocacy work, she used her platform to raise awareness for various social causes, inspiring her followers to make a positive difference in the world.As Little Angel's influence continued to soar, she found herself at the forefront of brand partnerships and collaborations. From fashion brands to beauty products, companies clamored to align themselves with her image, recognizing the immense marketing potential she possessed.Nevertheless, amidst the glitz and glamour of her burgeoning career, Little Angel remained grounded, never losing sight of her roots. She cherished the unwavering support of her fans, acknowledging them as the driving force behind her success. In return, she remained committed to delivering content that resonated with their interests and aspirations.In conclusion, the story of Little Angel epitomizes the transformative power of the internet in shaping contemporary celebrity culture. Through her talent,authenticity, and unwavering dedication, she transcended the confines of traditional fame, captivating the hearts of millions in the digital sphere. As we navigate the ever-changing landscape of cyberspace, Little Angel's legacy serves as a testament to the boundless possibilities that await those who dare to dream in the digital age.。
网络模特英文作文
网络模特英文作文Title: The Rise of Internet Modeling。
In recent years, the advent of social media and the increasing accessibility of the internet have transformed various industries, including the fashion world. One of the most notable phenomena arising from this digital revolution is the emergence of internet modeling, a trend that has reshaped traditional notions of modeling and opened up new avenues for aspiring models worldwide.Internet modeling, also known as digital modeling or social media modeling, refers to the practice of using online platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube to showcase one's modeling skills, build a personal brand, and connect with potential clients and followers. Unlike traditional modeling agencies, which typically require rigorous auditions and exclusive contracts, internet modeling offers a more democratized approach, allowing individuals to enter the industry independently and ontheir own terms.One of the key advantages of internet modeling is its accessibility. Unlike traditional modeling, which often requires physical proximity to major fashion hubs like New York, Paris, or Milan, internet modeling transcends geographical boundaries, enabling aspiring models from all corners of the globe to participate in the industry. This democratization of opportunities has empowered individuals who may not have had access to traditional modelingagencies due to factors such as location, socioeconomic background, or body type.Moreover, internet modeling allows models to havegreater control over their image and brand. Rather than relying solely on agents and casting directors to book jobs, internet models can curate their online presence, showcase their unique personalities, and engage directly with their audience. Social media platforms provide a powerful toolfor self-promotion, allowing models to reach a global audience and attract potential clients and collaborators.In addition to its accessibility and autonomy, internet modeling offers unprecedented opportunities for diversity and inclusivity. Traditional fashion industry standardshave often been criticized for their lack of representation, particularly regarding race, body size, and gender identity. Internet modeling, however, has paved the way for a more diverse range of voices and perspectives to be heard and celebrated. Through platforms like Instagram and TikTok, models of all backgrounds can share their stories,challenge stereotypes, and redefine beauty standards ontheir own terms.Despite its many benefits, internet modeling also presents its own set of challenges. The digital landscapeis highly competitive, with millions of aspiring models vying for attention and recognition. Building a successful online presence requires not only talent and dedication but also savvy marketing skills and an understanding of social media algorithms. Moreover, the rise of influencer culture has blurred the lines between modeling and other forms of online content creation, raising questions aboutauthenticity and ethical practices within the industry.Nevertheless, the future of internet modeling looks promising, with continued advancements in technology and social media platforms opening up new possibilities for aspiring models and content creators. As the industry evolves, it is essential for stakeholders to prioritize inclusivity, transparency, and ethical standards to ensure that internet modeling remains a positive and empowering force for individuals worldwide.In conclusion, internet modeling represents a revolutionary shift in the fashion industry, offering unprecedented opportunities for aspiring models to showcase their talent, build their brand, and connect with audiences on a global scale. While the rise of internet modeling presents its own set of challenges, its democratized approach and emphasis on diversity and inclusivity hold the potential to reshape the way we perceive beauty and fashion in the digital age.。
虚拟合唱团埃里克的英语作文
虚拟合唱团埃里克的英语作文In the modern era of technology, the boundaries of human interaction and collaboration are constantly being pushed. One such remarkable example is the Virtual Choir, a unique initiative that brings together individuals from diverse backgrounds, cultures, and locations, all united by their shared love of music. Among these individuals, Erik stands out as a testament to the power of music and the virtual choir in transcending geographical and cultural divides.Erik, a young man hailing from a small town in Scandinavia, has always had a passion for music. Despite the remoteness of his hometown and the limited resources available, his dedication and talent have allowed him to excel in the art of singing. However, Erik's journey did not start with ease. He faced numerous challenges,including limited access to professional training and a lack of opportunities to perform with other musicians.That's where the Virtual Choir came into the picture. When Erik heard about this initiative, he saw it as a chance to connect with other music lovers, learn from them,and share his own music. Through the virtual choir, Erik was able to collaborate with singers from around the world, each with their unique voices and cultural backgrounds.The experience was transformative for Erik. Not only did he learn new singing techniques and styles from his choir mates, but he also gained a deeper understanding of different cultures and perspectives. The virtual choir became a melting pot of sounds and ideas, where Erik could explore his own musical identity while also embracing the diversity of others.The impact of the virtual choir on Erik's life was profound. His confidence grew as he performed alongside other singers, and he developed a deeper appreciation for the power of music to bring people together. More importantly, the virtual choir gave Erik a voice and a platform to share his music with the world, breaking the barriers of geography and culture.Erik's story is not just about him; it's about the potential of music and technology to connect us in ways we never imagined possible. The virtual choir is a powerful reminder that music has the ability to transcend borders,languages, and cultures, bringing people together in harmony and understanding.As Erik continues to sing and grow as a musician, the virtual choir remains a constant source of inspiration and connection. His journey is a testament to the belief that music has the power to bring us closer, to create a global community of sound and understanding, where everyone can share their voice and be heard.**虚拟合唱团埃里克：音乐跨越国界**在科技日新月异的现代，人类互动与合作的边界正在不断被拓宽。
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Network Working Group David B. Johnson INTERNET DRAFT Carnegie Mellon University 28 November 1994 Andrew Myles Macquarie University Charles Perkins IBM Corporation Route Optimization in Mobile IPdraft-ietf-mobileip-optim-00.txtAbstractThis document defines experimental extensions to the operation ofthe basic Mobile IP protocol to allow for optimization of datagramrouting from a correspondent node to a mobile node. Without routeoptimization, all datagrams destined to a mobile node are routedthrough that mobile node’s home agent, which then tunnels eachdatagram to the mobile node’s current location. The protocolextensions described here provide a means for correspondent nodesto cache the location of a mobile node and to then tunnel their owndatagrams for the mobile node directly to that location, bypassingthe possibly lengthy route for each datagram to and from the mobilenode’s home agent. Extensions are also provided to optimize thehandoff from one foreign agent to another as the mobile node moves.This draft is currently incomplete and changes to it are in progress. We welcome any comments on it from others in the community.Status of This MemoThis document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are workingdocuments of the Internet Engineering task Force (IETF), its Areas,and its Working Groups. Note that other groups may also distributeworking documents as Internet Drafts.Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of sixmonths. Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted byother documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use InternetDrafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "workingdrafts" or "work in progress".Please check lid-abstracts.txt listing contained in theinternet-drafts Shadow Directories on , ,, , or munnari.oz.au to learn thecurrent status of an Internet Draft.Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page i]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 ContentsAbstract i Status of This Memo i1. Introduction 12. Route Optimization Overview 3 2.1. Location Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2. Foreign Agent Handoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3. Location Cache Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63. Route Optimization Message Formats 8 3.1. Binding Advice Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2. Binding Inquire Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.3. Binding Update Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.4. Binding Acknowledge Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134. Route Optimization Extension Formats 14 4.1. Previous Foreign Agent Notification Extension . . . . . . 15 4.2. Route Optimization Authentication Extension . . . . . . . 17 4.3. Mobile Node Registration Key Extension . . . . . . . . . 184.4. Foreign Agent Registration Key Extension . . . . . . . . 195. Mobility Security Association Management 20 5.1. Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.2. Mobility Security Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.3. Using a Master Key at the Home Agent . . . . . . . . . . 226. Location Cache Considerations 23 6.1. Cache Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 6.2. Receiving Binding Advice Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 236.3. Receiving Binding Update Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . 237. Home Agent Considerations 24 7.1. Tunneling Datagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247.2. Receiving Binding Inquire Messages . . . . . . . . . . . 248. Foreign Agent Considerations 25 8.1. Previous Foreign Agent Notification . . . . . . . . . . . 25 8.2. Receiving Tunneled Datagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page ii]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 9. Mobile Node Considerations 26 9.1. Previous Foreign Agent List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 9.2. Previous Foreign Agent Notification . . . . . . . . . . . 26 References 27 Chairs’ Addresses 28 Authors’ Addresses 29Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page iii]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 1. IntroductionThe basic Mobile IP protocol [2] allows a mobile node to move about, changing its point of attachment to the Internet, while continuingto be addressed by its home IP address. Correspondent nodes sending IP datagrams to a mobile node address them to the mobile node’s home address in the same way as any destination.While the mobile node is connected to the Internet away from itshome network, it is served by a "home agent" on its home networkand is associated with a "care-of address" indicating its currentlocation. The association between a mobile node’s home address andits care-of address is known as a "mobility binding". The care-ofaddress is generally the address of a "foreign agent" on the network being visited by the mobile node, which forwards arriving datagramslocally to the mobile node. Alternatively, the care-of address maybe temporarily assigned to the mobile node using DHCP [1] or othermeans. All IP datagrams addressed to the mobile node are routed bythe normal IP routing mechanisms to the mobile node’s home network,where they are intercepted by the mobile node’s home agent, whichthen tunnels each datagram to the mobile node’s current care-ofaddress. Datagrams sent by a mobile node use the foreign agent as a default router but require no other special handling or routing.This basic scheme allows transparent interoperation with mobilenodes, but by forcing all datagrams for a mobile node to be routedthrough its home agent, this basic protocol may often lead torouting that is significantly less than optimal. For example, if amobile node, say MN1, is visiting some subnet, even datagrams froma correspondent node on this same subnet must be routed through theInternet to MN1’s home agent on MN1’s home network, only to thenbe tunneled back to the original subnet to MN1’s foreign agent fordelivery to MN1. This indirect routing can significantly delay thedelivery of the datagram to MN1 and places an unnecessary burden onthe networks and routers along this path through the Internet. Ifthe correspondent node in this example is actually another mobilenode, say MN2, then datagrams from MN1 to MN2 must likewise be routed through MN2’s home agent on MN2’s home network and back to theoriginal subnet for delivery to MN1.This document defines experimental extensions to the basic MobileIP protocol to allow for the optimization of datagram routing froma correspondent node to a mobile node. These extensions provide ameans for nodes that implement them to cache the care-of addressof a mobile node and to then tunnel their own datagrams directlythere, bypassing the possibly lengthy route to and from that mobilenode’s home agent. Extensions are also provided to allow datagramsin flight when a mobile node moves or datagrams sent based on an Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 1]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 out-of-date cached care-of address to be forwarded directly to themobile node’s new care-of address.All operation of route optimization that effects the routing of IPdatagrams to the mobile node is authenticated using the same typeof authentication mechanism used in the basic Mobile IP protocol.This authentication relies on a "mobility security association"established in advance between the node sending a message and thenode receiving the message that must authenticate it. When therequired mobility security association has not been established, aMobile IP implementation using route optimization operates in thesame way as the basic Mobile IP protocol.Section 2 of this document provides an overview of the operation ofroute optimization. Section 3 defines the message types used byroute optimization, and Section 4 defines the message extensionsused. Section 5 discusses the problem of managing the mobilitysecurity associations needed to provide authentication of allmessages that affect the routing of datagrams to a mobile node. The final four sections of this document define in detail the operationof route optimization from the point of view of each of the entities involved: location cache considerations are presented in Section 6, home agent considerations in Section 7. foreign agent considerations in Section 8, and mobile node considerations in Section 9.Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 2]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 2. Route Optimization Overview2.1. Location CachingRoute optimization provides a means for any node that wishes tooptimize its own communication with mobile nodes to maintain a"location cache" in which it caches the mobility binding of one ormore mobile nodes. When sending an IP datagram to a mobile node, if the sender has a location cache entry for this mobile node, it maytunnel the datagram directly to the care-of address indicated in the cached mobility binding.In the absence of any location cache entry, datagrams destined fora mobile node will be routed to the mobile node’s home network inthe same way as any other IP datagram, and are then tunneled to themobile node’s current care-of address by the mobile node’s homeagent. This is the only routing mechanism supported by the basicMobile IP protocol. With route optimization, as a side effect ofthis indirect routing of a datagram to a mobile node, the originalsender of the datagram is informed of the mobile node’s currentmobility binding, giving the sender an opportunity to cache thebinding.A node may create a location cache entry for a mobile node only when it has received and authenticated the mobile node’s mobility binding. Likewise, a node may update an existing location cache entry for amobile node, such as after the mobile node has moved to a new foreign agent, only when it has received and authenticated the mobile node’s new mobility binding.A location cache will, by necessity, have a finite size. Any nodeimplementing a location cache may manage the space in its cacheusing any local cache replacement policy. If a datagram is sentto a destination for which the cache entry has been dropped fromthe cache, the datagram will be routed normally through the mobilenode’s home network and will be tunneled to the mobile node’scare-of address by its home agent. As when a location cache entryis initially created, this indirect routing to the mobile node willresult in the original sender of the datagram being informed of themobile node’s current mobility binding, allowing it to add this entry again to its location cache.2.2. Foreign Agent HandoffWhen a mobile node moves and registers with a new foreign agent, the basic Mobile IP protocol does not notify the mobile node’s previousforeign agent. IP datagrams intercepted by the home agent after Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 3]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 the new registration are tunneled to the mobile node’s new care-ofaddress, but datagrams in flight that had already been interceptedby the home agent and tunneled to the old care-of address when themobile node moved are lost and are assumed to be retransmitted byhigher-level protocols if needed. The old foreign agent eventuallydeletes the mobile node’s registration after the expiration of thelifetime period established when the mobile node registered there.Route optimization provides a means for the mobile node’s previousforeign agent to be reliably notified of the mobile node’s newmobility binding, allowing datagrams in flight to the mobile node’sprevious foreign agent to be forwarded directly to its new care-ofaddress. This notification also allows any datagrams tunneled to the mobile node’s previous foreign agent from correspondent nodes without-of-date location cache entries for the mobile node (they have not yet learned that the mobile node has moved) to be forwarded directly to its new care-of address. Finally, this notification allows anyresources consumed by the mobile node’s registration at the previous foreign agent (such as radio channel reservations) to be releasedimmediately, rather than waiting for the mobile node’s registrationto expire.During registration with a new foreign agent, the mobile node andthe new foreign agent may establish a "registration key", which acts as a session key for this registration. The mobile node’s homeagent may choose a registration key and include copies of it in theRegistration Reply message for the foreign agent and for the mobilenode. The copy for the mobile node is included in a Mobile NodeRegistration Key extension and is encrypted under a key and algorithm shared between the home agent and the mobile node as part of theirmobility security association. Likewise, the copy for the foreignagent is included in a Foreign Agent Registration Key extension andis encrypted under a key and algorithm shared between the home agent and the foreign agent as part of their mobility security association. If the home agent and foreign agent do not share a mobility security association, then no registration key is established.When the mobile node later registers with a new foreign agent, it may use this registration key from its registration with its previousforeign agent to notify it that it has moved. This notificationmay also optionally include its new mobility binding, allowing theprevious foreign agent to create a location cache entry for themobile node to serve as a "forwarding pointer" to its new location.Any datagrams for the mobile node tunneled to this previous foreignagent that arrive after this location cache entry has been createdwill then be re-tunneled to the mobile node’s new location at thecare-of address in this location cache entry.Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 4]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 To minimize the network bandwidth required for this registrationover the link between the mobile node and its new foreign agent,the mobile node may request its new foreign agent to attempt tonotify its previous foreign agent on its behalf, by including aPrevious Foreign Agent Notification extension in its RegistrationRequest message sent to the new foreign agent. The new foreign agent then builds a Binding Update message and transmits it to the mobilenode’s previous foreign agent as part of registration, requestingan acknowledgement from the previous foreign agent. The PreviousForeign Agent Notification extension includes only those valuesneeded to construct the Binding Update message that are not alreadycontained in the Registration Request message. The authenticator for the Binding Update message is computed by the mobile node based onits registration key shared with its previous foreign agent.If the Binding Acknowledgement message acknowledging this BindingUpdate message is received by the new foreign agent before it sendsthe Registration Reply to the mobile node, the new foreign agentindicates the acknowledgement in the Registration Reply message tothe mobile node. Otherwise, the new foreign agent forwards theBinding Acknowledgement message to the mobile node when it arrives;the mobile node is responsible for occasionally retransmitting aBinding Update message to its previous foreign agent until thematching Binding Acknowledge message is received, or until the mobile node can be sure of the expiration of its registration with thatforeign agent.The location cache entry created at the mobile node’s previousforeign agent is treated in the same way as any other location cache entry. In particular, it is possible that this location cache entry could be deleted from the cache at any time. In this case, theforeign agent will be unable to re-tunnel subsequently arrivingtunneled datagrams for the mobile node directly to its new location. Suppose a node (such as this previous foreign agent) receives somedatagram that has been tunneled to this node, but this node is unable to deliver the datagram locally to the destination mobile node (itis not the mobile node itself, and it is not a foreign agent with avisitor list entry for this mobile node). If this node also has nolocation cache entry for the mobile node, the node re-tunnels thedatagram using a "special tunnel", in which the destination addressof the tunnel and the destination address of the datagram carriedwith in the tunnel are both equal to the mobile node’s address.The tunneled datagram will eventually reach the mobile node’s homenetwork, where it will be intercepted by the mobile node’s home agent and tunneled to the mobile node’s current care-of address.Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 5]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 The use of the "special tunnel" enables the home agent to determinewhich node forwarded the datagram to it, allowing it to detect thecase in which a foreign agent has "forgotten" about one of thevisiting mobile nodes registered with it. For example, if a foreign agent crashes and reboots, it will generally lose all informationin its visitor list. If this were to happen, datagrams destined tomobile nodes that were registered with the foreign agent before itcrashed would instead loop infinitely between that foreign agent and the mobile node’s home agent. By allowing the home agent to detectthis situation, the datagram can instead be dropped by the home agent when it receives it in the "special tunnel", rather than retunneling it again to the foreign agent. For compatibility between foreignagents that implement route optimization and home agents that do not, if the foreign agent receive a tunneled datagram that is itself aspecial tunneled datagram destined for a mobile node not registeredwith this foreign agent, the foreign agent should drop the datagram.2.3. Location Cache UpdatesWhen a mobile node’s home agent intercepts a datagram from the homenetwork and tunnels it to the mobile node, the home agent may deduce that the original sender of the datagram has no location cache entry for the destination mobile node. In this case, the home agent maysend a Binding Update message to the sender, informing it of themobile node’s current mobility binding. No acknowledgement for this Binding Update message is needed, since future datagrams intercepted by the home agent from this sender for the mobile node will serveto cause a retransmission of the Binding Update message. In orderfor the home agent to send this Binding Update to the sender ofthe datagram, the home agent and this node must have established amobility security association.When the foreign agent serving a mobile node (or the mobile nodeitself, when using a temporary local IP address as a care-of address) receives a datagram tunneled to it for the mobile node, in which the source address of the tunnel differs from the original source address of the datagram carried within the tunnel, it may deduce that theoriginal sender of the datagram has an out-of-date location cacheentry for this mobile node. In this case, the foreign agent (orthe mobile node itself, when using a temporary local IP address asa care-of address) may send a Binding Advice message to the mobilenode’s home agent (the foreign agent learns the home agent addressduring registration), advising it that the original sender of thedatagram has an out-of-date location cache entry for the mobile node. However, if the source address of the tunnel is the mobile node’shome agent, then no Binding Advice message is needed, since in thiscase, the home agent will have already sent a Binding Update message Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 6]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 to the original sender when it tunneled the datagram to the foreignagent. As above, no acknowledgement of the Binding Advice messageis needed, since future datagrams for the mobile node from the samesender will serve to cause a retransmissions of the Binding Advicemessage.No authentication of the Binding Advice message is necessary, sinceit does not directly affect the routing of IP datagrams to the mobile node. Instead, when a node receives a Binding Advice message, thatnode sends a Binding Inquire message to the indicated mobile node’shome agent requesting the mobile node’s current mobility binding,which is answered by a Binding Update message from the home agent.When the Binding Update message is received, the node may then create a location cache entry for the mobile node. In order for this nodeand the home agent to exchange these Binding Inquire and BindingUpdate messages, they must have established a mobility securityassociation.Included in each Binding Update message is an indication of thetime remaining in the lifetime associated with the mobile node’scurrent registration. Any location cache entry established orupdated in response to this Binding Update message must be markedto be deleted after the expiration of this period. A node wantingto provide continued service with a particular location cache entrymay attempt to reconfirm that mobility binding before the expiration of this lifetime period. Location cache entry reconfirmationmay be appropriate when the node has indications (such as an opentransport-level connection to the mobile node) that the locationcache entry is still needed. This reconfirmation is performed bythe node sending a Binding Inquire message to the mobile node’s home agent, requesting it to reply with the mobile node’s current mobility binding in a new Binding Update message.Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 7]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 3. Route Optimization Message FormatsRoute optimization defines four message types used for managementof location cache entries. Each of these messages begins with aone-octet field indicating the type of the message.The following Type codes are defined in this document:16 = Binding Advice message17 = Binding Inquire message18 = Binding Update message19 = Binding Acknowledge messageJohnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 8]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 19943.1. Binding Advice MessageA Binding Advice message is used to advise a node that it appearsnot to have a current mobility binding cached in a location cacheentry for some mobile node. It is sent by a mobile node’s currentforeign agent when the foreign agent receives a tunneled datagram for the mobile node, in which the source address of the tunnel differsfrom the original source address of the datagram. The Binding Advice message is sent to the original source of the datagram.0 1 2 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Type | Reserved |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Mobile Node Home Address |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+Type16ReservedSent as 0; ignored on reception.Mobile Node Home AddressThe home address of the mobile node to which the Binding Advice message refers.Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 9]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 19943.2. Binding Inquire MessageA Binding Inquire message is used by a node when requesting a mobile node’s current mobility binding from the mobile node’s home agent.It is sent by a node upon receiving a Binding Advice message, or bya node desiring to update the mobility binding in a location cacheentry that it holds for the mobile node.0 1 2 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Type | Reserved |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Mobile Node Home Address |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| |+ Identification +| |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+Type17ReservedSent as 0; ignored on reception.Mobile Node Home AddressThe home address of the mobile node to which the BindingInquire refers.IdentificationA 64-bit sequence number, assigned by the node sending theBinding Inquire message, used to assist in matching requestswith replies, and in protecting against replay attacks. Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 10]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 3.3. Binding Update MessageThe Binding Update message is used to notify another node of a mobile node’s current mobility binding. It may be sent by the mobilenode’s home agent in response to a Binding Inquire message; it mayalso be sent by a mobile node or the foreign agent with which it isregistering, when notifying the mobile node’s previous foreign agent that the mobile node has moved.0 1 2 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Type |A| Reserved |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Mobile Node Home Address |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Care-of Address |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Lifetime |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| |+ Identification +| |+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+| Extensions ...+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-Type18Acknowledge (A)The Acknowledge (A) bit is set by the node sending the Binding Update message to request a Binding Acknowledge message bereturned acknowledging its receipt.ReservedSent as 0; ignored on reception.Mobile Node Home AddressThe home address of the mobile node to which the Binding Update message refers.Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 11]Internet Draft Route Optimization in Mobile IP 28 November 1994 Care-of AddressThe current care-of address of the mobile node.LifetimeThe number of seconds remaining before the location cache entry must be considered expired. A value of all ones indicatesinfinity.When sent by the mobile node’s home agent in response toa Binding Inquire message, this value should be less thanor equal to the remaining lifetime of the mobile node’sregistration. When sent by the mobile node or its new foreign agent to the mobile node’s previous foreign agent duringregistration, this value is ignored and the lifetime on thelocation cache entry created at the previous foreign agentmust be set to the remaining lifetime of the mobile node’sregistration with that foreign agent. When sent by the mobile node to its previous foreign agent after completing its newregistration, this value should be less than or equal to theremaining lifetime of the mobile node’s current registration.IdentificationA 64-bit sequence number, assigned by the node sending theBinding Inquire message, used to assist in matching requestswith replies, and in protecting against replay attacks.The Route Optimization Authentication extension (Section 4.2) isrequired.Johnson, Myles, Perkins Expires 28 May 1995 [Page 12]。