高英Unit Nine

Background of the war
For a long time before the Civil War, the North and the South had disagreed with each other on many issues, such as: party politics, economics , Main issue: slavery.
The main current of pioneering humanity
Westward march of American pioneers is one of the most stirring chapters in the history of this country. Some basic American values associate closely with the frontiersman traits: Hard working : freezing winter, dry summer Ability to survive: Indians raids, competitions between pioneers, villains, robbers, violence
Aftermath
the deadliest war in American history, caused 620,000 soldier deaths， ended slavery in the United States, restored the Union, strengthened the role of the federal government.
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Lincoln's victory triggered eleven Southern slave states
Course of the war
On April 12,1861,the Confederates fired in Charleston, South Carolina, and the Civil War began. The first two years of the Civil War went badly for the North. The Battle of Gettysburg in 1863 had been called the turning point of the war. After that ,the Northern troops drove south and won one victory after another. Finally in 1865 the Confederate army had to surrender, ending the war.
special experiences
a printer, a steamboat pilot, a gold prospector, a journalist in Nevada and San Francisco during the height of the Gold Rush, and a famous lecturer, known for his storytelling and stage presence.
Twain’s youthful age
Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri, of a Virginian family. He was brought up in Hannibal, Missouri. After his father's death in 1847, he was apprenticed to a printer and wrote for his brother's newspaper. He later worked as a licensed Mississippi river-boat pilot. The Civil War put an end to the steamboat traffic and Clemens moved to Virginia City, where he edited the Territorial Enterprise. On February 3, 1863, 'Mark Twain' was born when Clemens signed a humorous travel account with that pseudonym.
American westward expansion
As more and more settlers penetrated the wilderness， ， many became farmers as well as hunters. It was a time when young men could "go west and grow with the country." Overall， the growth of the nation was ， enormous： population grew from 7.25 million to more ： than 23 million from 1812 to 1852 ， and the land available for settlement increased by almost the size of Europe —— from 4.4 million to 7.8 million square kilometers. Inevitably， too， this westward expansion ， ， brought settlers into conflict with the original inhabitants of the land：the Indians. ： *Recommended movies: 西部开拓史， 大地雄心 西部开拓史， 大地雄心(Far and Away)
Background Knowledge--2
Mark Twain
(1835(1835-1910)
Mark Twain
1. pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 2. an American writer, journalist and humorist, 3.stories of the youthful adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.
American westward expansion
The frontier did much to shape American life. Conditions along the entire Atlantic seaboard stimulated migration to the newer regions. From New England, where the soil was incapable of producing high yields of grain, came a steady stream of men and women who left their coastal farms and villages to take advantage of the rich interior land of the continent. Frontier settlers were a varied group. One English traveler described them as "a daring， hardy ， race of men, who live in miserable cabins… They are unpolished but hospitable， kind to strangers， honest ， ， and trustworthy. They raise a little Indian corn ， pumpkins， hogs and sometimes have a cow or two… But ， the rifle is their principal means of support."
Background Knowledge--3 Westward expansion and pioneering humanity
(early 1800)
Westward expansion and pioneering humanity
Part Two
The Gold Rush
Early on a January morning in 1848, James Marshall went to check on a sawmill he was building on a riverbank. As he looked into the water, he saw something SHINY in the sand on the river bottom. It was gold! With that discovery, Marshall started the largest gold rush in history. By 1849, eager treasure hunters, known as "forty-niners,“ were pouring into northern California's mountains. Hundreds of mining towns SPRANG UP, filled with men eager to get rich quick.
Unit Nine
Mark Twain ---Mirror of America
Background Knowledge--1
The American Civil War
(1861(1861-1865)

The Civil War (1861-1865) (1861The American Civil War was a sectional conflict in the United States of America between the federal government (the “Union”) and eleven Southern ” slave states that declared their secession(退出 and formed the 退出) 退出 Confederate States of America, led by President Jefferson Davis. The Union, led by President Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party, opposed the expansion of slavery and rejected any right of secession. Fighting commenced on April 12, 1861 when Confederate forces attacked a federal military installation at Fort Sumter, South Carolina.
Works of Literature
Under the pen name Mark Twain, Sam Clemens published over 30 works of literature, covering satire, historical fiction, short stories, and nonfiction. Many of his writings have reached the peak of American and world literature, including the timeless "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," "The Prince and the Pauper," and "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court."