经济学原理第5版微观

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曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案

曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案

第三章6.下表描述了Baseballia国两个城市的生产可能性:一个工人每小时生产的红补袜子量一个工人每小时生产的白袜子量A.没有贸易,波士顿一双白袜子价格(用红袜子表示)是多少芝加哥11双白袜子价格是多少答:没有贸易时,波士顿1 双白袜子价格是1 双红袜子,芝加哥1 双白袜子价格是2 双红袜子。

B.在每种颜色的袜子生产上,哪个城市有绝对优势哪个城市有比较优势答:波士顿在生产红、白袜子上都有绝对优势。

波士顿在生产白袜子上有比较优势,芝加哥在生产红袜子上有比较优势。

C.如果这两个城市相互交易,两个城市将分别出口哪种颜色的袜子答:如果它们相互交易,波士顿将出口白袜子,而芝加哥出口红袜子。

D.可以进行交易的价格范围是多少答:白袜子的最高价格是2 双红袜子,最低价格是1 双红袜子。

红袜子的最高价格是1 双白袜子,最低价格是1/2 双白袜子。

7.假定一个美国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或20台电脑,而一个中国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或10台电脑。

A.画出这两个国家的生产可能性边界。

假定没有贸易,每个国家的工人各用一半的时间生产两种物品,在你的图上标出这一点。

答:两个国家的生产可能性边界如图3 一4 所示。

如果没有贸易,一个美国工人把一半的时间用于生产每种物品,则能生产50 件衬衣、10 台电脑;同样,一个中国工人则能生产50 件衬衣、5 台电脑。

图3 一4 生产可能性边界B.如果这两个国家进行贸易,哪个国家将出口衬衣举出一个具体的数字例子,并在你的图上标出。

哪一个国家将从贸易中获益解释原因。

答:中国将出口衬衣。

对美国而言,生产一台电脑的机会成本是5 件衬衣,而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。

对中国而言,生产一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣,而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/10 台电脑。

因此,美国在生产电脑上有比较优势,中国在生产衬衣上有比较优势,所以中国将出口衬衣。

衬衣的价格在1/5 到1/10 台电脑之间。

《现代西方经济学原理(第五版)》刘厚俊讲义

《现代西方经济学原理(第五版)》刘厚俊讲义
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(二)人的欲望的无限性
清人胡澹庵编辑的《解人颐》一书 中收录了一首《不知足》诗:
终日奔波只为饥,方才一饱便思衣。 衣食两般皆具足,又想娇容美貌妻。 娶得美妻生下子,恨无田地少根基。 买得田园多广阔,出入无船少马骑。 槽头拴了骡和马,叹无官职被人欺。 县丞主薄还嫌小,又要朝中挂紫衣。 若要世人心里足,除是南柯一梦西。
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马歇尔之后微观经济学的发展
19世纪末、20世纪初垄断形成使原来的以完全竞 争市场类型为条件的微观理论受到挑战,1933年, 罗宾逊、张伯伦分别提出了不完全竞争和垄断竞争 理论。
1930年代后希克斯、瓦尔拉斯、帕累托等提出了 一般均衡理论、序数效用论、福利经济学等。
之后关于市场失灵与微观政策调节的研究可以说是 对微观经济学的总结。
研究对象是个别经济单位的经济行为。 解决的问题是资源配置。 中心理论是价格理论。(看不见的手) 研究方法是个量分析。研究经济变量的单项 数值如何决定。
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二、宏观经济学的特点
研究宏观经济总量的一门经济学科。
研究对象是整个经济。 解决的问题是资源利用。 中心理论是国民收入决定理论。 (看得见的手--- 凯恩斯主义) 研究方法是总量分析。
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(二)古典经济学:经济学的形 成时期
(17世纪中期--19世纪70年代)
法国重农学派魁奈 ,1758年《经济表》。 威廉·配第(1623-1687)始创:《赋税论》 亚当·斯密(1723-1790)集其大成:1776年
《国富论》。 大卫·李嘉图(1772-1823)最后完成:1817
年《政治经济学及赋税原理》。
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(三)新古典经济学(微观经济学)
边际革命:1870年代,英国杰文斯、法国瓦尔

曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT中文版 第22章

曼昆经济学原理第5版微观PPT中文版 第22章
▪ 更好的监督
雇用保姆的父母在自己的家里安装隐蔽录像机, 以便在父母外出时录下保姆不合意的行为
▪ 高工资
雇主向工人支付效率工资(高于劳动市场供求均衡 水平的工资) 来增加对那些怠工工人的惩罚力度
▪ 延期支付
企业延期支付报酬 (比如年终奖金)来增加对那些 怠工工人的惩罚力度
公司管理
▪ 公司所有权和控股权的分离引起了委托—代理问
人们的选择有时会受公正观念的影响,而不是利己
例如:最后通牒游戏 规则
▪ 二个互不相识的玩家有机会分享$100的奖励 ▪ 玩家A决定分多少奖金给玩家B ▪ 玩家B必须接受这个分法或者他们两人什么也得
不到
人关注公正
两个玩家都是理性的预测结果
▪ 玩家A提议他得 $99,而玩家B得$1。玩家B 会
接受这个提议,因为 $1总比没有好
实验中现实人的实际结果
▪ 玩家B通常会拒绝只给他1美元建议,因为太不公

▪ 考虑到这点,玩家A通常会提议给玩家B $30或
$40
▪ 玩家B仍会认为这不公正,但没有不公正到使他
放弃正常的利己,因此B会接受这个提议
人关注公正
▪ 最后通牒游戏的结果在其他情况下的应用
▪ 例如:
企业某年获利特别丰厚时,支付给工人的工资会 高于均衡水平工资,以此来维护公正或者避免不 公正引起的工人报复
▪ 其他经济学家提出,人仅仅是“接近理性”,或
者他们表现出“有限理性”
人并不总是理性的
对人类决策的研究发现人们犯下的系统性错误:
▪ 人们过分自信 ▪ 人们过分重视从现实生活中的观察到的细枝末

▪ 人们不愿改变自己的观念
即使人们并不总是理性的,假设他们是理性的通常 是对经济模型的一个好的近似

经济学原理(微观部分)

经济学原理(微观部分)

经济学原理(微观部分)第一章导论(包括教材第1章和第1章附录)本章重点:一、经济及经济学的定义二、经济学的双重主题:稀缺性和效率三、经济社会的三个基本问题四、经济制度五、生产可能性边界六、经济学的分类七、经济学的研究方法八、进行经济思考时经常出现的一些错误一、经济及经济学的定义经济(economy)西方经济学中的“经济”(economy)一词,是由希腊文0’ikos(家产)和n’emein(管理)合成的oikonomia演变来的。

意思是管理一个家庭的人在我国古代,“经济”一词是指“经国济民”。

现代社会“经济”一词主要有以下四种含义:①物质资料的生产、分配、交换、消费活动;③社会的经济基础,即生产关系的总和;③节约④国民经济或国民经济各部门(如工业经济、农业经济等)。

经济学economics最近几十年来,经济学覆盖了各种各样的论题。

如何定义这一成长中的学科?重要的定义包括,经济学是:●研究在经济活动中如何确定劳动、资本和土地的价格,以及如何运用这些价格配置资源;●考察金融市场行为,分析金融市场如何将资本配置到其他经济部门;●考察收入分配及如何在不损害经济运行的前提下对穷人给予帮助;●考察政府支出、税收、预算赤字对经济增长有何影响;●考察经济周期中失业与生产的波动,并提出改善经济增长的政策;●考察各国贸易模式并分析贸易壁垒有何影响;●观察发展中国家的发展,并对鼓励资源有效利用的方式提出建议。

如果我们将所有这些定义加以提炼的话,我们就会发现一个共同主题:经济学的定义经济学研究的是社会如何利用稀缺的资源以生产有价值的商品,并将它们分配给不同的个人。

二、经济学的双重主题:稀缺与效率(一)稀缺1、稀缺scarcity稀缺即有限,相对于人类社会的无穷欲望而言,物品或者说生产这些物品所需要的资源总是不足的。

在经济学中,这种资源或物品的相对有限性被称为稀缺性。

教师设问:为什么存在稀缺性呢?❖一定时期内,物品本身是有限的❖一定时期内,利用物品进行生产的技术条件是有限的❖人的生命是有限的如何理解稀缺性呢?❖稀缺性是绝对的、又是相对的。

曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案

曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案

问题与应用‎1.描写下列每‎种情况所面‎临的权衡取‎舍:A.一个家庭决‎定是否买一‎辆新车。

答:如果买新车‎就要减少家‎庭其他方面‎的开支,如:外出旅行,购置新家具‎;如果不买新‎车就享受不‎到驾驶新车‎外出的方便‎和舒适。

B.国会议员决‎定对国家公‎园支出多少‎。

答:对国家公园‎的支出数额‎大,国家公园的‎条件可以得‎到改善,环境会得到‎更好的保护‎。

但同时,政府可用于‎交通、邮电等其他‎公共事业的‎支出就会减‎少。

C.一个公司总‎裁决定是否‎新开一家工‎厂。

答:开一家新厂‎可以扩大企‎业规模,生产更多的‎产品。

但可能用于‎企业研发的‎资金就少了‎。

这样,企业开发新‎产品、利用新技术‎的进度可能‎会减慢。

D.一个教授决‎定用多少时‎间备课。

0答:教授若将大‎部分时间用‎于自己研究‎,可能会出更‎多成果,但备课时间‎减少影响学‎生授课质量‎。

E.一个刚大学‎毕业的学生‎决定是否去‎读研究生。

答:毕业后参加‎工作,可即刻获取‎工资收入;但继续读研‎究生,能接受更多‎知识和未来‎更高收益。

2.你正想决定‎是否去度假‎。

度假的大部‎分成本((机票、旅馆、放弃的工资‎))都用美元来‎衡量,但度假的收‎益是心理的‎。

你将如何比‎较收益与成‎本呢??答:这种心理上‎的收益可以‎用是否达到‎既定目标来‎衡量。

对于这个行‎动前就会作‎出的既定目‎标,我们一定有‎一个为实现‎目标而愿意‎承担的成本‎范围。

在这个可以‎承受的成本‎范围内,度假如果满‎足了既定目‎标,如:放松身心、恢复体力等‎等,那么,就可以说这‎次度假的收‎益至少不小‎于它的成本‎。

3.你正计划用‎星期六去从‎事业余工作‎,但一个朋友‎请你去滑雪‎。

去滑雪的真‎实成本是什‎么?现在假设你‎已计划这天‎在图书馆学‎习,这种情况下‎去滑雪的成‎本是什么?请解释之。

答:去滑雪的真‎实成本是周‎六打工所能‎赚到的工资‎,我本可以利‎用这段时间‎去工作。

如果我本计‎划这天在图‎书馆学习,那么去滑雪‎的成本是在‎这段时间里‎我可以获得‎的知识。

大连理工大学考研专业课经济学原理05.第五章 成本论(微观部分)

大连理工大学考研专业课经济学原理05.第五章 成本论(微观部分)
线上的相应的点的线段的斜率给出。这说明,随着产量
水平的增加,平均不变成本AFC是递减的。
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图5—3 由TFC曲线到AFC曲线
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第五章 成本论 第二节 短期成本曲线
四、由总成本曲线到平均成本曲线和边际成本曲线
2.由TVC曲线推导AVC曲线 任何产量水平上的AVC值都可以由连接原点到TVC曲
从原点出发的、与TVC曲线的下切点,对应着MC曲线 和AVC曲线的相交点b′;从原点出发的、与TC曲线的下 切点,对应着MC曲线和AC曲线的相交点c′。
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图5—6 由TC曲线和TVC曲线到MC曲线
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第五章 成本论 第二节 短期成本曲线
五、短期产量曲线与短期成本曲线之间的关系
用公式表示为:AC(Q)=TC(Q)/Q=AFC(Q)+AVC(Q) AC曲线呈现出U型。
2020年10月17日星期六
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第五章 成本论 第二节 短期成本曲线
一、短期成本的分类
7.边际成本MC
边际成本是厂商在短期内增加一单位产量时所增加 的总成本。
边际成本用公式表示为:MC(Q)=△TC(Q)/△Q
1.总不变成本TFC 总不变成本是厂商在短期内为生产一定数量的产品
对不变生产要素所支付的总成本。 总不变成本是一个常数,它不随产量的变化而变化,
即使产量为零时,总不变成本也仍然存在,因而TFC曲线 是一条水平线。
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第五章 成本论 第二节 短期成本曲线
一、短期成本的分类
2.总可变成本TVC 总可变成本是厂商在短期内生产一定数量的产品对

曼昆《经济学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库(14)(1)

曼昆《经济学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库(14)(1)

曼昆《经济学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库(14)(1)Chapter 14Firms in Competitive MarketsTRUE/FALSE1. For a firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry, total revenue, marginal revenue, and average revenue are all equal.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenue | Marginal rev-enueMSC: Interpretive2. For a firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry, marginal reve-nue and average revenue are equal.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenue | Marginal rev-enueMSC: Interpretive3. If a firm notices that its average revenue equals the current market price, that firm must be participating in a competitive market.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenueMSC: Interpretive4. A profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market will increase produc-tion when average revenue exceeds marginal cost. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Average revenueMSC: Interpretive5. Because there are many buyers and sellers in a perfectly competitive market, no one seller can influence the market price. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Definitional6. Firms operating in perfectly competitive markets try to maximize prof-its.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization929MSC: Applicative7. In competitive markets, firms that raise their prices are typically re-warded with larger profits.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive8. When an individual firm in a competitive market increases its produc-tion, it is likely that the market price will fall. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive9. In a competitive market, firms are unable to differentiate their product from that of other producers.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive10. Firms in a competitive market are said to be price takers because there are many sellers in the market and the goods offered by the firms are very similar if not identical.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive11. A firm's incentive to compare marginal revenue and marginal cost is an application of the principle that rational people think at the margin. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive12. By comparing the marginal revenue and marginal cost from each unit produced, a firm in a competitive market can determine the profit-maximizing level of production.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretiveword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 931 13. Firms operating in perfectly competitive markets produce an output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Marginal revenueMSC: Applicative14. A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The man-ager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the 100th unit for $4.75. The firm should continue to pro-duce 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses). ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Analytical15. A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The man-ager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the 100th unit for $5. The firm should continue to produce 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses).ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Analytical16. A firm is currently producing 100 units of output per day. The man-ager reports to the owner that producing the 100th unit costs the firm $5. The firm can sell the unit for $6. The firm should produce more than 100 units in order to maximize its profits (or minimize its losses).ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Analytical17. A dairy farmer must be able to calculate sunk costs in order to deter-mine how much revenue the farm receives for the typical gallon of milk. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive18. Because nothing can be done about sunk costs, they are irrelevant to decisions about business strategy.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive19. A miniature golf course is a good example of where fixed costs be-come relevant to the decision of when to open and when to close for the season.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive20. A popular resort restaurant will maximize profits if it chooses to stay open during the less-crowded “off season” when its total revenues exceed its variable costs.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Sunk costs MSC: I nterpretive21. All firms maximize profits by producing an output level where marginal revenue equals marginal cost; for firms operating in perfectly competitive in-dustries, maximizing profits also means producing an output level where price equals marginal cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive22. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will continue to op-erate in the short run but earn losses if the market price is less than that firm’s average total cost but greater than the firm’s average variable cost. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive23. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will continue to op-erate in the short run but earn losses if the market price is less than that firm’s average variable co st.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive24. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will shut down in the short run but earn losses if the market price is less than that firm’s aver-age variable cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretiveword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 933 25. In the short run, a firm should exit the industry if its marginal cost ex-ceeds its marginal revenue.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive26. In making a short-run profit-maximizing production decision, the firm must consider both fixed and variable cost. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive27. A firm will shut down in the short run if revenue is not sufficient to cov-er its variable costs of production.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive28. Suppose a firm is considering producing zero units of output. We call this shutting down in the short run and exiting an industry in the long run. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive29. Suppose a firm is considering producing zero units of output. We call this exiting an industry in the short run and shutting down in the long run. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive30. A firm will shut down in the short run if revenue is not sufficient to cov-er all of its fixed costs of production.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Shut down MSC: I nterpretive31. The supply curve of a firm in a competitive market is the average va-riable cost curve above the minimum of marginal cost.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive32. When a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market experiences rising prices, it will respond with an increase in production.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive33. The marginal firm in a competitive market will earn zero economic profit in the long run.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Economic profitMSC: Interpretive34. A profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market will earn zero ac-counting profits in the long run.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Accounting profitMSC: Interpretive35. In the long run, when price is less than average total cost for all possi-ble levels of production, a firm in a competitive market will choose to exit (or not enter) the market.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive36. In the long run, when price is greater than average total cost, some firms in a competitive market will choose to enter the market.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive37. In the long run, a firm should exit the industry if its total costs exceed its total revenues.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximizationMSC: Interpretive38. When a resource used in the production of a good sold in a competi-tive market is available in only limited quantities, the long-run supply curve is likely to be upward sloping.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretiveword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 935 39. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will continue to op-erate if it earns zero economic profits because it is likely to be earning posi-tive accounting profits.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive40. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry will shut down in the short run if its economic profits fall to zero because it is likely to be earn-ing negative accounting profits.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Competitive marketsMSC: Interpretive41. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive market may earn positive, negative, or zero economic profit in the long run. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Long-run supply curveMSC: Interpretive42. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive market may earn positive, negative, or zero economic profit in the short run. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Long-run supply curveMSC: Interpretive43. A firm operating in a perfectly competitive market earns zero economic profit in the long run but remains in business because the firm’s revenues cover the business owners’ opportunity costs.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive44. A competitive market will typically experience entry and exit until ac-counting profits are zero.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive45. The long-run equilibrium in a competitive market characterized by firms with identical costs is generally characterized by firms operating at effi-cient scale.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive46. In the long run, a competitive market with 1,000 identical firms will ex-perience an equilibrium price equal to the minimum of each firm's average total cost.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive47. In a long-run equilibrium where firms have identical costs, it is possible that some firms in a competitive market are making a positive economic prof-it.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive48. When economic profits are zero in equilibrium, the firm's revenue must be sufficient to cover all opportunity costs. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Zero-profit conditionMSC: Interpretive49. The short-run supply curve in a competitive market must be more elastic than the long-run supply curve.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive50. The long-run supply curve in a competitive market is more elastic than the short-run supply curve.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 14-3 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Supply curveMSC: InterpretiveSHORT ANSWERword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑Chapter 14/Firms in Competitive Markets 937 1. Describe the difference between average revenue and marginal reve-nue. Why are both of these revenue measures important to a prof-it-maximizing firm?ANS:Average revenue is total revenue divided by the quantity of output. Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue from the sale of each additional unit of output. Marginal revenue is used to determine the profit-maximizing level of production, and average revenue is used to help determine the level of profits. Note that for all firms, price equals average revenue because AR=(PxQ)/Q=P. But only for a firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry does price al-so equal marginal revenue.DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competitionTOP: Price MSC: D efinitional2. List and describe the characteristics of a perfectly competitive market. ANS:There are many buyers and sellers in the market. The goods offered by the various sellers are largely the same. Firms can freely enter or exit the market. DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competitionTOP: Competitive markets MSC: D efinitional3. Why would a firm in a perfectly competitive market always choose to set its price equal to the current market price? If a firm set its price below the current market price, what effect would this have on the market?ANS:The firm could not sell any more of its product at a lower price than it could sell at the market price. As a result, it would needlessly forgo revenue if it set a price below the market price. If the firm set a higher price, it would not sell anything at all because a competitive market has many sellers who would supply the product at the market price.DIF: 2 REF: 14-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competitionTOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical4. Use a graph to demonstrate the circumstances that would prevail in a competitive market where firms are earning economic profits. Can this sce-nario be maintained in the long run? Explain your answer.ANS:In a competitive market where firms are earning economic profits, new firms will have an incentive to enter the market. This entry will expand the number of firms, increase the quantity of the good supplied, and drive down pricesword ⽂档可⾃由复制编辑 and profits. Entry will cease once firms are producing the output level where price equals the minimum of the average total cost curve, meaning that eachfirm earns zero economic profits in the long run.DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical5. Explain how a firm in a competitive market identifies the prof-it-maximizing level of production. When should the firm raise production, and when should the firm lower production? ANS:The firm selects the level of output at which marginal revenue is equal tomarginal cost. If MR > MC, profit will increase if the firm increases Q. If MR < MC, profit will increase if the firm decreases Q. DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical6. News reports from the western United States occasionally report inci-dents of cattle ranchers slaughtering a large number of newborn calves and burying them in mass graves rather than transporting them to markets. As-suming that this is rational behavior by profit-maximizing "firms," explain what economic factors may influence such behavior.ANS:If the selling price is not sufficient to cover the variable cost of sending the calves to market, this (potentially emotionally upsetting) behavior makes economic sense.DIF: 2 REF: 14-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Perfect competition TOP: Profit maximization MSC: A nalytical。

曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案

曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案

曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案问题与应用1.描述以下每种情况下面临的权衡:a.家庭决定是否购买新车。

答:如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支,如:外出旅行,购置新家具;如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。

b.国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。

答:国家公园的开支很大。

国家公园的条件可以得到改善,环境将得到更好的保护。

但与此同时,政府可以减少在交通、邮电和其他公共事业上的支出。

c、一家公司的总裁决定是否开一家新工厂。

答:开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模,生产更多的产品。

但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。

这样,企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。

d.一个教授决定用多少时间备课。

答:如果教授们把大部分时间花在自己的研究上,他们可能会产生更多的结果,但备课时间的减少会影响学生的教学质量。

e、一个刚毕业的学生决定是否去研究生院。

答:毕业后参加工作,可即刻获取工资收入;但继续读研究生,能接受更多知识和未来更高收益。

2.你正想决定是否去度假。

度假的大部分成本((机票、旅馆、放弃的工资))都用美元来衡量,但度假的收益是心理的。

你将如何比较收益与成本呢??答:这种心理上的益处可以通过设定的目标是否实现来衡量。

为了在行动之前制定既定目标,我们必须有一系列我们愿意承担的成本来实现目标。

在这个可承受的成本范围内,如果假期满足既定目标,如放松和恢复体力,可以说,这个假期的收入至少不低于其成本。

3.你计划周六做兼职,但一个朋友邀请你去滑雪。

滑雪的真正成本是多少?现在假设你计划今天在图书馆学习。

在这种情况下滑雪的费用是多少?请解释一下。

答:去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资,我本可以利用这段时间去工作。

如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习,那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。

4.你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100美元。

你可以选择现在花掉它或在利率为55%的银行中存一年。

现在花掉100美元的机会成本是什么呢?答:现在花100美元的机会成本是在一年后获得105美元的银行付款(利息+本金)。

5学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库(04)曼昆经济学原理第五版测试题库(微观)

5学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库(04)曼昆经济学原理第五版测试题库(微观)

5学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库(04)曼昆经济学原理第五版测试题库(微观)Chapter 4The Market Forces of Supply and DemandTRUE/FALSE1. Prices allocate a market economy’s scarce resources.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Market economies MSC: Definitional2. In a market economy, supply and demand determine both the quantity of each good produced and the price atwhich it is sold.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-0NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Market economies MSC: Definitional3. A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Markets MSC: Definitional4. Sellers as a group determine the demand for a product, and buyers as a group determine the supply of aproduct.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand | SupplyMSC: Definitional5. A yard sale is an example of a market.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Markets MSC: Applicative6. A newspaper’s classified ads are an example of a market.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Markets MSC: Applicative7. Most markets in the economy are highly competitive.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Markets MSC: Definitional8. In a competitive market, the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold are not determined by any single buyer or seller.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Competitive markets MSC: Definitional9. In a competitive market, there are so few buyers and so few sellers that each has a significant impact on the market price.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Competitive markets MSC: Definitional10. In a perfectly competitive market, the goods offered for sale are all exactly the same.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competitionMSC: Definitional20211. In a perfectly competitive market, buyers and sellers are price setters.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competitionMSC: Definitional12. All goods and services are sold in perfectly competitive markets.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competitionMSC: Definitional13. If a good or service has only one seller, then the seller is called a monopoly.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional14. Monopolists are price takers.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive15. Local cable TV companies frequently are monopolists.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional16. The quantity demanded of a product is the amount that buyers are willing and able to purchase at a particular price.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Quantity demandedMSC: Definitional17. The law of demand is true for most goods in the economy.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of demandMSC: Definitional18. The law of demand states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good rises, and when the price falls, the quantity demanded falls.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of demandMSC: Definitional19. The demand curve is the upward-sloping line relating price and quantity demanded.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Definitional20. Individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market demand curveMSC: Definitional21. The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies as the income of buyers varies, while all the other factors that affect how much consumers want to buy are held constant.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market demand curveMSC: Definitional22. If something happens to alter the quantity demanded at any given price, then the demand curve shifts. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Definitionalword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑204 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand23. A movement upward and to the left along a given demand curve is called a decrease in demand..ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Interpretive24. An increase in demand shifts the demand curve to the left.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Definitional25. If the demand for a good falls when income falls, then the good is called an inferior good.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Normal goodsMSC: Definitional26. When Mario's income decreases, he buys more pasta. For Mario, pasta is a normal good.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Inferior goodsMSC: Applicative27. A decrease in income will shift the demand curve for an inferior good to the right.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Inferior goodsMSC: Interpretive28. An increase in the price of a substitute good will shift the demand curve for a good to the right.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: SubstitutesMSC: Interpretive29. Baseballs and baseball bats are substitute goods.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ComplementsMSC: Applicative30. A decrease in the price of a complement will shift the demand curve for a good to the left.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ComplementsMSC: Interpretive31. When an increase in the price of one good lowers the demand for another good, the two goods are called complements.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ComplementsMSC: Definitional32. Cocoa and marshmallows are complements, so a decrease in the price of cocoa will cause an increase in the demand for marshmallows.MSC: Applicative33. If a pe rson expects the price of socks to increase next month, then that person’s current demand for socks will increase.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ExpectationsMSC: Applicative34. A decrease in the price of a product and an increase in the number of buyers in the market affect the demandcurve in the same general way.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Interpretive35. Whenever a determinant of demand other than price changes, the demand curve shifts.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Interpretive36. An increase in the price of pizza will shift the demand curve for pizza to the left.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Applicative37. Public service announcements, mandatory health warnings on cigarette packages, and the prohibition ofcigarette advertising on television are all policies aimed at shifting the demand curve for cigarettes to the right. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curveMSC: Applicative38. Most studies have found that tobacco and marijuana are complements rather than substitutes.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ComplementsMSC: Applicative39. The quantity supplied of a good or service is the amount that sellers are willing and able to sell at a particularprice.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Quantity suppliedMSC: Definitional40. When the price of a good is high, selling the good is profitable, and so the quantity supplied is large.MSC: Definitional41. When the price of a good is low, selling the good is profitable, and so the quantity supplied is large. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of supplyMSC: Definitional42. Price cannot fall so low that some sellers choose to supply a quantity of zero.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Quantity suppliedMSC: Interpretive43. The law of supply states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good falls.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of supplyMSC: Definitional44. The law of supply states that, other things equal, when the price of a good falls, the quantity supplied falls as well.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of supplyMSC: Definitionalword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑206 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand45. If a higher price means a greater quantity supplied, then the supply curve slopes upward.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Definitional46. Individual supply curves are summed vertically to obtain the market supply curve.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market supply curveMSC: Definitional47. The market supply curve shows how the total quantity supplied of a good varies as input prices vary, holding constant all the other factors that influence producers’ decisions about how much to sell.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market supply curveMSC: Definitional48. If something happens to alter the quantity supplied at any given price, then we move along the fixed supply curve to a new quantity supplied.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive49. A movement along a supply curve is called a change in supply while a shift of the supply curve is called a change in quantity supplied.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply | Quantity supplied MSC: Interpretive50. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the left.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Definitional51. A reduction in an input price will cause a change in quantity supplied, but not a change in supply.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Input pricesMSC: Interpretive52. An increase in the price of ink will shift the supply curve for pens to the left.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Input pricesMSC: Applicative53. If there is an improvement in the technology used to produce a good, then the supply curve for that good will shift to the left.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: TechnologyMSC: Interpretive54. Advances in production technology typically reduce firms’ costs.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: TechnologyMSC: Interpretive55. If a company making frozen orange juice expects the price of its product to be higher next month, it will supply more to the market this month.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ExpectationsMSC: Applicative56. When a seller expects the price of its product to decrease in the future, the seller's supply curve shifts left now. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ExpectationsMSC: Interpretive57. An increase in the price of a product and an increase in the number of sellers in the market affect the supplycurve in the same general way.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive58. Whenever a determinant of supply other than price changes, the supply curve shifts.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Interpretive59. A decrease in the price of pizza will shift the supply curve for pizza to the left.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curveMSC: Applicative60. Supply and demand together determine the price and quantity of a good sold in a market.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Definitional61. A market’s equilibrium is the point at which the supply and demand curves intersect.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Definitional62. At the equilibrium price, quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional63. The equilibrium price is the same as the market-clearing price.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional64. At the equilibrium price, buyers have bought all they want to buy, but sellers have not sold all they want tosell.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional65. The actions of buyers and sellers naturally move markets toward equilibrium.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional66. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional67. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, suppliers are unable to sell all they want to sell. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional68. A surplus is the same as an excess demand.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: SurplusMSC: Definitionalword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑208 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand69. Sellers respond to a surplus by cutting their prices.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: SurplusMSC: Definitional70. Price will rise to eliminate a surplus.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Surplus MSC: Interpretive71. When quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded at the current market price, the market has a surplus and market price will likely rise in the future to eliminate the surplus.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Surplus MSC: Interpretive72. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional73. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, suppliers are unable to sell all they want to sell. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional74. A shortage is the same as an excess demand.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ShortageMSC: Definitional75. Sellers respond to a shortage by cutting their prices.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: ShortageMSC: Definitional76. Price will rise to eliminate a shortage.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage MSC: Interpretive77. When quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at the current market price, the market has a shortage and market price will likely rise in the future to eliminate the shortage.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage MSC: Interpretive78. Surpluses drive price up while shortages drive price down.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage | SurplusMSC: Interpretive79. A shortage will occur at any price below equilibrium price and a surplus will occur at any price aboveequilibrium price.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage | SurplusMSC: Interpretive80. In a market, the price of any good adjusts until quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Interpretive81. When a supply curve or a demand curve shifts, the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity change. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional82. Demand refers to the amount buyers wish to buy, whereas the quantity demanded refers to the position of the demand curve.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demandTOP: Demand | Quantity demanded MSC: Definitional83. Supply refers to the position of the supply curve, whereas the quantity supplied refers to the amount supplierswish to sell.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply | Quantity supplied MSC: Definitional84. It is not possible for demand and supply to shift at the same time.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply | DemandMSC: Interpretive85. A decrease in demand will cause a decrease in price, which will cause a decrease in supply.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Interpretive86. An increase in demand will cause an increase in price, which will cause an increase in quantity supplied. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Interpretive87. An increase in supply will cause a decrease in price, which will cause an increase in demand.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Interpretive88. A decrease in supply will cause an increase in price, which will cause a decrease in quantity demanded. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: EquilibriumMSC: Interpretive89. In a market economy, prices are the signals that guide the allocation of scarce resources.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-5NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalitiesTOP: Market economies MSC: Definitionalword⽂档可⾃由复制编辑。

曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第5版)课后习题详解-税制的设计(圣才出品)

曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第5版)课后习题详解-税制的设计(圣才出品)

第12章税制的设计一、概念题1.预算赤字(budget deficit)答:预算赤字指政府的支出大于收入。

政府得到税收收入用T表示,政府用于物品与劳务的支出用G表示。

如果G大于T,这种情况下政府有预算赤字。

一国之所以会出现预算赤字,有许多原因。

有的是为了刺激经济发展而降低税率或增加政府支出,有的则因为政府管理不当,引起大量的逃税或过分浪费。

当一个国家预算赤字累积过高时,就好像一家公司背负的债务过多一样,对国家的长期经济发展而言,并不是一件好事,对于该国货币亦属长期的利空,且日后为了要解决财政赤字只有靠减少政府支出或增加税收,这两项措施对于经济或社会的稳定都有不良的影响。

一国财政赤字若加大,该国货币币值会下跌,反之,若财政赤字缩小,表示该国经济良好,该国货币币值会上扬。

2.预算盈余(budget surplus)答:预算盈余指政府的收入大于支出。

政府得到税收收入用T表示,政府用于物品与劳务的支出用G表示。

如果T大于G,政府的预算盈余就是T G−。

预算盈余是一种预算不平衡的状态,不过它与预算赤字的不平衡是完全不同的两种状态。

盈余表示财政宽松,赤字表示财政困难。

严格地讲,预算应是平衡的,不仅在计划中是平衡的,而且执行中和执行后也应是平衡的。

但在某些时候,适当地安排使财政收入大于财政支出是可以的。

这时,就会出现预算盈余。

3.平均税率(average tax rate)答:平均税率指纳税人实际缴纳的税额与课税对象的比例。

主要用来衡量、控制某地区、某行业的税收负担情况和衡量纳税人的税负水平。

它衡量纳税人收入中用于纳税的比例。

平均税率主要有以下三种:①累进税的平均税率,即按各级税率计算的应纳税额的征税对象数额的比率;②作为平衡总负担水平的控制性税率;③作为编制税收计划和进行税收统计需用的税率。

为了分析重点税源的变化情况,预测变化趋势,找出影响税收收入的因素,在编制税收计划时,需要根据税源统计资料计算出平均税率,即计算出按不同税率计征的税额总和与其相应的计税金额总和之比,并以此作为编制税收计划的依据。

曼昆经济学原理第5版 微观经济课后答案(上)

曼昆经济学原理第5版 微观经济课后答案(上)

第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1.列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。

答:①大学毕业后,面临着是否继续深造的选择,选择继续上学攻读研究生学位,就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会;②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍,如果学习《经济学》,就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间;③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍,要多买书,就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。

2.看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答:看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益,例如:看书、打零工。

3.水是生活必需的。

一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答:这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝,如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水,那么他的边际利益很小,有可能为负;如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水,那么他的边际利益将会极大。

4.为什么决策者应该考虑激励?答:因为人们会对激励做出反应。

如果政策改变了激励,它将使人们改变自己的行为,当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时,他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。

5.为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢?答:因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动,并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。

通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加,经济状况变得更好。

因此,各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手,又是经济合作伙伴。

在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。

6.市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢?答:市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格,价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本,市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。

因此,他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。

从而,这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。

7.解释市场失灵的两个主要原因,并各举出一个例子。

答:市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。

微观经济学原理ch05

微观经济学原理ch05

Questions for review1.Define the price elasticity of demand and the income elasticity of demand.需求价格弹性,是指一种物品需求量对其价格变动反应程度的衡量;需求收入弹性,是指一种物品需求量对消费者收入变动反应程度的衡量。

2.List and explain some of the determinants of the price elasticity of demand.需求的价格弹性取决于许多形成个人欲望的经济、社会和心理因素。

通常,需求价格弹性主要由以下几个因素决定:(1)必需品与奢侈品。

必需品倾向于需求缺乏弹性,奢侈品倾向于需求富有弹性。

(2)相似替代品的可获得性。

有相似替代品的物品往往富有需求弹性,因为消费者从这种物品转向其他物品较为容易。

(3)市场的定义。

范围小的市场的需求弹性往往大于范围大的市场,因为范围小的市场上的物品更容易找到相近的替代品。

(4)时间的长短。

物品往往随着时间变长而需求更富有弹性,因为在长期中人们有充分的时间来改变自己的消费嗜好和消费结构。

3.If the elasticity is greater than 1, is demand elastic or inelastic? If the elasticity equals 0, isdemand perfectly elastic or perfectly inelastic?弹性大于1,需求富有弹性。

弹性等于0,需求完全无弹性。

4.On a supply-and-demand diagram, show equilibrium price, equilibrium quantity, and the totalrevenue received by producers.如图,供给与需求曲线的交点是均衡点,均衡点所对应的价格P是均衡价格,所对应的数量Q是均衡数量。

微观经济学的主要原理

微观经济学的主要原理

微观经济学的主要原理微观经济学是经济学的一个重要分支,研究个体经济行为和市场机制的运行规律。

在微观经济学中,有一些主要原理被广泛应用于经济分析和决策制定。

本文将介绍微观经济学的主要原理,并探讨其在实际经济活动中的应用。

首先,供求关系是微观经济学的核心原理之一。

供求关系描述了市场上商品和服务的供给和需求之间的关系。

供给是指生产者愿意提供的商品或服务的数量,而需求则表示消费者愿意购买的数量。

供求关系的平衡决定了商品或服务的价格和交易量。

当供给超过需求时,价格会下降,而交易量会增加;当需求超过供给时,价格会上涨,交易量会减少。

供求关系的理解对于企业的定价策略和市场预测具有重要意义。

其次,边际效用递减是微观经济学的另一个重要原理。

边际效用是指每增加一单位商品或服务所带来的额外满足程度。

边际效用递减原理指出,随着消费数量的增加,每单位商品或服务的边际效用会逐渐减少。

例如,一个人吃第一块巧克力可能会感到非常满足,但吃第二块时满足程度就会下降,以此类推。

边际效用递减原理对于消费者的购买决策和企业的生产决策都有指导作用。

第三,机会成本是微观经济学的重要概念之一。

机会成本是指为了获得某种商品或服务而放弃的最好的替代品。

在资源有限的情况下,做出一种选择意味着必须放弃其他选择。

理性的经济行为者会考虑到机会成本,并在各种选择之间进行权衡。

例如,一个企业在决定是否投资新项目时,会考虑到投资该项目所放弃的其他投资机会的机会成本。

第四,市场失灵是微观经济学的一个重要研究领域。

市场失灵指的是市场机制无法有效分配资源的情况。

市场失灵可能由外部性、公共物品、垄断等因素引起。

外部性是指市场交易对非交易双方产生的影响,如环境污染。

公共物品是指无法排除非付费者使用的商品,如公园和道路。

垄断是指市场上只有一个或少数几个卖方的情况。

研究市场失灵的原因和解决办法对于政府干预和市场监管具有重要意义。

最后,理性选择是微观经济学的一个基本假设。

理性选择假设认为经济主体在做出决策时会考虑到自己的利益,并选择能够最大化效用或利润的方案。

曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案

曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案

第三篇市场和福利第十六章垄断竞争问题与应用1.在垄断、寡头、垄断竞争和完全竞争中,你如何给以下每一种饮料的市场分类:A.自来水B.瓶装水C.可乐D.啤酒答:·自来水市场是完全竞争市场,因为与许多水龙头,而且各个厂商的产品是无差异的。

·瓶装水市场是垄断竞争市场。

在这一市场上有许多生产瓶装水的厂商,而且每一厂商产出的瓶装水在品牌和包装上都有不同,即产品有一些差异。

·可乐市场是寡头市场。

在这一市场上只有有限的几家厂商控制大部分的市场分额。

·啤酒市场是寡头市场。

在这一市场上只有有限的几家厂商控制大部分的市场分额。

2.把下列市场分为完全竞争、垄断或垄断竞争,并解释你的回答。

A.2号木杆铅笔。

B.铜。

C.本地电话服务。

D.花生酱。

E.唇膏。

答:·花生酱市场是垄断竞争市场。

因为存在不同的质量特征和不同品牌。

·2 号铅笔、唇膏,属于垄断竞争市场。

因为市场有许多生产企业,但每个企业所提供的产品是略有不同的,而且企业可以自由进出市场。

·铜、本地电话服务,属于垄断市场。

因为在这两种市场上,只有惟一的一个生产者,而且产品没有相近替代品,其他企业想进入这个市场几乎是不可能的。

3.说出下面每一个特征描述的是完全竞争企业、垄断竞争企业,两者既是,还是两者都不是。

A.出售的产品与其竞争对手的产品有有差别答:该特征描述的是垄断竞争企业。

在垄断竞争市场上,企业出售与其竞争对手不同的产品。

B.边际收益低于价格答:该特征描述的是垄断竞争企业。

在垄断竞争市场上,企业边际收益低于价格。

C.在长期中获得经济利润答:该特征描述的既不是完全竞争企业,也不是垄断竞争企业。

在完全竞争和垄断竞争市场上,企业都不可能在长期中获得经济利润。

D.长期中生产最低平均总成本处的产量答:该特征描述的是完全竞争企业。

长期中,完全竞争市场中的企业生产最低平均总成本处的产量。

E.边际收益与边际成本相等答:该特征描述的既是完全竞争企业,也是垄断竞争企业。

微观经济学原理 曼昆 第5版习题解答(7~12章)

微观经济学原理 曼昆 第5版习题解答(7~12章)
41
图 7-14 医疗市场供给图 B.在你的图上标出如果消费者每次治疗只支付 20 美元,治疗的需求量。如果每次治疗的社会成本是实际 的 100 美元,而且,如果个人有以上所述的医疗保险,这一治疗数量能使总剩余最大化吗?解释原因。 答:如图 7-14 所示,如果消费者每次治疗只支付 20 美元,他的需求曲线是一条直线,此时的治疗需求量 是 Q2 人。如果每次治疗的社会成本是 100 美元,每个人都有医疗保险。那么,进行 Q1 次治疗能使总剩余最大化 。 因为市场均衡点正是使市场总剩余最大化的点。 C.经济学家经常指责医疗保险制度引起人们滥用医疗。给出你的分析,说明为什么医疗保健的使用被认为 “滥用”。 答:如图 7-14 所示,医疗保险使人们在看病时自己支付的价格大大低于实际应支付的均衡价格。因此,治 疗的需求量大幅上升,造成医疗资源的过度使用。在 Q2 的需求量上,阴影部分代表医疗市场的总剩余为负,医 疗资源被滥用了。 D.哪种政策可以防止这种滥用? 答:对于这种滥用,可以采用一些限制措施。如规定保险扣除量,即在一定时期内,一定金额以下的医疗费 用,保险公司才支付实际治疗费的 80%,超过这一限额的医疗费用完全由消费者自己承担。但是,这种方法也不 能完全杜绝医疗滥用,只能是降低滥用的程度,而且,这种方法可能会引起公平问题。 11.花椰菜的供求如下式所述:
答:
表 7-2 艾尼的供给表
价格
供给量
7 美元或以上
4
5~7 美元
3
3பைடு நூலகம்5 美元
2
1~3 美元
1
1 美元以下
0
38
图 7-7 艾尼的供给曲线 B.如果一瓶水的价格是 4 美 元 ,Ernie 会生产并销售多少瓶水?Ernie 从这种销售中得到多少生产者剩余? 在你的图形中标出 Ernie 的生产者剩余。 答:如果一瓶水的价格是 4 美元,艾尼生产并销售 2 瓶水。艾尼的生产者剩余是 4 美元,如图 7-8 所 示 。
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7
人们如何做出决策
原理二:某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的 东西
例如:
上一年大学的机会成本不仅仅是学费,书籍,住房 和伙食的钱全部加起来,还包括由于没有工作而损失 的工资
看一场电影的机会成本不仅是票价,还包括你呆在 剧院的时间的价值
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人们如何做出决策
原理三: 理性人考虑边际量
理性人:
间学习
▪ 想要更多的收入需要工作更长时间,这就使得休
息时间减少
▪ 保护环境意味着生产消费物品的资源减少
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人们如何做出决策
原理一: 人们面临权衡取舍
▪ 社会面临一种重要的权衡取舍:
效率 vs. 平等
▪ 效率: 社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益 ▪ 平等: 经济成果在社会成员中平均分配 ▪ 权衡取舍:为使社会更加平等, 需要在富人与穷人
▪ 在许多情况下,价格引导自利的家庭与企业做
出使社会经济福利最大化的决策
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人们如何相互交易
原理 7 :政府有时可以改善市场结果
▪ 政府的重要作用: 保护产权 (通过警察,法庭) ▪ 如果人们的财产存在很大的被侵犯的风险,那么他
们便不愿意工作,生产,投资或者购买物品
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人们如何相互交易
▪ 系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人 ▪ 通过比较成本与利益的边际变动来做出决策
边际变动 – 对现有行动计划的微小增量调整
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人们如何做出决策
原理三: 理性人考虑边际量
例如:
▪ 当一个大学生考虑是否要多上一年学时,他会比
较学费加上损失的工资和多上一年学所增加的额 外收入
▪ 当一个经理在考虑是否要增加产出时, 她会在增加
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主动学习 1
原理的应用
你准备出售一款1996年的福田野马,并且已经在 这辆车的维修上面花了$1000。然而,车的变速器 坏了,你能够选择再花$600将车修好,或者就此售 出
在下面的情形中,你应该把变速器修好吗?并解释
A. 如果变速器正常,汽车价值是$6500 。如果不 正常,则是$5700
B. 如果变速器正常,汽车价值是$6000 。如果不 正常,则是$5500
12
主动学习 1
参考答案
修理变速器的成本= $600
A. 如果变速器正常,汽车价值是$6500 。如果不正 常,则是$5700
修理变速器的收益= $800 ($6500 – 5700) 因此,修理变速器是值得的
B.如果变速器正常,汽车价值是$6000 。如果不正 常,则是$5500
修理变速器的收益仅仅为$500
因此花费$600修理变速器是不值得的
13
主动学习 1
参考答案
思考:
▪ 你最初花在维修上的 $1000没有任何影响,重要
的是边际修理(变速器)的收益与成本
▪ 由A情形到B情形激励的改变导致你决策的改变
14
人们如何相互交ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ易
人们如何相互交易
原理 5 :贸易可以使每个人的状况都变得更好
果: 家庭和企业仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引,
在市场上相互交易,并增进整体经济的福利
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人们如何相互交易
原理 6 :市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
▪ “看不见的手”通过价格体系来发挥作用: ▪ 买者与卖者之间的相互作用决定市场价格 ▪ 每个价格即反映了物品对于买者的价值,也反
映了生产物品的成本
原理 7 :政府有时可以改善市场结果
▪ 市场失灵:市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况
▪ 原因: ▪ 外部性:生产或消费一个物品影响到旁观者的福利
(比如:污染)
▪ 市场势力:单个买者或卖者有能显著影响市场价格
的能力(比如,垄断)
▪ 在这些情况下,公共政策能增进效率
本教学PPT双语版由 浙江工商大学经济学院 陈宇峰 编译
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1
本章我们将探索这些问题的答案:
▪ 经济学研究什么问题? ▪ 人们如何做出决策? ▪ 人们如何相互交易? ▪ 整体经济如何运行?
2
经济学研究什么问题
▪ 稀缺性: 社会资源的有限性 ▪ 经济学: 研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源, 比如:
(不必要在同一个地点)
▪ 组织经济活动意味着需要决定 ▪ 生产什么 ▪ 怎么生产 ▪ 生产多少 ▪ 谁将得到它们
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人们如何相互交易
原理 6 :市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
▪ 市场经济:许多企业和家庭在物品和劳务市场上相
互交易,通过他们的分散决策来配置资源的经济
▪ 亚当.斯密在《国富论》(1776)中的著名观察结
的劳动力与原材料的成本和额外的收益之间进行 比较
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10
人们如何做出决策
原理四: 人们会对激励做出反应
▪ 激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西,诸
如惩罚或奖励的预期
▪ 理性人会对激励做出反应
例如:
▪ 当汽油价格上涨时, 消费者会更多的购买混合动
力汽车,更少购买耗油的越野车
▪ 当烟草税上升时,青少年吸烟人数会下降
1 C H A P T E R
经济学原理
N.格里高利.曼昆 著
经济学的十大原理
Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich
© 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved
之间重新分配收入。但这会减少工作与生产的激 励,并缩小经济“蛋糕”的规模
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人们如何做出决策
原理二: 某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃 的东西
▪ 人们做出决策时需要比较可供选择行动方案的成
本与利益
▪ 任何一种东西的机会成本是为了得到这种东西所
放弃的东西
▪ 这是人们做决策的相关成本
整理ppt
▪ 人们可以专门生产一种物品或劳务并用来交换其他
物品或劳务,而不必自给自足
▪ 国家之间也能从贸易与专业化中受益 ▪ 将他们生产的物品出口而得到一个更好的价格 ▪ 从国外进口更便宜的物品而不用在国内自己生产
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人们如何相互交易
原理 6 :市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
▪ 市场: 大量的买者与卖者
▪ 人们决定购买什么, 工作多长时间,储蓄多少,
消费多少
▪ 企业决定生产多少,雇佣多少工人 ▪ 社会决定如何在国防,消费物品,环境保护和其
他需求之间分配资源
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人们如何做出决策
人们如何做出决策
原理一: 人们面临权衡取舍
所有决策都面临着权衡取舍。比如:
▪ 参加期中考试前一天晚上的聚会意味着更少的时
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