2003FermatContest
2003-2014年全国大学生英语竞赛C类试题及答案汇编
2003年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛试题2003 National English Contest for College Students （Preliminary）Part I Listening Comprehension（30 minutes，30 points）Section A Dialogues（10 points）Directions：In this section ，you will hear 10 short dialogues．At the end of each dialogue，a question will be asked about what was said．Both the dialogue and the question will be read only once．After each question there will be a pause．during the pause，you must read the four choices marked A，B，C and D，and decide which is the best answer．Then m ark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center．1．A．A sales clerk．B．A police officer．C．A tailor．D．A nurse．2．A．By train．B．She walks．C．By car．D．By bus．3．A．Fish is the only dish left．B．Chicken is the only dish left．C．V egetarian meals are not offered．D．There aren't any vegetarian meals left．4．A．He starts work next weekend．B．He'll be away．C．He'll be in the mountains．D．He's moving to Florida．5．A．In an elevator．B．At a dress store．C．On the seventh floor．D．At a department store．6．A．They felt it was disorganized．B．They were pleased with its Asian content．C．They felt it lacked Asian content．D．They felt it ignored recent events．7．A．He doesn't have enough time．B．He doesn't have a watch．C．The library doesn't have the articles he wants．D．He can't find the library．8．A．He wants the woman to dine out with them．B．He wants to work tomorrow．C．He wants the woman to finish dinner first．D．He wants to pay for the dinner．9．A．Twice a day．B．Twice a week．C．Once a week．D．Daily．10．A．At two o'clock．B．At four o'clock．C．At three thirty．D．At eight o'clock．Section B News Items（10 points）Directions：In this section，you will hear 10 pieces of short news from BBC or VOA．There will be a question following each piece of news．Write down the answer to each question in no more than 15 words．11．_______________________________________12．_______________________________________13．_______________________________________14．_______________________________________15．_______________________________________16．_______________________________________17．_______________________________________18．_______________________________________19．_______________________________________20．_______________________________________Section C Compound Dictation（10 points）Directions：In this section，you will hear a passage three times．When the passage is read for the first time，you should listen carefully for its general idea．Then listen to the passage again．When the passage is read for the second time，you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 21 to 28 with the exact words you have just heard．For blanks numbered from 29 to 30，you are required to fill in the missing information．You can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the mainpoints in your own words．Finally，when the passage is read for the third time，you should check what you have written and rewrite the correct answers on the Answer Sheet．Although general Motors and General Electric are large multinational companies with operations around the globe，there are numerous smaller companies that engage in international trade．Because 95percent of the world's population and two-thirds of its (21)_____ power are located outside the United States，it is important for American (22)_____to be present in foreign markets．However，before we explain the different methods by which a company may (23)_____in international trade，we might first consider some important (24)_____that U.S．companies often fail to study before they sell products in a foreign country．These factors are (25)_____with differences in language，in values and attitudes，and in political (26)_____．When (27)_____Coca-Cola into the Chinese market in 1920，the company used a group of Chinese symbols that，when spoken，sounded like Coca-Cola．However，when read，these symbols meant，“a female horse fattened with wax”．Upon reentering the Chinese market in the 1970s，Coca-Cola used a series of Chinese (28)_____that translates into“happiness in the mouth”．(29)_________________________．Culture is the total pattern of human behavior that is practiced by a particular group of people．(30)_________________________．Part II V ocabulary and Structure（15 minutes，30 points）Section A Multiple Choice（20 points）Directions：Questions 31-50 constitute a complete passage．There are 20blanks in the passage．For each blank there are four choices marked A，B，C and D．Choose the one that best completes the sentence．Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre．31．Senior Metropolitan police officers tried to dismiss the Noting Hill race riots which raged for five nights over the August bank holiday in 1958 as the work of“ruffians ，both colored and white”hell-bent on hooliganism ，according to _____ official files．A．recent revealed B．newly releasedC．previous disclosing D．earlier exposing32．But police eyewitness reports in the secret papers_____ that they were overwhelmingly the work of a white working class mob out to get the“niggers”．A．contain B．convinceC．consist D．confirm33．The ferocity of the Noting Hill“racial riots”，as the press called them at the time，shocked Britain into_____ for the first time that it was not above the kind of racial conflict then being played out in the American deep south．A．realizing B．witnessingC．watching D．identifying34．The carnival，which will_____ the streets of west London _____more than 1.5 million people this weekend，was started in 1959 as a direct response to the riots．A．crowd；of B．pour；forC．fill；with D．emerge；in35．While senior officers tried to play down the racial aspects of the riots，the internal Metropolitan police files released this month at the public record office confirm that the disturbances were overwhelmingly _____ by 300 to 400 strong“Keep Britain White”mobs ，many of them Teddy boys armed with iron bars ，butcher's knives and weighted leather belts，who went“nigger-hunting”among the West Indian residents of Noting Hill and Noting Dale．A．erupted B．commencedC．triggered D．inaugurated36．The first night left five black men _____ on the pavements of Noting Hill．A．lying unconscious B．there diedC．feel faint D．serious hurt37．The battles raged over the bank holiday weekend as the black _____responded in kind with counterattacks by large groups of“men of color”similarly armed．A．column B．armyC．brigade D．community38．Thomas Williams was stopped by the police as he came out of Bluey's Club on Talbot Road，Noting Hill．He _____a piece of iron down his left trouser leg，a petrol bomb in his right pocket and a razor blade in his inside breast pocket：“I have to protect myself，”he told the arresting officer．A．found to have B．was found to haveC．found having D．was found having39．The _____ files，which were sealed under the 75-year rule but have been released early，show that senior officers tried to convince the then home secretary，“Rab”Butler，that there was not a racial element to the rioting．A．forbidden B．confidentialC．incredible D．strict40．In his official report，Detective Sergeant M.Walters of the Notting Hill police said the national press had been wrong to portray the“widespread series of street disturbances”as“racial”riots：“Whereas there certainly was some _____ feeling between white and colored residents in this area，it is abundantly clear much of the trouble was caused by ruffians，both colored and white，who seized on this opportunity to indulge in hooliganism ．”A．ill B．sickC．painful D．hurt41．But the police witness statements and private statistics _____ ．A．told differently B．interpreted in a different wayC．existed m any differences D．told a different story42．The Met com missioner was told that _____ the 108people who were charged with offences ranging from grievous bodily harm to affray and riot and possessing offensive weapons，72 were white and 36 were “colored”．A．for B．fromC．of D．in43．It is popularly believed that the riot began on the night of Saturday，August 20，when a 400-strong crowd of white men，_____“Teds”，attacked houses occupied by West Indians．A．they are all B．many of themC．some were D．most of them belong to44．Among the _____ was Majbritt Morrison ，a young white Swedish bride of a Jamaican．A．offenders B．riotersC．victims D．residents45．She was pelted with stones，glass and wood，and _____ in the back with an iron bar as she tried to get home．A．bruised B．struckC．patted D．scratched46．The internal police witness statements provide graphic evidence of the motives of the mobs—at one point crowds several thousand strong roamed the streets of Notting Hill，_____ homes and attacking any West Indian they could find．A．plunging into B．breaking intoC．seeking for D．searching for47．PC Richard Bedford said he had seen a mob of 300 to 400 white people in Bramley Road _____：“We will kill all black bastards．Why don't you send them home？”A．shouting B．to cryC．utter D．announced48．PC Ian McQueen on the same night said he was told：“Mind your own _____，cops．Keep out of it．We will settle these niggers our way．We'll murder the bastards．”A．matters B．affairC．things D．business49．The disturbances continued night after night until they finally petered out on September 5．At the Old Bailey Judge Salmon later handed down exemplary _____ of four years each on nine white youths who had gone“nigger hunting”．A．decisions B．statementsC．trials D．sentences50．While those dealt with by the courts were overwhelmingly white ，the large number of black people also arrested and the official _____ there had not been a racial motive ensured a legacy of black mistrust of the Metropolitan police that has never really been eradicated．A．persistence B．perseveranceC．insistence D．instanceSection B Error Correction（10points）Directions：The following passage contains 9 errors．In each case only one word is involved．You should proofread the passage on the Answer Sheet and correct it in the following way：EXAMPLEOne night，quite late，I was still awake in the room I am shared with 1. ammy husband．I was lying on my right side and can hear a child crying． 2. couldGetting up，I went ∧see if our son was all right． 3. to He was sleeping soundly，breathing deeply and gently． 4. √The ZipperWhatever did we do before the invention of the zipper？In 1893 the world's first zipper was produced in Chicago．Although the inventor claimed that it was a reliable fasteningfor clothing，this was not the case．The Chicago zipper sprang 51．______ open without warning，or jammed shut，and it swiftly lostpopularity．Twenty years ago a Swedish-born engineer called 52．______ Sundback solved the problem．He attached tiny cups to thebacks of the interlocked teeth，and this meant that the teeth 53．______ could be enmeshed more firmly and reliably．At first zippers were made of metal．They were heavy，andif they got stuck it was difficult to free．Then came nylon 54．______ zippers which were lighter and easier to use，and had smallerteeth．The fashion industry liked the new zippers far betterbecause they didn’t distort the line of the garment or weighing 55．______ down light fabrics．They were also easier for the machiniststo fit into the garment．Meanwhile a new fastening agent made its appearance atthe end of the twenty century: velcro. Velcro is another product 56．______ made from nylon．Nylon is a very tough synthetic fibre firstdeveloped in the 1930s，and bearing a name to mind the wearer 57．______ of the two places where it was developed：NY for New York andLON for London．Velcro is made with very small nylon hooks onone side of the fastening which caught tiny looped whiskers on the 58．______ other side of the fastening．It is strong and durable．Velcro is used on clothing，luggages and footwear．It is quick 59．______ and easy to fasten and unfasten，and has taken a large part ofthe zipper's share of the market．It is also used in ways a zippercannot be used—for instance as an easily changed fastening onplaster casts，and to hold furnishing fabrics in a position．60．______Part III Situational Dialogues（5 minutes，10 points）Directions：Complete the following dialogues by choosing the best answer．Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre．61．Rob：Hey Jill，you're looking great．Jill：Thanks，Rob．____________Rob：Well，you did it．How？Jill：I jog every morning，and I go to aerobics every other day．A．I bought this dress yesterday．Really smart．B．You are looking fine too．C．I'm recovering my strength after the flu．D．My New Year's resolution was to get in shape．62．Bob：Hi Jane．How are you？Jane：____________I didn't sleep a wink last night．The people next door were making a lot of noise again till very late at night．A．I'm feeling a bit out of sorts this morning．B．Fine，thank you．And you？C．I slept like a log and didn't want to get out of bed．D．It seems a bit unusual，you know．63．Ann ：Aah！He's gorgeous！Look at those big，golden paws．When did you get him？Roger：Yesterday．____________Ann ：Oh，right．What kind is she？Roger：A Labrador．A．Susan's got a more beautiful one．B．What's up？C．It's a she actually．D．Isn't it right？64．Tina：Wow，look at all the things on sale．____________Andrew：Yes，look，this shirt is 50 ％off．Tina：And look at these shoes．They are 30 ％off the normal price．A．I'd like to buy a skirt．B．There are some real bargains．C．Are the prices reasonable？D．These shoes are the same as mine．65．Woman：Have you finished the packaging？Man ：____________Woman：Good．Because the truck will be coming soon，this is a rush job．A．Don't hurry m or I'll break the glass．B．Almost．I just have to wrap the glass and put it into boxes．C．No，I haven't．Why didn't you help me with it？D．Yes，I have．What else can I do for you？66．Customs Officer ：________________________Mrs．John son ：No，nothing at all．Customs Officer ：No perfume，alcohol or cigarettes？Mrs．John son ：Well，I have 200 cigarettes；that's all．A．Do you have anything in the bag，ma'am？B．Do you have anything to declare，ma'am？C．Do you want to buy something，ma'am？D．Is there anything I can do for you，ma'am？67．Linda：Hello．I'd like to send this package，please．Clerk：____________________________________Linda：First class．How long will that take？Clerk：About three days．A．How would you like to send it？B．Which class are you in？C．Where do you want to send it to？D．Which class is it in？68．Assistant：Can I help you？Colin ：Yes，it's about this sports shirt．I washed it the other day．The colour ran and it shrank．Assistant：Oh dear，I see．________________________Colin ：I'm afraid not．Assistant：I'm sorry，but I'm not allowed to change anything without a receipt．A．Did you buy it here？B．Would you want to change it？C．Do you have the receipt？D．Could you tell me who sold it to you？69．James：Could I have my bill，please？Can I pay by credit card or eurocheque？Receptionist：____________James：I'll pay by credit card，then．Receptionist：That's fine．I hope you enjoyed your stay here．A．Here's your bill．B．Sorry，we don't take credit card．C．You can pay by eurocheque．D．Yes，we take both．70．Husband：When is our anniversary？Wife：________________________Husband：No，it's just that I bought these flowers for you and I was hoping today was the day．A．Hmm ．．．I can't remember either．Why？B．Hey，are these flowers for me？C．Who cares？Do you want to give me a surprise？D．Are you joking？Have you really forgotten again？Part IV Reading Comprehension（25 minutes，40 points）Section A Multiple Choice（10 points）Directions：There is one reading passage in this part．The passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D．You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre．Questions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage：Taking a peep at what's going on in your headCARL Filer，18，a star salesman at a B＆Q hardware store in the UK，was called up for promotion within one week of starting work．But，instead of being made supervisor，he was sacked—after his employers saw the results of his psychometric test．You might think that anyone who answers that he“strongly disagrees he is an over-achiever is asking for trouble，but Mr Filer already thought he had proved himself more than capable．This year，nearly half of UK firms—46 percent—will use psychometric tests to select trainees，compared with just 17 percent in 2000，according to a report for GTI，a publisher of graduate career guides．These tests，which rate candidates’ability and gauge their personality，have been used in the UK since the 1980s．But assorted studies have shown most people—graduates in particular—are wholly cynical about the idea of their personality being“measured．“People tend to see them as either too silly or too clever， says Clive Fletcher，professor of occupational psychology at University of London．“But all the evidence indicates the tests do have some value．The first personality test as we know it，was developed by the American army in 1917 to filter out weak recruits．But it was not until the 1980s that the tests became popular in Britain．With a rising number of graduates going for a decreasing number of jobs，organizations began to see psychometric testing as a cheap，reliable alternative to the expensive，time-consuming interview．But today the tests are becoming alarmingly sophisticated and are edging towards probing the“dark side：pathology and personality disorders．Increasingly，tests are being used to try to detect promising young graduates who may，later in life，fly off the rails（go crazy）；or to stop psychopaths（having mental disorder）getting recruited．In the future，interviewees could even be given a mouth swab to reveal the genetic and biological markers of personality．“We are heading for the era of genetic screening，”warns Carolyn Jones，of the Institute for Employment Rights．“I think these tests are very flawed．And there are other problems with the tests．For starters，it is possible to fake it—even the test producers agree on this．But they have made it as hard as possible．For example，look at whether you agree or disagree with the following two statements：“New ideas come easily to me and“I find generating new concepts difficult． How long did it take you to realize they both could mean the same thing？The main argument，however，is that the tests are invalid and cannot quantify（put a numerical value on）something as changeable as personality．The golden rule is then，that a psychometric test should never be used as the sole basis of selection，but should always be followed by interviews．71．Most people's attitude towards the psychometric test is ______．A．contemptuous B．favorable C．tolerant D．confounded72．Which of the following is one of the reasons why psychometric testing wins an advantage over interviews？A．It doesn't cost any money．B．It requires no equipment．C．It is time-saving．D．It can be done within seconds．73．Which of the following statements is the author's idea？A．Psychometric tests are defective．B．Psychometric tests should not be the only way to recruit promising young graduates．C．Psychometric tests are invalid and cannot quantify something changeable as personality．D．Psychometric tests are golden rules．74．The test producers make the tests very complicated to ______．A．avoid cheating B．improve genetic screeningC．find out the best ideas D．generate new concepts75．Which of the following is not true according to the passage？A．The American army developed the first personality test to screen out weak recruits．B．In the future，interviewers could give a mouth swab to reveal interviewees’symptoms．C．There are possibilities for starters to cheat in the psychometric tests．D．Interviews still play an important role in evaluating interviewees．Section B Short Answer Questions（30 points）Directions：In this part there are 3 passages with 15 questions or incomplete statements．Read the passages carefully．Then answer the questions in the fewest possible words（not exceeding 10 words）．Remember to rewrite the answers on the Answer Sheet．Questions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage：The 8 Steps of Social Invention1．Get ready to play．Like other types of creativity，social inventiveness flourishes when you begin thinking outside conventional boundaries．Charlie Girsch，a St．Paul，Minnesota-based creativity consultant，suggests that you start by playing with obviously absurd explanations for everyday events．“If traffic is slow，you'll be tem pted to say，‘Hmm．Must be an accident up ahead．’Instead，try saying，‘Must be a family of turtles crossing the highway’or‘I expect there's some kind of alien abduction going on．’You'll be amazed how soon you will be looking at familiar problems in new ways．”Girsch's book，Fanning the Creative Spirit（Creativity Central，1999）has scores of other exercises for limbering up the inventive part of your brain．2．Generate a zillion far-fetched ideas．Concerned about the homeless in your neighborhood？Imagine a Homeless Parliament，a Homeless Circus，homeless families forming an orchestra，a homeless museum ．．．and on and on．Generate like mad with no regard for feasibility in order，as social invention pioneer Nicholas Albery advises，to“overcome e worthy-but-dull ideas．”Eventually the two or three best ideas will begin to stand out．3．Take your wildest idea and bring it down to earth．How about that Homeless Circus？Could it turn into a forum for homeless people to display their creative talents？A performance series about homelessness？A neighborhood carnival with the homeless as guests of honor？Your flakiest idea may have a germ of brilliance that actually makes it more attractive，and thus more feasible（and fundable），than its worthy-but-dull cousins．4．Look for in venations that solve more than one problem．The Slow Food Movement，born in Italy，boosts local farmers and regional cuisine traditions and restaurateurs and the same time that it“feeds”our hunger for authentic tastes，healthy eating，and a more leisurely，saner style of life．5．Accentuate the positive．“A very common question that I get when I work with people in communities is‘Why doesn't anybody care about our problems？’”notes M chael Patterson，a social inventor and activist in Massachusetts．“What a worthless question．‘Why’？questions are for philosophers．Ask‘How’？and‘What’？questions—they are a lot more practical．”For instance，Patterson asks，“What would you do if you knew you couldn't fail？”6．Give it a rest．Walk away from your favorite idea for a while，forget about it，let it sleep．With your conscious mind out of the way，your subconscious gets to fiddle with the concept for a while，and you just might have an unexpected insight or breakthrough．7．Practice“yes and”in stead of“yes but”．No matter how tempted you are to say“Yes，but this will be hard because，”or“Yes，but a million other people are doing this，”shift the conjunction to“and”and see what sort of positive refinementor change emerges．“Yes，and we could concentrate on immigrants．”“Yes，and we can make it open to all ages．”8．Get your idea into the world．This is the tough part．You might seek out the help of activists who will take a shine to your ideas．Or become an organizer yourself．Paul Glove，a New York social inventor，coun-sels：“If you have an idea you believe in，write a pamphlet with your phone number on it and post it in Laundromats and bookstores．If three people call you，have lunch with them and call yourselves an organization．If five people call，meet with them and issue a press release．”Presto，you're launched．76．To generate far-fetched ideas helps to ______．77．Michael Patterson wants us to come up with“How”？and“What”？instead of“Why”？questions because he considers they are more practical than ______．78．The purpose to practice“yes and”instead of“yes but”is to make yourself more ______．79．According to the article，when one has difficulty developing his favorite idea，he should ______．80．One should not only generate far-fetched ideas but also ______ because the latter step is the nearest to reality．Questions 81 to 85 are based on the following passage：Thin Slice of TV Has Big MarketIt is too early to write an obituary for bulky picture tubes，which will remain the most affordable TV sets for years to come．But，analysts and industry executives insist that thin screens already have started to become the dominant format for TV sets in the digital era．Sharp price cuts have brought plasma sets and other thin，flat televisions out of high-end electronic boutiques and into thousands of mass-market outlets such as Cosco，a wholesale buying club in the US，best known for offering members bulk items and big discounts．The least expensive plasma sets still cost a hefty US ＄3，000or more ，yet sales are growing so rapidly that many manufacturers are racing to boost production．That increase，combined with expanding production capacity and improved technology，could push the price of plasma sets down by one-third next year，according to analyst Richard Doherty of Envisioneering Group，a US research firm．But manufacturers are not just competing with each other；they are also trying to fend off challengesfrom competing thin-screen technologies，such as liquid crystal displays（LCD）．The demand for thin screens is fuelled in part by the advent of DVDs and digital TV broadcasts，which offer more detailed pictures and more lifelike colors than conventional analog TV signals．To see the difference，consumers need a set that can pack more information onto the screen than their current TVs can．This sharpness is most vivid on screens that are 40inches diagonal or larger．At that size，however，traditional direct view and projection TVs are so bulky that many consumers have trouble finding a place for them at home．Hence the interest in thin screens—models slender and light enough to hang on a wall．The glass panels at the heart of plasma and LCD sets come mainly from about a dozen companies with factories in Japan，South Korea and，increasingly，China．About 800，000 plasma panels will be shipped this year around the world，analysts say．That is a tiny amount compared with the overall market for TVs，which was about 140 million sets last year．But，industry experts said 2003would be a“breakout year”or plasma because shipments should double．Helping drive the growth are new or expanded manufacturing facilities．For example，Japanese electronics giant NEC last year doubled the capacity of its Japanese factory—reaching 300，000to 400，000 plasma panels．And it plans to double it again in 2003，officials said．As competition has heated up during the last four years，prices have fallen more than 50 percent．According to“NPD Tec world”，the average price of a plasma display sold in the US dropped from US ＄12，700in January 1999 to US ＄6，100in October 2002．The best markets for plasma screens have been in Asia，and about half of the sets have gone to businesses instead of homes．LCD TVs carry a premium price—they can be 10 times as expensive as a comparable tube-driven television—that knocks them out of most buyers’budgets．But LCD panels are quickly taking over the market for computer monitors，and the tens of millions of panels being produced for that segment will help push down prices for LCD TVs，analysts predicted．Sharp Electronics，for one，is betting heavily on LCDs．Its chairman，Toshiaki Urushisako，has predicted that Sharp will switch completely from conventional tube sets to LCD TVs in Japan by 2005．Flat-panel refers to wafer-thin（3 inches or less）TVs，whereas flat-screen may actually describe。
核磁共振成像——2003年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖介绍及研究进展
・诺贝尔奖工作回顾・核磁共振成像＿２００３年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖介绍及研究进展洪远凯（北京大学医学部生物物理学系，北京１００１９１）现代物质理论的基本前提是物质由原子组成，原子由原子核和围绕其运动的核外电子组成，而原子核又是由质子和中子构成。
原子是极小的粒子，其半径以Ａ（１０一ｏｍ）表示。
如此之小的原子，以前是无法直接观察的。
不过，四年前，宾尼库克领导的美国橡树岭国家实验室电子最微镜研究小组的研究人员以仓，ｌｉｄ录的分辨率清楚地观察到了原子世界，其观察原子的图像分辨率已达到０．６Ａ。
利用他们研究出的电子显微镜能够分辨出硅晶体的单个哑铃形状的原子¨ｏ（图１）。
圈１硅晶体原子成像物质世界中的基本单位主要是由原子组成的各类分子。
这些分子都很小，属微观范畴。
不管是有机物还是无机物，其各类分子具有不同的结构和不同的性质。
人们可以通过各种技术方法研究它们。
原子的诸多性质吸引了包括物理学家在内的广大科学工作者的研究兴趣，其研究结果不仅推动和发展了物理科学领域，而且应用到包括生命科学在内的广泛领域。
其中，基于核磁共振（ｎｕｃｌｅａｒｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｒｅｓｏｎａｎｃｅ，ＮＭＲ）而发展的核磁共振成像技术（ｍａｇ—ｎｅｔｉｃｒｅｓｏｎａｎｃｅｉｍａｇｉｎｇ，ＭＲＩ）就是一个范例。
目前，核磁共振成像技术１３趋成熟，应用范围日益广泛，已经成为一项常规的临床医学检测手段，广泛应用于脑和脊椎病变以及癌症的治疗和诊断等领域。
２００３年１０月６日，瑞典卡罗林斯卡研究院宣布，当年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予美国科学家保罗・劳特布尔（ＰａｕｌＣ．Ｌａｕｔｅｒｂｕｒ）和英国科学家彼得・曼斯菲尔得（ＰｅｔｅｒＭａｎｓｆｉｅｌｄ）（图２），以表彰他们在ＭＲＩ领域的突破性成就。
在获息被授予诺贝尔奖时，劳特布尔曾幽默地说“我听到过各种猜测，但现实仍令我惊讶”。
曼斯菲尔德更坦率地说“我想每个科学家都希望有一天，他们可以被挑选出来获得这样一个荣誉。
2003小天鹅杯获奖作文
2003小天鹅杯获奖作文The 2003 Little Swan Cup winning essay was a turning point in my life. 2003年的小天鹅杯获奖作文是我人生的一个转折点。
I was a high school student at the time, struggling with my self-confidence and feeling lost in the world. 那时我是一名高中生，挣扎着自信，并感到在这个世界中迷失了方向。
The theme of the competition was "Overcoming Adversity," and it resonated with me deeply.比赛的主题是“战胜逆境”，这深深地打动了我。
As I sat down to write the essay, I poured my heart and soul into it, drawing from my own experiences of overcoming challenges. 我坐下来写作文时，全心全意地投入其中，从自己克服挑战的经历中汲取灵感。
I wrote about the loss of a loved one, the struggles of immigrating toa new country, and the obstacles I faced as a minority student. 我写了关于失去亲人，移民到新国家的挣扎以及作为少数学生所面临的障碍。
It was a cathartic experience, and I felt a sense of relief and empowerment as I put my words onto paper. 那是一次宣泄的经历，当我把自己的文字写在纸上时，我感到一种解脱和自信。
荷赛
E-mail文化传播网2015年荷赛奖于北京时间2月12日晚间公布，中国有6名摄影师获奖。
从2002年至今，中国摄影师已连续14年榜上有名。
与此同时，外国摄影师也屡屡凭借中国题材折桂。
那么，荷赛里的中国到底是什么模样？获奖题材又经历了怎样的变化？这一切还要从作品中去体会。
图为2015年荷赛自然类单幅一等奖《猴戏》。
储永志（中国）《猴戏》：中国安徽省宿州市，当耍猴者在马戏团训练期间走近一只猴子时，它蜷缩成一团。
荷赛全称“世界新闻摄影比赛”，由总部位于荷兰的世界新闻摄影基金会主办，1957年举办第一届比赛，被认为是国际专业新闻摄影比赛中最具权威性的赛事，至2015年已举办了58届。
中国摄影与荷赛的第一次亲密接触，是在1959年，45位中国摄影家的55幅作品参加了第3届荷赛，最终45幅入围，但遗憾未能获奖。
接下来的近30年间，中国摄影师始终与荷赛无缘，但有外国摄影师凭借中国题材获得了大奖。
这组荷兰摄影师文森特·门泽尔拍摄的《新疆吐鲁番盆地沙浴》获得了1983年的荷赛自然类组照二等奖。
5年后，新华社记者杨绍明（前国家主席杨尚昆之子）才以作品《退下来的邓小平》获得1988年荷赛新闻人物类组照三等奖，中国大陆地区的摄影在荷赛中得以实现奖项零的突破。
评委对这组作品的评语是：“这些照片让我们看到了在家里的邓小平和我们没什么两样。
”由此可见，当时的荷赛奖对与西方意识形态不同的中国充满好奇。
之后数年，中国摄影师陷入了荷赛荒，而外国摄影师又多次凭借对中国传统文化的报道获奖。
图为联系图片社的创始人之一阿龙·瑞宁格拍摄的《中国传统医术》获得了1989年的荷赛科技类组照三等奖。
据零的突破又过8年之后，也就是1996年，《山东画报》摄影师李楠以《聊城少儿杂技学校》获得当年荷赛艺术类单幅一等奖，这也是国内首位获得荷赛一等奖的摄影师。
外国摄影师则在拍摄中国传统文化和艺术的道路上屡试不爽。
2000年西班牙摄影师艾里贝尔·莫奈兹拍摄的《中国武术训练》获荷赛艺术类组照二等奖。
罗马尼亚IMO国家队选拔考试2003
Romanian Olympiad2003IMO Team Selection Tests1st Test-April23,20031.Let(a n)n≥1be a sequence for real numbers given by a1=1/2and for each positive integer na n+1=a2na2n−a n+1.Prove that for every positive integer n we have a1+a2+···+a n<1.Titu Andreescu2.Let ABC be a triangle with∠BAC=60◦.Consider a point P inside the triangle having P A=1,P B=2and P C=3.Find the maximum possible area of the triangle ABC.3.Let n,k be positive integers such that n k>(k+1)!and consider the setM={(x1,x2,...,x n)|x i∈{1,2,...,n},i=1,k}.Prove that if A⊂M has(k+1)!+1elements,then there are two elements{α,β}⊂A,α=(α1,α2,...,αn),β=(β1,β2,...,βn)such that(k+1)!|(β1−α1)(β2−α2)···(βk−αk).Vasile ZidaruWork time:4hours.TeX(c)2003Valentin Vornicu2nd Test-April24,20034.Prove that among the elements of the sequence([n √2003])n≥1one canfind a geometricprogression having any number of terms,and having the ratio bigger than k,where k can be any positive integer.Radu Gologan 5.Let f∈Z[X]be an irreducible polynomial over the ring of integer polynomials,such that|f(0)|is not a perfect square.Prove that if the leading coefficient of f is1(the coefficient of the term having the highest degree in f)then f(X2)is also irreducible in the ring of integer polynomials.Mihai Piticari 6.At a math contest there are2n students participating.Each of them submits a problem to the jury,which thereafter gives each students one of the2n problems submitted.One says that the contest is fair is there are n participants which receive their problems from the other n participants.Prove that the number of distributions of the problems in order to obtain a fair contest is a perfect square.Work time:4hours.TeX(c)2003Valentin Vornicu3rd Test-May24,20037.Find all integers a,b,m,n,with m>n>1,for which the polynomial f(X)=X m+aX+b divides the polynomial g(X)=X m+aX+b.Laurent¸iu Panaitopol 8.Two circlesω1andω2with radii r1and r2,r2>r1,are externally tangent.The line t1is tangent to the circlesω1andω2at points A and D respectively.The parallel line t2to the line t1is tangent to the circleω1and intersects the circleω2at points E and F.The line t3passing through D intersects the line t2and the circleω2in B and C respectively,both different of E and F respectively.Prove that the circumcircle of the triangle ABC is tangent to the line t1.Dinu S¸erb˘a nescu 9.Let n≥3be a positive integer.Inside a n×n array there are placed n2positive numbers with sum n3.Prove that we canfind a square2×2of4elements of the array,having the sides parallel with the sides of the array,and for which the sum of the elements in the square is greater than3n.Radu GologanWork time:4hours.TeX(c)2003Valentin Vornicu4th Test-April25,200310.Let P the set of all the primes and let M be a subset of P,having at least threeelements,and such that for any proper subset A of M all of the prime factors of the numberp−1+p∈Aare found in M.Prove that M=P.Valentin Vornicu 11.In a square of side6the points A,B,C,D are given such that the distance between anytwo of the four points is at least5.Prove that A,B,C,D form a convex quadrilateral and its area is greater than21.Laurent¸iu Panaitopol 12.A word consists of n letters from the alphabet{a,b,c,d}.One says that a word iscomplicated if it has two consecutive identical groups of letters(i.e.caab or cababdc are complicated words,but abcab is not a complicated word).A word that is not complicated is called a simple word.Prove that the number of simple words with n letters is greater than2n.Work time:4hours.TeX(c)2003Valentin Vornicu5th Test-June19,200313.A parliament has n senators.The senators form10parties and10committees,suchthat any senator belongs to exactly one party and one committee.Find the least possible n for which it is possible to label the parties and the committees with numbers from1to10,such that there are at least11senators for which the numbers of the corresponding party and committee are equal.Marian Andronache and Radu Gologan 14.Given is a rhombus ABCD of side1.On the sides BC and CD we are given the pointsM and N respectively,such that MC+CN+MN=2and2∠MAN=∠BAD.Find the measures of the angles of the rhombus.Cristinel Mortici 15.In a plane we choose a cartesian system of coordinates.A point A(x,y)in the planeis called an integer point if and only if both x and y are integers.An integer point A is called invisible if on the segment(OA)there is at least one integer point.Prove that for each positive integer n there exists a square of side n in which all the interior integer points are invisible.France Olympiad2003Work time:4hours.TeX(c)2003Valentin Vornicu6th Test-June20,200316.Let ABCDEF be a convex hexagon and denote by A ,B ,C ,D ,E ,F the middlepoints of the sides AB,BC,CD,DE,EF and F A respectively.Given are the areas of the triangles ABC ,BCD ,CDE ,DEF ,EF A and F AB .Find the area of the hexagon.Kvant 17.A permutationσ:{1,2,...,n}→{1,2,...,n}is called straight if and only if for eachinteger k,1≤k≤n−1the following inequality is fulfilled|σ(k)−σ(k+1)|≤2.Find the smallest positive integer n for which there exist at least2003straight per-mutations.Valentin Vornicu 18.For every positive integer n we denote by d(n)the sum of its digits in the decimalrepresentation.Prove that for each positive integer k there exists a positive integer m such that the equation x+d(x)=m has exactly k solutions in the set of positive integers.Polish Olympiad1999Work time:4hours.TeX(c)2003Valentin Vornicu。
【免费下载】历年诺贝尔化学奖汇总
历年诺贝尔化学奖1901年J. H. 范特·霍夫（荷兰人）发现溶液中化学动力学法则和渗透压规律1902年 E. H. 费雪（德国人）合成了糖类以及嘌噙诱导体1903年S . A . 阿伦纽斯（瑞典人）提出电解质溶液理论1904年W . 拉姆赛（英国人）发现空气中的惰性气体1905年 A .冯·贝耶尔（德国人）从事有机染料以及氢化芳香族化合物的研究1906年H . 莫瓦桑（法国人）从事氟元素的研究1907年 E .毕希纳（德国人）从事酵素和酶化学、生物学研究1908年 E. 卢瑟福（英国人）首先提出放射性元素的蜕变理论1909年W. 奥斯特瓦尔德（德国人）从事催化作用、化学平衡以及反应速度的研究1910年O. 瓦拉赫（德国人）脂环式化合物的奠基人1911年M. 居里（法国人）发现镭和钋1912年V. 格林尼亚（法国人）发明了格林尼亚试剂—— 有机镁试剂P. 萨巴蒂（法国人）使用细金属粉末作催化剂，发明了一种制取氢化不饱和烃的有效方法1913年 A. 维尔纳（瑞士人）从事分子内原子化合价的研究1914年T.W. 理查兹（美国人）致力于原子量的研究，精确地测定了许多元素的原子量1915年R. 威尔斯泰特（德国人）从事植物色素（叶绿素）的研究1916---1917年未颁奖1918年 F. 哈伯（德国人）发明固氮法1919年未颁奖1920年W.H. 能斯脱（德国人）从事电化学和热动力学方面的研究1921年 F. 索迪（英国人）从事放射性物质的研究，首次命名“同位素”1922年 F.W. 阿斯顿（英国人）发现非放射性元素中的同位素并开发了质谱仪1923年 F. 普雷格尔（奥地利人）创立了有机化合物的微量分析法1924年未颁奖1925年R.A. 席格蒙迪（德国人）从事胶体溶液的研究并确立了胶体化学1926年T. 斯韦德贝里（瑞典人）从事胶体化学中分散系统的研究1927年H.O. 维兰德（德国人）研究确定了胆酸及多种同类物质的化学结构1928年 A. 温道斯（德国人）研究出一族甾醇及其与维生素的关系1929年 A. 哈登（英国人），冯·奥伊勒– 歇尔平（瑞典人）阐明了糖发酵过程和酶的作用1930年H. 非舍尔（德国人）从事血红素和叶绿素的性质及结构方面的研究1931年 C. 博施（德国人），F.贝吉乌斯（德国人）发明和开发了高压化学方法1932年I. 兰米尔（美国人）创立了表面化学1933年未颁奖1934年H.C. 尤里（美国人）发现重氢1935年J.F.J. 居里，I.J. 居里（法国人）发明了人工放射性元素1936年P.J.W. 德拜（美国人）提出分子磁耦极矩概念并且应用X射线衍射弄清分子结构1937年W. N. 霍沃斯（英国人）从事碳水化合物和维生素C的结构研究P. 卡雷（瑞士人）从事类胡萝卜、核黄素以及维生素A、B2的研究1938年R. 库恩（德国人）从事类胡萝卜素以及维生素类的研究1939年 A. 布泰南特（德国人）从事性激素的研究L. 鲁齐卡（瑞士人）从事萜、聚甲烯结构方面的研究1940年—1942年未颁奖1943年G. 海韦希（匈牙利人）利用放射性同位素示踪技术研究化学和物理变化过程1944年O. 哈恩（德国人）发现重核裂变反应1945年 A.I.魏尔塔南（芬兰人）研究农业化学和营养化学，发明了饲料贮藏保养鲜法1946年J. B. 萨姆纳（美国人）首次分离提纯了酶J. H. 诺思罗普，W. M. 斯坦利（美国人）分离提纯酶和病毒蛋白质1947年R. 鲁宾逊（英国人）从事生物碱的研究1948年 A. W. K. 蒂塞留斯（瑞典人）发现电泳技术和吸附色谱法1949年W.F. 吉奥克（美国人）长期从事化学热力学的研究，物别是对超温状态下的物理反应的研究1950年O.P.H. 狄尔斯、K.阿尔德（德国人）发现狄尔斯– 阿尔德反应及其应用1951年G.T. 西博格、E.M. 麦克米伦（美国人）发现超铀元素1952年 A.J.P. 马丁、R.L.M. 辛格（英国人）开发并应用了分配色谱法1953年H. 施陶丁格（德国人）从事环状高分子化合物的研究1954年L.C.鲍林（美国人）阐明化学结合的本性，解释了复杂的分子结构1955年V. 维格诺德（美国人）确定并合成了含硫的生物体物质（特别是后叶催产素和增压素）1956年 C.N. 欣谢尔伍德（英国人）N.N. 谢苗诺夫（俄国人）提出气相反应的化学动力学理论（特别是支链反应）1957年 A.R. 托德（英国人）从事核酸酶以及核酸辅酶的研究1958年 F. 桑格（英国人）从事胰岛素结构的研究1959年J. 海洛夫斯基（捷克人）提出极普学理论并发现“极普法”1960年W.F. 利时（美国人）发明了“放射性碳素年代测定法”1961年M. 卡尔文（美国人）提示了植物光合作用机理1962年M.F. 佩鲁茨、J.C. 肯德鲁（英国人）测定了蛋白质的精细结构1963年K. 齐格勒（德国人）、G. 纳塔（意大利人）发现了利用新型催化剂进行聚合的方法，并从事这方面的基础研究1964年 D.M.C. 霍金英（英国人）使用X射线衍射技术测定复杂晶体和大分子的空间结构1965年R.B. 伍德沃德（美国人）因对有机合成法的贡献1966年R.S. 马利肯（美国人）用量子力学创立了化学结构分子轨道理论，阐明了分子的共价键本质和电子结构1967年R.G.W.诺里会、G. 波特（英国人）M. 艾根（德国人）发明了测定快速化学反应的技术1968年L. 翁萨格（美国人）从事不可逆过程热力学的基础研究1969年O. 哈塞尔（挪威人）、K.H.R. 巴顿（英国人）为发展立体化学理论作出贡献1970年L.F. 莱洛伊尔（阿根廷人）发现糖核苷酸及其在糖合成过程中的作用1971年G. 赫兹伯格（加拿大人）从事自由基的电子结构和几何学结构的研究1972年 C.B. 安芬森（美国人）确定了核糖核苷酸酶的活性区位研究1973年 E.O. 菲舍尔（德国人）、G. 威尔金森（英国人）从事具有多层结构的有机金属化合物的研究1974年P.J. 弗洛里（美国人）从事高分子化学的理论、实验两方面的基础研究1975年J.W. 康福思（澳大利亚人）研究酶催化反应的立体化学V.普雷洛格（瑞士人）从事有机分子以及有机分子的立体化学研究1976年W.N. 利普斯科姆（美国人）从事甲硼烷的结构研究1977年I. 普里戈金（比利时人）主要研究非平衡热力学，提出了“耗散结构”理论1978年P.D. 米切尔（英国人）从事生物膜上的能量转换研究1979年H.C. 布朗（美国人）、G. 维蒂希（德国人）研制了新的有机合成法1980年P. 伯格（美国人）从事核酸的生物化学研究W.吉尔伯特（美国人）、F. 桑格（英国人）确定了核酸的碱基排列顺序1981年福井谦一（日本人）、R. 霍夫曼（英国人）确定了核酸的碱基排列顺序1982年 A. 克卢格（英国人）开发了结晶学的电子衍射法，并从事核酸蛋白质复合体的立体结构的研究1983年H.陶布（美国人）阐明了金属配位化合物电子反应机理1984年R.B. 梅里菲尔德（美国人）开发了极简便的肽合成法1985年J.卡尔、H.A.豪普特曼（美国人）开发了应用X射线衍射确定物质晶体结构的直接计算法1986年 D.R. 赫希巴奇、李远哲（中国台湾人）、J.C.波利亚尼（加拿大人）研究化学反应体系在位能面运动过程的动力学1987年 C.J.佩德森、D.J. 克拉姆（美国人）J.M. 莱恩（法国人）合成冠醚化合物1988年J. 戴森霍弗、R. 胡伯尔、H. 米歇尔（德国人）分析了光合作用反应中心的三维结构1989年S. 奥尔特曼，T.R. 切赫（美国人）发现RNA自身具有酶的催化功能1990年 E.J. 科里（美国人）创建了一种独特的有机合成理论——逆合成分析理论1991年R.R. 恩斯特（瑞士人）发明了傅里叶变换核磁共振分光法和二维核磁共振技术1992年R.A. 马库斯（美国人）对溶液中的电子转移反应理论作了贡献1993年K.B. 穆利斯（美国人）发明“聚合酶链式反应”法M. 史密斯（加拿大人）开创“寡聚核苷酸基定点诱变”法1994年G.A. 欧拉（美国人）在碳氢化合物即烃类研究领域作出了杰出贡献1995年P.克鲁岑（德国人）、M. 莫利纳、F.S. 罗兰（美国人）阐述对臭氧层产生影响的化学机理，证明了人造化学物质对臭氧层构成破坏作用1996年R.F.柯尔（美国人）、H.W.克罗托因（英国人）、R.E.斯莫利（美国人）发现了碳元素的新形式——富勒氏球（也称布基球）C601997年P.B.博耶（美国人）、J.E.沃克尔（英国人）、J.C.斯科（丹麦人）发现人体细胞内负责储藏转移能量的离子传输酶2000年黑格（美国人）、麦克迪尔米德（美国人）、白川秀树（日本人）因发现能够导电的塑料有功2001年威廉·诺尔斯(美国人)、野依良治(日本人)、巴里·夏普莱斯(美国人)在“手性催化氢化反应”领域取得成就2002年约翰·芬恩（美国）、田中耕一（日本）、库尔特·维特里希（瑞士）发明对生物大分子进行确认和结构分析的方法和发明对生物大分子的质谱分析法2003年彼得·阿格雷（美国）、罗德里克·麦金农（美国）在细胞膜通道方面做出的开创性贡献。
荷赛奖
1955年：摩托车越野世界赛期间，一位赛车手在驶到Volk Mølle赛道时从摩托车上掉下。
(图片作者：Mogens von Haven)1956年：一位德国二战囚犯被苏联释放，与他的女儿团聚。
这个孩子自一岁起就没有见过自己的父亲。
(图片作者：HelmuthPirath)1957年：首位进入刚刚废除种族隔离限制的Harry Harding高中的黑人学生Dorothy Counts 第一天上学就蒙受白人学生的嘲笑。
(Douglas Martin)1958年：布拉格（译注：现捷克共和国首都）和布拉迪斯拉发（译注：现斯洛伐克首都）间的国家足球锦标赛。
(StanislavTereba)1959年：本年没有图片。
拓展阅读：揭秘马格南和法新社2012年度最佳照片先睹为快路透社评出“2012年度最佳照片”曝路透社最佳照片使用最多的器材和参数1960年：一位右翼学生刺杀正在做演讲的日本社会党主席浅沼稲次郎（Inejiro Asanuma）。
(Yasushi Nagao)1961年：本年没有图片。
1962年：在委内瑞拉卡贝略港，Luis Padillo牧师给一位效忠战士做最后的祈祷，对抗总统Bétancourt的叛军狙击手将这名战士打至重伤近于死亡。
(HéctorRondónLovera) 1963年：佛教和尚释广德（ThichQuangDuc）自焚，以抗议南越政府对佛教徒的迫害。
(Malcolm W. Browne)1964年：一位土耳其妇女哀悼在希腊人与土耳其人之间的塞浦路斯内战中阵亡的丈夫。
(DonMcCullin)1965年：一位母亲和她的孩子涉水过河以躲避美国军机的轰炸。
美国空军疏散怀疑是越共基地的村庄。
(Kyoichi Sawada)1966年：在激战后，越共士兵尸体被美国装甲车拖行在通向埋葬场的路上。
(Kyoichi Sawada) 1967年：驻扎在越南“铁三角”的美国第七军团的一位M48坦克炮兵指挥官。
Modelling thermal conductivity and self-irradiation effects in mixed oxide fuels
1. Introduction
In order to reduce the amount of transuranium elements (TRU) produced in the uranium-based fuels during their operation in the nuclear power plants, various strategies of TRU burning and different types of TRU-targets are being considered at present. Among these candidates, the oxide mixtures, including inert matrix and thoria-based fuels, are rather promising. The design and interpretation of irradiation experiments needed to test the applicability of these oxide compounds are based on fuel performance codes, which require information on thermo-physical and thermomechanical properties of the materials of interest. However, literature data on the properties of actinide oxides show a wide spread even for pure materials (except UO2). For most of the oxide mixtures of interest they are still missing, therefore sound physical models could be used at this stage for their estimation.
2003诺贝尔生理医学奖.
保罗·劳特布尔(PaulCLauterbur) ：
• １９２９年生于美国俄亥俄州小城悉尼， １９５１年获凯斯理工学院理学士，１９ ６２年获费城匹兹堡大学化学博士。１９ ６３年至１９８４年间，劳特布尔作为化 学和放射学系教授执教于纽约州立大学石 溪分校。在此期间，他致力于核磁共振光 谱学及其应用的研究。劳特布尔还把核磁 共振成像技术推广应用到生物化学和生物 物理学领域。１９８５年至今，他担任美 国伊利诺伊大学生物医学核磁共振实验室 主任。
• 劳特布尔现了磁共振运用的另一种可能性，即通过在磁场 中加入(磁力)梯度而创造二维图像，而其他方式建立的图 像是不可视的。1973年，保罗描述了他怎样把梯度磁体添 加到主磁体中，然后能看到沉浸在重水中的装有普通水的 试管的交叉截面。除此之外没有其他图像技术可以在普通 水与重水之间区分图像。
• 曼斯菲尔德进一步开拓了磁场梯度的应用，利用磁场中的 梯度更为精确地显示出共振中的差异。他证明，如何有效 而迅速地分析探测到的信号，并且把它们转化成图像。曼 斯菲尔德的研究是这种技术转化成应用成果的关键一步。 他同时证明，通过极其快速的梯度变化可以获得转瞬即逝 的图像，这在今天又称为平面反射波扫描。
学博士学位。１９６２年到１９６
４年担任美国伊利诺斯大学物理系
助理研究员，１９６４年到英国诺
丁汉大学物理系担任讲师，现为该
大学物理系教授。除物理学之外，
曼斯菲尔德还对语言学、阅读和飞
பைடு நூலகம்
他说:“MRI最初只是一种想法，但是 一旦一个人产生了一种想法，许多
行感兴趣，并拥有飞机和直升机两 用的飞行员执照。他进一步发展了
他说: “我的生活的确受到了打扰，但是这种感觉实在太妙了!我还没有时间
决定如何使用他与皮特·曼斯菲尔德所分享的130万美元奖金。“我想还有许多其 他的事更值得我去考虑。”
挑战者杯全国三等奖作品2
第 10 页
年月日
E 全国组织委员会秘书处资格和形式审查意见
组委会秘书处资格审查意见
组委会秘书处形式审查意见
审查人（签名） 年月日
审查人（签名） 年月日
组委会秘书处审查结果
□ 合格 □ 不合格
审查人（签名） 年月日
第 11 页
F1 全国评审委员会预审意见粘贴处
第 12 页
F2 全国评审委员会终审意见粘贴处
格
年月日
认
定 院系负责
本作品是否为课外学术科技或社会实践活动成果
人或导师 □是 □否
负责人签名
意见
年月日
第3页
B1 申报作品情况（自然科学类学术论文）
说明：1、必须由申报者本人填写； 2、作品分类请按作品的学术方向或所涉及的主要学科领域填写； 3、本表中的学籍管理部门签章视为对申报者情况的确认； 4、硕士研究生、博士研究生作品不在此列。
第2页
A2 申报者情况（集体项目）
说明：1、必须由申报者本人按要求填写； 2、申报者代表必须是作者中学历最高者，其余作者按学历高低排列； 3、本表中的学籍管理部门签章视为对申报者情况的确认。
姓名
韩文军
性别
男 出生年月
1985-01-14
学校全称
青岛科技大学
申 现学历
本科在读
专业
应用化学
报
年级
本科四年级
适用范 围及推广
的定量检测有着十分重要的意义，尤其对疾病的早期准确诊断及治
前景作出 疗举足轻重。
评价
其他说明 该实验工作枯燥、乏味，但意义重大，希望申报者完成工作的攻 坚战。
第8页
D2 推荐者情况及对作品的说明
2010滑铁卢Fermat数学竞赛(英文)
PQ R
S
(A) 7
(B) 6
(C) 9
(D) 8
(E) 10
4.
If
u
=
−6
and
x
=
1 3
(3
−
4u),
then
x
equals
(A) −23
(B) −7
(C) 9
(D) 2
(E) 25
5. If 2x = 16, then 2x+3 equals
(A) 19
(B) 48
(C) 22
(D) 128
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 6
(E) 9
13. Fifty numbers have an average of 76. Forty of these numbers have an average of 80. The average of the other ten numbers is
(A) 37
(B) 119
In the diagram, P QRS is a rectangle with P Q = 5 and
QR = 3. P R is divided into three segments of equal P
Q
length by points T and U . The area of quadrilateral
Thursday, February 25, 2010
Time: 60 minutes
©2009 Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing
Calculators are permitted
法国电影凯撒奖
维纳斯美容院 / Venus Beauty Institute
Audrey Tautou / France / 托涅·马歇尔 (Tonie Marshall) / Jacques Audiard / 马里恩·弗诺克斯 (Marion Vernoux) / 托涅·马歇尔 (Tonie Marshall)
第06届（1981年）
Dernier métro,Le / 最后地下铁 / 最后一班地铁
Catherine Deneuve / 法国 / 弗朗索瓦·特吕弗 (François Truffaut) / 最后地下铁 / 弗朗科依斯· 特吕弗 (François Truffaut) / Jean-Claude Grumberg / Suzanne Schiffman
奖项介绍编辑法国电影恺撒奖（César Awards），法国电影的最高荣誉，有“法国奥斯卡”之称，第一届于1976年4月3日由法国电影艺术与技术学会和法国电视二台合作举办。奖项由组织评选投票产生，每年一届，以法国著名雕塑家恺撒·巴勒达西尼（César Baldaccini）命名，正是他为恺撒奖设计了奖杯。[2]最初，恺撒奖设有“最佳法国片”、“最佳导演”、“最佳男女主角”、“最佳男女配角”、“最佳编剧”、“最佳原创音乐”、“最佳摄影”、“最佳布景”、“最佳音效”、“最佳剪辑”、“最佳记录片”以及“最佳外语片”等13个单项奖。随后，逐步增设“最佳服装奖”和“最佳短片奖”。1982年开始增设“最佳处女作奖”。1983年为纪念罗密·施奈德和Patrick Deweare又分别增设“最佳男女新人奖”。但与此同时取消了“最佳海报”和“最佳制片人”两个奖项的颁发。因此如今的凯撒奖共设20个奖项。
2003年美国总统绿色化学挑战奖
当
代
化
工
Ｃｏｎｌｅｍｐｏｒａｒｙ Ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌ ｌｎｄｕｓｌｕ＇
Ｖ０１．３３，Ｎｏ．１ Ｆｅｂｍａｒｙ，２００４
２００３年美国总统绿色化学挑战奖。
汪朝阳
华南帅范大学化学系．广东广州５１０６３１）
摘
要：论述了一年一度的美国总统绿色化学挑战奖，对于绿色化学研究、推动化学化工等
２结语
２００３年度的美国总统绿色化学挑战奖，已经 于６月下旬在美国华盛顿国家科学院颁发。在仔 细分享获奖者成功的喜悦之余，不难发现，本届授 予的５个奖项中，有３个与生物技术密切相关。 因此，在化学、化工研究中，注重加强与生命科学、 生物技术的结合，势在必行。
参考文献
ｒ Ｊ】 Ｇ）ａｒｋ Ｊ Ｈ，Ｌａｎｃａｓｔｅｒ Ｍ．绿色化学一化学工业走向可持续发展 和具有竞争力的有效途径【Ｊ］自然杂志，２０００．２２（１）：１—６
技术相结合是未来化学化工的重要方向。
关键词：美国总统绿色化学挑战奖；绿色化学；生物技术
中皤分类号：Ｆ ４０７ ７
文献标识码：Ａ
文章编号： １６７１一０４６０（２００４）Ｏｌ一００５卜０３
绿色化学对于化学、化工、纤维、高分子等各 个领域，以及人类可持续发展中的安全与环境具 有重要意义“。］。因此，许多国家纷纷设立了关 于绿色化学研究的国家奖”ｏ。其中，世界上第一 个设立的“绿色化学奖”——美国总统绿色化学挑 战奖，自从１９９５年由总统克林顿设立、１９９６年首 次颁发以来，以其规模大、水平高、影响广而不断 受到世人的瞩目［６－“。目前，一年一度的美国总 统绿色化学挑战奖已经揭晓”ｌ，鉴于其对绿色化 学研究、推动化学化工等领域的安全与环保工作 具有重要的启发和指导意义，本文分别介绍２００３ 年获奖的个人和公司，以及他们的相关绿色化学 成就。
2003诺贝尔化学奖
图3. 水分子通过水通道蛋白AQP1示意
AQP1单体含有 6 个跨膜区域 ，N端 和 c端都在胞内。 分子的两部分具有 高度的内在同源性 ， 并分别处于双层磷 脂膜的两侧 ，而且 同时含有一个三氨 基酸基序——Asn— Pro—Ala(NPA)。所 有的水通道都含有 这样 的二 氨基酸 基序结构。
图4. 离子通道蛋白1晶体结构（AQP1）
目前 ，科学家发现水通道蛋白广泛存在 于动物 、植物和微生物中，它 的种类很多 ， 仅人体 内就有 11 种。它具有十分重要的功 能 ，比如在人的肾脏 中就起着关键的过滤作 用。通常一个成年人每天要产生 150L～200L 的原尿 ，这些原尿经肾脏肾小球 中的水通道 蛋白的过滤，其中大部分水分被人体循环利 用， 最终只有约 1L的尿液排出人体 。如果 这种水通道 蛋 白的功能出现障碍人就会得多 尿症。
获奖成果的现实和历史意义
总之，2位科学家的发现使人们从根本上了 解 了细胞上的通道 ，这表明当代生物化学家 在寻求了解生命的基本过程时已经深入到了原 子水平。这为 生物化学开创了一个全新的纪 元。
刘飞 生技基 Thank You
图5. 离子通道结构示意图
图5所示为钾离子通道的结构示意图，图 中可 以看出，离子通道中的确具有 “离子过滤 器 ”。这样的结构解释了为什么钾离子通道能 够选择性地通过 钾离子。钾离 子在进入通道之 前是 由水分子包 围 的。在离子进入通道后通道 内壁的氧原子取代了水 分子与钾离子相互作用。 通过通道以后钾离子被通 道另一侧 的水分子所 包 围。
水和离子 是怎样通过细胞膜的？
— — 2OO3年诺贝尔化学奖简介
关键词：
细胞膜通道
水通道蛋白 离子通道
2003年10月8日瑞典皇家科学 院宣布，将诺贝尔化学奖授予美国 科学家彼得· 阿格雷（Peter Agre） 和罗德里克· 麦金农（Roderick MacKinnon），分别表彰他们发现 细胞膜水通道，以及对离子通道结 构和机理研究所做出的开创性贡献。
ManHunt世界男模大赛历史资料
MANHUNT历史Manhunt世界男模特大赛是目前全世界惟一的职业男模特赛亨。
1987年，新加坡Metromedia公司的演艺总监刘镔澳先生创办了第一届Manhunt男模特比赛。
在这之前，所有的模特比赛都是为女性而设立的，所以这项精心筹划的赛事一夜之间便获得了巨大的成功，为男装及男士用品厂商提供了广告和宣传的机会。
1993年在澳大利亚黄金海岸举行的Manhunt世界男模特大赛更将这项活动演变成国际性赛事，每年世界各国都会选派本国大赛的冠军参加最后的决赛。
MANHUNT创始人ALEX LIU1987年：新加坡Metromedia公司的演艺总监刘镔澳先生创办了第一届Manhunt男模特比赛。
在这之前，所有的模特比赛都是为女性而设立的，所以这项精心筹划的赛事一夜之间便获得了巨大的成功，为男装及男士用品厂商提供了广告和宣传的机会。
与此同时，随着赞助商及参与者的不断增加。
1991年：这项赛事又增设了3O岁以上级别，以顺应国际社会对成熟男模的需求。
1993年：在澳大利亚黄金海岸举行的Manhunt世界男模特大赛更将这项活动演变成国际性赛事，每年世界各国都会选派本国大赛的冠军参加最后的决赛。
1995年：在新加坡圣陶沙举行的比赛吸引了35个国家的选手参加。
新加坡以及38个国家的电视台对Manhunt男模大赛的总决赛进行了转播，全球收看人数达到4.2亿；同时，该男模大赛也得到了大量的报纸和杂志的肯定。
1997年：在新加坡继续举行，38个国家的选手参加了此项激动人心的赛事。
1998年：瑞典的Peter Erikson夺得了冠军。
1999年：北京概念’98特管理有限公司将这一国际性赛事带到了中国，取得了巨大成功和影响。
委内瑞拉的Ernesto Calzadilla获得冠军。
中国顶尖男模胡东夺得了99年的中国选拔赛冠军，并代表中国赴菲律宾参加了1999 Manhunt世界男模大赛总决赛，荣获最佳表演奖，成为当年度的世界十佳男模之一。
植物营养学获奖奖项及时间
植物营养学获奖奖项及时间
以下是一些植物营养学领域的获奖奖项及其获奖时间：
1. 玛丽·贝尔·肯尼迪奖（Mary Belle Kennedy Award）：该奖项由美国植物营养协会（American Society of Plant Nutrition）授予在植物营养领域做出杰出贡献的个人。
获奖时间不固定，每一至两年评选一次。
2. 诺曼·博尔奖（Norman Borlaug Award）：该奖项由世界植物营养学会（International Plant Nutrition Institute）颁发，以表彰对世界粮食安全做出重要贡献的个人或团体。
获奖时间不固定，每年评选一次。
3. 冯·利伯奖（Wilhelm Pfeffer Prize）：该奖项由德国植物生物学家协会（German Society for Plant Sciences）颁发，用于表彰在植物营养学和植物生长领域做出杰出贡献的研究者。
获奖时间不固定，每两年评选一次。
4. 营养学奖（Nutrition Prize）：该奖项由美国植物学家协会（Botanical Society of America）颁发，用于表彰在植物营养学领域有重要贡献的个人或团体。
获奖时间不固定，每年评选一次。
请注意，以上是一些著名的植物营养学领域的奖项，但并不代表该领域的全部奖项。
此外，获奖时间可能因个别年份而有所变化，请在评选年度查看具体信息。
世界最佳模特大赛文字资料
世界最佳模特大赛文字资料世界最佳模特大赛历史世界最佳模特大赛是在土耳其自1988年在伊斯坦堡注册举行，是世界三大模特赛事之一，也是在土耳其唯一注册的国际级模特大赛。
欧洲及土耳其的贵宾、名人及媒介人士一直从1988年都参与并跟进此项赛事，顶级时装设计师及顶级服装订做师都积极参与此赛事以展示他们的设计作品。
世界知名的模特也参与过世界最佳模特大赛此项赛事，并获得此赛事的奖项，如国际著名模特纳奥米坎贝尔、爱娃赫兹戈娃。
世界最佳模特大赛中国区总决赛获得中国赛区冠军的男女选手将代表中国与其他50多个国家的冠军选手参加每年12月份在土耳其伊斯坦堡举行的世界总决赛。
大赛除设男女冠、亚、季军外，还设有五个洲际最佳模特、最佳天桥表演奖、最上镜奖、最具亲和力奖等专项奖。
中国选手穆江、丁思含、李君、李鑫峪等人曾获得“最佳亚洲模特奖”、“最佳天桥表演奖”等奖项，轰动了世界，奠定了此项赛事在中国发展的良好基础。
该赛事于２００２年首次在中国设立分赛区。
世界最佳模特大赛历届中国区决赛简介2002年，经世界最佳模特大赛国际机构批准，第15届世界最佳模特大赛首次在中国设立分赛区，赛事首次亮相中国，作为第四届江苏国际服装节开幕式，9月4日在南京举行。
备受社会各界瞩目。
国内外300多家媒体给予了报道和关注，全球共计约超过10亿观众通过电视收看了此次比赛。
本届大赛吸引了近千名模特参加，共有30名女选手和20名男选手进入了总决赛，大赛期间选手通过赛前一系列花絮和美丽之旅活动，如：反对战争维护和平巡游、慈善晚宴等，使大赛更像一个大家庭，选手之间的友谊和交流使大赛更具凝聚力。
来自辽宁的纪焕博（男）、刘阿楠（女）两名模特分别获得男女模特冠军，并代表中国参加了2002年１２月在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举办的“世界最佳模特大赛”总决赛。
郭宏庆（北京）、龚涛（上海）获得男模亚、季军，胡菲菲（上海）、郭宁（江苏）获得女模亚、季军，王悦（黑龙江）获得友好合作奖，陈佳慧（山东）获得最上镜奖，郭宏庆（北京）获得最佳新闻印象奖，开迪热亚（新疆）获最具潜质奖，胡菲菲（上海）获最佳演绎奖。
教育个人回报率计量研究缺陷及调整方法综述
教育个人回报率计量研究缺陷及调整方法综述【摘要】对于教育个人回报率的OLS 回归估计结果通常存在“能力偏误”和“测量偏差”两种计量研究缺陷。
本文总结并详细讨论了国内外学者为克服计量偏误而采用的各种计量改进手段，主要可以分为直接衡量能力法、利用外生制度性变迁寻找工具变量法和运用双胞胎数据分离能力变量方法三类。
最后，作者对于这些精确估计教育个人回报率的计量方法和结论做出了评价。
关键词：教育个人回报率、明瑟模型估计、能力偏误、测量偏差、工具变量法Abstract：The ordinary least-squares estimation could not provide an accurate estimate of the returns to schooling because the education on earnings can’t prove causality as well as the reporting error in estimating the years of schooling. This paper overview the keyeconometric approach to tackle this problem, which includes controlling the ability directly, using Instrumental Variable estimation and taking twin data to eliminate the unobservable ability. The author also evaluates the pro and con of these methods and interpret the results. Key words： Private Return to Education, Mincer Model Estimation, Ability Bias, Measurement Error，Instrumental Variable Estimation一、引言自上世纪50年代开始，劳动经济学领域发展形成了一支重要的理论—人力资本理论，该理论认为，教育是一种人力资本投资行为，能够提高劳动生产力并为劳动者带来更高的收入。
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Canadian Instituteof ActuariesScoring:There is no penalty for an incorrect answer.Each unanswered question is worth 2, to a maximum of 10 unanswered questions.Part A: Each correct answer is worth 5.1.The value of 33333210−+− is (A ) 18(B ) 6(C ) 9(D ) 40(E ) 202.If a =5 and a ab 260+=, the value of b is (A ) 7(B ) 4(C ) 2(D ) 10(E ) 303.In the diagram, the value of x is (A ) 22.5(B ) 25(C ) 20(D ) 36(E ) 184.In the diagram, the numbers 1 to 10 are placed around a circle.Sandy crosses out 1, then 4, and then 7. Continuing in a clockwise direction, she crosses out every third number of those remaining,until only two numbers are left. The sum of these two numbers is (A ) 13(B ) 10(C ) 8(D ) 14(E ) 175.During hibernation, a bear loses 20% of its original mass. After hibernation, its mass is 220 kg. What was its mass, in kilograms, just before hibernation?(A ) 176(B ) 264(C ) 240(D ) 275(E ) 11006.There are 2 girls and 6 boys playing a game. How many additional girls must join the game so that 58of the players are girls?(A ) 6(B ) 3(C ) 5(D ) 8(E ) 77. A fish tank, in the shape of a rectangular prism, has a base measuring 20 cm by 40 cm with a heightof 30 cm. The tank sits on a horizontal table and is half full of water. If 4000 cm 3 of water is added,what is the new depth of the water?(A ) 5 cm (B ) 15 cm (C ) 20 cm (D ) 25 cm (E ) 10 cm123456789108.In the diagram, D is the point on BC so that AD is perpendicular to BC . The slope of AD is (A ) 311(B ) 1(C ) −1511(D ) 2(E ) 259.The average (mean) of 15 and 110 is 1x . The value of x is(A ) 203(B ) 3(C ) 30(D ) 103(E ) 21510.Carly takes three steps to walk the same distance as Jim walks in four steps. Each of Carly’s steps covers0.5 metres. How many metres does Jim travel in 24 steps?(A ) 16(B ) 9(C ) 36(D ) 12(E ) 18Part B: Each correct answer is worth 6.11.In the diagram, it is only possible to travel along an edge in the direction indicated by the arrow. H azel studied the figure, anddetermined all the possible routes from A to B . She selected one ofthese routes at random. What is the probability that she selected a route which passes through X ?(A ) 811(B ) 311(C ) 1(D ) 9(E ) 612.In the diagram, ∠=ABC 90o and AB BC CD ===10. The length of AD is closest to(A ) 14(B ) 5(C ) 9(D ) 10(E ) 413.If x y +=1 and x y –=3, what is the value of 222xy –?(A ) 4(B ) 8(C ) 2(D ) 16(E ) 3214.In the diagram, AMN , APQ , QRM , and PRN are all straight lines.The value of a b + is (A ) 70(B ) 55(C ) 80(D ) 90(E ) 7515.The side lengths of an equilateral triangle and a square are integers. If the triangle and the square havethe same perimeter, which of the following is a possible side length of the triangle?(A ) 1(B ) 10(C ) 18(D ) 20(E ) 2516.The product of the digits of a four-digit number is 810. If none of the digits is repeated, the sum of thedigits is(A ) 18(B ) 19(C ) 23(D ) 25(E ) 2217.In the diagram, ∆ABC is right-angled at C . If BD x =2, DC x =,and ∠=∠()ADC ABC 2, then the length of AB is(A ) 22x (B ) 6x (C ) 23x (D ) 3x (E ) 4x18. A car uses 8.4 litres of gas for every 100 km it is driven. A mechanic is able to modify the car ’s engineat a cost of $400 so that it will only use 6.3 litres of gas per 100 km. The owner determines the minimum distance that she would have to drive to recover the cost of the modifications. If gas costs $0.80 per litre, this distance, in kilometres, is between(A ) 10000 and 14000 (B ) 14000 and 18000 (C ) 18000 and 22000(D ) 22000 and 26000 (E ) 26000 and 3000019.In an art gallery, a 2 m high painting, BT , is mounted on a wall with its bottom edge 1 m above the floor. A spotlight is mounted at S , 3 m out from the wall and 4 m above the floor. The size of∠TSB is closest to (A ) 27°(B ) 63°(C ) 34°(D ) 45°(E ) 18°20.If a , b and c are positive, consecutive terms of a geometric sequence (that is, c b ba =), then the graphof y ax bx c =++2 is(A ) a curve that intersects the x -axis at two distinct points(B )entirely below the x -axis(C )entirely above the x -axis(D ) a straight line(E )tangent to the x -axis continued ...QPA M N R a °125°55°b°2 m 1 m 4 mPart C: Each correct answer is worth 8.21. A sequence of numbers has 6 as its first term, and every term after the first is defined as follows: Ifa term, t , is even, the next term in the sequence is 12t . If a term, s , is odd, the next term is 31s +. Thus,the first four terms in the sequence are 6, 3, 10, 5. The 100th term is(A ) 1(B ) 2(C ) 3(D ) 4(E ) 622.Pentagon ABCDE is such that all five diagonals AC , BD , CE , DA, and EB lie entirely within thepentagon. If the area of each of the triangles ABC , BCD , CDE , DEA , and EAB is equal to 1, the area of the pentagon ABCDE is closest to(A ) 3.62(B ) 3.64(C ) 3.66(D ) 3.68(E ) 3.7023.Three faces of a rectangular box meet at a corner of the box. The centres of these faces form the verticesof a triangle having side lengths of 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm. The volume of the box, in cm 3, is(A ) 453(B ) 456(C ) 906(D ) 125(E ) 120224.When the expression 11214181161321643927812437292+()+()+()+()+()+()+()[]x x x x x x x isexpanded and simplified, the coefficient of x 2003 is(A ) 0(B ) 228(C ) 230(D ) 229(E ) 23125.The set 14,,n {} has the property that when any two distinct elements are chosen and 2112 is added totheir product, the result is a perfect square. If n is a positive integer, the number of possible values for n is(A ) 8(B ) 7(C ) 6(D ) 5(E ) 4G G G G G2003 Fermat Contest(English)PUBLICATIONS。