part3-2 Railway Introduction
大学英语综合教程第三册-Unit2课件
5. racial
adj. relating to a person’s race, or to different races of people ~~ discrimination / prejudice
UP DOWN
6. stand up for
speak, work in favor of sb. / sth. ; support sb. / sth. ~~ sb. / sth. eg. You have to be prepared to ~~ the things you believe in. (com.) stand for 代表 ; stand up 站起来
BACK
Warm-Up Questions
1. What are the special contributions of Abraham and Martin to the Americans? 2. What are the reasons for American Civil War? 3. Do you know some stories related to slavery? Talk about it.
BACK
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, is one of the most famous and popular pieces of Civil War literature. Drawn from selected pieces of real life anecdotes, Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a book that drew many people into the fight over the institution of slavery. Northerners hailed (欢呼) the book, while southern slaveholders abhorred it.
铁路客运英语 教案 unit 3 Entrance of the Station (2)
inflammable and explosive goods易燃易爆物品prohibited goods违禁物品
suspicious goods可疑物品
train number display列车车次显示屏
Lead-in
1、Play a video aboutenter the station.
P:Oh,I see.Many thanks.
我知道了,非常感谢。
PC:You‘e welcome.
不用谢。
Dialogue2
P—Passenger PC—Passenger Clerk
PC:Show me your ticket,please.
请出示您的车票。
P:Here you are.Could you tell me how to find the right waiting room?
请三组学生分组对话(举手、提问方式)
根据学生对话进行表扬或纠错、回答学生提问,再次示范朗读
每段对话自行朗读3分钟,不懂得地方随时提问
认真听课,在书本上做笔记
三组学生分别分组对话
认真聆听并提出问题
主 要 教 学 内 容 及 步 骤
教师活动
学生活动
waiting room for your train will be in there.
引导学生回顾上节课的重点词汇并请学生短语对话。(以提问方式)
给学生播放关于进入火车站购票的视频;
请学生思考如何在火车站用英语表达进站;
引导学生如何正确运用英语进入站台的整个流程
朗读示范
逐句翻译对话意思、并提炼出重点词汇和短语作为知识点着重讲解
带读
高中英语(新人教版)必修第一册同步习题:UNIT 2 Part 3(同步习题)【含答案及解析】
Part 3 Reading for Writing, Assessing Your Progress & Video Time基础过关练Ⅰ.单词拼写1.The festival features hundreds of ice sculptures and snow (雕像).2.The Great Wall is one of the most breathtaking (景点)in the world.3.The archaeologists found some ancient copper coins in the (坟墓).4.John (评论)that it was a better play, and I agreed.5.Stone tools that were (挖掘) there show the lives of our ancestors.Ⅱ.单句语法填空1.He reminded me to leave the boss a good impression first sight.2.Would you care to comment any troublesome students in your class?3.I can't wait (get) out of these wet clothes.4.Apart its low price, the advantage of this car lies in its good quality.5.We learn a language in order (communicate) better.6.We haven't yet been told (official) about this thing.7.They put a tent when they got there.8. is surprising that your brother can pick up Russian so quickly.9.He is sure (come). I've persuaded him to join in our conversation.10. (work)in the factory, I learned a lot from the workers. Ⅲ.完成句子1.令人惊奇的是,这个男孩解出了这道难题。
高中英语外研版必修3Module 2 Section Ⅰ Introduction
Most new people were born in developing countries. These countries are found in much of Africa, South America and some parts of Asia. In the developed countries of Europe and North America, the population is growing very slowly. This is because women in these countries have, on average(平均), only one or two children. In the developing countries, many women have five or more children. In 1950, around one quarter of the world’s population lived in the developed countries. By 2050, these countries will behome to only around one tenth of the world’s people.In the developing countries, more than one billion people are still living below the poverty (贫困) line. These people do not have enough food to eat and they live in poor housing. Children get little time at school and people suffer from many kinds of diseases.At the beginning of the 21st century, the world’s population was around six billion people. The U.N. has said that the world’s population will level off (平稳下降) at 12.5 billion by the year 2100. Other groups think the world’s population will continue to grow, reaching 14 billion before it becomes stable (稳定的), or even falls.Section_ⅠIntroduction & Reading — Pre-reading[原文呈现]The Human① Development② ReportIn the year 2000, 147 world leaders agreed to③work together to reduce poverty④by 2015 or earlier. From this agreement came the Human Development Report⑤.One of the most important sections of this report is the Human Development Index⑥. This examines the achievements of 175 countries. The Index measures⑦ a country’s achievements in three ways: life expectancy⑧ (how long people usually live), education⑨ and income⑩. The index has some surprises⑪. Norway is at the top of⑫the list, while the US is at number 7. The other top five countries are: Iceland⑬(2), Sweden(3), Australia(4), the Netherlands⑭(5). The UK is in the thirteenth position⑮,while China is in the middle of the list. The bottom ten countries are all African countries, with Sierra Leone⑯(in West Africa) at the bottom of⑰the list⑱.The report describes eight Development Goals⑲. The most important goals are to⑳:·reduce poverty and hunger;·make sure○21that all children have education up to○22the age of 11;·fight AIDS and other diseases;·improve the environment of poor people, e.g. make sure they have safe drinking water;·encourage developed○23countries to give○24more help to other countries.[读文清障]①human/'hjuːmən/n.(与动物等对比的)人②development/dI'veləpmənt/n.发展develop v.发展;开发;变化;成长;冲洗③agree to do sth.同意做某事④poverty/'pɒvəti/n.贫穷⑤本句为完全倒装句式。
铁路机车专业英语学习指南
铁路机车专业英语学习指南English Answer:Introduction.The railway locomotive profession is a specialized field that plays a crucial role in the transportation industry. To effectively operate and maintain locomotives, professionals require a strong foundation in technical knowledge and a comprehensive understanding of locomotive systems and operations. This guide provides a structured approach to learning railway locomotive engineering in English, ensuring a deep understanding of the subject matter.Sections.1. Fundamentals of Railway Locomotives.Introduction to locomotive types, design, andcomponents.Basic principles of locomotive operation, including traction, braking, and signaling.2. Locomotive Systems.Power systems: diesel, electric, and hybrid.Mechanical systems: drivetrain, suspension, and braking.Electrical systems: power generation, distribution, and control.3. Locomotive Maintenance.Preventive maintenance schedules and procedures.Troubleshooting and repair techniques for various locomotive systems.Safety regulations and best practices.4. Locomotive Operations.Train handling and control.Fuel efficiency and environmental considerations.Emergency procedures and incident management.5. Advanced Topics.Current trends in locomotive technology.Remote monitoring and diagnostics.Locomotive data analysis and performance optimization.Resources.Textbooks: "Railway Locomotives" by George D. Campbell,"Fundamentals of Railway Locomotive Engineering" by J.H. Gibson.Journals: "Railway Gazette International", "Railway Age"Online courses: Coursera, edX, Udemy.Workshops and seminars offered by industry organizations.Study Techniques.Active learning: Engage with the material through discussions, hands-on exercises, and simulations.Regular review: Revisit previously covered topics to reinforce understanding and improve retention.Seek feedback: Participate in discussions and ask questions to clarify concepts.Utilize online resources: Supplement textbooks with online materials, videos, and tutorials.Assessment.Quizzes and assignments: Regular assessments to evaluate understanding of concepts and practical applications.Final project: A comprehensive project that demonstrates proficiency in locomotive engineering skills.Hands-on training: Practical experience through internships or simulations to apply knowledge in real-world situations.Conclusion.By following this structured guide and taking advantage of the resources and study techniques outlined above, individuals can develop a strong foundation in railway locomotive engineering in English. This knowledge willenable them to confidently operate, maintain, and optimize locomotives, contributing to the safe, efficient, and sustainable transportation of people and goods.中文回答:铁路机车专业英语学习指南。
Unit1Part3ReadingⅡ课件牛津译林版英语九年级上册
二、根据句意及所给中文提示、首字母或英文解释,写 出句中所缺单词
6. In the boys’ 1500-meter ________ (比赛), Jim was the first to pass the finishing line.
7. There are a lot of new ___________ (高速的) railways in our hometown.
those in need.
A. to teach B. teaching C. to teaching D. teach 【点拨】用固定搭配法。句意为“我叔叔很善良, 他毕生致力于教那些需要帮助的人”。devote sth. to doing sth. 意为“致力于做某事”,是固定搭配, 其中to 是介词,后接动名词。故选C。
二、根据句意及所给中文提示、首字母或英文解释,写 出句中所缺单词
6. In the boys’ 1500-meter ___r_a_c_e__ (比赛), Jim was the first to pass the finishing line.
7. There are a lot of new __h_ig_h_-_s_p_e_e_d_ (高速的) railways in our hometown.
A. I can’t agree more.
B. You’re welcome.
C. That’s not the case.
D. Never mind.
( A )4. [2022·镇江] — Sam’s animal sign is the Tiger. It is said
that people born in the Year of the Tiger are brave.
铁道供电专业英语教学课件unit3
Traction Substations
As a type of terminal substation , a traction substation does not normally have cross-substation power. It has simple double-T-shaped wiring as its main electrical connection on the mains side. With this connection, the two incoming power lines are backups to each other and can achieve four operation modes (i.e. Power Source Ⅰ supplies Main Transformer 1, Power Source Ⅰ supplies Main Transformer 2, Power Source Ⅱ supplies Main Transformer 1, and Power Source Ⅱ supplies Main Transformer 2) by setting up a cross-bond bus bar, as shown in Figure 3.1. Another common connection mode is a line-transformer bank connection, with no cross-bond bus bar between the two incoming lines. Each incoming line is linked to a main transformer. This connection mode is applicable when the main transformers serve as fixed backups. It means the two incoming lines can be switched at any time.
模块6 《铁道机车专业英语》课件
《铁道机车专业英语》
✩精品课件合集
Unit 4 Electric locomotive power supply system
Text 1 Railway electric power supply system
New words
sub-station sub- [sʌb]在…以下,分支,分部 voltaic [vɒl'teɪk] bipolar [ˌbaɪˈpoʊlər] tunnel [ˈtʌnəl] shinkansen silicon [ˈsɪlɪkən] harmonics [hɑ:'mɒnɪks] kinetic [kɪˈnɛtɪk] offset [ˈɔ:fset]
special report and work summary
谢谢您的耐心聆听
PREFACE
Professional English for railway locomotive is an important compulsory course for this major and its related majors. With the great development of railway technology, the globalization and informationization of social economy, the emergence of new technologies and technologies, and the expansion of foreign exchanges in railway industry, as railway students, mastering professional English vocabulary and reading ability of English professional materials are helpful for them to engage in relevant work and promote international cooperation. It is necessary to communicate and learn the latest developments and technical knowledge of this major at home and abroad. In order to meet the teaching needs of professional English for railway locomotive and its related majors, we have compiled the book "Professional English for Railway Locomotive".
铁道机车英语教学课件U6
Part One Lead-in
Do you know where the compressed air in the locomotive brake system comes from? In addition to the brake system, what other equipment in the locomotive needs compressed air? How does compressed air travel? What controls it? This unit will answer these questions.
Meanwhile, compressed air of 750-90 kPa is supplied to the locomotive through the main air pipe at the end of the locomotive. In order to prevent the compressed air in the main air reservoir from great loss when the coupler breaks, a backflow check valve is installed between the two main air reservoirs. Even if the coupler is broken and the main air pipe releases all the air in the main air reservoirs directly, compressed air in the main air reservoirs can be discharged slowly through a small backflow hole with a radius of 6 mm in the backflow check valve. In this case, compressed air in the two main air reservoirs can meet the demand for an emergency brake.
铁乘务专业英语教学课件
Railway stations, tracks,
tickets,
luggage,
timetables
Course outline and content
Expressions
Greeting passengers,
checking
tickets,
handling luggage
Unit 3
Communication
Expanding vocabulary: In order to better understand English materials, railway workers need to constantly expand their vocabulary.
Teaching courseware for railway crew professional English
• Introduction to English Courses for Railway Attendant Majors
• Basic knowledge of English for railway crew
English oral communication for crew members
Mastering basic railway terminology and common
expressions: In order to ensure effective
communication among railway staff, they need to
Course outline and content
• Course outline: Basic English grammar and vocabulary, railway specific vocabulary and expressions, communication strategies and techniques, cultural awareness and etiquette
铁路少年英文总结(summary)
Railway children
1
A
Introduction of the authour
Edith Nesbit(1858—1924)was born in Longdon.She was the youngest child in her family.Her father deid when she was 3 years old,unfortunately,her sisiter was found a serious diease ,so her mother decide to move from foggy London to France and then German,In that time,she was only 9 years old.
To the Adventurous (stories) (1923)
4
A
Background
The Railway Children reflects on the highly unconventional life of its author. The lost father is a favourite Nesbit theme: her own father died when she was four and in her books she was always trying to get him back. Bobbie's cry at the end of The Railway Children - "Oh! My Daddy, my Daddy" - remains one of the most recognisable and touching lines in children's literature. Poverty was something Edith Nesbit had known first hand, both as a child and as a young married woman with small children. Perhaps as a child, with a widowed mother trying to make ends meet and find a suitable climate for Edith's consumptive elder sister Mary, Nesbit had experienced the admonishment issued by Mother to Phyllis in The Railway Children : "Jam or butter, dear - not jam and butter. We can't afford that sort of reckless luxury nowadays."
介绍中国铁路的英语作文
China's Railway: A Symbol of Modernizationand ConnectivityChina's railway system, a marvel of engineering and technological advancement, stands as a testament to the country's rapid development and growing global influence. Spanning vast distances and connecting diverse regions, the railway network has transformed China's transportation landscape, facilitating the movement of people and goods across the country.The history of China's railways dates back to the late 19th century, with the first steam locomotive arriving in the country in 1876. However, it was the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 that marked a turning point in the development of the railway system. Since then, China has invested heavily in expanding and modernizing its railway infrastructure, creating a comprehensive network that now covers most of the country.One of the most significant achievements of China's railway system is the development of high-speed rail (HSR). Since the introduction of the first HSR line in 2008, China has become the world's largest high-speed rail network,with over 35,000 kilometers of tracks in operation. These trains, capable of reaching speeds of over 350 kilometers per hour, have revolutionized travel in China,significantly reducing journey times and increasing the efficiency of transportation.The benefits of China's railway system are not limited to speed and convenience. The network also plays a crucial role in promoting economic development and regional integration. By connecting rural and urban areas, the railway system has helped to reduce poverty and inequality, bringing opportunities and prosperity to previouslyisolated communities.Moreover, China's railway system is also renowned for its safety record. Strict safety regulations and advanced technologies ensure that passengers can travel with confidence, knowing that their journey will be smooth and secure.Looking ahead, China's railway system continues to evolve and expand. New lines are being constructed, and existing ones are being upgraded to meet the increasing demand for travel and transportation. As China continues todevelop and integrate with the global economy, its railway system will play a pivotal role in connecting the country to the world.In conclusion, China's railway system is a remarkable feat of engineering and technology that has transformed the country's transportation landscape. It stands as a symbol of China's modernization and connectivity, connecting people, places, and economies across the vast nation. As the system continues to evolve and expand, it will continue to play a crucial role in China's development and integration with the world.**中国铁路:现代化与连接性的象征**中国铁路系统,作为工程和技术进步的杰出典范,证明了国家的快速发展和日益增长的全球影响力。
Unit1中国铁路发展定稿省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件
CONTENTS
Unit 1
Railway Development
Teaching Objectives Reading Through Exercises
Teaching Objectives
❖ Students will be able to:
Five-Year Plan.
Chinese
Reading A
China Railway Development
Moreover, China now boasts the Number One High-speed Railway Network in the world .On a global basis, China's rail transport volume is one of the world's largest, having six percent of the world's operating railways, and carrying 25 percent of the world's total railway workload. China also leads in terms of the growth rate of transport volume and use of transport equipment.
1. Can you name some of the earliest railways in China?
2. What do you know about the role rail transport plays in today’s China?
Words & Expressions
介绍铁路英文作文
介绍铁路英文作文Title: The Introduction of Railways。
Railways have played a pivotal role in the development of transportation infrastructure worldwide. From their inception in the early 19th century to their modern-day sophistication, railways have connected distant places, facilitated trade, and shaped the growth of economies. In this essay, we will delve into the history, significance, and impact of railways.Firstly, it's crucial to understand the historical context of railways. The birth of the modern railway can be traced back to the early 19th century in Great Britain with the development of steam-powered locomotives. The first public railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened in 1825, marking the beginning of a transportation revolution. Subsequently, railways rapidly expanded across Europe, North America, and other parts of the world, transforming the way people and goods were transported.The significance of railways lies in their ability to connect distant locations efficiently. Unlike other modes of transportation at the time, such as horse-drawn carriages or canals, railways offered higher speed and capacity. This enabled goods to be transported over long distances in a fraction of the time previously required. Additionally, railways revolutionized passenger travel, making it more accessible and comfortable for the masses.Moreover, railways played a crucial role in the industrialization process. They facilitated the movement of raw materials to factories and the distribution of finished products to markets. This helped industries flourish and contributed to economic growth. Railways also spurred urbanization by connecting rural areas to cities, leading to the development of new settlements along railway lines.In addition to their economic significance, railways have had a profound social and cultural impact. They brought people closer together by reducing travel times and facilitating communication between distant communities.Rail travel became synonymous with adventure and exploration, inspiring literary works and artistic expressions. Furthermore, railways promoted tourism by making travel more affordable and accessible to a broader segment of the population.The environmental impact of railways is also noteworthy. Compared to other modes of transportation like cars or airplanes, trains are relatively energy-efficient and produce fewer emissions per passenger or ton of freight transported. As concerns about climate change continue to grow, railways are increasingly recognized as a sustainable alternative for long-distance travel and freight transport.In conclusion, railways have been instrumental in shaping the modern world. From their humble beginnings in the 19th century to their widespread adoption today,railways have revolutionized transportation, stimulated economic growth, and connected people across continents. As we look to the future, railways will continue to play avital role in sustainable development and global connectivity.。
单元设计 高速铁路服务英语3单元
一、教案头
单元标题:Station service
单元教学学时:8
授课班级
上课
时间
星期二
第一二大节
上课
地点
教20
教学
目标பைடு நூலகம்
能力目标
知识目标
素质目标
指路、寄存、广播相关句型掌握
掌握专业英语词汇和句型并熟练运用
热爱自己的行业,会换位思考各行各业的人,尊重理解他人
能力训练项目
88授课班级上课时间星期二第一二大节上课地点教20教学目标能力目标知识目标素质目标指路寄存广播相关句型掌握掌握专业英语词汇和句型并熟练运用热爱自己的行业会换位思考各行各业的人尊重理解他人能力训练项目指路寄存广播教学资源的开发与利用1教材2轨道交通客运服务实用口语第二版中国铁路出版社二教学过程设计步骤教学内容教师活动学生活动时间分配分钟教学方法教学手段引入1任务项目discussion模拟播放录音提问法演示法多媒体讨论问题模拟票务工作播放广播真人发音20讲授操作能力所必须的基本知识1directingandwaiting2leftluggage3stationannouncement讲授法互动法练习法教材多媒体分析句型朗读对话背诵对话240操练掌握初步或基本能力翻译训练情景演练练习法教材中译英英译中角色扮演80归纳知识和能力布置任务用句型造对话20课后体会在课堂中锻炼学生的团队合作促进学生上课积极性附录
指路、寄存、广播
教学资源的开发与利用
1、教材
2、轨道交通客运服务实用口语第二版中国铁路出版社
二、教学过程设计
步骤
教学内容
教师活动
学生活动
时间分配(分钟)
教学方法
教学手段
《铁路客运英语》PPT课件
上海磁悬浮列车
重点:
1、语音:i: i
p b k g s zθ ð
2、日常生活用语
难点:
课文生词及对课文的理解
Unit one Seat Classes
座位等级
Seat Classes 座位等级
语音: 元音: i: i
p b k g s zθ ð
辅音:i: be, pea, bee, key
Conversation 会话
A. On the train 在列车上
语法: 时间表达法: 1、直接表示法 eight seventeen(8:17) 2、past , to表示法 Seventeen past eight(8:17)
B. On the train 在列车上
Everyday English Ⅱ 日常生活用语(二)
Ⅱ. Learn to say
A. Thanks and Apologies 感谢和道歉 1. It’s very kind of you. 2.Thank you for your help. 3. Thank you for the trouble you have taken to
Articles
严禁携带危险品上车
Passenger Cars
客车
Up and Down
上行和下行
Beijing West Railway Station 北京西站
The Qinghai- Tibet Railway 青藏铁路
Chief Conductor
列车长
Shanghai Maglev Train
二、欢迎语
Welcome to our train. 欢迎乘坐本次列车。
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铁路车辆
货车的基本型号用大写的 汉语拼音字母来表示,这 些字母多数是各类货车名 称的第一个汉字的汉语拼 音首字母,但也有个别例 外。见下表: 货车基本型号表
车种 棚车 敞车 平车 罐车 保温车 集装箱车 矿石车 基本型号 P C N G B X K 车种 长大货物 车 毒品车 家畜车 水泥车 粮食车 特种车 守车 基本型号 D W J U L T S
An Introduction of Information Technologies for Modern Railway
Instructor: Xianhai Tan
谭献海
Email:xhtan@
Part 3铁路基础知识 (铁道概论)
铁路运输设备(续)
铁路车辆
车辆是“车”与车的单位“辆”的总称。 所谓车,是指陆地上用轮子转动的交通工具;所谓 辆,来源于古代对车的计量方法。那时的车一般是 两个车轮,故车一乘即称一两,后来才写作辆。 由此可见,车辆的本义是指本身没有动力的车,用 马来牵引叫马车,用人来拉或推叫人力车。 随着科学技术的发展,又有了用蒸汽机来牵引的汽 车等等。这时车辆的概念已经悄悄起了变化,成为 所有车的统称。比如,交通管理部门统计的城市车 辆数,报刊上报道的发生多少车辆交通事故等。这 里的车辆泛指所有的车。 但是,铁路上所说的车辆,还是特指没有动力装 置,要靠机车牵引才能在铁路线上运行的客货运输 工具。
列车分类
为适应旅客和货物运输的不同需要,按照运输的性 质和用途,列车分为5类: 旅客列车:是指运送旅客和为旅客服务的列车 货物列车:是以运送货物为主的列车。 混合列车:是以运送旅客的车辆为基础、与运送货 物的车辆相混合的列车,或是货物列车中编挂有乘 坐旅客的车辆达到10辆以上的列车。 路用列车:是指专为运送铁路自用物资或设备而开 行的列车,如运送钢轨,枕木、石渣、桥梁等的列 车。 军用列车:按照规定条件运送军队与军用物资的列 车。
连接车辆的车钩缓冲装置
让列车停止的制动装置
列车制动(train braking )就是要使列车在某一时刻所 具有的动能从列车上转移出去,让列车减速或停止。 列车制动在操纵上按用途可分为“常用制动”和“紧急制动” 两种。 从施行制动的瞬间起,到列车速度降为零的瞬间止,列 车驶过的距离,称为制动距离。这是综合反映列车制动 装置性能和效果的主要技术指标。列车重量越大,运行 速度越高,就越不容易在短时间、短距离内停下来。列 车速度提高一倍,制动距离要增加三倍以上。我国现行 的《铁路技术管理规程》规定,“列车在任何铁路坡道上 的紧急制动距离,规定为800 m”。因此,要想提高列车 速度,必须采用更先进的制动装置。
列车分类
列车类型知识: K (快速列车) Y (旅游列车) G (高速列车) D(动车) Z (直达列车) T (特快列车) S (广深列车) L (临时列车)
铁路客车
铁路客车是指载运旅客的车辆、为旅客提供服务的车辆(如 餐车)以及挂运பைடு நூலகம்旅客列车中的其他用途的车辆(如邮政 车)。 目前,中国铁路客车根据用途的不同,主要有如下几种:硬 座车、软座车、硬卧车、软卧车、行李车、餐车、邮政车、 试验车。 车种 基本型号 车种 基本型号 客车基本型号表 RZ XL
转向架
连接车辆的车钩缓冲装置
车钩缓冲装置是用于使车辆与车辆、机车或动车相互连 挂,传递牵引力、制动力并缓和纵向冲击力的车辆部件。 它由车钩,缓冲器、钩尾框、从板等组成一个整体,安装 于车底架构端的牵引梁内。 根据运用车种的不同分客车、货车和机车车钩缓冲装置三 大系列。 根据车钩自动化程度,车钩可以分为全自动、半自动和手 动三种形式,根据车钩能否绕其纵向中心旋转,可分为固 定式和旋转式两种。 为了保证车辆连挂安全可靠和车钩缓冲装置安装的互换 性,我国铁路机车车辆有关规程规定:车钩缓冲器装车 后,其车钩钩舌的水平中心线距钢轨面在空车状态下的高 度:客车为880mm,货车为880mm。两相邻车辆的车钩 水平中心线最大高度差不得大于75mm。
空气制动机
空气制动机是以压力空气作为制动原动力,以改变压 力空气的压强来操纵控制。制动力大,操纵控制灵敏 便利。我国铁路习惯把压力空气简称为“风”,把空气 制动机简称为“风闸”。 空气制动机又分直通式和自动式两大类 直通式空气制动机已不再采用。 自动式空气制动机的特点是列车管排气(减压)时制 动缸充气(增压),发生缓解。优点是,当列车发生 分离事故,制动软管被拉断时,列车管风压急剧下 降,三通阀活塞自动而迅速地移动到制动位,故列车 能自动迅速制动直至停车(事故倒向安全)。
软座车 硬座车 双层软座车 双层硬座车 软卧车 硬卧车 行李车 邮政车 餐车 公务车 试验车 YZ SRZ SYZ RW YW UZ CA GW SY
旅客列车的种类
运营旅客列车的几个类别: 高速列车----指最高行车速度每小时达到或超过200公里的铁 路列车 动车----一般指承载运营载荷并自带动力的轨道车辆 特快旅客列车——目前等级最高,运行速度最快的旅客列 车。有国际特快和国内特快,国内特快又分直通特快和管内 特快。一般在首都与各大城市及国际间开行。 快速旅客列车——仅次于特快列车的第二等级。分为直通快 速列车和管内快速列车。一般在提速区段内开行。 普通旅客列车——第三等级。分为普通旅客快车和普通旅客 慢车,又各有直通和管内两种。一般在大中城市间开行。 临时旅客列车——根据客运市场的变化,临时加开的旅客列 车。分为直通临客和管内临客。 临时旅游列车——在名胜古迹、旅游胜地所在站和大中城市 间开行的旅客列车。分为直通旅游列车和管内旅游列车。
盘形制动
盘形制动,它是在车轴上或在车轮 辐板侧面安装制动盘,用制动夹钳 使以合成材料制成的两个闸片紧压 制动盘侧面,通过摩擦产生制动 力,使列车停止前进。由于作用力 不在车轮踏面上,盘形制动可以大 大减轻车轮踏面的热负荷和机械磨 耗。另外制动平稳,几乎没有噪 声。盘形制动的摩擦面积大,而且 可以根据需要安装若干套,制动效 果明显高于铸铁闸瓦,尤其适用于 时速120公里以上的高速列车,这 正是各国普遍采用盘形制动的原因 所在。但不足的是车轮踏面没有闸 瓦的磨刮,将使轮轨粘着恶化;制 动盘使簧下重量及冲击振动增大, 运行中消耗牵引功率。
车辆构造
一般来说,车辆的基本构造由车体及车底架、走 行部、车钩缓冲装置、制动装置和车内设备五大 部分组成。
车辆的“脚”
走行部是支撑车体并负担车辆走行任务的部分,走行部的作 用是保证车辆灵活、安全平顺地沿钢轨运行和通过曲线;可 靠地承受作用于车辆各种力量并传给钢轨;缓和车辆和钢轨 的相互冲击,减少车辆振动,保证足够的运行平稳性和良好 的运行质量;具有可靠的制动机构,使车辆具有良好的制动 效果。 铁路发展初期车辆比较短小,车辆的走行部比较简单,只包 括通过弹簧安装在车体下部的两个轮对。随着车辆的发展, 每辆车的轴数增加,而且对车辆性能要求也不断提高,于是 把车辆的轮对、轴箱、悬挂装置、基础制动装置和构架等组 成一个独立整体,称为转向架,现代车辆的走行部指的就是 车辆转向架。 中国铁路转向架种类繁多,客车转向架有20余种,货车转向 架有30多种。
图2 盘形制动 1—制动缸;2—拉环;3—水平杠 杆;4—缓解;5—制动块;6—制 动盘;7—中间拉杆;8—水平杠杆 拉杆;9—转臂
列车制动装置
铁路机车车辆制动装置按制动原动力和操 纵控制方式的不同,可分为手制动机、空 气制动机、电空制动机、电磁制动机和真 空制动机等形式。
手制动机
手制动机是以人力为制 动原动力,以手轮的转 动方向和手力大小来操 纵控制。构造简单,费 用低廉,是铁路历史上 使用最久远,生命力最 顽强的制动机。 铁路发展初期,机车车 辆上只有这种制动机, 每车或几个车配备一名 制动员,按司机笛声号 令协同操纵,由于制动 力弱,动作缓慢,不便 于司机直接操纵,所以 很快就被非人力制动机 取而代之,手制动机成 为辅助的备用制动机。
旅客列车车次编写种类分别为: 高速列车(G1-G9998 ) 动车组(D1-D998) 直达特快旅客列车(Z1-Z998) 特快旅客列车(T1-T998) 快速旅客列车(K1-K998、N1-N998) 普通旅客列车(1001-8998) 临时旅客列车(L1-L998、A1-A998)
铁路车辆
货物运输是铁路运输的重要组成部分。目前,中国铁路的年 货物发送量位居世界第一,达到20亿吨以上。这些货物南来 北往,都需要车辆来装运。 铁路上用于载运货物的车辆统称为货车。 铁路货车按其用途不同,可分为通用货车和专用货车。 通用货车是装运普通货物的车辆,货物类型多不固定,也无 特殊要求。铁路货车中这类货车占的比重较大,一般有敞 车、平车、棚车、保温车和罐车等几种。 专用货车一般指只运送一种或很少几种货物的车辆。用途比 较单一 ,同一种车辆要求装载的货物重量或外形尺寸比较统 一。有时在铁路上的运营方式也比较特别,如固定编组、专 列运行。专用货车一般有集装箱车、长大货物车、毒品车、 家畜车、水泥车、粮食车和特种车等。
自动式空气制动机
但是,如果在制动缸降压过程中将制动阀手柄由缓解位移 至保压位,则列车管和副风缸虽能停止充风增压,三通阀 (主)活塞都仍停留在右极端(缓解位),制动缸的风仍 继续排向大气,直至完全缓解。制动阀手柄反复在缓解位 和保压位之间移动,只能使列车管和副风缸的风压呈阶段 式上升,都不能使制动缸实现阶段缓解,即只能实现“一次 彻底缓解”,又称“轻易缓解”。 由此可见,自动式空气制动机的特点是列车管排气(减 压)时制动缸充气(增压),发生缓解。优点是,当列车 发生分离事故,制动软管被拉断时,列车管风将急剧下 降,三通阀(主)活塞将自动而迅速地左移到制动位,由 于各车都有副风缸分别向制动缸供风,制动缸动作较快, 故列而且列车前后部开始制动作用的时间表差小,即制动 和缓解的一致性较好,适用于编组较长的列车。因此在世 界各国(包括中国)铁路上得到最广级最持久的应用。
列车制动装置
制动装置产生于1767年,并随着时间的推移逐步完善起来。 制动装置中最重要的发明来自英国人乔治.威斯汀豪斯,他发 明了压缩空气制动装置,以气缸和活塞的力量使车辆制动, 有效的制动使得列车的速度大幅度提高。 目前,铁路机车车辆采用的最普遍的制动方式是闸瓦制动。 用铸铁或其他材料制成的瓦状制动块,在制动时抱紧车轮踏 面,通过摩擦使车轮停止转动。 传统的踏面闸瓦制动适应不了高速列车的需要,于是一种新 型的制动装置——盘形制动应运而生 ,它可以大大减轻车轮 踏面的热负荷和机械磨耗,并且制动平稳,几乎没有噪声, 盘形制动的摩擦面积大,还可以根据需要安装若干套,制动 效果明显高于铸铁闸瓦,尤其适用于时速120公里以上的高 速列车,此种装置被各国普遍采用。