Inflammation and Colon Cancer 2012 08

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大肠的作用和功能英语作文

大肠的作用和功能英语作文The Importance of the Colon in Human HealthThe human body is a complex and intricate system, with various organs and systems working in harmony to maintain overall health and well-being. One of the essential components of this system is the colon, also known as the large intestine. The colon plays a crucial role in the digestive process and is responsible for a variety of important functions that contribute to our overall health.One of the primary functions of the colon is to absorb water and electrolytes from the undigested food matter that passes through the digestive tract. As the waste material moves through the colon, the colon's walls absorb water, leaving behind a more solid and compact stool. This process helps to regulate fluid balance in the body and prevent dehydration. Additionally, the colon is responsible for the storage and eventual elimination of waste products, a process that is essential for maintaining a healthy and functioning digestive system.Another important function of the colon is the production and regulation of gut bacteria. The colon is home to a diverse communityof microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiome. These bacteria play a crucial role in a variety of bodily functions, including digestion, immune system regulation, and even brain health. The colon provides a hospitable environment for these beneficial bacteria to thrive, and in turn, the gut microbiome helps to maintain the health and function of the colon.The colon also plays a role in the absorption of certain vitamins and minerals. For example, the colon is responsible for the absorption of vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting and bone health. Additionally, the colon helps to absorb some of the short-chain fatty acids produced by the gut microbiome, which can have anti-inflammatory effects and may even contribute to the prevention of certain chronic diseases.One of the most important functions of the colon is its role in the elimination of waste products from the body. The colon is responsible for the storage and eventual elimination of fecal matter, which contains a variety of waste products, including undigested food, dead cells, and other metabolic byproducts. Proper bowel function is essential for the removal of these waste products, as the buildup of waste in the body can lead to a variety of health problems, including constipation, bloating, and even more serious conditions like colon cancer.In addition to its role in digestion and waste elimination, the colon also plays a role in the regulation of the immune system. The colon is home to a large number of immune cells, which help to protect the body from harmful pathogens and other threats. The colon's immune system also plays a role in the regulation of inflammation, which can have important implications for a variety of health conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even certain types of cancer.Overall, the colon is a vital organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being. From its role in the absorption of water and electrolytes to its function in the production and regulation of gut bacteria, the colon is essential for the proper functioning of the digestive system and the maintenance of a healthy body. By understanding the importance of the colon and taking steps to maintain its health, individuals can take an important step towards improving their overall health and well-being.。

_熏脐法寒热并调治疗溃疡性结肠炎

溃疡性结肠炎是一种主要累及结肠、直肠的黏膜和黏膜下层的慢性非特异性炎症。

临床以大便性状的改变为主，表现为腹泻、黏液脓血便，腹痛、里急后重及各种不同程度的全身症状，以反复发作、迁延难愈为特点。

由于饮食、作息等生活方式的改变，近年来我国溃疡性结肠炎发病率呈上升趋势。

其病因尚未完全明确，且病情反复，有癌变可能，被世界卫生组织列为难治性疾病之一［1］。

西医目前尚无根治性方法，中医因方法多样、疗效显著受到人们的重视。

熏脐法，又名蒸脐法、炼脐法，是指将药物研成细末填满脐部，脐周放置用面粉加水揉制的面圈，面圈中央小孔与脐同大，中置艾炷灸之［2］。

熏脐法作为一种作用于肚脐的艾灸方法，具有安全、高效的优点。

2006年脐疗被批准为“卫生部面向农村和城市社区推广适宜技术十年百项推广技术”［3］。

熏脐法作为脐疗的重要组成部分，目前已在临床广泛应用，并取得了良好的疗效。

1溃疡性结肠炎病因病机中医学中溃疡性结肠炎属中医“肠澼”“肠风”“脓血痢”“久痢”等范畴，无特定病名。

其主要症状是大便泄泻、呈脓血样、反复发作，甚则便血，常伴腹痛、里急后重、体质量减轻等。

患者平素体虚，或劳累、饮食不慎损伤脾胃，反复发作导致脾胃亏虚。

脾主健运，主运化水湿，脾不健运，则水湿内停，留滞肠道，则大便稀溏不调。

脾主升清，脾不健运，清气不升，则生飧泄。

湿邪留恋，困阻清阳，损伤脾阳，导致脾阳亏虚。

肾为水之下源，水湿过盛，清阳困阻，影响肾的蒸腾气化，损伤肾气。

肾为元阳之根本，脾阳虚久必及肾，导致脾肾阳虚。

故本病病位虽在肠道，然疾病之本在脾肾，其基本病机为脾肾阳虚。

脾肾阳虚，阳气无法蒸腾气化，必将加重水湿。

水湿久聚不散，郁久化热，导致肠道湿热。

因此，本病为本虚标实之证，根本在于脾肾阳虚，病理产物为肠道湿热内蕴。

2熏脐法治疗特色2.1治疗作用及优势因本病标本同见、虚实共存、寒热错杂，故治疗上应标本兼顾、攻补兼施、寒热并调。

然而在口服用药时，用温热药则易助热，用寒凉药则易伤阳，治疗颇为棘手。

黄酮类化合物的研究进展

黄酮类化合物的研究进展陈璐食安082 2083608204摘要：黄酮类化合物是多酚化合物的一种，广泛存在于自然界中许多药用植物的根、叶、皮和果实以及水果和蔬菜中，多以苷类形式存在，一部分以游离形式存在。

目前，黄酮类化合物泛指2个苯环(A与B)通过3个碳原子相互连结而成的一系列化合物。

对黄酮类化合物的药理作用研究由来已久，大量研究发现，黄酮类化合物具有抗感染、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗心血管疾病、免疫调节等作用。

关键字：黄酮类化合物；生物活性；研究进展；作用；前景Advances in flavonoid researchChen Lu Food Safety 082 2083608204 Abstract: Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds of the kind widely found in nature, the root of many medicinal plants, leaves, bark and fruit, and fruit and vegetables, mostly glycosides form, part of the free form. Currently, flavonoids refers to two benzene rings (A and B) by three carbon atoms linked together from a series of compounds.On the pharmacological effects of flavonoids of a long, large study found that flavonoids have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-virus, anti-cardiovascular diseases, immune regulation and so on.Keywords: flavonoids; biological activity; research progress; role; prospects黄酮类化合物广泛存在于植物中，是植物长期自然选择过程中产生的次级代谢产物。

我PKA抑制剂H89无法阻断西咯他唑对APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

我 PKA抑制剂 H89无法阻断西咯他唑对APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用摘要：目的:研究PKA抑制剂H89是否能够阻断西洛他唑对APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。

方法：我们通过腹腔注射APAP诱导小鼠发生急性肝损伤。

在观察H89是否能够阻断西洛他唑对APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用时，先给予H89 （10mg/kg，ip）,cilostazol（20mg/kg,ip）连续三天，其中H89提前2小时给，第四天提前2小时给H89，之后同时给Cilostazol和APAP，分别20mg/kg，300mg/kg，12小时后杀鼠取血取肝检测。

我们检测了药物腹腔注射后12h小鼠血清转氨酶ALT和AST、小鼠肝组织中H2O2水平，并通过实时定量PCR法检测肝组织中炎症因子IL-6、IL-1mRNA的表达水平，同时我们对各组小鼠肝组织进行了HE染色，并镜下观察。

结果：西洛他唑对APAP引起的血清转氨酶升高有显著降低作用，但H89无法逆转此种作用，西洛他唑对APAP引起的肝组织H2O2升高有明显降低作用，H89无法阻断其作用，西洛他唑对APAP引起的肝组织中炎症因子IL-1和IL-6 mRNA水平升高有降低作用，H89无法逆转此作用。

结论:西洛他唑对APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤保护作用不能被PKA抑制剂H89所阻断，故而西洛他唑对APAP诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用与其可以激活PKA无关。

关键词：H89、阻断、西洛他唑、APAP、急性肝损伤对乙酰氨基酚（Acetaminophen，APAP）是目前临床上广泛应用的乙酰苯胺类解热镇痛药。

治疗剂量的APAP疗效好，用药安全，但一旦滥用或使用不当就会导致严重的肝脏损伤。

N-乙酰半胱氨酸（N-acetyl cysteine，NAC）是临床上用来治疗APAP引起的肝损伤的药物，但存在易引发恶心、呕吐等不良反应，且治疗窗较窄[1, 2]。

因此，研究和寻找减轻APAP肝毒性的其他药物仍至关重要。

结肠癌临床病例分析

结肠癌危险因素的相关性分析【摘要】目的：对结肠癌的危险因素进行探讨及分析，从而为结肠癌的预防提供科学依据。

方法：收集延边大学附属医院269例病理学确诊的结肠癌患者作为病例组，随机抽取同期入院就诊的280例非肿瘤及代谢性疾病患者作为对照组，收集相关资料并进行研究。

结果：单因素分析发现，大量吸烟史、大量饮酒史、结肠癌家族史、结肠息肉病史、阑尾切除病史、经常食用油炸食品、经常食用水果蔬菜、奶制品及豆制品，经常体育锻炼（体力劳动）与结肠癌具有相关性。

Logistic 多因素回归分析发现，结肠癌家族史、结肠息肉病史、阑尾切除病史、经常食用油炸食品是结肠癌的危险因素，经常食用新鲜水果蔬菜、奶制品及豆制品，经常体育锻炼是结肠癌的保护因素。

结论：饮食结构、生活方式、结肠癌家族病史及相关病史等与结肠癌的发病具有相关性。

【Abstract】Objective：To investigate and analysis the risk factors of colon cancer in order to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of the disease. Methods： A case control study was performed. Retrospectively collected the information of 269 cases of colon cancer patients in Hospital of Yanbian University as case group and selected 280 cases of patients of no tumor and metabolic disease at the corresponding period as a control group. Results：Univariate analysis showed that history of heavy drinking、history of heavy smoking、family history of colon cancer、history of colon polyps、history of appendix resection、eating fried food、regular consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits、regular consumption of beans、milk and its products、regular physical exercise are related to colon cancer. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that family history of colon cancer、history of colon polyps、history of appendix resection、often eating fried food are the risk factors of colon cancer，regular consumption of fresh vegetables 、fruits、beans、milk and its products，regular physical exercise are the protect factors of colon cancer. Conclusion：Dietary habits、live styleand family history of colon cancer、history of relevant medical diseasesare the major influencing factors of colon cancer.【关键词】结肠癌危险因素 logistic回归[通讯作者]张媛延边大学附属医院消化内科延吉市 133000结肠癌作为一种恶性肿瘤严重威胁人类生命健康，据统计其发病率于各肿瘤中位居第三位，男性多见（男女比例 2～3：1），其死亡率在发达国家中明显高出。

穿心莲综述

穿心莲的药物活性和药理作用研究【摘要】穿心莲为常用中药，临床上多用于上呼吸道感染、急性痢疾、胃肠炎、感冒发热及高血压等心血管疾病的治疗。

本文对穿心莲的化学成分和药理活性进行了综述。

【关键词】穿心莲化学成分药理活性穿心莲[ (Andrographispaniculata(Bum1.f.) Nees]为爵床科穿心莲属植物,别名一见喜、斩蛇草、苦草、橄榄莲,穿心莲原产印度、斯里兰卡、巴基斯坦、缅甸、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南等国；生于湿热的平原、丘陵地区。

主产广东、福建。

现长江南北暖地区均引种栽培，热带、亚热带部分地区有野生。

印度用作苦补健胃药，载于1954年《印度药典》。

中国于五十年代在广东、福建南部民间有引种栽培，用于治疗多种感染性疾病及毒蛇咬伤。

近年来中国各地对穿心莲的栽培、化学成分、药理及临床方面进行深入的研究。

穿心莲为常用中药，具有清热解毒、凉血消肿等功效。

临床上多用于呼吸道感染、急性菌痢、肠胃炎、感冒发热及高血压等疾病的治疗。

随着抗生素滥用及不良反应的增加，开发具有良好抗菌效果的中药的呼声越来越高。

穿心莲作为抗菌作用显著的中药，越来越受到医药界关注。

本文就其主要化学成分、药理作用的研究综述如下。

1化学成分研究1. 1黄酮类化合物黄酮类化合物主要含于穿心莲根中,系多甲氧基黄酮。

近年来国内外学者相继从穿心莲中分得多种黄酮类活性成分。

王金兰等报道，从穿心莲中分离得到一种主要存在于根部的黄酮类化合物，从叶中也分出两种黄酮类成分。

据报道从爵床科植物罗思穿心莲(Andrographisrothii)中分离得到并鉴定出四个黄酮成分。

陈丽霞等从穿心莲中分离得到12个黄酮类化合物,分别为5-羟基-7, 8-二甲氧基黄酮, 5-羟基-7, 8-二甲氧基二氢黄酮, 5-羟基-7, 8,2’,3’-四甲氧基黄酮,2’-甲氧基黄芩新素,5-羟基-7,8,2’,3’-四甲氧基黄酮,5,4’-二羟基-7,8,2’,3’-四甲氧基黄酮,二氢黄芩新索, 5, 7, 8-三甲氧基二氢黄酮, 5, 2’-二羟基-7, 8-二甲氧基黄酮，andrographi-dineC,5,7,4’-三羟基黄酮,5,7,3’,4’-四羟基黄酮。

炎症反应促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移的研究进展

炎症反应促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移的研究进展摘要：恶性肿瘤严重威胁人类健康，其侵袭和转移是肿瘤患者死亡的重要原因。

大量研究表明，肿瘤微环境对肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移有着重要的作用。

肿瘤细胞在肿瘤微环境中会受到多种因素的影响，其中炎症反应产生的多种炎症细胞、细胞因子等会为肿瘤细胞的恶性转化提供有利条件。

关键词：炎症反应；肿瘤侵袭转移；炎症细胞；细胞因子中图分类号：（77）文献标识码：A 文章编号：1007-7847（2015）02-0160-05Recent Progresses on Inflammation-mediated Promotion of Tumor Invasion and MetastasisTANG Ya-ni，SUN Yang，YE Mao”（College of Biology，Hunan University，Changsha 410082，Hunan，China）Abstract：Malignant tumor is a great threat to human health. Invasion and metastasis of tumor cell are the major cause of death for cancer patients. Recent studies show that tumor microenvironment is very important factor in the regulation of tumor invasion and metastasis. The progress of tumor malignant transformation can be promoted by inflammation via the secretion of inflammatory cells and cytokines.Key words：in flammation；tumor invasion and metastasis；inflammatory cells；cytokines （Life Science Research，2015，19（2）：160?164）肿瘤的侵袭转移是肿瘤的恶性特征之一，是大多数癌症病人死亡的主要原因。

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的研究进展和临床应用

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的研究进展和临床应用李佳妮;王卓;孙瑞;杨勇【摘要】Macrophage which surrounds tumor cells is termed tumor associated macrophage(TAM). TAM takes part in tumorinitiation,invasion,metastasis and suppression of anti - tumor immune response. The amount of TAM,to a certain de-gree,can predict the prognosis of cancer patients. So far,some new medicine had been used in clinical treatment targeting TAM.%浸润在肿瘤细胞周围的巨噬细胞被称为肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAM）。

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞能够促进肿瘤发生、侵袭与转移、及抑制机体抗肿瘤免疫等。

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的数量在一定程度上可作为判断肿瘤患者预后的指标。

目前，已有一些针对肿瘤相关巨噬细胞实现抗肿瘤作用的新药在临床投入使用。

【期刊名称】《药学研究》【年(卷),期】2016(035)004【总页数】3页(P237-239)【关键词】肿瘤相关巨噬细胞;肿瘤微环境;分子机制;临床应用【作者】李佳妮;王卓;孙瑞;杨勇【作者单位】中国药科大学药物科学研究院新药安全评价研究中心，江苏南京211198;中国药科大学药物科学研究院新药安全评价研究中心，江苏南京 211198;中国药科大学药物科学研究院新药安全评价研究中心，江苏南京 211198;中国药科大学药物科学研究院新药安全评价研究中心，江苏南京 211198【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R730.3肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（Tumor associated macrophage，简称TAM）是泛指在肿瘤发生过程中浸润于肿瘤并影响其发展转归的巨噬细胞［1－2］。

布洛芬的调研报告

布洛芬的调研报告调研报告：布洛芬的研究与应用一、调研目的布洛芬，是一种非处方药，常用于缓解轻度至中度的疼痛、发热和炎症。

本次调研的目的是全面了解布洛芬的研究进展、临床应用和安全性，以促进其合理应用。

二、调研方法1. 文献检索：通过国内外相关数据库如PubMed、Web of Science等检索布洛芬的研究文献。

2. 临床实践：了解医院、诊所等医疗机构在临床中布洛芬的应用情况。

3. 专家访谈：与相关领域的专家进行深入交流和访谈，获取专业意见和观点。

三、调研结果1. 布洛芬的研究进展布洛芬作为非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）的一种，其作用机制主要通过抑制体内花生四烯酸路径的前列腺素合成，发挥镇痛、退热和抗炎作用。

研究表明，布洛芬也具有一定的抗凝血、抗癌、抗肿瘤增殖、神经保护和免疫调节等作用。

2. 布洛芬的临床应用布洛芬在临床上被广泛应用于缓解轻至中度疼痛和发热，如头痛、牙痛、月经痛、肌肉骨骼疼痛等，同时也可用于缓解风湿性关节炎、痛风、肌筋膜炎等炎症相关疾病。

此外，布洛芬还可用于儿童发热的治疗。

3. 布洛芬的安全性布洛芬虽然是非处方药，但使用时仍需谨慎。

长期使用或超量服用可引发胃肠道反应，如胃痛、恶心、呕吐、溃疡等。

布洛芬还可能导致血尿酸升高、肾功能异常、心血管系统不良反应等。

因此，在使用时应遵循医生指导，注意剂量和使用时间，并注意不良反应的监测。

四、调研结论布洛芬作为常用的非处方药，其研究证实了其在缓解疼痛、退热和抗炎方面的有效性。

临床应用方面，它广泛应用于多个领域，如常见疼痛、炎症相关疾病等。

然而，其安全性也需要引起重视，因此在使用时应保持剂量适当、时限恰当，并密切关注潜在的不良反应。

五、建议1. 加大对布洛芬的研究力度，进一步明确其作用机制和药效特点，以更好地指导临床使用。

2. 在医疗机构加强对医生和病人的宣教，提高布洛芬的正确使用率，减少潜在风险。

3. 继续开展布洛芬的临床试验，扩大其应用范围，挖掘其更多的潜在治疗用途。

动物双歧杆菌发酵流程

动物双歧杆菌发酵流程英文回答：Bifidobacterium fermentation is a process used to produce fermented dairy products, such as yogurt, kefir, and fermented milk. It involves the fermentation of milk by the bacteria Bifidobacterium, which converts the lactose in the milk into lactic acid. The lactic acid gives fermented dairy products their characteristic tartness and tangy flavor.Bifidobacterium fermentation has a number of health benefits. Bifidobacterium is a probiotic bacteria, which means it has a beneficial effect on the digestive system. Probiotics help to maintain a healthy balance of bacteriain the gut, which can improve digestion and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal problems. Bifidobacterium fermentation also produces short-chain fatty acids, which are beneficial for gut health. Short-chain fatty acids can help to reduce inflammation and protect against colon cancer.To make fermented dairy products using Bifidobacterium fermentation, you will need:1 quart of milk.1 packet of Bifidobacterium fermentation starter culture.A clean glass jar.A cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve.Instructions:1. Heat the milk to 110 degrees Fahrenheit (43 degrees Celsius).2. Sprinkle the fermentation starter culture over the milk and stir well.3. Pour the milk into the glass jar and cover withcheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve.4. Place the jar in a warm place (70-75 degrees Fahrenheit, or 21-24 degrees Celsius) for 12-24 hours, or until the milk has thickened and set.5. Once the milk has set, you can store it in the refrigerator for up to 2 weeks.中文回答：动物双歧杆菌发酵法是一种用于制作酸奶、开菲尔和发酵乳等发酵乳制品的工艺。

碱性鞘磷脂酶与脂类代谢相关疾病的研究进展

碱性鞘磷脂酶与脂类代谢相关疾病的研究进展碱性鞘磷脂酶（Alk-SMase）存在于肠道和人的胆汁中，是消化道中水解鞘磷脂的关键酶。

鞘磷脂的消化水解作用减弱，代谢活性产物减少，将导致细胞增生、凋亡、炎症等失去调控，最终导致癌症的发生。

脂类代谢是人类体内重要的代谢过程，Alk-SMase及其代谢产物也能影响肠道中磷脂、胆固醇和三酰甘油等脂类的代谢，最终导致肝胆疾病、肠道炎症以及结肠肿瘤的发生。

本文将重点讨论Alk-SMase与脂类代谢的关系，对近年来Alk-SMase与脂类代谢相关疾病的研究进展作一简要综述。

[Abstract] Alkaline sphingomyelinase （Alk-SMase）is the key enzyme for the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin in the digestive tract，which exists in the intestine and human bile. Decreased sphingomyelin hydrolysis and metabolic active products will cause cell proliferation，apoptosis，inflammation and ultimately leading to cancer. Lipid metabolism is an important metabolic process in humans. Alk-SMase and its metabolites can affect the metabolism of phospholipids，cholesterol and triglycerides in the intestine，leading to hepatobiliary diseases，intestinal inflammation and colon tumors. This article will focus on the relationship between Alk-SMase and lipid metabolism，and make a brief review of the research progress of Alk-SMase and lipid metabolism related diseases.[Key words] Alkaline sphingomyelinase；Sphingomyelin；Lipid metabolism；Colon cancer最初，碱性鞘磷脂酶（Alk-SMase）作为水解肠道中鞘磷脂（SM）生成神经酰胺的关键酶而被人们所熟知，而神经酰胺可调节细胞生长、分化及凋亡，是SM代谢通路中的重要信使分子，在肿瘤的发生发展过程中发挥重要的功能[1]。

酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防性镇痛对老年结肠癌根治术患者镇痛效果和免疫功能的影响

127酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防性镇痛对老年结肠癌根治术患者镇痛效果和免疫功能的影响潘云松，沈卫红，胡义凤南京医科大学附属无锡第二医院麻醉科，江苏无锡214000[摘要]目的分析酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防性镇痛应用于老年结肠癌根治术患者的镇痛效果及对免疫功能的影响。

方法选取2016年5月-2019年4月无锡第二医院收治的80例老年结肠癌患者，将所有患者依据随机数字表法分为观察组（=40）及对照组（=40）。

观察组使用酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防性镇痛后行常规结肠癌根治术，对照组使用等量的生理盐水后行常规结肠癌根治术。

对比2组术后疼痛感、炎症细胞因子、T 细胞亚群细胞数及术后不良反应情况。

结果观察组术后30min 、1h 及24h 的VAS 评分明显低于对照组及同组麻醉诱导前（<0.05）；术后24h 对照组IL-1及IL-6水平高于观察组及同组麻醉诱导前，IL-10水平低于观察组及同组麻醉诱导前（<0.05）；术后24h 对照组T 淋巴细胞亚群CD3+、CD4+及CD8+低于同组麻醉诱导前及观察组（<0.05），2组CD4+/CD8+差异无统计学意义（>0.05）；2组术后不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义（>0.05）。

结论酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防性镇痛用于老年结肠癌根治术患者能取得较好的镇痛效果，可有效地减轻患者术后疼痛，保护其免疫功能，抑制炎症反应的发生。

[关键词]老年；结肠癌；酮咯酸氨丁三醇；镇痛；免疫功能Effect of preventive analgesia with ketorolac tromethamine on analgesic effect and immune function in elderly patients undergoing radical resection of colon cancerPan Yunsong,Shen Weihong,Hu Yifeng*Department of Anesthesiology,Wuxi Second Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University,Wuxi,Jiangsu,214000,P.R.China *Corresponding author:Hu Yifeng ，E-mail:[ABSTRACT]Objective To analyze the analgesic effect of ketorolac tromethamine preventive analgesia in elderly pa-tients undergoing radical resection of colon cancer and its impact on immune function.Methods A total of 80patients with colon cancer treated in Wuxi Second Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from May 2016to April 2019were se-lected as research subjects.According to the random number table method,they were randomly divided into the observation group （=40）and control group （=40）.The observation group was treated with ketorolac tromethamine for preventive analgesia followed by routine radical resection of colon cancer,and the control group was given the same amount of normal saline followed by routine radical resection of colon cancer.Postoperative pain,inflammatory cytokines,T cell subsets,and postoperative adverse reactions were compared between the two groups.Results The VAS scores of the observation group at 30min,1h and 24h after operation were significantly lower than those of the control group and the same group before anes-thesia induction (<0.05).At 24hours after operation,the levels ofIL-1and IL-6of the control group were higher than those of the observation group and the same group before anesthesia induction,and the IL-10level was lower than that of the observation group and the same group before anesthesia induction (<0.05).At 24hours after operation,the T lymphocyte subsets (CD3+,CD4+and CD8+)of the control group were lower than those of the observation group and the same group before anesthesia induction (<0.05),but there was no significant difference in CD4+/CD8+between the two groups (>0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative adverse reactions between the two groups （>0.05）.Conclusion Ketorolac tromethamine preventive analgesia can achieve better analgesic effects in elderly patients undergoing radical resection of colon cancer,which can effectively relieve postoperative pain,protect immune function,and inhibit the occurrence of inflammation.[KEYWORDS]elderly;ketorolac tromethamine;colon cancer;analgesia;immune function疼痛一直是实施手术时面临的一大难题，手术中所产生的疼痛及应激反应会给患者的内分泌及代谢等功能带来不良的影响，围术期并发症也显著提高。

关于灌肠的英文作文

关于灌肠的英文作文英文回答：Enemas are a medical procedure involving theintroduction of a fluid into the rectum through the anus, typically for the purpose of cleansing the bowel or administering medication. There are various types of enemas, each with a specific purpose and administration method.Cleansing enemas are used to evacuate the bowels, often as a preparation for medical examinations or surgeries. These enemas typically contain a large volume of fluid,such as water, saline, or a combination of both. They are administered using a bag or syringe filled with the fluid, which is attached to a tube inserted into the rectum. The fluid flows into the intestines, causing the bowels tosoften and empty.Retention enemas are designed to retain fluid in the rectum for a period of time. This type of enema is commonlyused to administer medication or nutrients directly to the colon. The fluid used in retention enemas may contain various substances, such as laxatives, antibiotics, or pain relievers. The fluid is typically introduced using a smaller volume of fluid than cleansing enemas, and the patient is instructed to hold the fluid in for as long as possible.Medicated enemas are used to deliver medicationdirectly to the rectum or colon. This method of administration can be beneficial for treating conditions such as hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or inflammatory bowel disease. The medication used in medicated enemas may include corticosteroids, antibiotics, or other drugs.Enemas can also be classified based on the temperature of the fluid used:Warm enemas are used to soothe and relax the bowels. They can be helpful in relieving constipation or pain associated with hemorrhoids.Cool enemas are used to reduce inflammation and pain. They can be beneficial in treating conditions such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.Contrast enemas involve the introduction of a contrast agent (such as barium) into the rectum to enhance the visibility of the intestines during medical imaging procedures.Contraindications for enemas include:Severe abdominal pain.Recent rectal or colon surgery.Heart failure.Kidney disease.History of colon cancer or other serious colon conditions.Potential complications associated with enemas include: Rectal discomfort or irritation.Dehydration.Electrolyte imbalance.Perforation of the rectum or colon.中文回答：灌肠。

布拉氏酵母菌联合含艾司奥美拉唑和呋喃唑酮四联疗法补救治疗幽门螺杆菌的疗效研究

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基金项目：河北省科技计划项目（编号：１６２７７７２８７）通讯作者：赵慧敏，Ｅ－ｍａｉｌ：ａｌｙ９２６＠１６３．ｃｏｍ
临床和实验医学杂志２０２１年６月第２０卷第１２期
·１３３７·
ｆｉｒｓｔｅｒａｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＨ．ｐｙｌｏｒｉｗｈｏｗｅｒｅｔｒｅａｔｅｄａｔｔｈｅＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧａｓｔｒｏｅｎｔｅｒｏｌｏｇｙ，ＸｉｎｇｔａｉＰｅｏｐｌｅ＇ｓＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌｏｆＨｅｂｅｉＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｗｅｒｅｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄａｎｄｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏ３ｇｒｏｕｐｓｂｙｒａｎｄｏｍｎｕｍｂｅｒｔａｂｌｅ，ｗｉｔｈ７６ｃａｓｅｓｉｎｅａｃｈｇｒｏｕｐ．ＧｒｏｕｐＡｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｐａｎｔｏｐｒａｚｏｌｅ４０ｍｇ＋ａｍｏｘｉｃｉｌｌｉｎ１０００ｍｇ＋ｆｕｒａｚｏｌｉｄｏｎｅ１００ｍｇ＋ｃｏｌｌｏｉｄａｌｂｉｓｍｕｔｈｐｅｃｔｉｎ２００ｍｇ，ｔｗｉｃｅｄａｉｌｙ，ｏｒａｌｆｏｒ１４ｄａｙｓ．ＧｒｏｕｐＢｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｅｓｏｍｅｐｒａｚｏｌｅ２０ｍｇ＋ａｍｏｘｉｃｉｌｌｉｎ１０００ｍｇ＋ｆｕｒａｚｏｌｉｄｏｎｅ１００ｍｇ＋ｃｏｌｌｏｉｄａｌｂｉｓｍｕｔｈｐｅｃｔｉｎ２００ｍｇ，ｔｗｉｃｅｄａｉｌｙ，ｏｒａｌｆｏｒ１４ｄａｙｓ．ＧｒｏｕｐＣｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｔｈｅｓａｍｅｑｕａｄｒｕｐｌｅｔｈｅｒａｐｙｆｏｒ１４ｄａｙｓａｓａｂｏｖｅ，ａｓｗｅｌｌａｓＳａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｂｏｕｌａｒｄｉｉ５００ｍｇｂｉｄｆｏｒ１４ｄａｙｓ．Ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｃｏｍｐｌｉａｎｃｅｗａｓｒｅｃｏｒｄｅｄａｔｔｈｅｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｏｆｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ．Ｈ．ｐｙｌｏｒｉｅｒａｄｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｗａｓａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄｂｙ１３Ｃ／１４Ｃ－ＵＢＴｆｏｕｒｗｅｅｋｓａｆｔｅｒｃｅｓｓａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｒａｐｙ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｓａｆｅｔｙｗａｓａｌｓｏｅｖａｌｕａｔｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｐａｔｉｅｎｔ＇ｓｔｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅｔｏｔｈｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｍｅｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｗａｓａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄ．ＲｅｓｕｌｔｓＴｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｉａｎｃｅｏｆｇｒｏｕｐｓＡ，Ｂ，ａｎｄＣｗｅｒｅ８８．２％，９０．８％ａｎｄ９７．４％，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．ＴｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｉａｎｃｅｏｆｇｒｏｕｐＣｗａｓｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｇｒｏｕｐＡ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｗａｓｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ（Ｐ＜０．０５）．ＴｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｉａｎｃｅｏｆｇｒｏｕｐＣｗａｓｂｅｔｔｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｇｒｏｕｐＢ，ｂｕｔｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｔｗｏｇｒｏｕｐｓｗａｓｎｏｔｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ（Ｐ＞０．０５）．ＴｈｅｅｒａｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｓｏｆＨ．ｐｙｌｏｒｉｉｎｇｒｏｕｐｓＡ，Ｂ，ａｎｄＣｗｅｒｅ６７．１％，８１．６％ａｎｄ８９．５％ｂｙｉｎｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ－ｔｏ－ｔｒｅａｔ（ＩＴＴ）ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ；ｔｈｅｅｒａｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｓｂｙｐｅｒｐｒｏｔｏｃｏｌ（ＰＰ）ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｗｅｒｅ７６．１％，８９．９％ａｎｄ９１．９％，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．ＴｈｅｅｒａｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｏｆｇｒｏｕｐＢａｎｄｇｒｏｕｐＣｗａｓｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｇｒｏｕｐＡ，ｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｗａｓｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ｔｈｅｅｒａｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｏｆｇｒｏｕｐＢａｎｄｇｒｏｕｐＣ，ｔｈｅｒｅｗａｓｎｏｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｇｒｏｕｐｓ（Ｐ＞０．０５）．ＴｈｅｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅｏｆａｄｖｅｒｓｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｇｒｏｕｐｓＡ，Ｂ，ａｎｄＣｗｅｒｅ２７．０％，２２．７％ａｎｄ９．３％，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．ＴｈｅｏｖｅｒａｌｌｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅｏｆａｄｖｅｒｓｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｇｒｏｕｐＣｗａｓｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｇｒｏｕｐＡａｎｄｇｒｏｕｐＢ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｗａｓｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ｔｈｅｏｖｅｒａｌｌｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｃｅｏｆａｄｖｅｒｓｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｇｒｏｕｐＡａｎｄｇｒｏｕｐＢｗａｓｎｏｔｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ（Ｐ＞０．０５）．ＴｈｅｄｅｇｒｅｅｏｆｄｒｕｇｔｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅｉｎｇｒｏｕｐＣｗａｓｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｉｎｇｒｏｕｐＡａｎｄｇｒｏｕｐＢ，ｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｗａｓｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ（Ｐ＜０．０５）．ＣｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎＳａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｂｏｕｌａｒｄｉｉｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄｗｉｔｈｅｓｏｍｅｐｒａｚｏｌｅａｎｄｆｕｒａｚｏｌｉｄｏｎｅ－ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇｑｕａｄｒｕｐｌｅｔｈｅｒａｐｙｃａｎａｃｈｉｅｖｅａｈｉｇｈｅｒｅｒａｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅ，ａｎｄｃａｎｒｅｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｏｖｅｒａｌｌｓｉｄｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｒａｔｅａｎｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｔｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅｏｆｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ．

炎症性肠病的诊治

2.5 N=2509
2.0
Ratio
1.5
1.0
0.5
0 Proctitis
Left-sided colitis
Extensive colitis
Langholz E, et al. Gastroenterology 1994;103:1444–51
Ekbom A, et al. New Eng J Med 1990;323:1228–33
Prevalence (per 105 inhabitants)
Annual prevalence (/105)
Crohn’s disease 8.0
Ulcerative colitis
6.0
8.49
4.0
10.7x
2.0
0.79
0.0 0.19
10.8x
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Young age on set + low mortality rate = increasing prevalence
08 09
2.05
10
Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013;19:2815
Annual incidence of IBD in Taiwan
0.59 0.17
81% 59%
35%
Extensive colitis
Colorectal cancer in UC after 25 years2
Observed cases
80 N=3117
65
60
40
20
9
0 Proctitis
17
Left-sided colitis

肠炎相关肠癌小鼠模型及急性肠炎小鼠模型特征研究

肠炎相关肠癌小鼠模型及急性肠炎小鼠模型特征研究阿来依·买提卡比力;阿不来提·阿合买提;木塔力甫·艾买提;阿仙姑·哈斯木【摘要】目的探讨肠炎相关肠癌小鼠模型及急性肠炎小鼠模型特征.方法雄性C57BL/6小鼠(实验组)给予5％葡聚糖硫酸钠(Dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)连续饮用5d,5d后换为饮用蒸馏水至21d,构建急性肠炎小鼠模型,对照组21d内均饮用蒸馏水.肠炎相关肠癌小鼠模型的构建方法:雄性C57BL/6小鼠(实验组)腹腔注射氧化偶氮甲烷(Azoxymethane AOM)1次,1 w后予3％DSS连续饮用5d,随后12d饮用蒸馏水,DSS/蒸馏水循环共3次.对照组腹腔注射同体积生理盐水,饮用蒸馏水.采用HE染色观察病理学特征变化,RT-PCR法检测急性肠炎炎症因子表达特征.结果急性肠炎模型发生炎症过程中小鼠体质量降低,相关炎症因子白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)、白细胞介素17(IL-17)表达变化趋势与肠黏膜结构变化过程相符,在炎症剧烈阶段(6～9 d)时表达均上调,而随着肠黏膜结构的自我修复,表达趋于正常.AOM/DSS肠炎相关肠癌模型可在3个DSS循环后形成肉眼可见腺瘤.结论本研究为利用此模型进行后期的治疗炎症性肠病(IBD)药物筛查提供可靠数据支持.%Objective To investigate characters of acute colitis mice model and colitis-associated cancer (CAC) mice model.Methods Builded up acute colitis mice model by 5％ DSS (Dextran sulfate sodium) oral administration for 5 days on C57BL/6 (test group) mice with distilled water till to 21 days.And set up colitis-associated cancer mice model by intraperitoneal injection of AOM (Azoxymethane) once followed by three cycles (5 days/cycle) of 3％ DSS oral administration to develop CAC tumors.HE staining way was used to check the pathological characters and RT-PCR technique was to check characters of cytokines expressions.ResultsWeight loss occurred during DSS-colitis process,and a high production ofIL-10,IL-6 and IL-17 were found on 6-9 d after the treatment,meanwhilethe epithelial status was destroyed most seriously then started repair itself in the 17 days or 21 days.Adenocarcinoma were visible in gut under microscope in CAC mice model.Conclusion This investigation may be useful as a convenient tool to validate candidate therapeutic drugs for IBD.【期刊名称】《新疆医科大学学报》【年(卷),期】2017(040)008【总页数】5页(P1069-1073)【关键词】DSS模型;AOM/DSS模型;肠黏膜结构;腺瘤【作者】阿来依·买提卡比力;阿不来提·阿合买提;木塔力甫·艾买提;阿仙姑·哈斯木【作者单位】新疆医科大学中心实验室,乌鲁木齐830011;新疆医科大学基础医学院机能中心,乌鲁木齐830011;新疆医科大学中心实验室,乌鲁木齐830011;新疆医科大学基础医学院病理解剖学教研室,乌鲁木齐830011【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R29炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease，IBD)是不依赖特异菌的慢性肠道炎症，包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis，UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn′s disease，CD)[1]。

Inflammation and cancer

Inflammation and cancerNoemí Eiró;Francisco J Vizoso【期刊名称】《世界胃肠外科杂志：英文版（电子版）》【年(卷),期】2012()3【摘要】There is evidence supporting the hypothesis that inflammation participates in providing conditions that lead to cancer.An unresolved inflammation due to any failure in the precise control of the immune response can continue to perturb the cellular microenvironment, thereby leading to alterations in cancer-related genes and posttranslational modification in crucial cellular proteins involved in the cell cycle,DNA repair and apoptosis.In addition,there are data indicating that inflammatory cells and immunomodulatory mediators present in the tumor microenvironment influence tumor progression and metastasis.Historically,tumor-infiltrating leukocytes have been considered to be manifestations of an intrinsic defence mechanism against developing tumors.However,increasing evidence indicates that leukocyte infiltration can promote tumor phenotypes, such as angiogenesis,growth and invasion.This may be due to inflammatory cells that probably can influence cancer promotion by secreting cytokines,growth factors,chemokines and proteases,which stimulate proliferation and invasiveness of cancer cells.Conse-quently,events and molecules implicated in this cross talk between the tumor microenvironment and inflam- matory process mayemerge as attractive targets in anticancer therapeutic interventions with significant clinical impact.【总页数】11页(P62-72)【关键词】Inflammation;Cancer;Cytokines;Proliferation;Cancer;progression;Metastasis 【作者】Noemí Eiró;Francisco J Vizoso【作者单位】Research Unit,Fundación Hospital de Jove【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R730.2【相关文献】1.The Role of Inflammation in Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer [J], Wen-liang ZHANG2.The Role of Inflammation in Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer [J], Wen-liang ZHANG3.Inflammatory bowel disease and cancer: The role of inflammation, immunosuppression, and cancer treatment [J], Jordan E Axelrad;Simon Lichtiger;Vijay Yajnik4.Erratum to “Inflammation and Its Role in Prostate Cancer” [Journa l of Cancer Therapy 5 (2014) 836-844] [J], Rakesh K. Mishra;Ashutosh K. Tewari因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

创伤应激影响肿瘤发生发展的机制

创伤应激影响肿瘤发生发展的机制曹卫刚【摘要】创伤应激是机体对应激原所做出的适应性综合反应.创伤应激通过神经内分泌系统与免疫系统的双向调控干扰免疫系统的功能,通过引起多种细胞因子(如白细胞介素1、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子)表达改变,对肿瘤细胞的迁移、黏附、定植、生长等步骤有重要影响,与肿瘤的复发、转移密切相关.研究创伤后机体应激反应及细胞因子的变化可改善创伤后应激反应程度及抑制细胞因子的分泌,从而预防肿瘤的发生、发展.%Traumatic stress is the body's comprehensive adaptive reaction to the stressor. Post-traumatic stress interfere the function of the immune system through the two-way regulation of neuroendocrine system and immune system, have a significant impact on tumor cell migration, adhesion, colonization, growth and other steps,by causing a variety of cytokines( IL-1 ,IL-6,TNF )expression changes, thus are closely related to tumor recurrence and metastasis. Study of post-traumatic stress response and cytokines, to improve the level of post-traumatic stress response and suppress cytokine secretion, can prevent tumor genesis and development.【期刊名称】《医学综述》【年(卷),期】2012(018)006【总页数】3页(P830-832)【关键词】应激;肿瘤;创伤【作者】曹卫刚【作者单位】解放军海军总医院肝胆外科,北京,100048【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R730.231Reiche等［1］认为应激与肿瘤发展具有显著的相关性。

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Tumor-Promoting Immune Cells in Colon Cancer (2)
Cell type Function or mechanism
MDSC, neutrophils
Chemokine production MMP production Angiogenesis Immunosuppression (arginase) Cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-22, IL-17) Direct cytotoxicity
Mechanisms of CRC and CAC Development (1)
aberrant crypt foci (AFC)
adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)
Mechanisms of Colon Development (2)
Fearon and Vogelstein’s theory Wnt-dependent signaling proteolytic degradation Inhibit APC Tumor suppressor 300 kDa protein Wnt Inhibit release, activation and translocation to nucleus β-catenin sequestering in cytoplasm Colon Cancer
Inflammation in Initiation of Colon Cancer
Qiang Gao PhD, MD Henan University of Science & Technology
Acknowledgement
This presentation is mainly referenced to the review of Inflammation and Colon cancer by Terzic et al Gastroenterology 2010;138:2101-2114
Introduction (3)
CRC
subtype
Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
>20% of IBD patients develop CAC within 30 years of disease onset 50% of these will die from CAC
3. Growth and progression of sporadic colorectal tumors and colitisassociated tumors depend on the quality and quantity of intestinal microflora
Main Features
T cells (CD4+/CD8+)
Treg cells
Macrophages, DC
TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Treg, regulatory T cells; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; RANKL, Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
NK cells
B cells
Cytokine production? Antibody response?
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, EGF
Epithelial and tumor cells
MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NK, natural killer;
Introduction (1)
>1 million colorectal cancer (CRC) cases are diagnosed worldwide each year 4th most common malignancy in China
4th most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide
CRC
Classic adenoma carcinoma
CAC
Sequence of chronic inflammation injury dysplasia
carcinoma Activation of receptor EP2 by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases β-catenin nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity NSAID use reduces the risk of CRC, indicates a potential role for anticytokine therapy
Counteracts Outcompetes Antitumor immunity
Immunosurveillance and inflammation in CRC and CAC (4)
Mechanisms of CRC and CAC Development (3)
Considerable overlap in pathogenesis
1. Common altered: beta-catenin, p53, K-ras (GTPase) ,and B-raf (protooncogene) 2. Most CRC and almost all CAC activation of transcription factors: NF-κB and/or STAT3 (mediate immune response and oncogenesis)
IL-22 IL-17A,F
EGF IL-10
Immunosurveillance and inflammation in CRC and CAC (1)
Immunosurveillance and inflammation in CRC and CAC (2)
Sporadic CRC Well-defined balance between immunosurveillance executed by CD8 T cells, NK cells, and CD4 T cells Tumor-promoting inflammation innate immune cells, B cells, and various subtypes of T cells
both APC alleles must be disrupted Individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis carry a mutation; the 2nd is inactivated within the first 30 years of life, colon tumor occurrence
Cytokine in Colon Cancer (1)
Cytokine TNF-α Mechanisms/pathways in cancer and immune cells Survival, activation, recruitment, growth. AP-1, MAPK and NFκB activation Survival, growth, T-cell survival and differentiation, myeloid cell recruitment. STAT3, ERK, and Akt Survival, growth. STAT3, STAT1, ERK T-cell differentiation (Th17) and interference with Tregs, production of IL-17 and IL-22 by immune cells. No direct effect on cancer cells? STAT3
IL-6
IL-11 IL-23
MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases
Cytokine in Colon Cancer (2)
Cytokine IL-1α, IL-1β Mechanisms/pathways in cancer and immune cells Survival, growth, cytokines, chemokines, T-cell activation and differentiation. NF-κB, MAPK Survival, mucosal integrity, chemokines. STAT3 Survival, chemokines, T-cell regulation, monocytes, and neutrophil recruitment. MAPK, NF-B Survival, proliferation. MAPK, STAT3 Anti-inflammatory, Treg stimulation. Unknown effects on cancer cells. STAT3, MAPK
Tumor-Promoting Immune Cells in Colon Cancer (1)
Cell type Function or mechanism Cytokine production (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-21, IL-17, IL-22, IFN-γ, lymphotoxin, RANKL) Direct cytotoxicity or T-cell help Cytokine production (IL-10, TGF-β) Immunosuppression Suppress inflammation Cytokine production (IL-6, IL-1,VEGF, IL-23, TNF-α)