2007年全国医学考博英语听力原文
全国医学考博英语统考试题听力
全国医学考博英语统考试题听力题目：全国医学考博英语统考试题听力听力部分一般包括以下内容：听力理解、听力填空、听力选择、听力排序、听力匹配等。
下面是一些可能出现的试题：听力理解1. What are the speakers mainly discussing?A. The progress of modern medical technologyB. The causes of cancer and its treatmentC. The importance of healthy lifestyle and regular check-ups2. Why did the man visit the the hospital?A. He had a minor injury from a sports activityB. He needed to get some blood tests doneC. He was experiencing symptoms of a serious illness听力填空3. The speaker mentioned that the new drug has shown to reduce the occurrence of ____ by 50%.4. According to the speaker, the main function of a pacemaker is to ____.听力选择5. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for heart disease?A. SmokingB. Lack of exerciseC. Vegetarian dietD. High blood pressure6. What is the main cause of type 2 diabetes?A. Genetic factorsB. Excessive sugar intakeC. Lack of insulin productionD. Autoimmune disorders听力排序7. Put the following steps for conducting a clinical trial in the correct order:A. Obtain informed consent from participantsB. Analyze resultsC. Recruit participantsD. Randomize participants into experimental and control groupsE. Administer treatment听力匹配8. Match the medical terms with their corresponding definitions:A. AtherosclerosisB. HypertensionC. OsteoporosisD. AsthmaE. Malaria1) A respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and constriction of the airways2) A condition in which bones become thin and fragile3) A disease caused by a parasitic infection transmitted through mosquito bites4) A condition in which the arteries become narrow due to buildup of fatty deposits5) High blood pressure。
中科院考博200703英语真题及答案
TIIE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENICE5ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXCAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATES14March 2007PAPER ONEPAPER ONEPART 1 VUCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 4.5 point each)1. Reductions in overseas government expenditure took place, but ______and more gradually than now seems desirable.A: reluctantlyB: unwittinglyC. impulsivelyD: anxiously2. In fear for their lives and in ______of their freedom, thousands of enslaved women and children fled to the Northern States on the eve of the American Civil War.A. WayB. viewC. visionD. pursuit3. If I could ensue a reasonably quick and comprehensive solution to the crisis in Iraq, t would not have entitled my speech “the______ problem.”A. InstantB: InverseC. InsolubleD. Intact4. Some of the patients, especially the dying, wanted to ______ in the man and woman who had eased their suffering.A. confideB. ponderC. wellD: reflect5. We all buy things on the ______ of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse “buy.A: urgeB. forceC. spurD. rush.6. Nothing has ever equaled the ______ and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world.A. concernB. magnitudeC. volumeD. carelessness7. The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was ______ called "hot" and later "swing."A. shortlyB. initiallyC. actuallyD. literally8. The depth of benefits of reading varies in ______ the depth of one's one’s experienceA. tempo withB. time withC. place ofD. proportion to9. Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at the reprocessing plant, though, hewould never allow his personal feelings to ______ with an assignment.A. interruptB. botherC. interfereD. intervene10. His ______ with computers began six months ago.A. imaginationB. invocationC. observationD. obsession11. I like cats but unfortunately I am ______ to them.A. vulnerableB. allergicC. inclinedD. hostile12. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become______ and are no longer used in the present days.A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique13. One of the main ways to stay out of trouble with government agents is to keep alaw______ away from those situations wherein you call attention to yourself.A. mannerB. positionC. profileD. station14. With 1 million copies sold out within just 2 weeks, that book is indeed a ______success.A. provisionalB. sensationalC. sentimentalD. potential15. As the core of the management hoard, he can always come up with ______ ideas to promote the corporation's marketing strategies.A. integralB. instinctiveC. intangibleD. ingeniousl6. They speak of election campaign polls as a musician might of an orchestra ______, or a painter of defective paint.A. in paceB. out of focusC. in stepD. out of tune17. Surely it doesn't matter where charities get their money from: what ______much is what they do with it.A. taunts forB. asks forC. consists ofD. approves ofl8. Any business needs ordinary insurance______ risks such as fire, flood and breakage.A. inB. againstC. raftD. of19. As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew the media______.A. to and froB. upside and downC. inside and outD. now and then20. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______, there was little to disprove it.PART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)There is a closer relationship between morals and architecture and interior decoration______21, we suspect. Huxley has pointed out that Western ladies did not take frequent baths ______22 they were afraid to see their own naked bodies, and this moral concept delayed the______23 of the modern white-enameled bathtub for centuries. One can understand, ______24 in the design of old Chinese furniture there was so little consideration for human______ 25 only when we realize the Confucianatmosphere in which people moved about. Chinese redwood Furniture was designed for people to sit______26 in, because that was the only posture approved by society. Even Chinese emperors had to sit on a (n) ______27 on which I would not think of______28 for more than five minutes, and for that matter the English kings were just as badly off. Cleopatra went about______29 on a couch carried by servants, because______30 she had never heard of Confucius. If Confucius should have seen her doing that, he would certainly have struck her shins with a stick, as he did______31 one of his old disciples, Yuan Jiang, when the latter was found sitting in an______32 posture. In the Confucian society in which we lived, gentlemen and ladies had to______33 themselves perfectly erect, at least on formal______34 , and any sign of putting one's leg up would be at once considered a sign of vulgarity and lack of______35.21. A. for B. than C. as D. that22. A. if B. when C. because D. though23. A. rise B. existence C. occurrence D. increase24. A. what B. where C. how D. why25. A. care B. choice C. concern D. comfort26. A. upright B. tight C. fast D. stiff27. A. armchair B. throne C. altar D. couch28. A. moving B. keeping C. remaining D. lasting29. A. traveling B. staying C. wandering D. recliningB. franklyC. accordinglyD. apparently30. A.fortunately31. A. in B. on C. to D. atB. incorrectC. immoralD. imperfect32. A.responsible33. A. hold B. sit C. behave D. conduct34. A.B. situationsC. occasionsD. instancesconditionsC. moralityD. modesty35. A. culture B.confidencePART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage OneMost people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they handle things badly.But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care isorganized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly.But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars-more than 10 percent of the U.S. budget-large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the I1 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services. Over than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up.Two-thirds of the populations are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill.The medical profession has as a result become America's new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor's surgery is as likely to be about the doctor's latest financial deal, as about whether the minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary.The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problem facing the country. In 1981 the country's health cost climbed 15.9 percent-about twice as fast as prices in general.36. In the U.S. patients can effect, in medical ______.A. occasional mistakes by careless doctorsB. a great deal of personal attentionC. low charge by doctors and hospitalsD. stacking nurses and bad services37. Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because ______.A. they fear to be sued by the patientsB. they care much about Their reputationC. they compete for getting more patentsD. they wish to join the private medical system38. What do most Americans think about health in the U.S.?A. It must be in total chaosB. It must be a free competition systemC. It should cover the unemployedD. It should involve private care.39. From Paragraph 3 we know that ______from the public health system.A. millions of jobless people get support.B. those with steady income do not seek help.C. some people are made ineligible to benefit.D. those with private health care are excluded.40. According to the author, what is the key factor in the rise of health cost in the US?A. The refusal of insurance companies to pay the billsB. The increase of the number of doctors and hospitalsC. the lack of government control over the medical pricesD. The merger of private health care with the public system.41. It is implied that American doctors often______.A. trade their professionalism for financial benefitsB. fails to recognize the paying power of the patientsC. discuss about how to make money during the surgeryD. gives the patients expensive but needless treatments.Passage twoAlmost every day the media discovers an African community fighting some form of environmental threat from land fills. Garbage dumps, petrochemical plants, refineries, bus depots, and the list go on. For years, residents watched helplessly as their communities became dumping grounds.But citizens didn't remain silent for long. Local activists have been organizing under the mantle of environmental justice since as far back as 1968. More than three decades ago, the concept of environmental justice had not registered on the radar screens of many environmental or civil rights groups. But environmental justice fits squarely under the civil rights umbrella. It should not be forgotten that Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis on an environmental and economic justice mission in 1968, seeking support for striking garbage workers who were underpaid and whose basic duties exposed them to environmentally hazardous conditions.In 1979 landmark environmental discrimination lawsuit filed in Houston. Followed by similar litigation efforts in the 1980s, rallied activists to stand up to corporations and demand government intervention.In 1991, a new breed of environmental activists gathered in Washington, D.C., to bring national attention to pollution problems threatening low-income and minority communities Leaders introduced the concept of environmental justice, protesting that Black, poor and working-class communities often received less environmental protection than White or more affluent communities. The first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit effectively broadened what "the environment" was understood to mean. It expanded the definition to include where we live, work, play, worship and go to school, as well as the physical and natural world. In the process, the environmental justice movement changed the way environmentalism is practiced in the United States and, ultimately, worldwide.Because many issues identified at the inaugural summit remain unaddressed, the second National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit was convened in Washington, D.C., this past October. The second summit was planned for 500 delegates; but more than 1,400 people attended the four-day gathering."We are pleased that the Summit II was able to attract a record number of grassroots activists, academicians, students, researchers, government officials Weproved to the world that our planners, policy analysts and movement is alive and well, and growing," says Beverly Wright, chair of the summit. The meeting produced two dozen policy papers that show environmental and health disparities between people of color and Whites.42. In Paragraph 1, the word “residents’’ refers to ______in particularA. ethnic groups in the U.SB. the American general publicC. a Africa AmericanD. the U.S. working-class43. More than three decades ago, environments justice was ______.A. controversial，among local activitiesB. First proposed by Martin Luther King Jr.C. fascinating to the civil rights groupsD. barely realized by many environmentalists44. In 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis to help the garbage workers ______.A. get relieved of some of their basic dutiesB. know what environmental justice wasC. fight for better working conditionsD. recognize their dangerous surroundings45.. Paragraph 3 implies that, in 1979 ______.A. the environmental justice issues were first brought to court in HoustonB. environmental activists cooperated in defying the US governmentC. the government intervention helped promote environmental justiceD. environmental problems attracted the attention of the government46. the new breed of environmental activists differed from the previous activists in that______.A. they noticed environmental disparities between the rich and the poorB. they cried for government intervention in saving the environmentC. they knew what ‘the environment really meant to the White peopleD. they practiced environmentalism outside as well as within the US47. With respect to getting environmental justice, Summit II aimed for ______.A. showing the achieved successB. attracting national attentionC. identifying relevant issuesD. finding solutions to the problemsPassage ThreeAnyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spent only“tow minutes with“baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler stating to walk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years later, around the start of middle or junior high school, manypsychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often in separately tied to their children's success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school.It's not quite that simple. "Kids can be given the opportunities, but they can't before，”says Jacquelyn Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who tried a study examining what motivated first-and seventh-graders in three school districts. Even so growing number of educators and psychosis’s do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who don't seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve.Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids' control, that their intelligence is malleableSome experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into disappearance of drive in some kids. Educators say it's important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. “The crux of the issue is that many students that many students experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions ‘says Michael Nakkula, a Harvard education professor who runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers in touch with their aspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that Glasswork is irrelevant is not true, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run.48. The passage is mainly about ______.A. when in one's life ambition is most neededB. what to do to reform the education systemC. why parents of underachievers are ambitiousD. how to help school children develop their ambition49. According to the passage, most educators believe that many kids ______.A. show a lack of academic ambition at birthB. amaze their parents by acting like adultsC. become less ambitious as they grow upD. get increasingly afraid of failing in school50. Paragraph 1 mentions some parents who would see their kids' failure as______.A. naturalB. trivialC. intolerableD. understandable51. The word "malleable" in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.A. justifiableB. flexibleC. uncountableD. desirable52. Some experts suggest that many kids lose ambition in school because they are______.A. cut off from the outside worldB. exposed to school work onlyC. kept away from class competitionD. labeled as inferior to others53. The last paragraph implies______.A. the effectiveness of Project IFB. the significance of class workC. the importance of walking to runningD. the attainment of different life goalsPassage FourJan Hendrik Schon's success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laborites, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers--one every 16 days--dealing new discoveries in superconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers--which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature-the jig was up. In October 2002 a Bell Labs investigation found that: Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist was finished .Scientific scandals, witch are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward.In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions are whether Nature and Science have become to too powerful as arbiters of what science reach to the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters; neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the acclaims from academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.Scientists tend to pay more attention to the big two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, they're more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor," a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the "Impact Factor" as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they're considering supporting.54. The achievements of Jan Hendrik Schon turned out to be______.A. surprisingB. inconceivableC. praiseworthyD. fraudulent55. To find why scientific scandals like Schon's occur, people have begun to raise doubt about the two top journals for_____.A. their academic prestigeB. their importance to career successC. their popularity with scientific circlesD. their reviewing system.56. They according to the passage, what makes Science and Nature powerful?A. They cover the best researches on a variety of subjectsB. They publish controversial papers that others won't.C. They prefer papers on highly specialized research.D. They have a special system of peer-review.57. The expression "the cream of the crop" in Paragraph 3 likely means _____.A. the most of allB. best of allC. the recently releasedD. the widely spread58. Scientists know that by reaching the journalists for Science and Nature they would get a better chance to _____.A. have more of their papers published in the journals in the futureB. have their names appear in many other renown publicationsC. have their research results understood by the general publicD. have their superiors give them monetary award for the publication59. Compared with other journals, Nature and Science would give the authors an extra benefit that their papers _____.A. will be more likely to become influential and be citedB. will be more likely to be free from challenge by peers.C. will be reviewed with greaser care to ensure me authorityD. will reappear in their original in papers like New York Times.Passage FiveThis leaves us with the challenge of finding some politically practicable way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But it is an awkward truth that when most U.S senators were asked informally in 2000 if they would support the Kyoto Protocolshould President George W. Bush send it to the Scant for ratification, the overwhelming majority, Democrats as well as Republicans, said they could not. The reason for the liberals' surprising reply is clear. Many studies, not all by conservatives, suggest that full compliance with the terms of the Kyoto Protocol would likely lead to a deep American recession. For those willing to run this risk, sober reflection on the consequences of the economic collapse of 1929 and the subsequent worldwide depression with all its political and ultimately military consequences is certainly in order.That said, what can be done, in particular by our own country Independent of the issues raised by the Kyoto Protocol, and given the weight of evidence that the problem of global warming is serious fraught with dire consequences, failure to do anything at all and instead to promote "business as usual" downright criminal.Yet the Bush administration has given no more than lip service to the problem, though that could he changing. It is one thing weigh alternatives and implements compromises that reflect the complexity of the problem; it is quite another thing to do nothing, especially if doing nothing is just a way of securing support from certain industries that worsen the problem.There are, after all, things that can he done. Reopening a serious international dialogue, and not just saying a few good words, would be a useful if inadequate start. Not every problem must be solving before -the weight of evidence becomes so compelling that certain initial steps become almost mandatory. We already know how to make more fuel-efficient yet no national policy has surfaced to accomplish this. The scientific and engineering communities are the ones best suited to identify the scientific research that is still needed and the technical projects that show the greatest promise. These issues should be decided by them and not the politicians. Once solutions look promising, as a few already do, industry will be all too ready to romp in, for at that stage there is money to be made. And only a fool would underestimate human ingenuity when given a proper incentive, or the strength of American industry once the boiler is lit under it.60. What can be inferred about the Kyoto Protocol from Paragraph 1?A. It was about environment protection.B. It was supported by most Democrats.C. It was considered awkward by conservationsD. It was officially rejected by most US senators.61. Many studies suggest that full agreement with the Kyoto Protocol would run the risk of _____.A. falling victim to military warfareB. offending other countriesC. re-experiencing the past miseriesD. provoking nationwide anger62. We can learn from Paragraph 2 that _____.A. measures should be taken to deal with global warming.B. the best way to deal with global warming is `let it be'.C. seriousness of global warming has been exaggerated.D. promoting "business as usual" must be further stressed.63. The Bush administration _____.A. has assisted in aggravating global warmingB. has taken no measures against global warmingC. has executed compromises about global warmingD. has got big industries' support to stop global warming64. The author suggests all of the following measures EXCEPT_____.A. reopening a serious international dialogueB. overcoming all difficulties before startingC. conducting scientific researches concernedD. doing the most promising technical projects65. In the last paragraph, the expression "once the boiler is lit under it" most probably means "when American industry is_____.A. underminedB. upgradedC. incensedD. stimulated.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)The Bush crowd bristles at the use of the "Q-word"--quagmire(沼泽)---to describe American involvement in Iraq. But with our soldiers fighting and dying with no end in sight, who can deny that Mr. Bush has gotten us into "a situation from which extrication is very difficult," which is a standard definition of quagmire?More than 1,730 American troops have already died in Iraq. _____66 one of six service members, including four women, who were killed .She was a suicide bomber struck their convoy in Falluja last week.With evidence mounting that U.S. troop strength in Iraq was inadequate, Mr. Bush told reporters at the White House, "There are some who feel that the conditions are such that they can attack us there. My answer is, Bring'em on."_____67 A New Jersey Democrat said: "I am shaking my head in disbelief. When I served in the Army in Europe during World War II, I never heard any military commander-let alone the commander in chief-invite enemies to attack U.S. troops."_____68"We've learned that Iraqis are courageous and that they need additional skills," said Mr. Bush in his television address. "And that is why a major part of our mission is to train them so they can do the fighting, and then our troops can come home."Don't hold your breath. _____69Whether one agreed with the launch of this war or not, the troops doing the fighting deserve to be guided by leaders in Washington who are at least minimally competent at waging war. _____70A. It was an immature display of street-corner machismo(男子气概)that appalled people familiar with the agonizing ordeals of combat.。
2007清华考博英语真题
清华大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题PartⅠListening Comprehension (15 points)（略）Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Sometimes, over a span of many years, a business will continue to grow, generating ever-increasing amounts of cash, repurchasing stock, paying increased dividends, reducing debt, opening new stores, expanding production facilities, moving into new markets, etc., while at the same time its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls).When this happens, the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range.Take, for example, Wal-Mart. Over the past five years, the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80%, profits by over 100%, and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed. An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security, deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today, however, the equation is completely different-despite the stock price, Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores, and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat, largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world’s largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy.Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago, in 1996, the stock traded between a range of $36.10 and $54.30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of $1.40 and paid a cash dividend of $0.50 per share. Corporate per share book value was $2.48. Last year, the stock traded within a range of $40.30 and $45.30 per share; squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet, despite the stagnant stock price, the 2006 estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around $2.16 (a rise of 54%), the cash dividend has more than doubled to $1.20, book value is expected to have grown to $7.40 per share (a gain of nearly 300%), and the total number of shares outstanding （未偿付的，未完成的）has actually decreased from 2.481 billion to an estimated 2.355 billion due to the company’s share repurchase program.16. This passage is probably a part of .A. Find Hidden Value in the MarketB. Become RicherC. Get Good BargainsD. Identify Good Companies17. The italicized word “stagnant” (line 4, Para. 1) can be best paraphrased as_____.A. prominentB. terribleC. unchangedD. progressing18. Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price because_____.A. it has stored a large quantity of goodsB. it has become financially more powerfulC. it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcy中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tD. it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19. All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT .A. The cash dividend has increased.B. The earning power has become stronger.C. Both businesses have continued to grow.D. The stock price has greatly decreased.20. According to the author, one had better .A. buy more shares when the stock price falls downB. sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC. do some research on the value of a business when its stock price falls downD. invest in the business when its stock price falls downQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Today’s college students are more narcissistic (自恋的) and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.“We need to stop endlessly repeating ‘You’re special’ and having children repeat that back”, said the study’s lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already”. “Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others”, he said. The study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors”. Twenge, the author of “Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before”, said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended today’s young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced (非常明显的) that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component”, he said. “A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for”. Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don’t necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. “We’re encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way”, Kader said. “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships”.Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. “People are worried about themselves—but in the sense of where are they’re going to find a place in the world”, she said. “People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn’t mean they’re not concerned about the rest of the world”.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tBesides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said. “It would be more depressing if people answered, ‘No, I’m not special’”.21. According to the passage, a narcissistic person may .A. hate criticismB. be dishonest to his/her partnerC. be unwilling to help othersD. All the above22. The italicized word “commended ” (line 1, Para. 3) means .A. praisedB. criticizedC. recommendedD. disfavored23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B. College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C. Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D. Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.24. It is implied that________.A. both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB. the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC. the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD. college students are pessimistic about their future25. It is proper to be ______when you hear someone say “I’m special”.A. objectiveB. pessimisticC. optimisticD. worriedQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries.The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “This isn’t about preventing increased unionization, it’s about protecting rights”, said the National Association of Manufacturer’s Jason Straczewski, of his organization’s opposition to bill. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion (强迫；胁迫) from unions.Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers. “Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren’t”, Samuel said. He cites the 31,358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005.Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby ， the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers. “On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day”, said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions (规定，条款) as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration (仲裁) when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e twould be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstitutional”. “I don’t see how it will benefit employees if they’re locked into a contract”, said Straczewski.The bill’s proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasn’t changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935. The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.26. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A. House bill aims to spur labor union growth.B. House bill aims to counter labor union growth.C. Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment.D. Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees’ income.27. According to its opponents, the bill .A. will protect employees’ rightsB. will benefit workers by binding contractsC. will empower unions too muchD. makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28. The word “it ” (line 5, Para. 5) refers to .A. the changeB. the legislationC. the AFL-CIOD. the difference29. People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT .A. the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industriesB. the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC. binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can’t be agreed on between a recently established union and a companyD. the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees30. It is implied that .A. fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB. workers’ coercion often comes from unionsC. the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD. punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society, changing many people’s views on race, history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals.Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learning to fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself. Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion, going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger (趾高气扬) outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in 1965, changing his name to Muhammad All and refusing to join the U.S. Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tParkinson’s disease, even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September 11 terrorist attacks.W.E.B. Du Bois Born William Edward Burghardt Du Bois in 1868, this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent, prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic, activist and historian, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), edited “The Crisis” magazine and wrote 17 books, four journals and many other scholarly articles. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk”, published in 1903, he predicted “the problem of 20th century [would be] the problem of the color-line”.Martin Luther King Jr . The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement. He spearheaded (带头；作先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches, sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans’ attitudes toward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in 1965. Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee’s 1992 movie “Malcolm X” was released.Jackie Robinson In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U.S. major leagues. After retirement from baseball in 1957, he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962, he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.31. Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A. He never served in the army.B. He learned to fight at an early age.C. His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing.D. He loves peace.32. The italicized word “prolific” (line 2, Para. 3) is synonymous to .A. smartB. skilledC. productiveD. pioneering33. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. W.E.B. Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people.B. Jackie Robinson was denied by U.S. major baseball leagues throughout his life.C. Martin Luther King Jr. was highly awarded for his contributions to the civi1 rights movements.D. Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death.34. What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A. Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized.B. Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn’t win recognition until death.C. All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.D. All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities.35. Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A. Life of famous African AmericansB. Influence of famous African AmericansC. Political pioneers: Icons and intellectualsD. Cultural pioneers: Icons and intellectuals中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tPart III Vocabulary (10%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 36. The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to the weight of the building.A. subsideB. idealizeC. initiateD. sustain 37. The actress was very at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference.A. extraterrestrialB. explicitC. indignantD. innovative 38. It is known to all that children in this region have strong to swimming in summer because of the hot weather.A. inclinationB. exposureC. fluxD. correlation39. The torch was by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting.A. implementB. deceiveC. exemplifyD. ignited40. These samples have to be in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.A. immersedB. crispedC. armoredD. arrayed41. Her talk at the seminar clearly from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.A. alternatedB. amplifiedC. designatedD. diverged42. Three years before he returned home from the United States.A. denotedB. destinedC. elapsedD. enveloped43. A plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.A. deliberateB. disincentiveC. functionalD. fantastic44. Sometimes in drawing and designing ，the sign X the unknown number.A. facilitatesB. fascinatesC. denotesD. jots45. The speaker was very much by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.A. JerkedB. incensedC. 1acedD. limped 46. The two countries have developed a relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.A. managerialB. lethalC. metricD. cordial47. The doctor’s was that she should go and see the specialist in this field.A. constraintB. counselC. coherenceD. consciousness48. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A. unanimousB. abstractC. autonomousD. almighty49. They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any ones in this area?A. evacuatedB. emptyC. vacantD. vacate中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t50. The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get quickly.A. decomposedB. denouncedC. detachedD. deduced51. The government decided to take a action to strengthen the market management.A. diverseB. durableC. epidemicD. drastic 52. The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to_____ it.A. disgraceB. disguiseC. defyD. distress53. They admitted that they shared the same on the matter.A. potentialityB. sentimentC. postscriptD. subscription54. We cannot be with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.A. peckedB. reconciledC. perturbedD. presumed55. Bad traveling conditions had seriously their progress to their destination in that region.A. tuggedB. demolishedC. hamperedD. destroyedPart IV Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. Most of the world’s great seaport cities would be __ 56__: New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countrie s—Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific —would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt, __57__ large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme __58__. Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, __59__ in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world. __60__ water quality may result as __61__ flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable, natural __62__ could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the __63__ plant and animal species living there. Food supplies and forests would be __64__ affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would __65__ grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds and the insects __66__ the crops. Human health would also be affected. Warming could __67__ tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful __68__ of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer __69__. There will be some __70__ from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will _ 71__ new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of today’s colder regions more __72__. But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems —both plant and animal —will be less able than man to cope and __73__. Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now __74__ will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions __75__ by global warming.56. A. ascended B. assaulted C. erased D. endangered57. A. which B. where C. when D. what58. A. dislocation. B. discontent C. distribution D. distinction59. A. rebuking B. rambling C. resulting D. rallying60. A. Increased B. Reduced C. Expanded D. Saddened61. A. inland B. coastal C. urban D. suburban62. A. dry-land B. mountain C. wetlands D. forest63. A. unique B. precious C. interesting D. exciting64. A. geologically B. adversely C. secretively D. serially65. A. shift B. generate C. grease D. fuse66. A. hiking B. hugging C. attacking D. activating67. A. endanger B. accommodate C. adhere D. enlarge68. A. profits B. values C. effects D. interests69. A. conditions B. accommodation C. surroundings D. evolution70. A. adjustments B. benefits C. adoptions D. profits71. A. alternate B. abuse C. advocate D. create72. A. accidental B. habitable C. anniversary D. ambient73. A. adapt B. alleviate C. agitate D. assert74. A. ascertained B. conformed C. consoled D. anticipated75. A. tutored B. relayed C. triggered D. reflectedPart V Translation from English into Chinese. (10%)Directions ：Translate the following passage into Chinese ，and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts-detract from well being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970’s, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status —energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.Part Ⅵ Writing (15%)Directions ：You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China . You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below. Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析
2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 根据男士的话Fewer people came than we had expected，可知募捐仪式来的人比预料的少。
2. C 根据男士的话allowing acid content to flow into the esophagus(让酸性物质流进食道)可知这是关于胃的疾病。
3. A 根据女士的话I understand that this office helps students with housing，is that fight 可知这是校园内公寓管理办公室。
4. C 根据文中we've acted for hours，Let's get something to eat，We'd be able to feel better with a little nutrition(我们吃点东西就会好子)可知他们是筋疲力尽了。
5. C 根据文中you and some friends are organizing a cruise to Maldives以及Alone if I have to可知即使是没有朋友，他也会自己一个人去航行。
6. C 根据男士的话I'm afraid to have the runs(恐怕我拉肚子了)以及女士的话Are you going to the toilet often(你经常上厕所吗)可知男士的病是腹泻。
diarrhea腹泻。
revert返祖现象。
nausea恶心。
a running nose流鼻涕。
7. A 根据对话，女士已检查过男士的伤口，并清除了玻璃片，给伤口消过毒，根据女士的话The next thingI should do is to stitch you up可知下一件事是缝合男士的伤口。
全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案
目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题答案 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (19)医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:I n this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
2007医博统考听力题解析原文
2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. To do some experiments. B. To attend a class.C. To review his lessons.D. To take a test.2. A. In a hotel. B. In the hospital. C. In the prison. D. At the airport.3. A. He got an ulcer in his stomach. B. He got hurt in the soccer game.C. He will be discharged soon.D. He got his tumor removed.4. A. She told a lie so as not to hurt Jimmy. B. She left because she had a headache.C. She hurt Jimmy by telling him a lie.D. She slept off her headache.5. A. His new car is not fast enough.B. His new car moves very fast.C. His new car is a real bargain.D. His new car is somewhat of a financial burden.6. A. Get more time to relax. B. Take some tranquilizers.C. Seek a second opinion.D. Avoid her responsibilities.7. A. He got a headache while establishing the institute.B. He had a hard time getting the institute started.C. Everything was OK at the beginning.D. Avoid her responsibilities.8. A. Excited. B. Frustrated. C. Annoyed. D. Relieved.9. A. Each class lasts an hour.B. The class is meeting in an hour and a half.C. The class meets four hours and a half per week.D. The class meets for half an hour three times a week.10. A. The woman was a good skier. B. The woman couldn’t ski.C. The woman didn’t intend to go skiing.D. The woman didn’t like Swiss.11. A. She’s an insurance agent. B. She’s an insurance client.C. She’s a bank clerk.D. She’s a driver.12. A. He tripped over some crutches. B. He had rheumatism in his legs.C. He sprained his foot.D. He broke his leg.13. A. The vacation is almost gone.B. The vacation has just started.C. They are prepared for the new semester.D. They can’t wait for the new semester.14. A. She was knocked down by a feather. B. She is shamed of Larry.C. She was really surprised.D. She was proud of Larry.15. A. To visit his son. B. To perform an operation.C. To have an operation.D. To send his son for an operation.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. A pharmacist. B. A visitor. C. A physician. D. A dieter.17. A. Cough. B. Diarrhea. C. Headache. D. Stomach upset.18. A. Pain-killers. B. Cough syrup. C. Antidiarrheas. D. Indigestion tablets.19. A. The cold weather. B. Tiredness caused by traveling.C. The strange food he had eaten.D. The greasy food he had eaten.20. A. Take the medicine from the woman. B. Go to see a specialist.C. Stop eating and drinking for a few days.D. Stay in bed for a couple of days.Passage Two21. A. Headaches. B. Insomnia.C. Respiratory problems.D. Digestive problems.22. A. On Monday in Edinburgh. B. On Wednesday in Edinburgh.C. On Monday at Staffordshire University.D. On Wednesday at Staffordshire University.23. A. 94. B. 41. C. 130. D. 135.24. A. The subjects were asked to write of their free will.B. The subjects were asked to write in a systematic way.C. The subjects were asked to say how often they made entries.D. The subjects were asked if they had written down anything traumatic.25. A. The diarists who write of their free will.B. The diarists who were students at Staffordshire University.C. The diarists who had written about trauma.D. The non-diarists who were susceptible to headaches.Passage Three26. A. A brief history of British pubs.B. Beer—the British national drink.C. Various attempts made to curb drinking in Britain.D. The frustrating opening and closing hours of British pubs.27. A. As early as 659 AD. B. After 659 AD.C. Before the Roman invasion.D. After the Roman invasion.28. A. To restrict drinking hours.B. To restrict travelers to certain drinks.C. To encourage the locals to drink in other towns,D. To encourage inns to lodge various kinds of people.29. A. People were better off.B. The government failed to persuade people from drinking.C. There appeared a new cheap drink.D. Drinkers had found various ways to get around the taws.30. A. The licensing hours have been extended.B. Old people are not allowed to drink in pubs.C. Children are not allowed yet to drink in pubs.D. Big changes have taken place in pubs.2007全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. D 由男士的话I have an exam in about twenty minutes可知他正赶去做测验。
年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。
5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。
2007年医学考博真题
Simulated FATMD TestPAPER ONEPart I Listening Comprehension(30%) Section ADirections1. A. To do some experiments. B. To attend a class.C. To review his lessons.D. To take a test.2. A. In a hotel. B. In the hospital.C. In the prison.D. At the airport.3. A. He got an ulcer in his stomach.B. He got hurt in the soccer game.C. He will be discharged soon.D. He got his tumor removed.4. A. She told a lie so as not to hurt Jimmy.B. She left because she had a headache.C. She hurt Jimmy by telling him a lie.D. She slept off her headache.5. A. His new car is not fast enough.B. His new car moves very fast.C. His new car is a real bargain.D. His new car is somewhat of a financial burden.6. A. Get more time to relax.B. Take some tranquilizers.C. Seek a second opinion.D. Avoid her responsibilities.7. A. He got a headache while establishing the institute.B. He ha a hard time getting the institute stated.C. Everything was OK at the beginning.D. It is impossible to open such an institute in Seoul.8. A. Excited. B. Frustrated. C. Annoyed. D. Relieved.9. A. Each class lasts an hour.B. The class is meeting in an hour and a half.C. The class meets fours and a half per week.D. The class meets for half an hour three times a week.10. A. The woman was a good skier.B. The woman chouldn’t ski.C. The woman didn’t intend to go skiing.D. Twoman didn’t like Swiss.11. A. She’s an insurance agent.B. She’s an insurance client.C. She’s a bank clerk.D. She’s a driver.12. A. He tripped over some crutcher.B. He had rheumatism in his legs.C. He sprained his foot.D. He broke his leg.13. A.The vacation is almost gone.B. The vacation has just started.C. They are prepared for the new semester.D. They can’t wait for the new semester.14. A. She was knocked down by a feather.B. She is shamed of Larry.C. She was really surprised.D. She was proud of Larry.15. A. To visit his son. B. To perform an operation.C. To have an operation.D. To send his son for an operation. Section BPassage One16. A. A pharmacist. B. A visitorC. A physicianD. A dieter.17. A. Cough. B. Diarrhea.C. Headache.D. Stomach upset.18. A. Pain-killers. B. Cough syrup.C. Anti-diarrheas.D. Indigestion tablets.19. A. The cold weather.B. Tirdness caused by traveling.C. The strange food the had eaten.D. The greasy food he had eaten.20. A. Take the medicine from the woman.B. Go to see a specialist.C. Stop eating and drinking for a few days.D. Stay in bed for a couple of days.Passage Two21. A. Headaches B. Insomnia.C. Respiratory problems.D. Digestive problems.22. A. On Monday in Edinburgh.B. On Wednesday in Edinburgh.C. On Monday at Staffordshire University.D. On Wednesday at Staffordshire University.23. A. 94. B. 41 C. 130 D. 13524. A. The subjects were asked to write of their free will.B. The subjects were asked to write in a systematic way.C. The subjects were asked to say how often they made entries.D. The subjects were asked if they had written down anythingtraumatic.25. A. The diarists who write of their free will.B. The diarists who were students at Staffordshire University.C. The diarists who had written about trauma.D. The non-diarists who were susceptible to headaches. Passage Three26. A. A brief history of British pubs.B. Beer-the-British national drink.C. Various attempts made to curb drinking in a Britain.D. The frustrating opening and closing hours of British pubs.27. A. As early as 659AD.B. After 659AD.C. Before the Roman invasion .D. After the Roman invasion.28. A. To restrict drinking hours.B. To restrict travelers to certain drinks.C. To encourage the locals to drink in other towns.D. To encourage inns to lodge various kinds of people.29. A. People were better off.B. The government failed to persuade people from drinking.C. There apperared a new cheap drink.D. Drinkers had found various ways to get around the laws.30. A. The licensing hours have been extended.B. Old people are not allowed to drink in pubs.C. Children are not allowed yet to drink in pubs.D. Big changes have taken place in pubs.Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section A31. The doctor gave him an injection in order to ________the pain.A. alleviateB. aggregateC. abolishD. allocate32. His broken arm healed well, but sh died of the pneumonia whichfollowed as a _______.A. complementB. complimentC. fell uponD. complication33.Unfortunately,our vacation plans _________on account oftransport strike.A. fell backB. fell throughC. fell uponD. fell to34. The _______ climate of Hawaii attracts visitors from all over theworld every year.A. genialB. frigidC. genuineD. foul35. This is the _______ in which the organism lives most effecitively.A. optimumB. optionC. ordealD. orbit36. The doctor suggests that a good holiday in the country should_______ him _____ nicely after his operation.A. set….outB. set….upC. set….offD. set…aside37. His behavior was so ______ that ever the merciful people couldnot forgive him.A. uniqueB. unconventionalC. brutalD. brilliant38. ________ to your present job until you can get a better one.A. Hang aboutB. Hang backC. Hang behindD. Hang on39. Suffering from his leg illness, Tom is very _______ nowadays.A. emaciatedB. eligibleC. elasticD. exceptional40. He saved some money for artistic ______ such as fine paintings.A. donationsB. profitsC. luxuriesD. lures.Section BDirections:(略)41. It has been proved that the chemical is lethal to rats but safe forcattle.A. fatalB. reactiveC. uniqueD. vital42. To their surprise, she has been nominated as candidate for thePresidency.A. recognizedB. definedC. appointedD. promoted43. We cannot look down our opponent, who is an experiencedswimmer.A. playerB. competitorC. refereeD. partner44. She is regarded as a good nurse in that she attends to patientswithout any complaint.A. sees throughB. looks overC. takes inD. cares for45. It is well known that the minimum penalty for this crime is2years’ imprisonment.A. convictionB. spanC. mercyD. punishment46. The whole area of the national and local governments tried towipe out rats to prevent the spread of disease.A. exterminateB. dominateC. determinateD. contaminate47. All the students are afraid of him since he is always severe withthem.A. vigorousB. rigorousC. vigilantD. rigid48. The biggest engineering project that they undertook wasencumbered by lack of funds.A. cancelledB. condensedC. hamperedD. haunted49. In order to be a successful diplomat you must be enthusiastic andmagnetic.A. arrogantB. industriousC. zealousD. attractive50. He is successful as a doctor because of his dynamic personality, heseems to have unlimited energy.A. meticulousB. vigorousC. aggressiveD. arbitrary Directions:略Many Canadians enjoy the luxury of a large amount of living space. Canada is vast, and the nomes are large according to the standards of many countries. Even 51 inner cities fo not reach the extremes found in other parts of world.Canadians appreciate the space and value their privacy. Since families are generally small, many Canadian children enjoy the luxury of their own bedroom. Having more than one bathroom ina house is also considered a modern 52 .Many rooms in Canadian homes have specialized functions.“Family room” are popular features in modern houses; these are 53 , “living room”since many living room have becomereserved for entertaining. Some homes have formal and informal dining areas, 54 .Recreational homes are also popular 55 Canadians.Some Canadians own summer homes,cottages,or camps. These may 56 from a small one-room cabin to a luxurious building that rivals the comforts of the regular residence. Some cottages are winterized for year-round use. Cottages offer people the chance to “get away from it all.”They are so popular that summer weekend traffic jams are common, especially in largecities such as Toronto, where the number of people leaving town of Friday night and returning Sunday night 57 the highways for hours.Sometimes, living in ,Canada means not only having privacy, but also being isolated. Mobility has become a part of modern life; people often do not live in one place long enough to 58 to know their neighbors. Tenants live their own lives in their apartments or townhouses. Even in private residential areas, where there is some 59 , neighborhood life is not as close-knit as it once was. There seems to be 60 of a communal spirit. Life today is so hectic that there is often little time.。
07医学考博英语真题精讲2
64. From Steele’s experiment we say that_______. a.his hypothesis did not get proven and supported b.it was much more complicated than Shaw’s c.the result were statistically significant d.Shaw’s results were not repeatable
65. Shaw is critical of _________ a.Steele’s results presented at a wrong stage b.Steele’s wrong selection of the testees c.Steele’s ignorance of neurobiology d.Steele’s test design
Reading Comprehension
Shaw, however, defends his study. One reason he gives is that people who perform poorly in the initial test get the greatest boost 推进from Mozart, but Steele didn’t separate his students into groups based on ability. “We’re still at the stage where it needs to be examined.” (65)Shaw says. “I suspect that the more we understand the neurobiology, 神经生物学the more we’ll be able to design tests that give a robust 精力充沛的effect.”
全国医学考博英语试题
全国医学考博英语试题文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end ofeach conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said, The question will be read only once,After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the bestanswers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2.A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget allher troubles.3.A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4.A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5.A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6.A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7.A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8.A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9.A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day beforebreakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a dayafter meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hearfive questions. After each question, read the fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see ifhe has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see ifhe has a food allergy problem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in SanFrancisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part ofthe Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of theviruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .aregiven beneath each of them. You are to choose theword or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’semptying, produce a smoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD.consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulfof Mexico left my mind in such a ________ that I couldn’tget to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD.mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with highblood pressure, in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and inthose _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD.subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD.relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ atthe lower end of the table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD.vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical_______, even though the concept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD.endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for along time may weaken the immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest andgenerous, _______ people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD.pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health,Tai Chi has a strong ________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD.implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be_______ early than even a fraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD.favorablySection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrasesbeneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlinedpart, Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-termaccumulation, in which lasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to thedrinks reception at Buckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD.emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest ingrowing children in the form of mental and physicalretardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD.insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself todifferent distances has been applied to automatic camera,which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was thepressure of religious persecution that exacerbated theirconflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried toobliterate the original composition by painting over it oncanvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deploredthe construction program of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD.decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strictstandards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD.stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent innot giving him a full examination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD.brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for awhole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with tennumbered blanks. For each blank, there are fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least onepositive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walkingaround with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of yourhead is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving upthat part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain.__54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if theradiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset ofAlzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are amarker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to theelectro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for twoone-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The luckythings.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease ifexposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitiveabilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to themice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phoneradiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing andtreating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the factthat the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones__60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’ssure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each ofwhich is followed by five questions. For each questionthere are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probablygive little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offerrock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paidThis is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods isnot the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, accordingto the passage, ________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy westbuy the tools of their trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, someof dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, butlittle scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraphrefers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred thatin many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from thelast paragraphA. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats – much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does notinvolve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then”statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook.This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play wellwith mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like itor not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institutein Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on howEarth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies,___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptable。
医学考博英语 sectiona
医学考博英语sectiona全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Medical Doctor English Level TestSection A: Reading ComprehensionInstructions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.The development of new technology in the medical field has transformed the way doctors diagnose and treat patients. One such innovation is the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to assist in medical decision-making. AI algorithms can analyze large amounts of patient data and provide valuable insights to healthcare providers. For example, AI systems can predict the likelihood of a patient developing certain diseases based on their genetic makeup and lifestyle factors. This information can help doctors intervene earlier and take preventive measures to improve patient outcomes.Another area where technology has made a significant impact is telemedicine. Through telemedicine, patients can consult with healthcare providers remotely using video calls andother digital tools. This is especially beneficial for patients living in rural or underserved areas who may not have easy access to in-person medical care. Telemedicine has become increasingly popular during the COVID-19 pandemic as it allows patients to receive care without risking exposure to the virus.While technology has greatly improved patient care, it also comes with challenges. One major concern is data privacy and security. With the increasing amount of patient data being collected and stored in digital formats, there is a risk of unauthorized access or data breaches. Healthcare organizations must implement strict security measures to protect sensitive patient information from cyber threats.In addition, the use of AI in medical decision-making raises ethical concerns. There is a fear that algorithms may perpetuate biases or make decisions that are not in the best interest of patients. It is crucial for healthcare providers to carefully evaluate and monitor the AI systems they use to ensure that they are making accurate and ethical decisions.Overall, the integration of technology in the medical field has revolutionized patient care and improved outcomes. However, it is important for healthcare providers to stay informed about the latest advancements and navigate theethical and privacy issues that come with using these technologies.Questions:1. What is one way AI is used in the medical field?2. How has telemedicine benefited patients during the COVID-19 pandemic?3. What is a major concern related to the use of technology in healthcare?4. Why is it important for healthcare providers to monitor AI systems?5. What is the overall impact of technology on patient care in the medical field?Answers:1. AI is used to assist in medical decision-making by analyzing patient data and providing insights to healthcare providers.2. Telemedicine has allowed patients to consult with healthcare providers remotely, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.3. Data privacy and security is a major concern due to the risk of unauthorized access or data breaches.4. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor AI systems to ensure they are making accurate and ethical decisions.5. Overall, technology has revolutionized patient care and improved outcomes in the medical field. Healthcare providers must stay informed about advancements and address ethical and privacy concerns.篇2Medical entrance exams in China have become increasingly competitive as more students are vying for limited spots in medical graduate programs. One of the key components of these exams is the Medical English section, which tests students' proficiency in the English language as it relates to the medical field.The Medical English section of the exam typically covers a wide range of topics, including medical terminology, reading comprehension, listening comprehension, and writing skills. Students are expected to have a strong grasp of medicalvocabulary and be able to understand and communicate complex medical concepts in English.One of the key challenges of the Medical English section is the sheer volume of medical terminology that students are expected to know. From anatomical terms to diseases and treatments, students must be able to recall and correctly use a wide range of medical vocabulary. This requires a significant amount of memorization and practice, as well as a solid understanding of how medical terms are used in context.In addition to testing medical vocabulary, the Medical English section also assesses students' reading comprehension skills. Students are given passages related to various medical topics and must answer questions that test their understanding of the material. This requires not only a strong command of English but also the ability to analyze and interpret complex information.Listening comprehension is another important component of the Medical English section. Students are required to listen to audio recordings of medical lectures, conversations, orpatient-doctor interactions and answer questions based on what they hear. This tests students' ability to understand spokenEnglish as it relates to medical topics, as well as their ability to pick out key information from a conversation.Finally, the writing skills portion of the Medical English section requires students to demonstrate their ability to communicate effectively in English. Students may be asked to write essays, case studies, or patient reports, all of which require a high level of proficiency in written English. This section tests students' ability to organize their thoughts, express complex ideas clearly, and use appropriate medical terminology in a written format.In order to excel in the Medical English section of the medical entrance exam, students must be diligent in their preparation. This includes studying medical vocabulary, practicing reading and listening comprehension skills, and honing their writing abilities. Students may also benefit from taking practice exams to familiarize themselves with the format and types of questions they can expect to encounter on the actual exam.Overall, the Medical English section of the medical entrance exam is a crucial component of the testing process for students aspiring to pursue a career in the medical field. By mastering medical vocabulary, reading comprehension, listeningcomprehension, and writing skills, students can improve their chances of success and secure a spot in a prestigious medical graduate program.篇3Medical entrance exams are popular among students who wish to pursue a career in the field of medicine. Among these exams, the medical postgraduate entrance exam is considered as one of the toughest. One of the key sections in this exam is the Medical English section, which tests the candidates' proficiency in English language skills.The Medical English section usually consists of questions related to reading comprehension, vocabulary, and grammar. The purpose of this section is to assess the candidates' ability to understand and communicate medical information in English, as well as their ability to comprehend medical literature and research papers.To excel in the Medical English section, candidates should focus on improving their reading and vocabulary skills. Reading medical journals, research papers, and textbooks can help candidates become familiar with the medical terminology and improve their comprehension skills. Additionally, candidatesshould practice solving sample questions from previous years' papers to get an idea of the type of questions asked in the exam.In addition to reading and vocabulary, candidates should also focus on improving their grammar and writing skills. It is essential for candidates to have a good command of English grammar to communicate effectively in written form. Practicing writing essays, summaries, and reports can help candidates improve their writing skills and score well in the Medical English section.Furthermore, candidates should pay attention to time management while attempting the Medical English section. As this section is usually time-bound, candidates should practice solving questions within the given time frame to improve their speed and accuracy.In conclusion, the Medical English section is an important part of the medical postgraduate entrance exam and requires thorough preparation. By focusing on reading, vocabulary, grammar, and writing skills, candidates can improve their chances of scoring well in this section and securing admission to their desired medical postgraduate program.。
医学考博英语 sectiona
医学考博英语sectionaMedical Doctoral Entrance Examination English Section APart A of the Medical Doctoral Entrance Examination in China tests candidates' English language abilities. This section assesses candidates' reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, and writing skills. The candidates are required to demonstrate their proficiency in academic English as well as their ability to analyze and interpret information.The Section A of the Medical Doctoral Entrance Examination consists of multiple-choice questions, short-answer questions, and an essay question. Candidates are given a set amount of time to complete each section of the exam.The multiple-choice questions test candidates' ability to comprehend and analyze written texts. Candidates are required to read a passage and answer a series of questions related to the content of the passage. The questions may test candidates' understanding of main ideas, supporting details, vocabulary, and inferences.The short-answer questions test candidates' vocabulary and grammar skills. Candidates may be asked to identify and correcterrors in sentences, choose the correct word to complete a sentence, or match definitions with vocabulary words.The essay question assesses candidates' ability to construct a coherent and well-structured argument. Candidates may be asked to write an argumentative or persuasive essay on a given topic. They are expected to present their ideas clearly, provide relevant examples and evidence to support their arguments, and demonstrate their ability to organize their thoughts effectively.In order to perform well in Section A of the Medical Doctoral Entrance Examination, candidates should focus on improving their academic English skills. They should practice reading and analyzing a variety of academic texts, expand their vocabulary, enhance their grammar skills, and work on their writing abilities. Candidates should also familiarize themselves with the format of the exam and practice answering multiple-choice, short-answer, and essay questions within the time constraints.Overall, Section A of the Medical Doctoral Entrance Examination is designed to assess candidates' English language abilities and readiness for doctoral studies in the field of medicine. Candidates who prepare thoroughly and demonstrate strong academic English skills are likely to perform well on this section of the exam.。
医学考博英语 sectiona
医学考博英语sectiona全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hello everyone! Today I want to talk about the Medical Doctoral Entrance Exam in a fun and easy way.First of all, let's talk about what is the Medical Doctoral Entrance Exam. It is a test that you need to take if you want to study for a doctorate in medicine. Sounds cool, right?In the exam, there are different sections. One of them is Section A, where you need to show your English skills. You will have to answer questions about reading comprehension, grammar, and vocabulary. It may sound a bit challenging, but don't worry, with some practice you can do it!To prepare for the exam, you can read English books, watch English movies, and practice writing essays. Also, it's important to pay attention in your English class at school. Remember, practice makes perfect!On the day of the exam, make sure to get a good night's sleep and eat a healthy breakfast. Stay calm and focused while answering the questions. You got this!In conclusion, the Medical Doctoral Entrance Exam may seem tough, but with hard work and dedication, you can pass it with flying colors. Good luck to all the future doctors out there! Keep dreaming big and never give up!篇2Hello everyone! Today I'm going to talk about the Medical Entrance Exam for the Doctorate degree. It's a super important test for becoming a real doctor. Just like how we have tests in school, this exam is like the biggest test ever!First, let's talk about why people take this test. Well, if you want to be a super smart doctor and help lots of people, you need to pass this exam. It's like the key to opening the door to becoming a doctor.The test has lots of different parts, but one of the hardest parts is the English section. This part is all about reading and understanding scientific articles in English. It's like trying to solve a big puzzle with words!To do well in this part, you need to practice reading English articles and understanding the information. You can also ask your teachers or friends to help you understand difficult words or sentences.When you take the test, make sure to read each question carefully and answer it the best you can. Don't rush, take your time and think about each question before answering. Remember, each question is like a mini puzzle waiting for you to solve!In the end, if you study hard and practice a lot, you can definitely pass the Medical Entrance Exam. Just believe in yourself and keep working hard. Who knows? Maybe one day you'll be a super amazing doctor helping lots of people!篇3Today I will talk to you about the medical Ph.D. exam in English section A. Are you ready? Let's go!First of all, the medical Ph.D. exam is super important because it's all about testing how much you know about medicine and science. It's like a big test to see if you're ready to become a doctor and do cool things like surgery and help people feel better.In the English section A of the exam, you will have to answer a bunch of questions about medical terms, research methods, and other stuff like that. You have to show that you know your stuff and that you can talk about it in English, which can be a little tricky if English is not your first language.But don't worry, you can practice a lot before the exam! You can read medical journals, watch English medical videos, and even practice speaking with your friends. The more you practice, the better you will do on the exam.On the day of the exam, make sure to stay calm and take your time to read each question carefully. Don't rush, and remember that you have studied hard for this moment. Believe in yourself and you will do great!So, that's all for today. I hope you learned something new about the medical Ph.D. exam in English section A. Good luck on your exam, and remember to keep studying and working hard to achieve your dreams! Bye-bye!篇4Title: My Journey to Becoming a DoctorHi everyone, my name is Lucy and I want to tell you about my dream of becoming a doctor. I know it's a big dream, but I believe I can do it if I work hard.When I was in primary school, I always loved learning about the human body. I found it so fascinating how our bodies work and how doctors can help us when we are sick. That's when I decided I wanted to become a doctor when I grow up.As I got older, I started to study harder in school. I focused on my science and math classes, because I knew those subjects would be important for becoming a doctor. I also started volunteering at hospitals and shadowing doctors to learn more about the field.After graduating from high school, I went to college to study pre-med. It was challenging, but I pushed myself to do my best. I took tough classes like organic chemistry and anatomy, but I knew they would help me become a better doctor in the future.Finally, after years of hard work and dedication, I applied to medical school. It was a long and difficult process, but I was so happy when I got accepted. I knew I was one step closer to achieving my dream.Now, I am in my final year of medical school and getting ready to take the medical board exam. It's a big test that will determine if I am ready to become a doctor. I'm nervous, but I know that I have prepared myself as best as I can.Becoming a doctor is not easy, but it is definitely worth it. I know that I will be able to help so many people and make a difference in their lives. I can't wait to finally be able to call myself Dr. Lucy. Thank you for listening to my journey!篇5Title: My Adventure in Medical School Entrance ExamHi everyone! My name is Lily and I want to tell you about my big adventure in the medical school entrance exam. It was super tough but also super fun!First, I had to study a LOT. I read so many books about biology, chemistry, and all sorts of medical stuff. My brain was working so hard, I thought it might explode! But I kept going because I really wanted to be a doctor when I grow up.On the day of the exam, I was so nervous! My hands were shaking and my stomach felt like there were a million butterfliesinside. But I took some deep breaths and told myself, "You got this, Lily! You can do it!"The exam itself was so tricky! There were all these questions about the human body, diseases, and treatments. I had to think really hard and remember everything I studied. But I didn't give up. I kept going and tried my best.Finally, the exam was over and I felt so relieved. I didn't know if I did well or not, but I was proud of myself for trying my hardest. And guess what? A few weeks later, I got the results and I passed! I was over the moon!So now, I'm one step closer to my dream of becoming a doctor. I can't wait to go to medical school and learn even more. It's going to be a tough journey, but I know I can do it with hard work and dedication.Thanks for listening to my story, everyone! Remember, no matter how hard things get, never give up on your dreams. Believe in yourself and you can achieve anything!篇6Hello everyone! Today I want to talk about the "Medical Entrance Exam English Section A". It's a super important part of the exam, but don't worry, I'll help you understand it better!First, let's talk about what Section A is all about. It mainly focuses on testing your understanding of English language and usage. You will be asked to read passages and answer questions related to the content, grammar, vocabulary, and overall comprehension.It's important to practice reading English articles, newspapers, and books to improve your reading skills. Try to read a little every day to get more comfortable with English. You can also watch English movies or TV shows with subtitles to help you catch new words and phrases.When answering questions in Section A, remember to read the passage carefully before attempting to answer. Pay attention to details and try to understand the main idea of the passage. Don't rush through the questions, take your time to think before answering.If you come across a question that you're unsure about, don't panic! Try to eliminate the answers that you know are definitely wrong and then make an educated guess. It's better to try than to leave a question unanswered.In conclusion, practicing your English skills regularly and staying calm during the exam will help you do well in Section A of the medical entrance exam. Good luck, everyone! Let's ace this exam together!篇7Hello everyone, I'm going to talk about the "Medical Entrance Exam for a Ph.D. in English"! It's a super important test for people who want to become doctors and do research in the medical field. Let's break it down into different parts and see what we need to know!First of all, we need to understand the format of the exam. It usually consists of multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and essay questions. The multiple-choice questions are like those tricky questions in our school exams, so we need to read them carefully and choose the best answer. The short answer questions are a bit easier, we just need to write a few sentences to explain our thoughts. And the essay questions are where we can show off our knowledge and writing skills!Next, we need to review some important topics in medicine. We need to know about human anatomy, diseases, treatments, and research methods. It's like studying for a science test, buteven more detailed and specific. We also need to practice our English skills because the exam will be in English. So let's read some medical journals, watch English medical videos, and practice writing in English.During the exam, we need to stay calm and focused. Don't panic if you don't know the answer to a question, just skip it and come back to it later. Remember to manage your time wisely and answer all the questions. And don't forget to double-check your answers before submitting your exam!After the exam, we need to wait for the results. It might take some time, but be patient. If we pass the exam, we can start our journey to becoming a doctor and doing research in the medical field. If we don't pass, don't worry, we can always try again next time!In conclusion, the "Medical Entrance Exam for a Ph.D. in English" is a challenging but rewarding test for those who want to pursue a career in medicine. Let's study hard, stay positive, and believe in ourselves. We can do it! Good luck to all of us!篇8Hello everyone! Today we are going to talk about the Medical Entrance Exam for Ph.D. Let's call it the "doctor's test" for short. The doctor's test is super important if you want to be a super smart doctor in the future. You have to pass this test to get into a top medical school. It's like a golden ticket to Willy Wonka's chocolate factory!The doctor's test has a lot of questions about medical stuff like anatomy, biology, and chemistry. You have to study super hard to get ready for it. But don't worry, you can do it! Just be like Dory from Finding Nemo and keep swimming (or studying)!There are also some tricky parts in the doctor's test, like the English section. This is where you have to show off your English skills. You have to read passages and answer questions about them. It's like a treasure hunt for the right answers!But don't panic, just take a deep breath and remember all the English words you learned in school. You can also practice with your friends or family. They can help you get ready for the big day!So, if you want to be a super cool doctor and help people, just keep studying and believe in yourself. You can do it! Good luck on the doctor's test! Let's go save lives! ⚕️ ⚕️篇9Title: My Adventure in Medical Entrance ExamHi everyone! My name is Timmy, and today I want to tell you all about my experience in taking the medical entrance exam for my PhD program. It was a really exciting and challenging journey, but I learned a lot along the way.First of all, I had to do a lot of study for the exam. I spent hours every day reading textbooks, practicing problem sets, and reviewing my notes. It was a lot of hard work, but I knew that if I wanted to succeed, I had to put in the effort.On the day of the exam, I was super nervous. I had butterflies in my stomach and my hands were shaking. But I just took a deep breath and told myself that I had prepared as best as I could, and that all I could do now was my best.The exam itself was really tough. There were so many questions that I had to answer, and some of them were really tricky. But I tried to stay calm and focused, and I did my best to answer each question to the best of my ability.After the exam was over, I felt a huge sense of relief. I was finally done, and I could relax and wait for the results. And youknow what? I passed! I couldn't believe it! All of my hard work had paid off, and I was one step closer to achieving my dream of becoming a doctor.In conclusion, taking the medical entrance exam was a challenging but rewarding experience. I learned a lot about dedication, perseverance, and the importance of hard work. And I'm so grateful for the opportunity to pursue my passion for medicine. Who knows, maybe one day I'll be Dr. Timmy, saving lives and making a difference in the world. Wish me luck!篇10Title: My Dream to Study Medicine and Become a DoctorHi everyone! My name is Lily and I am in primary school. I want to tell you all about my big dream of becoming a doctor and studying medicine in the future.Ever since I was a little girl, I have always been fascinated by doctors and how they help people who are sick or hurt. I think it's so cool that they know how to make people feel better and save lives. That's why I want to be a doctor when I grow up!I know that becoming a doctor is not easy. I will have to study really hard and learn a lot of things about the human bodyand how it works. I will have to go to medical school and pass lots of exams. But I am not afraid of hard work because I know that it will all be worth it in the end.One day, I want to specialize in pediatrics so I can help children who are sick. I think it would be amazing to be able to make kids feel better and see them smile again. I know that being a doctor is a big responsibility, but I believe that with hard work and dedication, I can achieve my dream.In the future, I hope to take the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) and get into a good medical school. I want to learn everything I can about medicine and become the best doctor I can be. I know it will take a lot of time and effort, but I am determined to make my dream come true.I can't wait to start my journey towards becoming a doctor and making a difference in the world. I know that it won't be easy, but I am ready to face any challenge that comes my way. I believe that with passion and perseverance, I can achieve anything.Thank you for listening to my story. I hope that one day, you will see me wearing a white coat and stethoscope, ready to help those in need. Dream big and never give up on your dreams!。
医学考博英语 sectiona
医学考博英语sectiona全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Medical Entrance Exam English Section AMedical entrance exams are highly competitive, and one of the key sections in these exams is the English language section. This section tests candidates on their understanding of English grammar, vocabulary, and comprehension skills. It is essential for aspiring medical students to perform well in this section to secure admission to their desired medical college or university.The English section of the medical entrance exam typically consists of multiple-choice questions that cover a wide range of topics such as synonyms, antonyms, sentence completion, and reading comprehension. To excel in this section, candidates need to have a strong command of the English language and good reading skills.One of the key skills tested in the English section is vocabulary. Candidates are required to have a wide range of vocabulary to understand and answer questions on synonyms and antonyms. Building a strong vocabulary is essential forsuccess in this section, and candidates can improve their vocabulary by reading books, newspapers, and articles regularly.Another important skill tested in the English section is grammar. Candidates need to have a good understanding of English grammar rules to answer questions on sentence correction and completion. It is essential for candidates to brush up on their grammar skills and practice various grammar exercises to improve their performance in this section.Reading comprehension is another crucial aspect of the English section. Candidates are required to read passages and answer questions based on their understanding of the text. It is important for candidates to read the passages carefully, identify the main ideas, and answer the questions accurately to score well in this section.To prepare for the English section of the medical entrance exam, candidates can practice with sample papers and mock tests to familiarize themselves with the exam pattern and types of questions asked. Regular practice and revision are key to improving performance in this section.In conclusion, the English section of the medical entrance exam is a significant part of the overall exam, and candidates need to prepare diligently to excel in this section. By having astrong vocabulary, good grammar skills, and effective reading comprehension abilities, candidates can increase their chances of success in the exam and secure admission to a prestigious medical college.篇2Medical Doctoral English Section AThe Medical Doctoral English section A is an important part of the entrance examination for graduate studies in medical fields. It is designed to assess the English language proficiency of candidates and their ability to comprehend and analyze scientific texts in English. This section typically includes reading comprehension passages related to medical science, followed by multiple-choice questions that test the candidates' understanding of the material.To succeed in this section, candidates need to have a strong grasp of English language skills, including reading comprehension, vocabulary, and critical thinking. They should also be familiar with medical terminology and concepts in order to understand the complex scientific texts that may be presented in the exam.One key strategy for tackling the Medical Doctoral English section A is to practice regularly and familiarize oneself with the types of questions that may be asked. Candidates should also work on improving their vocabulary and reading speed to ensure that they can quickly and accurately answer the questions within the allotted time.In addition to preparing for the exam itself, candidates should also focus on improving their overall English language skills through reading scientific journals, practicing writing essays, and engaging in discussions with peers and professors in English.Overall, the Medical Doctoral English section A is a challenging but essential part of the entrance examination for graduate studies in medical fields. By dedicating time and effort to improving their English language skills, candidates can increase their chances of success and pursue their academic goals in the medical field.篇3Medical Doctoral English Test Section ASection A of the medical doctoral English test focuses on reading comprehension and the ability to understand andanalyze medical research articles. In this section, candidates are required to read a series of passages related to various medical topics and answer multiple-choice questions based on their understanding of the text. This section is designed to test the candidate's reading skills, comprehension, and ability to apply critical thinking to medical research.In order to excel in Section A of the medical doctoral English test, candidates should first make sure to carefully read each passage and pay close attention to the main ideas and key points being presented. It is important to understand the purpose of the study, the methodology used, the results obtained, and the conclusions drawn by the researchers. Candidates should also pay attention to any graphs, charts, or tables included in the passage, as these can provide additional information that may be relevant to the questions asked.After reading each passage, candidates should carefully review the multiple-choice questions and consider each option before selecting the best answer. It is important to pay attention to key words and phrases in the questions that may help to guide the answer. Candidates should also be aware of common question types, such as those that ask for the main idea of the passage, the author's purpose, or specific details from the text.In order to practice for Section A of the medical doctoral English test, candidates should work on improving their reading comprehension skills by reading a variety of medical research articles and academic texts. It is also helpful to practice answering multiple-choice questions and taking timed practice tests to simulate the test-taking experience. By developing strong reading skills and familiarizing themselves with the types of questions asked on the test, candidates can improve their performance in Section A and increase their chances of success on the medical doctoral English test.In conclusion, Section A of the medical doctoral English test is an important component of the exam that assesses candidates' reading comprehension skills and ability to understand and analyze medical research articles. By practicing reading comprehension and multiple-choice questions, candidates can improve their performance on this section of the test and increase their chances of achieving a high score overall.。
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题2015年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman? You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house12 A She isn’t feeling well B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn't like the weather D She is feeling relieved13. A. Mlchael's wife was ill.B. Michael's daughter was illC. Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago B. Five years ago.C. Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of .yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETDialogue16. A.A blood test.B. A gastroscopyC. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight.B. To take a few more testsC. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller lighter meals18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19 . A. Ulcer B. Cancer C. Depression D. Hernia20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B. He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C. He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D. He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21 A. Anew concept of diabetesB. The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C. The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D. The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B. Because it becomes overactive easily.C. Because it is usually in injection form.D. Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longerB.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C. Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D. Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood. PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, andof these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenableSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with tennumbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But thecancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack againstthe invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broadumbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targetedtreatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _ A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence theeight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in thelabB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin,transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue ofthe New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe theauthor's attitude towards thenew method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday.A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among thecity's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's excitingabout the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact onhealth according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that。
2007年清华大学考博英语真题及答案详解
清华大学2007年博士研究生人学考试英语试题Part I Listening Comprehension(15 points)(略）Part II Reading Comprehendon (40%)Directions ：There are 4 reading passages in this part Each passage is followed by some questions or unfin¬ished statements. For each or them there are four choices marked A，B, C and D* You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet Questions 16 to 20 are based on the foUowing passage：Sometimes，over a span of many years，a business will continue to grow，generating ever-increasing a- mounts of cash，repurchasing stock，paying increased dividends，reducing debt，opening new stores，expan¬ding production facilities，moving into new markets，etc.，while at the same tune its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls)*When this happens，the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range.Take，for example，Wal-Mart Over the past five years，the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80% , profits by over 100%，and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security，deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today，however, the equation is completely different~despite the stock price,Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores，and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat，largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world‟s largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy.Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago，in 1996, the stock traded between a range of $36. 10 and $54. 30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of $ 1. 40 and paid a cash dividend of $ 0. 50 per share. Corporate per share book value was $ 2. 48. Last year, the stock traded within a range of $ 40. 30 and $ 45. 30 per share；squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet，despite the stagnant stock price，the 2006 estimates Value Line In¬vestment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around $2. 16 (a rise of 54% )，the cash dividend has more than doubled to $ 1. 20, book value is expected to have grown to $ 7. 40 per share (a gain ofnearly 300% )，and the total number of shares outstanding (未偿付的，未完成的）has actually decreased,from 2. 481 billion to an estimated 2, 355 billion due to the company's share repurchase program.16. This passage is probably a part of •A. Find Hidden Value in the MarketB. Become RicherC. Get Good BargainsD. Identify Good Companies17. The italicized word“ stagnant‟，(line 3，Para. 1) can be best paraphrased as •A. prominentB. terribleC. unchangedD. progressing Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price because .A. it has stored a large quantity of goodsB. it has become financially more powerfulC. it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcyD. it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19. All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT •A, The cash dividend has increased. B. The earning power has become stronger.C Both businesses have continued to grow^ D. The stock price has greatly decreased20. According to the author，one had better •A. buy more shares when the stock price falls downB. sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC. do some research on the value of a business when its stock price falls downD. invest in the business when its stock price falls downQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage ：Today‟s college students are more narcissistic(自恋的）and self-centered than their predecessors, ac¬cording to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmfiil to personal relationships and American society.u We need to stop endlessly repeating … You‟re special' and having children repeat that back”，said the study‟s lead author，Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University, “Kids are self-centered enough al¬ready “Unfortunately，narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with othars”，he said The study asserts that narcissists “ are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived，at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmtb，and to exhibitor game-playing，dishonesty, and.over-controlling and violent behaviors，，. Twenge, the author of “Generation Me：Why Today‟s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled~and More Miserable Than Ever Before”，said narcissists tend to lack empathy，react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others*Some analysts have commended today‟s young people for increased commitment to volunteer work But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically，noting that many high schools require community service %and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college* applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced(非常明显的）that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “ Permissiveness seems to be a component”，he said “ A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting* Less indulgence might be called for”Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader，a University of Washington senior，said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded But she is dismayed (气傻；灰心、）by the com¬petitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status* “We，re encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way”，Kader said “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships”.Kari Dalane，a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered “ People are worried about themselves—^but in the sense of where are they‟re go¬ing to find a place in the world”，she said “People w ant to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn‟t mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world” ；Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome，Dalane said.“ It would be more depressing if people answered, 4No, I‟m not special，，，•21. According to the passage，a narcissistic person may - ，A. hate criticismB. be dishonest to his/her partnerC, be unwilling to help others D；All the above22. The italicized word “ commended” (line 1, Para. 3) meansA. praisedB. criticized C recommended D. disfavored23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Narcissism may result in bad consequences-B. College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C. Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D. Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.24. It is implied that •A. both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB. the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC. the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD. college students are pessimistic about their future25- It is proper to be when you hear someone say “I，m special'A. objectiveB. pessimistic C optimistic D. worriedQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage：The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries*4iThe Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting 狂majority of vote cards，instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election，which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business，the U. S, Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “This isn‟t about preventing increased unionization, it‟s about protecting rights”，said the National Associa¬tion of Manufacturer‟s Jason Straczewski, of his organization‟s opposition to bi ll Straczewski says elimina¬ting the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion (强迫：胁迫）from unions,Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers. “ Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren‟t”，Samuel said He cites the 31,358 cases of illegal em¬ployer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005. Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby，the secret ballot would not be e- liminated The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the em¬ployers. “ On the ground，the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference be¬tween night and day”，said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions (规定，条款）as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration(仲裁）when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would bein effect for 2 years，a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstitutional”. “I don，t see how it will benefit employees if they‟re locked into a contract” • said StraczewskiThe bill‟s proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling em¬ployers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004，45 percent of newly farmed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees- As it stands，the law on the books hasn‟t changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935. The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.26* Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A. House bill aipis to spur labor union growth.B. House bill aims to counter labor union growth,C. Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employmentD. Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees，income.27. According to its opponents, the bill .A. will protect employees，rightsB. will benefit workers by binding contractsC. will empower unions too muchD. makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28. The word “ it” (line 4，Para 5) refers to •A. the changeB. the legislation C the AFL-CIO D. the difference29. People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT .A. the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industries*B. the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local level.C. binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can，t be agreed oa between cently estabUshed union and a company,D. the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees.30. It is implied that •A. fewer private industries joined unions in the past workers' coercion often comes from unionsC. the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD. punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage：Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society, changing many pe叩le，s views on race，history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped soci¬ety and the world with their spirit and their ideals.Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learning to fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion，going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger (耻髙气扬）outside the ring as his movement in it，converting to Islam in 1965，changing his name to Muhammad Ali £uid refusing to join the U- S. Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his ath¬letic career ended and he developed Parkinson‟s disease，even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveyingthe peaceful virtues of Islam following the September 11 terrorist attacks*W. E. B, Du Bois Bom William Edward Burghardt Du Bois in 1868，this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent，prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic，activist and historian，Du Bois co¬founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), edited “The Crisis” magazine and wrote 17 books, four journals and many other scholarly articles. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk”，published in 1903，he predicted “the problem of 20th century [ would be] the problem of the color-line”.Martin Luther King Jr. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jn is considered one of the most powerful and pop¬ular leaders of the American civil tights movement He spearheaded(带头；作先锋）a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches，sit-ins，boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans' attitudes to¬ward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism inthe early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in 1965, Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee‟s 1992 movie “Malcolm X” was releasedJackie Robinson in 1947，Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, be¬coming the first black baseball player in the U. S. major leagues. After retirement from baseball in 1957，he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962，he became the first African-American to be in¬ducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.31. Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A. He never served in the army.He learned to fight at an early age.C. His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing.D. He loves peace.32. The italicized word “prolific” (line 2, Par a 3) is synonymous to•A, smart B. skilled C. productive D. pioneering33. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A, W. E. B. Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people.B. Jackie Robinson was denied by U. Sz major baseball leagues throughout his life.C Martin Luther King Jr. was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements.D. Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his deatL34. What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A. Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognizedB. Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn‟t win recognition until death.C. All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.D. All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities.35. Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A. Life of famous African AmericansB. Influence of famous African AmericansC. Political pioneers ：Icons and intellectualsD. Cultursd pioneers ：Icons and intellectualsPart m V ocabulary (10%)Directions ：There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part For each sentence there are fourchoices mariced A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.36- The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to the weight of the building.A. subsideB. idealizeC. initiate D, sustain37. The actress was very at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference. A, extraterrestrial B. explicit C. indignant D. innovative38* It is known to all that children in this region have strong to swimming in summer because of the hot weather •A. inclinationB. exposure39. The torch was by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting.A. implementB. deceiveC. exemplifyD. ignited40. These samples have to be in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.A. mmiersedB. crispedC. armoredD. arrayed41. Her talk at the seminar clearly from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.A. alternated B, amplified C. designated D. diverged42. Three years before he returned home from the United States.A. denbtedB. destinedC. elapsedD. enveloped43. Aplan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.A. deliberateB. disincentiveC. functionalD. fantastic44. Sometimes in drawing and designing, the sign X the unknown number.A, facilitates B. fascinates C. denotes D. jots45. The speaker was very much by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.A. jerkedB. incensedC. lacedD. limped46. The two countries have developed a relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.A. managerialB. lethal C metric D. cordial47.The doctor‟s was that she should go and see the specialist in this fieldA. constraintB. counselC. coherenceD. consciousness48.The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following itsdeclaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A- unanimous B. abstract C. autonomous D. almighty49. They need to move to new and large apgtfttnents. Do you know of any ones in this area?A. evacuatedB. emptyC. vacantD. vacate50. The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get quickly.A. decomposed B_ denounced C. detached D. deduced51. The government decided to take a action to strengthen the market managementA. diverseB. durableC. epidemicD. drastic52. The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to itA. disgraceB. disguiseC. defyD. distress53. They admitted that they shared the same on the matter.A. potentialityB. sentimentC. postscriptD. subscription54. We cannot be with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.A. peckedB. reconciledC. perturbedD. presumed55. Bad traveling conditions had seriously their progress to their destination in that region.A. tugged B_ demolished C. hampered D. destroyedPart IV Cloze(10%)Directions：There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B，C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. Most of the world‟s great seaport cities would be56 : New Orleans , Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countries—Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific—would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt, 57 large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme 58 .Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, 59 in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world 60 water quality may result as 61 flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking, water supplies, and irreplaceable，natural 62 could be flooded with ocean water，destroying forever many of the 63 plant and animal species living there.Food supplies and forests would be 64 affected Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would 65 grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants，such as weeds and the insects 66 the crops.Human health would also be affected Warming could 67 tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever,malaria，and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful 68 of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer 69. There will be some 70 from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will 71 new agricultural lands，and warmer temperature will make some of today‟s colder regions more 72 . But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems—both plant and animal—will be less able than man to cope and 73 . Any change of temperature, rainfall，and sea level of the magnitude now 74 will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions 75 by global warming.56.A. ascended B. assaulted C. erased D. endangered57. A. which B. where C. when D. what58. A. dislocation B. discontent C. distribution D. distinction59. A. rebuking B. rambling C resulting D. rallying60. A. Increased B. Reduced C. Expanded D. Saddened61. A. inland B. coastal C. urban D. suburban62. A. dry-land B. mountain C. wetlands D. forest63. A. unique B. precious C. interesting D. exciting64. A, geologically B. adversely C. secretively D. serially65. A. shift B. generate C. grease D. fuse66. A. hiking B. hugging C. attacking D. activating67. A. endanger B. accommodate C. adhere D. enlarge68. A. profits B. values C. effects D. interests69. A. conditions B. accommodation C. surroundings D. evolution70. A. adjustments B. benefits C. adoptions D. profits71. A. alternate B. abuse C. advocate D. create72. A. accidental B. habitable C. anniversary D. ambient73. A. adapt B. alleviate C. agitate D. assert74. A. ascertained B. conformed C. consoled D. anticipated75. A. tutored B. relayed C. triggered D. reflectedPart V Translation from £i^lish into Chmese(10%)Directions ：Translate the following passage into Chinese, and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and so¬ciopolitical impacts—detract from well-being. For most of human history，the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organiza- tions for harvesting，converting，and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience，deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970，s，then，represented a turning point After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status—energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expan¬ding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.Part VI Writii电(请将作文写在答题纸上）（1S%)Directions：You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarism in Aca¬demic Field in China You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。
年全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
2015年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all dayQuestion: What's the matter with the womanYou will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house12 A She isn’t feeling well B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn't like the weather D She is feeling relieved13. A. Mlchael's wife was ill.B. Michael's daughter was illC. Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago B. Five years ago.C. Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of .your choice on the ANSWER SHEETDialogue16. A.A blood test.B. A gastroscopyC. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight.B. To take a few more testsC. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller lighter meals18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19 . A. Ulcer B. Cancer C. Depression D. Hernia20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B. He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C. He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D. He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21 A. Anew concept of diabetesB. The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C. The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D. The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B. Because it becomes overactive easily.C. Because it is usually in injection form.D. Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longerB.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C. Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D. Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood. PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should besubsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenableSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previouslyinaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information Who's to say, but it seems like withthe amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascularsystems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant) But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratchA. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liverA. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success wasdefined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passageA. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burnsA. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approachA. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards the new methodA. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boyborn on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based projectA. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologistsA. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodiesScientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies," which knock out many H IV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together--in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a。