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层次分析法模型外文文献翻译2014年译文2000字

层次分析法模型外文文献翻译2014年译文2000字

层次分析法模型外文文献翻译2014年译文2000字XXX (AHP) XXX。

the XXX whether the rity vector of alternatives remains the same or different when the XXX on the AHP process。

subjectivity。

and pair-XXX n。

2.XXXXXX fields。

including business。

engineering。

XXX smaller。

XXX。

XXX。

3.MethodologyThe study used a case study XXX to test whether the rity vector of alternatives remains the same or different when the XXX individuals。

4.ResultsThe study found that the AHP methodology is effective in providing second XXX。

The rity vector of alternatives remained the same in most cases。

indicating that the AHP XXX。

therewere some cases where the rity vector of alternatives differed。

suggesting that the AHP methodology is not XXX。

5.nThe results of the study suggest that the AHP methodologycan be an effective tool for improving n-making quality。

However。

it is XXX。

外文翻译及外文原文(参考格式)

外文翻译及外文原文(参考格式)

外文翻译要求:1、外文资料与毕业设计(论文)选题密切相关,译文准确、质量好。

2、阅读2篇幅以上(10000字符左右)的外文资料,完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供,外文资料原则上应是外国作者。

严禁采用专业外语教材文章。

4、排序:“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。

插图内文字及图名也译成中文。

5、标题与译文格式(字体、字号、行距、页边距等)与论文格式要求相同。

下页附:外文翻译与原文参考格式2英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)外文原文出处:(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍,译文后附上外文原文)《ASHRAE Handbook —Refrigeration 》.CHAPTER3 .SYSTEM Practices for ammonia 3.1 System Selection 3.2 Equipment3.10 Reciprocating Compressors第3章 氨制冷系统的实施3.1 系统选择在选择一个氨制冷系统设计时,须要考虑一些设计决策要素,包括是否采用(1)单级压缩(2)带经济器的压缩(3)多级压缩(4)直接蒸发(5)满液式(6)液体再循环(7)载冷剂。

单级压缩系统基本的单级压缩系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、储液器(假如用的话)和制冷剂控制装置(膨胀阀、浮球阀等)。

1997 ASHRAE 手册——“原理篇”中的第一章讨论了压缩制冷循环。

图1.壳管式经济器的布置外文翻译的标题与译文中的字体、字号、行距、页边距等与论文格式相同。

英文原文(黑体、四号、顶格)英文翻译2(黑体,四号,顶格)外文原文出处:(黑体,四号,顶格)P. Fanning. Nonlinear Models of Reinforced and Post-tensioned Concrete Beams. Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin. Received 16 Jul 2001.非线形模型钢筋和后张法预应力混凝土梁摘要:商业有限元软件一般包括混凝土在荷载做用下非线性反应的专用数值模型。

毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)

毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)

译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展,是经济性,环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加,导致交通拥挤。

道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次,作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤,但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用,因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。

本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点,使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长,环境保护和社会正义。

研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式,可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。

一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。

随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染,减少了道路网络的可靠性.在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设,改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出,作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。

交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况.转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆,或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量,减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。

此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。

继在20世纪70年代初和80年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在2003年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费;直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。

然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。

道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。

英文翻译样本

英文翻译样本

Tailored by : Date :Proofread by : Date :Approved by : Date : Effective Date :Expiry Date :First Delay :Second Delay :Document Revision HistoryCataloguePage1. Purpose (04)2. Scope and Equipment description (04)3. Handling procedure (04)4. Notes (05)5. Reference (06)6. Involving SOP (06)7. Attachments (06)Making a description of cleaning method of the B+S vial washing machine.This SOP is suitable for the cleaning of Formulation Workshop2 B+S vial washing machine.3.1 Cleaning before washing the vials 3.1.1 The cleaning of the vial washing machineOpen the air compress valve and the machine to operating the power source, turn the 3 on the right side on the control table to raise the machine’s cover as the pattern show n.3.1.1.1 Check up if there are some last used Penicillin vials, scrap vials, scrap glasses been left in the machine and clean up. First use totally clean cloth with injection water to wipe the direct contact parts between the machine and Penicillin vials (such as the vial entering revolving stage, vial entering track, vial emerging track, the module used for seizing the vial ), wiping at least three times until we cannot see anything dirty on it.3.1.1.2 Then use totally clean cloth with injection water to wipe the inside parts’ surface of the machine and the inside parts of the cover and wiping at least three times until we cannot see anything dirty on it.3.1.1.3 Use totally clean cloth with injection water to wipe the surface of the machine, include the surface of the cover, the outer of the machine and the outer tube channel, wiping at least three times until we cannot see anything dirty on it.3.1.1.4 Use totally clean cloth with injection water to wipe the control table and touched table softly.3.1.2 The cleaning of the circulate water tank3.1.2.1 Open the cover of the circulate water tank, check up if there is some lasted used water and discharge the water.3.1.2.2 Use totally clean cloth with injection water to wipe the inside surface of the water tank; include the drain wedge, wiping at least three times until we cannot see anything dirty on it.3.1.2.3 Then place the wedge and the cover. Wiping the outer surface of the water tank at least three times.3.2 Cleaning after washing the vials3.2.1 The cleaning of the vial washing machineMake sure that the machine’s cover at the appointed position before cleaning.3.2.1.1 Clean up the left Penicillin vials, scrap vials and scrap glasses after production. First use the totally clean cloth soaked in the 65% ethanol solution to wipe the direct contact parts with Penicillin vials (such as the vial entering revolving stage, vial entering track, vial emerging track, the module used for seizing the vial ),and wiping at least three times until we cannot see anything dirty on it.3.2.1.2 Then use the totally clean cloth soaked in the 65% ethanol solution to wipe the inside parts’ surface of the machine and the inside parts of the cover and wiping at least three times.3.2.1.3 Next use the totally clean cloth soaked in the 65% ethanol solution to wipe the inside parts and outer parts of the cover, the outer surface of the machine and the outer tube channel at least three times.3.2.2 The cleaning of the circulate water tank3.2.2.1 Open the cover of the circulate water tank and take out the wedge. Discharge the water in it.3.2.2.2 Use totally clean cloth with injection water to wipe the inside surface of the water tank; include the drain wedge switch at least three times until we cannot see anything dirty on it.3.2.2.3 Then place the wedge switch and the cover. Wipe the outer surface of the water tank at least three times.3.2.3 Turn the 3 on the left side on the control table, down the vial washing machine’s cover to the bottom, and close the power source and close the air compress valve.3.2.3 Fill the equipment clean and sterilize notes after cleaning.4.1 The before or aftercleaning of the organic glass of circulate water tank vial washing machine should be only use totally clean cloth with injection water.4.2 Avoid scratch when wiping each times.4.3 Avoid touch the electric point when wiping each times.4.4 Make sure all function keys are not active when wiping the control table and avoid scratchthe touched table.Using Instruction of B+S Completely Automatic Washing Installment Using Instruction of Recycle SystemThe SOP of the Cleaning of Production Equipment (General Rule) (EB-098-X; E1011-XX) None。

外文翻译实用模板

外文翻译实用模板

Ⅲ.外文翻译
外文翻译之一
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外文翻译及原文

外文翻译及原文

Pyrolysis of oil sludge first by thermogravimetry/mass spectroscopy (TG/MS) and then in a horizontal quartz reactor with an electrical laboratory furnace under different pyrolysis conditions was carried out. The influence of heating rate from 5 to 20 °Camin-1, final pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 700 °C, various interval holding stage, and catalyst on the products were investigated in detail. The TG/MS results show that pyrolysis reaction of oil sludge starts at a low temperature of about 200 °C, and the maximum evolution rate is observed between the temperatures of 350-500 °C. A higher final pyrolysis temperature, an interval holding stage, and adding catalyst can promote the pyrolysis conversion (in terms of less solid residue production). In all parameters, an interval holding stage for 20 min near the peak temperature of 400 °C can enhance the yield of oil and improve its quality. Three additives used in this work as catalysts do not improve oil product quality markedly in spite of increasing pyrolysis conversion greatly.油泥的裂解首先通过热重/质谱分析(TG / MS),然后在水平石英反应器中具有不同热解条件下的电气实验室炉进行。

外文翻译译文模板

外文翻译译文模板

要求:1、外文资料翻译内容要求:外文资料的内容应为本学科研究领域,并与毕业设计(论文)选题相关的技术资料或专业文献,译文字数应不少于3000汉字以上,同时应在译文末注明原文的出处。

不可采用网络中直接有外文和原文的。

2、外文资料翻译格式要求:译文题目采用小二号黑体,居中;译文正文采用宋体小四号,段前、段后距为0行;行距:固定值20磅。

英文原文如果为打印的话用新罗马(Times New Roman)小四号字。

装订时原文在前,译文在后。

文章中有引用的地方在原文中也要体现。

参考文献也要翻译成中文!用于无线传感器网络数据估算的节能协调算法摘要:无线传感器网络的各节点是用电池供电的,网络的生存期取决于各节点的能耗大小。

考虑到这类传感器网络在不同地方,节点都是检测单一现象并发送信息到汇聚中心(Fusion Center, FC为其缩写形式),以便汇聚中心能够处理实时信息。

在传统的系统中,数据处理任务是由汇聚中心来完成的,在传输之前是没有进行加工处理的。

在综合各种适值计算方法基础上,把网络分成了多个簇,数据分两个部分进行处理。

第一个部分是在各个簇的各个传感器节点上完成本地数据共享。

第二部分将在汇聚中心从各簇节点接收到所有的信息后完成。

本地数据共享将会使比特数据传输方面更高效。

在每个簇的所有节点上,我们可以采用相同的数据备份和一个虚拟的多输入-多输出(V-MIMO)架构,在簇到汇聚(FC)中心之间进行数据传输。

一个虚拟V-MIMO网络是由一组的分布式节点组成,每个节点都有自己的天线。

通过他们之间的数据共享,这些节点将变成传统的MIMO 系统。

在协同/虚拟的MIMO架构提出之前,协同阶段是没有进行任何数据处理或压缩的。

我们改变现有的V-MIMO网络算法来适应我们所关心的特殊类别的传感器网络。

我们用正交的时空分组码(STBC)作为MIMO部分。

通过仿真表明,这种算法相比于传统系统更加节能。

I.简介一个典型的无线传感器网络是由一组小型的、低价的和只有有限能源的传感器节点组成。

外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文原稿The water level control circuit designWater source total ranks sixth in the world, per capita water resources is only a quarter of the world per capita consumption, and geographical distribution is very uneven, the vast region north of the Yangtze River, northin most parts of the medium-sized cities in the dry state, water shortage has become an important factor restricting China's economic development. Reasonable use of water resources has become an important issue for China is now facing. In order to achieve the rational use of water resources, in addition to in beefing water conservancy projects and enhance the people's awareness of water conservation efforts to improve. But more important is the application of new technical information, real-time to accurately understand and master a variety of hydrological information in order to make the right water scheduling and management, so that preventive measures to minimize water wastage . Coupled with long-standing water level measurement of water level has been an important issue in hydrology, water resources department. For the timely detection of the signs of the accident, precautionary measures in the future, economical and practical, reliable water level wireless monitoring systems will play a major role. The water level of dam safety, one of the important parameters for water drainage and irrigation scheduling, water storage, flood discharge.Provides a good foundation for the automation of monitoring, transmission and processing of the water level reservoir modernization. Need to monitor the water level in many areas of industrial and agricultural production. The site may not be able to close without the manpower to monitor, we can RMON, sitting in the control room facing the instrument can be monitored on-site, convenient and save manpower. In order to ensure the safe production of hydroelectric power station to improve power generation efficiency,Hydropower production process need to monitor the water level in the reservoir, trash rack, pressure drop and the tail water level. However, due to the different power plants with a different factual situations, have different technical requirements, and the measurement methods and location of the water level parameters and also the requirements of the monitoring equipment. This often results in the monitoring system equipment of a high degree of variety, interchangeability is not conducive to the maintenance of equipment will increase the equipment design, production, installation complexity. Therefore, on the basis of the actual situation and characteristics of the comprehensive study of hydropower water level monitoring, the use of modern electronic technology, especially single-chip technology and non-volatile memory technology, designed to develop a versatile, high reliability, easy maintenance, the applicable a variety of monitoring the environment, multi-mode automatic water level monitoring system has important practical significance. The subject according to the reservoir water level measurement needs, design a remote microcontroller water level monitoring system, the system automatically detects the water level, time processing, Data GPRS remote upload function. The design of the monitoring system will be significant savings in manpower and resources, low-power 24 hours of continuous monitoring and upload real-time control reservoir water level, to better adapt to the needs of the modern water level measurement, the safety of the dam reservoir, impoundment spillway to provide a basis.Microcontroller embedded microcontrollers are widely used in industrial measurement and control systems, intelligent instruments and household appliances. In real-time detection and automatic control of microcomputer application system, the microcontroller is often as a core component to use. The basic requirements of the water tower water level control system in the case of unattended automatic limit automatically start the motor to reach the water level in the water level in the water tower to the water tower water supply; water tower water level reached the water level upper limit is automatically off the motor to stop water supply. And unusual time to sound the alarm and troubleshooting in the water supply system at any time to ensure that the towers of the external normal water supply role. The water tower is often seen in daily life and industrial applications, water storage devices, external water supply through the control of its water level to meet the needs of its waterlevel control is universal. Regardless of socio-economic rapid water plays an important role in people's normal life and production. Once off the water, ranging from great inconvenience to the people's living standards, weight is likely to cause serious accidents and losses, and thus a higher demand of water supply system to meet the timely, accurate, safe and adequate water supply. If you still use the artificial way, the labor-intensive, low efficiency, safety is hard to guarantee the transformation of the automated control system, which must be carried out. In order to achieve sufficient amount of water, smooth water pressure, water towers, water level automatic control design low-cost, high practical value of the controller. The design uses a separate circuit to achieve high and low warning level processing, and automatic control, save energy, improve the quality of the water supply system.SCM is an integrated circuit chip, VLSI technology with data processing capability of the central processing unit CPU random access memory RAM, read only memory ROM, and a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer other functions (which may also include a display driver circuit, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multi-channel converter, A / D converter and other circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small computer system. The basic features are as follows: the chip is small, but complete, SCM is one of the main features. Its internal program memory, data memory, a variety of interface circuit. Large processor speed is higher, the median more of the arithmetic unit, processing ability, but need to be configured in the external interface circuit; microcontroller clocked generally 100MHZ less suitable for small products for independent work, cited pin number from a few hundred. The application is simple, flexible, and free assembly language and C language development of SCM products. The working process of the microcontroller: microcontroller automatically complete the tasks entrusted to it, that is, single-chip implementation of the procedure for a section of the instruction execution process, the so-called directive requirements for single-chip implementation of the various operations used in the form of the command is to write down , which corresponds to a basic operation of designers assigned to it by the instruction set, an instruction; Full instructions can be executed by the microcontroller, the microcontroller instruction set, the different types of single-chip, and its instruction set is also different. So that the microcontroller canautomatically complete a specific task, the problem to be solved must be compiled into a series of instructions (these instructions must be selected microcontroller to the identification and implementation of the Directive), a collection of this series of instructions to become the program, the program need to pre- stored in the components - memory storage capabilities. Memory is composed by a number of storage units (the smallest unit of storage), like a large building has many rooms composed of the same, the instructions stored in these units, the instruction fetch unit and perform like the rooms of large buildings, each assigned to only a room number, each memory cell must be assigned to a unique address number, the address is known as the address of the storage unit, so as long as you know the address of the storage unit, you can find the storage unit that stores instructions can be removed, and then be executed. Programs are usually executed in the order, instruction program is a sequential storage, single-chip in the implementation of the program to be able to a section of these instructions out and be implemented, there must be a component to track the address of instruction where this part the program counter PC (included in the CPU), the start of program execution, endowed the address where the first instruction of the program to the PC, and then made for each command to be executed, the PC in the content will automatically increase, increase The amount is determined by the instruction length of this article may be 2 or 3, to point to the starting address of the next instruction to ensure the implementation of the instruction sequence.Microcontroller tower water level control system is the basic design requirements: inside the tower, we have designed a simple water level detection sensor used to detect the three water level, the low water level, the normal water level, water level. Low water to give a high single-chip, driven pumps and water, the red light; water level in the normal range, the pump add water, the green light; high water when the pump without water, the yellow light. The design process using the sensor technology, microcomputer technology, and light alarm technology and weak control the strong power of technology. Technical parameters and design tasks: 1, the use of the MCU to control the water level on the tower;, the water level in the water level detection sensor probe was the tower to give the microcontroller in order to achieve the water pump and water system and display system control; 3, the light alarm display system circuit, pumps and hydropower route relaycontrol;, analysis is drawn on the working principle of the system structure and a system block diagram using the microcontroller as a control chip, the main work process when the water in the tower low water level, water level detection sensor gave a high microcontroller, microcontroller-driven pump to add water and display system so that the red light lit; pump add water when the water level within the normal range, the green light, when the water level in the high-water mark, The microcontroller can not drive the water pump to add water, the yellow light. Light alarm circuit, the relay control circuit it works: When the water level in the low water, low water level detection sensor line is not +5 V power supply guide pass into the regulator circuit is treated in the output of the voltage regulator circuit has a high level, into the P1.0 port of the microcontroller, another high voltage circuit output of the microcontroller P1.1 port SCM After analysis, the P1.2 port outputs a low red light, drive, P1. 5 out a signal so that the optocoupler GDOUHE guide through so that the relay is closed, so that the water pump to add water; when the water level in the normal range, water pump plus P1.3 pin to a low level, so that the green light; when the water level in the high-water zone, the sensor of the two detection lines are conduction, are +5 power conduction into the SCM, SCM After analysis, the P1.4 pin out of a low yellow light, The optocoupler guide a low out of the P1.5-side can not pass, so that the relay can not be closed, the pump can not add water; failure when three flashing light indicates the system.译文水位控制电路设计中国水之源总量居世界第六位,人均占有水资源量仅为世界人均占有量的四分之一,并且在地域上分布很不平衡,长江以北的广大地区,特别是北方大、中城市大部分地区处于缺水状态,水资源短缺已成为制约我国经济发展的一个重要因素。

外贸英语样品用语中英对照

外贸英语样品用语中英对照

样品用语样品sample模式||样本||图案pattern标本specimen||type模式||规范model标准standard说明书||商标||标记description brand样品卡sample card样品本sample book样品号码sample number样品簿sample sheet样品切片sample-cutting样品留底||复样dueplicate sample新样品new sample报样outturn sample装船样品||运出样品shipping sample发货人样品shipper's sample标准样品standard sample||type sample商用样品trade sample现货样品||购货样品purchase sample工厂样品maker's sample仲裁人样品umpire sample样品sample passer样品split sample样品selling sample样品buyer's sample样品reference sample样品counter sample样品original sample样品free sample样品sample fair样品sample room样品sample offer||offer with samples 样品sample discount样品sample order样品sample parcel样品sample post样品full set of samples平均选样average sample中等级样品||大路货样品fair average sample与样品相符||按照样品as per sample与样品相同to be equal to sample样品薄pattern book式样卡pattern card送样品to sample取样品to get a sample||to take a sample寄样品||提供样品to send a sample展示样品||陈列样品to show a sample检查样品to inspect a sample凭样品买to buy on sample凭样品卖to sell on sample按照样品||符合样品to be in accordance with the sample||to be according to the sample||to correspond with the sample与样品相符合||可视同to be up to the sample||to be equal to the sample比样品差to be inferior to the sample印花的式样||花纹装饰的式样flowered pattern||flowery pattern新式样new pattern||newest pattern旧式样old-fashioned pattern装饰式样ornamental pattern格花式样shepherd's plaid pattern||checkered pattern条纹式样striped pattern询求样品本公司相信, 4月18日寄出的纪念品必已收到。

南邮外文翻译一范例

南邮外文翻译一范例

南京邮电大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院(系):经济与管理学院专业:学生姓名:班级学号:外文出处:Journal of Occupational Psychology,1977, Vol.50附件:1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文附件:1.外文资料翻译译文重新评估工作满意度和工作生活质量——詹姆斯.C.泰勒有用的工作满意度的措施在评估工作的特点以及改善工作生活质量中是有问题的。

根据民意调查和组织调查显示,多年以来,虽然在高和稳定的工作满意度水平下,雇员的挫折感和异化迹象却一直在增加。

经过更密切的检查,这似是而非的调查导致的结论是:无论再严谨的工作满意度调查及测量,得到的只是修改工作和减少员工的挫折感方面的没必要的信息。

根据以往的经验以及对工作生活质量的研究表明,为了克服这个缺陷,在测量工作满意度的时候,雇员本身需要更多地参与测量。

工作满意度已经成为一个模糊不清的尴尬概念。

许多代表着工业人文主义利益的社会科学调查员都对工作满意度十分有兴趣,他们建议要去关注和改善人与职位的关系,提高工作满意度。

从20世纪30年代开始,这种关注已经从制造业扩展到服务和文职部门。

然而,我们可以断言,大部分对工作满意度的研究都无法仅通过对工作及工作本身的研究。

历史上曾经有过对工作满意度的研究,这或许可以支持或者攻击现状,这种趋势还将继续下去。

尴尬的是,在对美国雇员的工作满意度的继续调查研究中,用极高的百分比来衡量他们工作的满意程度,而在同一时间内降低对工人的承诺,雇员所表达的通过增加缺勤率(特别是部分周缺勤),罢工(因其他原因除了工资)而拒绝谈判达成的合同以及破坏产品的比率显然变得更大。

雇员异化的这些问题已经提起公众的注意,但是如果公众关注继续增长,为什么雇员安静的绝望与工作越来越被看作是与压力之间的和解,这些事实和精心准备将使对工作满意度的严格调查成为必然。

前言本文的目的是在不减少抽样误差和防范反应的情况下,使用更精密的统计测试,在不同的模式下对满意度数据进行界定和衡量。

外文文献翻译译稿和原文【范本模板】

外文文献翻译译稿和原文【范本模板】

外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的,包含噪声的,通过对物体位置的观察序列(可能有偏差)预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。

在很多工程应用(如雷达、计算机视觉)中都可以找到它的身影。

同时,卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。

例如,对于雷达来说,人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标.但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。

卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息,设法去掉噪声的影响,得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计.这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计(滤波),也可以是对于将来位置的估计(预测),也可以是对过去位置的估计(插值或平滑).命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫。

E。

卡尔曼(Rudolph E. Kalman)命名,但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。

斯坦利。

施密特(Stanley Schmidt)首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。

卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时,发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用,后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。

关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling(1958)、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy(1961)发表。

目前,卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现.卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。

除此以外,还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种.也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环,它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。

以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。

卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型(hidden Markov model)上.其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示,该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声(即正态分布的噪声)干扰的线性算子上的。

系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示.随着离散时间的每一个增加,这个线性算子就会作用在当前状态上,产生一个新的状态,并也会带入一些噪声,同时系统的一些已知的控制器的控制信息也会被加入。

外文文献原稿和译文模板

外文文献原稿和译文模板

(空一行)原□□稿(空一行) IntroductionThe "jumping off" point for this paper is Reengineering the Corporation, by Michael Hammer and James Champy. The paper goes on to review the literature on BPR. It explores the principles and assumptions behind reengineering, looks for commonfactors behind its successes or failures, examines case studies, and presents alternatives to "classical" reengineering theory. The paper pays particular attention to the role of information technology in BPR. In conclusion, the paper offers somespecific recommendations regarding reengineering. Old Wine in New BottlesThe concept of reengineering traces its origins back to management theories developed as early as the nineteenth century. The purpose of reengineering is to "make all your processes the best-in-class." Frederick Taylor suggested in the 1880's that managers use process reengineering methods to discover the best processes for performing work, and that these processes be reengineered to optimize productivity. BPR echoes the classical belief that there is one best way to conduct tasks. In Taylor's time, technology did not allow large companies to design processes in across-functional or cross-departmental manner. Specialization was the state-of-theart method to improve efficiency given the technology of the time.(下略)正文内容:新罗马“TimesNewRoman ”字体,小四号字。

样本英文版翻译

样本英文版翻译

企业简介LNDSAN electric power control technology co., LTD. (formerly Shenyang Dongsheng Electric Technology Research Institute) was established in 2003 a high-tech enterprises, located in the beautiful environment of Shenyang Hunnan New District. Covering 20 acres, construction area of more than 8000 square. Mainly engaged in the development of high-power power electronics equipment, design and manufacturing business. Products include: TSC Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation, SVG static var generator, APF active power filter, HVC+TSC and TAPF hybrid compensation such as more than 20 kinds of optimization of electric energy quality products. The leading products and core technology are all advanced in the world, and provide the complete solution to the customers in improving power quality, optimizing control and saving energy consumption etc..Company's existing staff of more than 200 people, including senior titles more than 20 people, engaged in new product development, marketing, engineering services and senior management staff of 80% of the staff with bachelor's and master's degrees. Strong technical development ability, complete test means, strong guarantee the product in the industry leading technology position. Products widely used in electric power, metallurgy, coal, chemical industry, machinery manufacturing, non-ferrous metals, electrified railway, wind power, shipbuilding and other fields, the product quality conforms to the national GB725187 GB5022795 standards, and strictly according to ISO9001 quality system certification procedures and standards to organize production, so that all aspects of the work efficiency and service to improve and perfect. Dongsheng Electric brand products to energy-saving effect significantly, stable quality and high praise, but also for the manufacturers to win greater social and economic benefits.The company's development strategy: Guangju talents of science and technology, to carry out forward-looking technology product development, relying on high-tech products, based on the domestic market, explore the international market, to create a world-class electrical enterprises. LNDSAN electric power control technology co., LTD, adhere to the innovation of system and technology, the use of advanced management mode, relying on high technology, and continuously improve the core competitiveness of enterprises. Independent operation, for users provide quality products and services, it can help users to optimize the power system, improve power quality, power users to a higher level of automation and more reliable power supply of the direction of development.(有道) Liaoning DongCheng essence power control technology co., LTD. (formerly shenyang DongCheng power technology research institute) was founded in 2003, high-tech enterprises, located in the beautiful environment of shenyang muddy south district. Covers an area of 20 mu, building area of more than 8000. Mainly engaged in high-power power electronic equipment research and development, design and manufacturing business. Products include: TSC dynamic reactive power compensation, SVG static reactive power generator, APF active filter device, the HVCS + TSC, TAPF hybrid compensation and so on more than 20 series of products which can optimize the power quality. Leading products and core technologies in the world are in the advanced level, in improving the quality of electric energy, optimization control and saving energy and reducing consumption, and so on to provide complete solutions to our customers.Company existing staff 200 people, more than 20 people, more than one senior pharmacist) is engaged in new product development, marketing, engineering services and senior management staff of 80% of staff with bachelor's and master's degree. Strong technology research and development capabilities, supporting complete test methods, powerful guarantee the products in the industry leading technology.Products are widely services in electric power, metallurgy, coal, chemical industry, machinery, non-ferrous metals, electrified railway, wind power generation, shipbuilding and other fields, product quality in line with the national GB725187, GB5022795 standards, and in strict accordance with ISO9001 quality system certification procedures and standards organizations production, make each link of the work efficiency and service was improved and perfected. DongCheng power brand products to energy-saving effect is remarkable, stable quality and get high praise, also win greater social and economic benefits for the manufacturer.Company development strategy: carries out scientific and technological personnel, conducting forward-looking technology product development, relying on high-tech products, based on the domestic market, expand the international market, a world-class electric enterprises.Liaoning DongCheng essence power control technology co., LTD., adhere to the system and technology innovation, the use of advanced management mode, relying on high-tech, continuously improve the core competitiveness of enterprises. Operate independently, to provide users with high-quality products and services, help the user to optimize power system, improve power quality, power users to have higher automation level and the direction of the power supply is more reliable.目录Directory DirectoryHigh voltage reactive power compensation device seriesDESVG high voltage static var generatorDETSC high voltage dynamic reactive power compensation deviceDEHVC high-voltage intelligent reactive power compensation deviceDEHVC+TSC hybrid high voltage dynamic reactive power compensatorSeries of reactive power compensation deviceDESVG low-voltage static var generatorDETSC low voltage dynamic reactive power compensatorDETSVG Hybrid Dynamic Var GeneratorFiltering device seriesDEAPF active filterDETSF dynamic filtering deviceDEFC passive filterPower electronic device seriesDEC-G high voltage reactive power compensation controllerDEC-D low voltage dynamic reactive power compensation controllerDEC-B intelligent reactive power compensation controllerDEC-F intelligent low voltage phase split reactive power compensation controller DSC-B2000 capacitor integrated protection unitDE-CKSG low pressure dry core series reactorDES-TSC dynamic reactive power compensation regulatorDES-FKA intelligent composite switch。

外文资料翻译模板

外文资料翻译模板

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别经济与贸易系专业经济学班级 B070403姓名贲钦涵学号 B07040315外文出处 附件 1. 原文; 2. 译文2011年3月Fruit Industry of ShaanxiLocated in central China, Shaanxi is one of the important cradles of Chinese nation and civilization with its profound history. In history, 13 dynasties before the Middle Ages ever founded capital here for 1300 years. The world-famous Terracotta Warriors and Horses are in Shaanxi. Since China`s reform and opening up to the outside world, Shaanxi has got rapid development in fruit industry, mainly apple production and becomes a leading fruit producing province in China.1. The Brief introduction to Shaanxi Fruit IndustryLocated across the temperate zone, warm temperate zone and north semitropical zone, Shaanxi has diverse natural conditions, which are suitable for fruit production. In particular, the North Loess Plateau of Wei River has the most suitable climate for producing the quality apple. Besides, with high altitude (800-1400m), big temperature difference between daytime and night (11.8-16.6`C), thick and loose soil (80-200m), rich microelements such as kalium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and selenium, as well as less pollution, the Loess Plateau is recognized as the best apple-producing area in the world. Apples produced here are fresh, juicy, and endurable for storage and transport, thus enjoying great popularity among consumers both at home and abroad.Since the 1980s, with good location, natural conditions and regional features, Shaanxi tries to establish quality fruit base through rational resource allocation and industrialized operation. Now the fruit production, especially the apple, has become an advantageous and unique industry in Shaanxi. In 2002, the Ministry of Agriculture identified Shaanxi as the preponderant apple production region in China. In September 2003, the State General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine approved the protection of Shaanxi Apple as an original region product. And in November 2005, Shaanxi Apple has joined the OriGIn. Shaanxi fruit industry has become competitive enough in world market.(1)Shaanxi has become the biggest fruit producing and juice processing base in China, even the world.By 2005, Shaanxi had 817,000 hectares of fruit with an output of 7.66 million tons, including 426,000 hectares of apple producing area, ranking the first in China with an output of 5.60 million tons, which takes up 27% of China`s total and 10% of world`s total. Shaanxi has become an important apple-producing base in China, evenin the world. It is also an original place of Chinese kiwifruit with an area of 16,000 hectares and output of 240,000 tons, ranking the first in China. It also has 60,000 hectares of pears with an output of 620,000 tons, ranking the third in China; and 117,000 hectares of red jujube with an output of 190,000 tons (dry weight), ranking the fifth in China. Besides, Shaanxi has commercial production of red globe grape, persimmon, orange, peach, and pomegranate and so on. The apple juice concentrate has an annual output of 630,000 tons, 90% of which are for export with output of 300,000 tons, taking up one third of the international trade. With juice quality recognized by international brands such as Nestles, Heinz, Tropicana, Maas, and Coca Cola, Shaanxi has maintained steady cooperation with them.(2)Shaanxi has introduced and developed a series of new fruit variety for world market.Since China's entry into the WTO, the fruit industry of Shaanxi has entered international market. We have established a plant breeding system with Shaanxi Fruit Tree Propagation Center as the main part, winning a vantage point in terms of multi-variety, rich series and internationalized structure. Over 90% of apples are of fine varieties, including Red Fuji, Pink Lady, Gala, Starkrimson, etc. Hayward kiwifruit and Red Globe Grape are popular among domestic and oversea consumers as a leading variety in Shaanxi fruit. In addition, the specialties such as peach, pear, red jujube and pomegranate are exported to the world.(3)Shaanxi has established a complete fruit quality control system.In recent years, in line with market demand, Shaanxi has made great efforts on the fine fruit project by implementing the standardized management, by building ecological orchards comprising fruit, animal husbandry, methane gas, vault and pasture, by carrying out integrated prevention and treatment of fruit diseases and pests, as well as by developing green and organic fruit. Now 178,000 hectares of green food have been authorized by China Green Food Development Center, including 160,000 hectares of apples, ranking the first in China. Since the year of 2006 Shaanxi has established the organic apple orchards following the EU organic food standard. Now the CU is authorizing it and 20,000Mu is expected to pass the authorization within this year.(4)Shaanxi has flagship enterprises competitive to enter international market.Many enterprises engaging in fruit storage, packing, processing, transport and sale have emerged as leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization of Shaanxi,even China, such as Shaanxi Haisheng, Huasheng, Hengxing, Fu`an, Y an`an Fruit Group, Xianyang Fruit Group and Baishui Hongda. With advanced technology and management, these enterprises have got improvement in industrial development by connecting fruit planters with international market and by adopting the operation system integrating producing, processing and marketing. At present, the storage capacity reaches 2.5 million tons, including controlled atmosphere storage and cold storage capacity of 800,000 tons. Meanwhile, Shaanxi is working on the certified fruit orchards for export. Up to now, 285 fruit orchards with an area of 22,700 hectares already passing the authorization of Canada, Thailand and EU, of which 18 fruit orchards of 470 hectares have passed the EU Authorization of the Regulations of Agricultural Operation, which lays solid foundation for more export. According to Shaanxi Administration for the Inspection of Import and Export Commodities, 358,000 tons of fruits with total value of USD 250,000,000 were inspected in 2005. According to the statistics of Xi`an Customs, 293,000 tons of fruit products produced by Shaanxi companies were exported with total value of USD 200,000,000, accounting for 74.5% of the total value of primary products in Shaanxi. Now Shaaxi fruits are sold to over 78 countries and regions such as Europe, North America, South America, Southeast Asia, etc.2. Shaanxi is determined to make its apple product an international industry.Based on its natural resource, rich variety, advanced technology, market network and complete management and service systems, Shaanxi has formed the conditions and characteristics of international industry. Besides, the globalization of world economy makes it necessary to develop apple production of Shaanxi as an international industry. Shaanxi will seek internationalized and modernized development of apple production by implementing its structural adjustment, speeding up construction of standard base, extending industry chain and expanding international market. By 2010, Shaanxi will have 15,000,000Mu of fruit with a gross output of 12 million tons, including 8,000,000Mu of apples with an output of 8,000,000 tons. By then, annual 1,000,000 tons of fresh fruit will be produced for export and border trade; 400,000 tons of fruit juice will be exported with foreign exchange of USD 1 billion; the added value of fruit industry will reach RMB 11 billion; and the annual income of the planters will reach RMB 5000 per capita, which just indicate industrial develop and income increase.3. The promising cooperation in fruit industry between Shaanxi and Europe.Shaanxi is an important region for planting northern fruit like apple and pear. Under the economic globalization, the apple production of Shaanxi has formed the characteristics of internationalized development; Europe has advanced technology of fruit planting, high-level industrialization and prosperous international trade. The cooperation between Shaanxi and Europe would be promising in fields like ecological orchard construction, fruit processing, construction of modern logistic market and international trade.(1)The construction of ecological orchard.On the basis of the ecological orchard comprising fruit, animal husbandry, methane gas, vault and pasture, the capital and technology of Europe as well as EU organic food standard, an ecological orchard demonstration-training center will be built to improve Shaanxi fruit production for international market.(2)The fruit processingDepending on the abundant fruit resources of Shaanxi, the local government encourages big European fruit enterprises and investors to invest or joint-invest to build world-class fruit processing plants and controlled atmosphere storage facilities for supplying fruit to international market.(3)The establishment of modern logistics.Shaanxi is optimizing its investment environment for attracting big European fruit enterprises and investors to invest or cooperate in building modern fruit logistic market so as to provide Shaanxi enterprises and international buyers with services like fruit information, transport and international trade, thus making Shaanxi become a center of global fruit trade.(4)The cooperation in fruit trade.Shaanxi will set up a trade platform to promote cooperation in fruit trade between fruit enterprises of Shaanxi and Europe so as to achieve mutual benefit.To promote cooperation in fruit trade between China and Europe, the China (Shaanxi)-Europe Fruit Entrepreneurs Round-Table Conference will be held at the Renaissance and Marriott Hotel in Brussels, Belgium on November 17th, 2006. This conference is organized by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China and the China Shaanxi Provincial People's Government, co-sponsored by Belgian Chinese Economic and Commercial Council, undertaken by the International Cooperation Department of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, the Foreign Economic Cooperation Center of Ministry of Agriculture of thePeople's Republic of China, the China Shaanxi Provincial Fruit Administrative Bureau, and China Shaanxi Provincial Department of Commerce. About 150 people from China and EU authorities and over 70 fruit import and export enterprises, world-famous supermarkets and fruit processing facility suppliers will attend this conference. In the theme of"setting up platform, strengthening communication and promoting cooperation", the conference will provide trade policies, production and sale information, exhibit fruit products, promote cooperation in fruit trade, orchard construction, fruit processing, controlled atmosphere storage, modern logistics, etc.陕西果业陕西位于中国中部,是中华民族重要的发祥地之一,具有悠久的历史。

外文翻译资料及译文

外文翻译资料及译文

附录C:外文翻译资料Article Source:Business & Commercial Aviation, Nov 20, 2000. 5-87-88 Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals Electronic publications can increase the efficiency of your digital aircraft and analogtechnicians.Benoff, DaveComputerized technical manuals are silently revolutionizing the aircraft maintenance industry by helping the technician isolate problems quickly, and in the process reduce downtime and costs by more than 10 percent.These electronic publications can reduce the numerous volumes of maintenance manuals, microfiche and work cards that are used to maintain engines, airframes, avionics and their associated components."As compared with the paper manuals, electronic publications give us greater detail and reduced research times," said Chuck Fredrickson, general manager of Mercury Air Center in Fort Wayne, Ind.With all the advances in computer hardware and software technologies, such as high quality digital multimedia, hypertext and the capability to store and transmit digital multimedia via CD-ROMs/ networks, technical publication companies have found an effective, cost-efficient method to disseminate data to technicians.The solution for many operators and OEMs is to take advantage of today's technology in the form of Electronic Technical Manuals (ETM) or Interactive Technical Manuals (IETM). An ETM is any technical manual prepared in digital format that has the ability to be displayed using any electronic hardware media. The difference between the types of ETM/IETMs is the embedded functionality and implementation of the data."The only drawback we had to using ETMs was getting enough computers to meet our technicians' demand," said Walter Berchtold, vice president of maintenance at Jet Aviation's West Palm Beach, Fla., facility.A growing concern is the cost to print paper publications. In an effort to reduce costs, some aircraft manufacturers are offering incentives for owners to switch from paper to electronic publications. With an average printing cost of around 10 cents per page, a typical volume of a paper technical manual can cost the manufacturer over $800 for each copy. When producing a publication electronically, average production costs for a complete set of aircraft manuals are approximately $20 per copy. It is not hard to see the cost advantages of electronic publications.Another advantage of ETMs is the ease of updating information. With a paper copy, the manufacturer has to reprint the revised pages and mail copies to all the owners. When updates are necessary for an electronic manual, changes can either be e-mailed to theowners or downloaded from the manufacturer's Web site.So why haven't more flight departments converted their publications to ETM/IETMs? The answer lies in convincing technicians that electronic publications can increase their efficiency."We had an initial learning curve when the technicians switched over, but now that they are familiar with the software they never want to go back to paper," said Fredrickson.A large majority of corporate technicians also said that while they like the concept of having a tool that aids the troubleshooting process, they are fearful to give up all of their marked-up paper manuals.In 1987, a human factors study was conducted by the U.S. government to compare technician troubleshooting effectiveness, between paper and electronic methodology, and included expert troubleshooting procedures with guidance through the events. Results of the project indicated that technicians using electronic media took less than half the time to complete their tasks than those using the paper method, and technicians using the electronic method accomplished 65 percent more in that reduced time.The report also noted that new technicians using the electronic technical manuals were 12-percent more efficient than the older, more experienced technicians. (Novices using paper took 15 percent longer than the experts.)It is interesting that 90 percent of the technicians who used the electronic manuals said they preferred them to the paper versions. This proved to the industry that with proper training, the older technicians could easily transition from paper to electronic media.Electronic publications are not a new concept, although how they are applied today is. "Research over the last 20 years has provided a solid foundation for today's IETM implementation," said Joseph Fuller of the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center. "IETMs such as those for the Apache, Comanche, F-22, JSTAR and V-22 have progressed from concept to military and commercial implementation."In the late 1970s, the U.S. military investigated the feasibility of converting existing paper and microfilm. The Navy Technical Information Presentation System (NTIPS) and the Air Force Computer- based Maintenance Aid System (CMAS) were implemented with significant cost savings.The report stated that transition to electronic publications resulted in reductions in corrective maintenance time, fewer false removals of good components, more accurate and complete maintenance data collection reports, reduction in training requirements and reduced system downtime.The problem that the military encountered was ETMs were created in multiple levels of complexity with little to no standardization. Options for publications range from simple page-turning programs to full-functioning automated databases.This resulted in the classification of ETMs so that the best type of electronic publication could be selected for the proper application.Choosing a LevelWith all of the OEM and second- and third-party electronic publications that are available it is important that you choose the application level that is appropriate for your operation.John J. Miller, BAE Systems' manager of electronic publications, told B/CAthat "When choosing the level of an ETM/IETM, things like complexity of the aircraft and its systems, ease of use, currency of data and commonality of data should be the deciding factors; and, of course, price. If operational and support costs are reduced when you purchase a full-functioning IETM, then you should purchase the better system."Miller is an expert on the production, sustainment and emerging technologies associated with electronic publications, and was the manager of publications for Boeing in Philadelphia.Electronic publications are classified in one of five categories. A Class 1 publication is a basic electronic "page turner" that allows you to view the maintenance manual as it was printed. With a Class 2 publication all the original text of the manual is viewed as one continuous page with no page breaks. In Class 3, 4 and 5 publications the maintenance manual is viewed on a computer in a frame-based environment with increasing options as the class changes. (See sidebar.)Choosing the appropriate ETM for your operation is typically limited to whatever is being offered on the market, but since 1991 human factors reports state the demand has increased and, therefore, options are expected to follow.ETM/IETM ProvidersCompanies that create ETM/IETMs are classified as either OEM or second party provider. Class 1, 3 and 4 ETM/IETMs are the most commonly used electronic publications for business and commercial operators and costs can range anywhere from $100 to $3,000 for each ETM/ IETM. The following are just a few examples ofETM/IETMs that are available on the market.Dassault Falcon Jet offers operatorsof the Falcon 50/50EX, 900/900EX and 2000 a Class 4 IETM called the Falcon Integrated Electronic Library by Dassault (FIELD). Produced in conjunction with Sogitec Industries in Suresnes Cedex, France, the electronic publication contains service documentation, basic wiring, recommended maintenance and TBO schedules, maintenance manual, tools manual, service bulletins, maintenance and repair manual, and avionics manual.The FIELD software allows the user to view the procedures and hot- link directly to the Illustrated parts catalog. The software also enables the user to generate discrepancy forms, quotation sheets, annotations in the manual and specific preferences for each user.BAE's Miller said most of the IETM presentation systems have features called "Technical Notes." If a user of the electronic publication notices a discrepancy or needs to annotate the manual for future troubleshooting, the user can add a Tech Note (an electronic mark-up) to the step or procedure and save it to the base document. The next time that or another user is in the procedure, clicking on the tech note icon launches a pop-up screen displaying the previous technician's comments. The same electronic transfer of tech notes can be sent to other devices by using either a docking station or through a network server. In addition, systems also can use "personal notes" similar to technical notes that are assigned ID codes that only the authoring technician can access.Requirements for the FIELD software include the minimum of a 16X CD-ROM drive,Pentium II 200 MHz computer, Windows 95, Internet Explorer 4 SP 1 and Database Access V3.5 or higher.Raytheon offers owners of Beech and Hawker aircraft a Class 4 IETM called Raytheon Electronic Publication Systems (REPS). The REPS software links the frame-based procedures with the parts catalog using a single CD-ROM.Raytheon Aircraft Technical Publications said other in- production Raytheon aircraft manual sets will be converted to the REPS format, with the goal of having all of them available by 2001. In addition Raytheon offers select Component Maintenance Manuals (CMM). The Class 1 ETM is a stand-alone "page-turner" electronic manual that utilizes the PDF format of Adobe Acrobat.Other manufacturers including Bombardier, Cessna and Gulfstream offer operators similar online and PDF documentation using a customer- accessed Web account.Boeing is one manufacturer that has developed an onboard Class 5 IETM. Called the Computerized Fault Reporting System (CFRS), it has replaced the F-15 U.S. Air Force Fault Reporting Manuals. Technologies that are currently being applied to Boeing's military system are expected to eventually become a part of the corporate environment.The CFRS system determines re-portable faults by analyzing information entered during a comprehensive aircrew debrief along with electronically recovered maintenance data from the Data Transfer Module (DTM). After debrief the technicians can review aircraft faults and schedule maintenance work to be performed. The maintenance task is assigned a Job Control Number (JCN) and is forwarded electronically to the correct work center or shop. Appropriate information is provided to the Air Force's Core Automated Maintenance System (CAMS).When a fault is reported by pilot debrief, certain aircraft systems have the fault isolation procedural data on a Portable Maintenance Aid (PMA). The JCN is selected on a hardened laptop with a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) connection to the CFRS LAN infrastructure. The Digital Wiring Data System (DWDS) displays aircraft wiring diagrams to the maintenance technician for wiring fault isolation. On completion of maintenance, the data collected is provided to the Air Force, Boeing and vendors for system analysis.Third party IETM developers such as BAE Systems and Dayton T. Brown offer OEMs the ability to subcontract out the development of Class 1 through 5 ETM/IETMs. For example, Advantext, Inc. offers PDF and IPDF Class 1 ETMs for manufacturers such as Piper and Bell Helicopters. Technical publications that are available include maintenance manuals, parts catalogs, service bulletins, wiring diagrams, service letters and interactive parts ordering forms.The difference between the PDF and IPDF version is that the IPDF version has the ability to search for text and include hyperlinks. A Class 1 ETM, when printed, is an exact reproduction of the OEM manuals, including any misspellings or errors. Minimum requirements for the Advantext technical publications is a 486 processor, 16 MB RAM with 14 MB of free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Aircraft Technical Publishers (ATP) offers Class 1, 2 and 3 ETM/ IETMsfor the Beechjet 400/400A; King Air 300/ 350, 200 and 90; Learjet 23/24/25/28/29/35/36/55; Socata TB9/10/20/21 and TBM 700A; Sabreliner 265-65, -70 and -80; andBeech 1900. The libraries can include maintenance manuals, Illustrated parts bulletins, wiring manuals, Airworthiness Directives, Service Bulletins, component maintenance manuals and structural maintenance manuals. System minimum requirements are Pentium 133 MHz, Windows 95 with 16 MB RAM, 25 MB free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Additional providers such as Galaxy Scientific are providing ETM/ IETMs to the FAA. This Class 2, 3 and 4 publication browser is used to store, display and edit documentation for the Human Factors Section of the administration."Clearly IETMs have moved from research to reality," said Fuller, and the future looks to hold more promise.The Future of Tech PubsThe use of ETM/IETMs on laptop and desktop computers has led research and development corporations to investigate the human interface options to the computer. Elements that affect how a technician can interface with a computer are the work environment, economics and ease of use. Organizations such as the Office of Naval Research have focused their efforts on the following needs of technicians: -- Adaptability to the environment.-- Ease of use.-- Improved presentation of complex system relationship.-- Maximum reuse and distribution of engineering data.-- Intelligent data access.With these factors in mind, exploratory development has begun in the areas of computer vision, augmented reality display and speech recognition.Computer vision can be created using visual feedback from a head- mounted camera. The camera identifies the relative position and orientation of an object in an observed scene, and the object is used to correlate the object with a three-dimensional model. In order for a computer vision scenario to work, engineering data has to be provided through visually compatible software.When systems such as Sogitech's View Tech electronic publication browser and Dassault Systemes SA's Enovia are combined, a virtual 3D model is generated.The digital mockup allows the engineering information to directly update the technical publication information. If a system such as CATIA could be integrated into a Video Reference System (VRS), then it could be possible that a technician would point the camera to the aircraft component, the digital model identifies the component and the IETM automatically displays the appropriate information.This example of artificial intelligence is already under development at companies like Boeing and Dassault. An augmented reality display is a concept where visual cues are presented to users on a head-mounted, see-through display system.The cues are presented to the technician based on the identification of components on a 3D model and correlation with the observed screen. The cues are then presented as stereoscopic images projected onto the object in the observed scene.In addition a "Private Eye" system could provide a miniature display of the maintenance procedure that is provided from a palm- size computer. Limited success hascurrently been seen in similar systems for the disabled. The user of a Private Eye system can look at the object selected and navigate without ever having to touch the computer. Drawbacks from this type of system are mental and eye fatigue, and spatial disorientation.Out of all the technologies, speech recognition has developed into an almost usable and effective system. The progression through maintenance procedures is driven by speaker-independent recognition. A state engine controls navigation, and launches audio responses and visual cues to the user. Voice recognition software is available, although set up and use has not been extremely successful.Looking at other industries, industrial manufacturing has already started using "Palm Pilot" personal digital assistants (PDAs) to aid technicians in troubleshooting. These devices allow the technician to have the complete publication beside them when they are in tight spaces. "It would be nice to take the electronic publications into the aircraft, so we are not constantly going back to the work station to print out additional information," said Jet Aviation's Berchtold.With all the advantages that a ETM/ IETM offers it should be noted that electronic publications are not the right solution all of the time, just as CBT is not the right solution for training in every situation. Only you can determine if electronic publications meet your needs, and most technical publication providers offer demo copies for your review. B/CA IllustrationPhoto: Photograph: BAE Systems' Christine Gill prepares a maintenance manual for SGML conversion BAE Systems; Photograph: Galaxy Scientific provides the FAA's human factors group with online IETM support.; Photograph: Raytheon's Class 4 IETM "REPS" allows a user to see text and diagrams simultaneously with hotlinks to illustrated parts catalogs.外文翻译资料译文部分文章出处:民航商业杂志,2000-11-20,5-87-88交互式电子技术手册的电子出版物可以提高数字飞机和模拟技术的效率。

外文翻译-参考模板

外文翻译-参考模板

外文翻译:光催化剂CeFeO3的合成和表征及其光催化降解龙胆紫J. Ameta a, A. Kumar a, R. Ameta b,*, V.K. Sharma a and S.C. Ameta aa光化学与太阳能实验室,化学系,科学学院,穆汉拉尔苏哈迪亚大学,乌代布尔,印度b Meera女子公立学院,乌代布尔-313001(拉贾斯坦邦),印度摘要:三元氧化物作为有效的光催化剂已在众多化学反应中应用。

这些氧化物催化剂的制备方法对其催化性能有重要影响。

在近期研究中,铈铁氧化物催化剂通过共沉淀法和独特的加热周期已成功合成。

合成的催化剂用X射线衍射仪表征。

染料龙胆紫作为降解物,用合成的催化剂对其光催化降解,反应进行的程度用分光光度计检测。

文中讨论了一些影响因素,例如龙胆紫溶液的浓度,pH,半导体的用量和光照强度,并且提出了龙胆紫光催化降解的机理。

关键词:光催化剂,CeFeO3,光催化降解,龙胆紫引言治理水污染的方法很多,例如加热脱水,碳吸附等。

其中最经济环保的方法就是光催化反应。

下述是文献查阅到的光催化反应在污水治理方面的应用。

Alton和Ferry把SiW12O4作为光催化剂,光催化降解酸性橙7[1]。

Blajeni等人在SrTiO3和TiO2悬乳液中,把CO2和水光还原成甲醛和甲醇[2]。

Domen等人研究用催化剂NiO-SrTiO3光催化分解水蒸气[3]。

Priya和Madras研究用煅烧合成的纳米TiO2光催化降解硝基苯[4]。

Chen等人研究在紫外光和可光照射下,一维纳米TiO2光降解有色染料污染[5]。

Wang等人进行了Sn(IV)掺杂纳米TiO2降解橘黄G的动力学研究[6]。

Kako等人针对TiO2催化降解H2S的催化中毒提出预防措施[7]。

Chittora等人用ZnO,Fe2O3等光催化剂光还原CO2[8]。

Muradav等人用催化剂Pt/CdS胶粒在H2S溶液里脱氢[9]。

Swarnkar等人研究了龙胆紫在CdS半导体表面的光催化漂白[10]。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(搭配使用)

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(搭配使用)

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院:经济管理学院专业:工商管理姓名:毛长雪学号: 070202130外文出处:Industrial Marketing Management附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

(用外文写)附件1:外文资料翻译译文非关键项目的采购定制降低了汽车成本供应链:一个行动研究项目Giancarlo Medeiros Pereira a, Miguel Afonso Sellitto a,Borchardt a, Albert Geiger ba Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, UNISI NOS Av. UNISINOS, 950, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazilb Instituto Gaúcho de Estudos Automotivos, IGEA, Av. Assis Brasil, 8787, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil2。

理论框架:供应链发展趋势发现一些行业很难实现可持续竞争优势,甚至难以确保他们的生存,因为该行业的复杂性和活力,他们面临的不确定性之高(巴斯克斯-特洛和埃夫拉,2006)。

在汽车行业,公司有'组织'的将供应商结构化网络化,野中和竹内报告(1986)以及今井野中和Takeuchi(1985)。

他们展示了如何带领厂商达到'主'(或第一层)和中学组(或分供应商第二层)的分包商。

基于成本效益分析,许多生产功能已经被外包到独立运营商和分包商(小田部及美利,2004)。

这种外包允许汽车装配分包商降低他们的总成本,提高质量,节省空间和缩短开发时间(亨克, 2000年)。

拓宽供应商来提高质量,降低基地费用(民,2009)。

这种趋势也可以到在一线和二线的汽车行业的供应商那观察,这也包括被迫外包的份额,其活动规模为较小的组织(Mudambi和助手,1998年)。

英文翻译样本

英文翻译样本

本科毕业论文外文翻译题目官僚制学生姓名黄晓惠学号04132201 教学院系人文社会科学学院专业年级公共管理2004级指导教师胡雨职称讲师单位人文社会科学学院辅导教师周斌职称助教单位人文社会科学学院完成日期2008 年 6 月13 日官僚制Max Weber官僚制的特征现代官场职能的作用有以下具体方式:Ⅰ.固定的、正式的权限范围,这一范围一般是由法来加以规定的。

1.对于官僚管治结构目的是遵循一定的活动规则,其是用一个固定的方式,作为官方的职责。

2.给予命令的当局是通过强制性的规则手段,实际地、圣职地、确实地划定或者是用一个稳定的方式对于这些必需的责任尽职,其又被安置由官员支配。

3.只有雇员通常有被调控的资格,其被迫连续的履行这些责任规则及实施相应的权利,并做出有条不紊的供应服务。

在公开和合法的政府“官僚当局”由这三个元素构成。

在私有经济当局时,他们形成了官僚“管理”。

因而可以了解的是,官僚,仅仅是在政治和传教士充分发展的社区现代状态的,在私有经济,在资本主义的最先进的机关。

永久和公职当局与固定的司法,是没有历史规则,那么甚而在大政治结构例如那些古老东方,占领德国和蒙古帝国,或者许多封建结构状态,而是宁可例外。

在所有这些案件,统治者通过个人委托人、同事或者律师助理执行最重要的措施。

他们的每个案件的委员会和当局没有精确地被划定和临时地叫入的。

Ⅱ.权威有组织的层级结构和各种等级授予,有一种牢固而有秩序的上下级制度。

这样上下级制度提供被治理的可能性的,它的高级负责人喜欢一个更低层级决定的方式,其可以明确地被调控。

官僚类型充分的发展,权力阶层习惯性被组织。

等级制度的权力当局的原则在大党组织和私人企业中被找到。

不为官僚字符为重要性的它的当局是否称“私有”或“公众”。

至少在公职方面,当管辖权“能力”原则被充分地维持,等级制度的附属,不意味着“更高的”当局被批准接收事务“低”。

的确它的任务倾向于现有继续和由另一个新任的举行。

样品英文合同范本

样品英文合同范本

样品英文合同范本This Contract (the "Agreement") is made and entered into as of this ______ day of _______, ______, and between ______ ("Client"), a pany organized and existing under the laws of ______, with its principal place of business at _______, and ______ ("Contractor"), a pany organized and existing under the laws of ______, with its principal place of business at _______, (each a "Party" and collectively the "Parties").WHEREAS, Client desires to engage Contractor to provide certn services as more particularly described herein, and Contractor is willing to provide such services, on the terms and conditions set forth herein.NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements hereinafter set forth and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are here acknowledged, the Parties hereto agree as follows:1. Services: Contractor agrees to provide to Client the following services (the "Services"): ______. The Services shall be performed in accordance with the specifications and timeframes set forth in Exhibit A attached hereto and incorporated herein reference.2. Compensation: In consideration for the Services to be performed Contractor, Client shall pay Contractor the pensation set forth in Exhibit B attached hereto and incorporated herein reference. All payments shall be made in accordance with the payment schedule set forth therein.3. Confidentiality: Each Party acknowledges that it may have access to certn confidential or proprietary information of the other Party, whether in oral, written, visual, electronic or other form ("Confidential Information"). Each Party agrees to hold the other Party's Confidential Information in strict confidence and not to disclose it to any third party, except as permitted this Agreement or as required law. The obligations of confidentiality shall survive the termination or expiration of this Agreement.4. Termination: This Agreement may be terminated either Party upon written notice to the other Party in the event of a material breach the other Party that remns uncured for a period of thirty (30) days following written notice thereof. In addition, either Party may terminate this Agreement without cause upon ninety (90) days' prior written notice to the other Party.5. Governing Law: This Agreement shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of ______, without regard to its conflict of laws principles.6. Dispute Resolution: Any disputes arising out of or related to this Agreement shall be resolved through binding arbitration in accordance with the rules of the International Chamber of Commerce. The arbitration shall be conducted in ______, and the decision of the arbitrator(s) shall be final and binding upon the Parties.7. Amendment and Modification: This Agreement may be amended or modified only a written instrument executed both Parties.8. Severability: If any term or provision of this Agreement is held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, the remning terms and provisions of this Agreement shall not be affected there.9. Wver: No flure or delay any Party in exercising any right, power or privilege under this Agreement shall operate as a wver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any other right, power or privilege under this Agreement.10. Assignment: Neither Party may assign or transfer this Agreement, or any of its rights or obligations hereunder, without the prior written consent of the other Party, except that either Party may assign this Agreement without such consent in connection with a merger, acquisition or sale of all or substantially all of its assets.11. Notices: All notices, requests, demands and other munications under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given on the date of service if served personally on the Party to whom notice is to begiven, or on the third day after ing if ed to the Party to whom notice is to be given, first class , registered or certified, postage prepd, and properly addressed as follows:To Client: __________To Contractor: __________12. Entire Agreement: This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior agreements, understandings, negotiations and discussions, whether oral or written, of the Parties.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have executed this Agreement as of the date first above written.Client: _________________________By: ____________________________Name:Title:Contractor: ______________________By: ____________________________Name:Title:。

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广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文及原文系部计算机与艺术设计专业电子信息工程年级班别 05级电子信息工程1班学号 1050011学生姓名丁纯亮指导教师乔桂芳卢清秀2009 年6 月目录1外文文献译文 (1)2外文文献原文 (6)1引言对嵌入式软件构件平台而言,其支撑平台首先是一个嵌入式实时多任务操作系统,其次为整个软件构件的设计提供开发工具和集成环境。

在支撑平台的设计过程中,可以借鉴领域工程的思想,将整个嵌入式实时多任务操作系统设计成一个系统级的软件构件库。

这样不但实现了嵌入式操作系统的可裁剪性,而且由于从嵌入式操作系统到应用程序的设计都是基于离散化的软件构件,因此方便了嵌入式控制应用软件设计时的集成和调试。

为了方便软件构件的管理,可以将系统级和应用级的软件构件库综合成一个功能完备的软件构件库。

它包括从嵌入式控制系统的系统层、支撑层和应用层所需的一切软件构件,因而具有功能的完整性[1]。

2 嵌入式软件构件平台的体系结构嵌入式软件构件平台的体系结构如图1所示,它包括系统层、连接层(支撑层)和应用层3个部分。

系统层属于领域工程的范畴,它利用领域工程的分析方法对嵌入式控制系统进行分析、抽象和提炼,并分解成相应的系统类和应用类功能模块。

连接层是一个嵌入式软件构件平台,它实现系统层和应用层之间的无缝连接,即提供软件构件一个集成开发平台。

应用层属于应用工程的范畴,用户根据实际的嵌入式控制系统的控制要求和目标,从软件构件库中选取所需软件构件,经集成后生成实际的嵌入式控制应用程序。

3 嵌入式软件构件平台的设计该软件构件平台是基于TMS320F2812 DSP芯片构建的一个构件化的嵌入式实时多任务操作系统。

在设计时充分利用了平台体系结构所述的设计思想,程序的可读性和裁剪性非常好。

其特点是:①设计了操作系统和系统两个数据结构。

为了方便支撑平台的设计和对系统资源的集中管理,设计了操作系统数据结构,该数据结构为平台设计者独占,用户没有访问该数据结构的权限;另外,为了便于用户程序与操作系统之间的交互以及对系统资源的访问、申请,设计了系统数据结构。

该数据结构用户是可见的,也是应用程序访问操作系统的唯一途径。

②配置了一个最小系统。

其主要功能是当接到启动指令后对指令进行确认并判断启动方式;然后,根据启动方式完成微处理器的CPU寄存器和一些外围寄存器的初始化,并且对操作系统和系统两个数据结构进行初始赋值。

但它不能实现任何的控制功能,完成初始化后就处于系统扫描状态。

③系统设计的任务数小于或等于16(即一个字长),这样一来任务的调度算法相对比较简单,而且完全能够满足嵌入式实时控制系统应用的要求。

每一个任务指定唯一的优先级,其任务优先级与任务标识一致,优先级越高的任务其优先级ID就越低。

可供任务选择的优先级ID范围是0~15,其中系统保留了最高和最低优先级任务。

通信及系统同步采用了信号量方式(可以扩展),设计了P操作和V操作两种软件构件,对系统进行通信和同步管理;同时,设计了创建任务和任务开始两个软件构件,分别为任务的建立和结束提供系统管理。

④设计了任务调度、任务切换、任务上锁、虚拟消息等软件构件,实现系统对多任务的控制和管理。

为了方便系统的任务切换,整个支撑平台系统设计了两类堆栈——系统堆栈和任务堆栈。

3.1 构件接口软件的设计由于本构件装配是采用语言组态的软件构件集成方式,因此接口的定义类似于组态入口参数序列。

它主要包含软件构件标识信息、软件构件注册信息及软件构件的配置信息。

标识信息识别目前所用的是哪一个软件构件,并给出了软件构件的切入点(虚拟地址指针);注册信息包含软件构件向操作系统申请的系统服务和系统资源,操作系统在得到注册信息后,为软件构件提供相应的系统服务和分配所需的系统资源;配置信息包括软件构件在不同的系统状态下所需的参数信息,它可以以数据或地址的状态给出。

接口类软件主要是完成应用程序与支撑平台的交互,起到一个系统接口界面的作用,方便了用户对支撑平台的访问。

它包括错误观察WatchErr()、参数注册SysCompReg、获取整型量*GetAddN()、获取浮点数*GetAddF()、获取结构体*GetAddS()、取开关量Sys_GetBit()、存开关量Sys_BitGetvalue()、浮点数上/下限限幅Sys_Fmaxmin()、整型量上/下限限幅Sys_Nmaxmin()等函数。

3.2 系统配置类软件构件的设计这类构件在系统软件集成时最多只能使用一次,主要完成系统资源的配置以及一些系统功能的启用,包括系统开始、系统结束、扩展、扩展内存等构件。

3.2.1 设计系统开始构件一个嵌入式控制应用程序必须包括且仅包括一个系统开始构件,而且该构件位于软件构件组态集成序列的末端。

系统循环扫描一开始时,首先进入的便是该构件。

该构件的功能是根据系统所处的系统状态,对系统参数、程序空间进行配置。

接口说明:构件号是该构件的唯一标识和切入点(该构件入口虚拟程序地址指针);启动选择方式主要用于设定系统的启动方式;缺省通信方式主要是从CAN、MORDBUS和工业以太网中选择一种作为系统默认的通信方式;外部高速和低速时钟频率用于设置高速和低速外围所需的时钟频率,即可以修改最小系统中的初始配置;系统口令主要保证系统的安全性,不允许随意修改组态集成格式;系统型号和装配日期给出了系统软件集成的一些文本信息。

设计者可以根据系统设计需要,在构件组态集成时自由配置。

3.2.2 设计扩展构件由于系统设计时,在系统总配置表单中规定了最大的原始构件数小于或等于511,因此当系统构件数目超过原始构件个数时,必须通过扩展构件来扩展系统构件。

扩展构件的接口,为了方便扩展构件,该接口设计为比较灵活的方式。

它仅指出了扩展构件的地址,而扩展的构件个数由组态集成结束标识0来终结组态接口参数的设置。

3.2.3 设计扩展内存构件在支撑平台的设计中,根据嵌入式控制应用程序的需要,将系统的整个内存空间划分为4大块,每一块有固定的长度和使用域。

当应用程序对内存的需求超出设计范围时,可以利用扩展内存构件对内存进行扩展。

3.2.4 设计系统结束构件系统结束构件固定位于软件组态集成序列的前端,即组态集成号为0。

它在系统软件构件组态集成完毕后、即将进入系统运行时启用该构件,即处于系统循环的最后。

它在系统工作状态工作,执行返回软件组态集成序列起始地址的功能。

在系统初始化状态时,完成标定数据和一般数据的获取和保存,并执行启动系统时钟和看门狗,以及返回组态序列起始地址等系统功能。

接口参数仅有一个标识该构件的构件号0。

3.3 系统任务类软件构件的设计任务创建构件Task:一般的多任务操作系统运行之前,系统必须至少建立一个任务,一般是一个空闲任务,其他任务可以在程序运行的过程中创建。

但在本支撑平台的设计中,鉴于一个实际的嵌入式控制应用程序的任务数事先是可以确定的,因而设计了任务创建构件,可以利用该构件在应用程序的软件集成过程中创建所需的任务。

该构件的组态集成接口设计说明:每定义一个任务使用一次该构件。

任务号是外指针,用户可见,里面包含虚拟程序地址指针、任务优先级等信息;系统为每个任务分配了堆栈空间,由于任务的不同,可能对系统资源的需求也不同,为了节省整个系统的内存空间,用户可以从组态集成接口直接指定任务堆栈的大小;为了跟踪任务的运行时间和任务定时,在接口中设计了时间单位和时间长度2个参数,对任务的运行时间进行统计和定时计数。

另外,为了方便任务切换,整个支撑平台设计了两类堆栈,即系统堆栈和任务堆栈。

因此在建立任务时,要根据所处的系统状态,对每一个任务的任务堆栈进行初始化设置[4]。

3.4 通信和同步管理类软件构件的设计任务间的通信有2种途径:通过全程变量,或发消息给另一个任务。

使用全程变量时,必须保证每个任务或中断服务程序独享该变量。

中断服务中保证独享的唯一办法是关中断。

如果两个任务共享某变量,各任务实现独享该变量的办法可以是关中断再开中断,或使用信号量。

在支撑平台的设计中,采用了信号量方式进行系统的通信和同步管理,包括P操作PSema和V操作VSema两种软件构件。

P操作软件构件实现下列功能:在系统注册状态完成注册表的填写,向系统申请所需的系统资源;在系统参数初始化状态完成信号量数据结构的初始化;在系统工作状态,如果信号量大于零(即信号量可用),则信号量减1,否则表示信号量不可用,进行任务悬挂操作和任务切换。

其接口定义如下:接口说明:信号量地址是外指针,用户可见,是信号量数据结构的入口点;信号量初值若设为1,则表示任务通信,若为0,则表示任务同步。

V操作软件构件只在系统工作状态下工作,与P操作软件构件公用一个数据结构。

它首先将信号量减1,然后判断信号量是否大于零。

若大于零,表示公共资源可用,则使所给定任务就绪,并进行任务调度和切换。

其接口如下:由于采用构件化的设计方式,系统通信和同步方式可以自由扩展。

比如说可以在支撑平台添加邮箱或消息队列构件,采用哪种通信和同步方式主要根据系统的设计需要而定。

4 集成开发环境本课题组采用微型消息总线MMB嵌入式系统集成开发环境(MMBIDE)应用程序编程语言引入IEC611 313标准,将结构化语句(Structured Text)描述程序设计语言作为自身嵌入式系统应用软件的编程语言。

这主要是考虑到MMB嵌入式系统应用于工业控制领域,要求能够自身可以完成较复杂的控制运算,同时要求语句清晰、易懂,具有编程任务高度压缩化的表达格式。

采用交叉开发方法,在Windows主机平台上开发与之连接的目标机。

开发环境包括自己的可裁剪的微内核实时多任务操作系统,主机上的编译、调试、查看等工具,以及串口、网络与目标机的连接工具。

其主要功能包括面向工业应用领域的应用程序基本框架、可重用的构件库、源程序编译器、组态下载用户工具、参数下载用户工具、参数实时监控界面等用于支撑应用程序开发的各类用户工具,是用户开发应用程序的重要基础,强调知识成果的积累和重用,是平台开发模式思想的集中体现[5]。

5结语本软件开发平台应用软件构件技术主要解决下列问题:软件构件的接口定义,提供软件构件与系统以及软件构件之间的交互机制,同时为软件构件的设计和封装提供依据。

软件构件的开发和集成,为软件构件的设计和集成提供必要的开发工具。

本文介绍了其中主要的系统级软件构件的开发方法,为系统集成各种应用级软件提供了总体框架,解决了控制系统应用软件难维护、难继承的问题,为控制类应用软件的开发提供了依。

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