2015考研英语阅读理解精读P25—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P26—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P26—法学类Passage 26There is a bitter battle over how to combat the nation’s fastest-growing crime problem, juvenile offenders.While overall crime statistics in America’s largest cities has dropped there is one category where it has skyrocketed. That category is homicides committed by youths under the age of 17. Between 1984 and 1994, murders committed by youths under 17 tripled. Demographic studies show that there will be a surge in the teen population in the coming years and experts believe that 25 percent of all murders committed by the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.Violence (i.e. Aggravated assaults) committed with guns by youths has also increased at roughly the samepace as homicides. After years of statistical decline, drug use by teens is also on the rise. None of these statistics would appear to bode well for future. It now seems that everyday we are hearing about horrendous violent crimes being committed by juveniles.The most famous of late was the 6-year-old in northern California who almost beat to death a small baby. The baby was just released from the hospital on Thursday and has suffered brain damage from the attack by the 6-year-old.There is also the case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis. In Miami, two 16-year-old males have been charged with the murder of a Dutch woman tourist who just happened to end up in the wrong neighborhood. A 15-year-old New York boy tried to steal a pair of earrings from a woman.During the attack, the young woman fell to her death under a New York subway train. In Fort Meyers, Florida, a group of teenagers shot and killed a high school band teacher. This case will be the subject of an upcoming ENN report, but a police investigation into this group of teens turned up “would-be junior terrorists”that could have rivaled some of the worst terrorist organizations in the world.There seems to be growing awareness now of this juvenile crime problem in the United States. Several experts, as well as this publication, have been trying very hard to get the word out. People who have become victims of these young felons are angry and are calling for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system.It has been a long-standing belief in the United States that juveniles who kill, rape and rob be treated differently than adult offenders. But this may soon change. In 1899, juvenile courts were established to help protect “juvenile delinquents.”But it seems that today, the reasoning for the protection of the youths in the criminal justice system may be outdated and changes need to be made to accomodate these “14-year-old harden felons.”Many critics, today, say that in reality too many hard-core juvenile offenders are arrested held and released time-after-time in a process that is called a revolving door. It seems to only come to an end when a truly heinous crime is committed.Because of the rise in juvenile crime and the experts predictions that the problem is going to get worse before it gets better, many cities, states and even congress are trying to wrestle with the problem. Tallahassee, Florida has been experimenting with a couple of different programs to deal with troubled youths. In one case, Tallahassee Police received a report of a teenager breaking into an auto. Immediately, officers knew their suspect. The suspect was a 16-year-old who even held a job at a near-by restaurant. This 16-year-old who was on parole, had been known to commit 32 similar offenses. Officers had kept the suspect tracked on a point scale. He was arrested after he barricaded himself inside an apartment building. Because of his extensive criminal record prosecutors immediately sent him to trial in an adult court. This can be called the “get-tough”approach.1. As you read the first paragraph, which kind of crimes are increasing while the crime statistics in America’s largest cities has dropped?[A] Homicides committed by youths.[B] Murders committed by adults.[C] Drug abuse.[D] Violation.2. Read the third paragraph carefully and then answer the question: What happened to the “6-year-old”?[A] The “6-year-old”had been killed.[B] The “6-year-old”had almost killed another small baby.[C] The “6-year-old”had been sent to prison.[D] The “6-year-old”had suffered brain damage.3. What thing will be report by ENN?[A] A high school teacher had been killed by a group of teenagers.[B] Junior terrorists.[C] The case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis.[D] Both A and B.4. Who called for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system?[A] Journalists came from Florida.[B] The parents came from the juvenile’s families.[C] Teachers came from the juvenile’s school.[D] The victims of these young felons.5. As the author use the example of the case of Tallahassee, what did he mean?[A] To illustrate the importance of changes that should be made in the juvenile justice system..[B] To state that teenagers who committed crimes should be sent to trial in an adult court.[C] To express that the old law was not fit for the new phenomenon.[D] To express that the author hated the juvenile crimes.[疑难长句翻译与注解]1. Demographic studies show that…the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.[译文]统计学的研究表明，在即将到来的一年里，青年人口将有迅猛的增长。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P23—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P23—法学类Passage 23Few lawyers did more to help George W. Bush become president than Barry Richard. As Bush's quarterback in the Florida courts during last fall's bruising recount, the white-maned Tallahassee, Fla., litigator became a familiar figure to TV audiences. He got the GOP equivalent of rock-star treatment when he came to Washington last January for Bush's Inauguration. At one ball, recalls law partner Fred Baggett, a heavyset Texas woman lifted Richard off the floor and planted a big kiss on his cheek, exclaiming, "I love you for giving us our president!"But Richard has discovered that the Bushies' gratitude has its limits. More than four months after the U.S. Supreme Court ended the 2000 election, he and his firm, Greenberg Traurig, are still owed more than $800,000 in legal fees. The firm, which sent 39 lawyers and 13 paralegals into court battles all over the state, is one of a dozen that have so far been stiffed. The estimated total tab: more than $2 million. The situation, NEWSWEEK has learned, has gotten increasingly sticky. While lawyers complain privately about foot dragging (Richard says he's not among them), Bush advisers are griping about "astronomical" bills--including one from a litigator who charged for more than 24 hours of work in a single day. "What you've got here is a bunch of rich lawyers bellyaching," says one former Bush campaign official. "Yet these guys got huge in-kind contributions to their reputations out of this."The lawyers were supposed to get their money from the Bush Recount Committee, a fund-raising vehicle set up when the Florida fight began. A nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money, the committee and its chief fund-raiser, Texas oilman (and now Commerce secretary) Don Evans, swiftly collected $8.3 million--more than twice the $3.9 million Al Gore's recount committee raised to pay its lawyers. To avoid charges that the recount was being bankrolled by special interests, the Bushies imposed a $5,000 cap on individual donations, a PR gesture they now regret. After paying off caterers, air charters and the army of GOP Hill types who came to Florida as "observers," the "kitty ran dry," says one source.The Bush camp says it intends to pay up. But Ben Ginsberg, the former chief campaign counsel who has inherited the mess, hasn't yet figured out how. As for the law firms, they are taking pains not to alienate their deadbeat clients, for fear of damaging their burgeoning Washington lobbying practices. Greenberg Traurig now represents electric power companies, drug manufacturers and Internet gambling interests willing to pay big money for access to policymakers. Whether Richard and company collect or not, that $800,000 could end up being a smart investment.注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 04/23/2001, Vol. 137 Issue 17, p28, 2/3p, 1c注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象是1995年真题text 3(1，2，3，5题)，第4题模仿1995年真题text 4 的第1题。
2015英语考研阅读
2015英语考研阅读2015年的英语考研阅读部分，相较于往年，难度有所提升，但整体上依然遵循了英语考研的一贯风格。
这一年的阅读材料涵盖了社会、科技、文化等多个领域，旨在考察考生的综合英语阅读能力。
首先，阅读理解部分的题型包括了细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题。
这些题型要求考生不仅要理解文章的字面意思，还要能够把握文章的深层含义，包括作者的观点、态度以及文章的逻辑结构。
在细节理解题中，考生需要仔细阅读文章，寻找与问题相关的信息点。
这类题目通常要求考生对文章中的某个具体事实或细节进行确认，因此，考生需要具备快速定位信息的能力。
推理判断题则要求考生在理解文章的基础上，进行逻辑推理，判断作者的意图或文章中未明确表述的信息。
这类题目往往需要考生对文章的整体结构和内容有较为深刻的理解。
主旨大意题是考察考生对文章整体把握的能力。
考生需要从文章的各个部分中提炼出中心思想，这通常涉及到对文章标题、首段和尾段的分析。
词义猜测题则是要求考生根据上下文的语境，推断生词或短语的含义。
这类题目考察的是考生的词汇量和语境理解能力。
在2015年的考研英语阅读中，文章选材广泛，既有关于科技发展的讨论，也有对社会现象的分析，还有对文化差异的探讨。
这些文章不仅提供了丰富的信息，也为考生提供了广泛的词汇和表达方式。
此外，这一年的阅读材料在语言风格上也有所变化，既有正式的学术论述，也有较为口语化的叙述。
这要求考生能够适应不同的语言风格，并从中提取关键信息。
总的来说，2015年的英语考研阅读部分对考生的英语阅读能力提出了较高的要求。
考生需要在平时的复习中，广泛阅读各类英文材料，提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。
同时，也要注重培养自己的逻辑推理能力和词汇量，以便在考试中能够迅速准确地回答问题。
通过系统的复习和练习，相信考生能够在考研英语阅读部分取得理想的成绩。
2015考研英语二阅读
2015考研英语二阅读在2015年的考研英语二考试中，阅读理解部分的难度适中，但仍然需要考生具备扎实的语言基础和良好的逻辑思维能力。
文章选材广泛，覆盖了社会、文化、科技等多个领域，旨在考察考生对不同文体和话题的理解能力。
首先，阅读理解A部分的文章涉及了社会现象，如教育、环境和科技发展等。
这些文章通常包含大量的专业术语和复杂的句子结构，要求考生不仅要有较强的词汇量，还要能够快速捕捉文章的主旨大意和细节信息。
在解答这类题目时，考生需要注意文章中的转折词、比较级和最高级等语言标志，这些往往能够帮助考生把握文章的逻辑关系和作者的观点态度。
其次，阅读理解B部分则更侧重于考察考生的推理判断能力。
这部分的文章往往包含一些隐含的信息和作者的暗示，考生需要通过上下文的线索来推断文章的深层含义。
在解答这类题目时，考生应避免仅凭字面意思理解，而应结合文章的整体内容和语境来做出合理的推断。
此外，阅读理解C部分的文章则更注重考察考生的词汇量和语法知识。
这部分的文章通常包含一些生僻词汇和复杂的句型，考生需要通过上下文的语境来猜测词义和理解句意。
在解答这类题目时，考生可以利用构词法、同义词替换等技巧来辅助理解。
最后，阅读理解D部分的文章则更侧重于考察考生的综合理解能力。
这部分的文章往往涉及多个主题和复杂的逻辑关系，考生需要在理解文章的基础上，对文章的结构、作者的观点和文章的写作目的有一个全面的把握。
在解答这类题目时，考生应注重文章的整体结构和段落之间的联系，以及作者的写作意图和文章的深层含义。
总的来说，2015年考研英语二的阅读理解部分要求考生具备较强的语言综合运用能力，包括词汇、语法、逻辑推理和综合理解等方面。
考生在备考过程中，应注重提高这些能力，并通过大量的阅读练习来熟悉不同文体和话题的文章，以提高自己的应试能力。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P17—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P17—法学类Passage 17“This is not the type of place where this happens," city council president George Carlton told a reporter, after the horror became public in his hometown, Sylacauga, Ala. He echoed what was said in Jasper, Texas, a year ago. Few people then had ever heard of Jasper. A week ago, even fewer could have pointed out Sylacauga on a map. A tiny city of 13,000, halfway between Birmingham and Montgomery, Sylacauga was known for its white marble quarries, textile mills and ice-cream factory. But last week Sylacauga, like Jasper, became a chapter in the recent history of hatred.According to police, Steven Eric Mullins, 25, and Charles Monroe Butler Jr., 21, plotted for two weeks to murder Billy Jack Gaither, 39. On Feb. 19, they arranged to meet him at a Sylacauga bar and lured him to a secluded area. There they beat him and dumped him into the trunk of his car. They then drove about 15 miles to Peckerwood Creek in Coosa County. There, says Coosa County Sheriff's Deputy Al Bradley, "they took him out of the trunk, took an ax handle and beat him to death." They set two old tires aflame, says Bradley, "then they put the body on the fire." They did it all, the deputy says, because Gaither was gay.Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well. "It's unfortunate that somebody had to lose his life in order for this legislation to pick up momentum here in the state of Alabama," says state Representative Alvin Holmes, who failed to get the original law amended when it was passed in 1996. Holmes filed for extending the law after Matthew Shepard, a gay student, was beaten and left to die on a fence in Wyoming last October, an incident that sparked national outrage. Even Wyoming failed to pass hate-crime legislation in the wake of the Shepard lynching. Like Shepard, Gaither did not hesitate to admit being gay, though he adhered quietly to Sylacauga's Southern dispositions. And friends dispute Mullins' and Butler's allegations that a sexual proposition incited the murder. Gaither's brother Randy told CNN: "Regardless of his personal life or anything, he doesn't deserve to be killed for this.""The message people are getting is that gay people are second-class citizens," says Tracey Conaty, spokesperson for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.Before Gaither's murder, activists were planning a major national pro-gay offensive. From March 21 to March 27, the task force will launch its "Equality Begins at Home" campaign, with 250 grass-roots events in all 50 states aimed at passing anti-gay-bashing legislation. Says Conaty: "These laws reflect the conscience of a community and send an important message." The March events, says Urvashi Vaid, director of the task force's policy institute, will involve straight people concerned about neighbors denied basic human rights. Adds Vaid: "It's more than just a gaything."注(1)：本文选自By Sylvester Monroe Time; 03/15/99, Vol. 153 Issue 10, p47, 2/3p, 3c, 1bw 注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2003年真题Text 41. What is implied in the first two paragraphs?[A] there are many murders in the recent history of hatred[B]the murder also happened in Jasper one year ago[C] it is another case of the gay being tortured to death[D]the city council president comes from Sylacauga2. The author uses the example of Matthew Shepard to show that ________.[A] it is difficult to extend the hate-crime legislation[B]people want to extend the hate-crime law[C]the gays are really in a terrible fix[D] people are indifferent to the gay student3. Alvin Holmes’attitude toward the gay victims is _________.[A]indifferent[B]sympathetic[C]outrageous[D]considerate4. Similar to Matthew Shepard, Gaither’s death ________.[A]aroused people’s sympathy for the gay[B] sharpened people’s awareness[C]gave legislation some momentum[D]failed to have any change in the legislation5. The text intends to express the idea that __________.[A] people should be concerned about their gay neighbors[B]the gay people shouldn’t be regarded as second-class citizens[C] the legislation for the gay still has a long way to go[D]more pro-gay campaigns should be launched答案：CABDC篇章剖析本文采用提出问题-----分析问题的模式。
2015年英语考研阅读
2015年英语考研阅读2015年考研英语阅读理解真题及答案阅读理解部分Part APassage 1The term “multitasking” usually refers to the ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously. In the performing arts, multitasking can take the form of a singer singing while moving around the stage, a dancer dancing to music while maintaining balance or a comedian speaking to a crowd while carrying out a physical routine. In each case, the performer’s ability to engage in two or more tasks simultaneously is part of what makes the performance captivating.However, the concept of multitasking has also been applied to the world of computers and technology. When people claim to be ableto multitask on a computer, they typically mean they can use the computer to perform multiple tasks at the same time, such as checking email while writing a report or watching a video while responding to messages on social media. In this sense, multitasking is a matter of effectively managing time and resources so that multiple tasks can be completed with maximum efficiency and minimal loss of quality.Despite its apparent simplicity, multitasking is actually quite complex. When people multitask, they must switch back and forth between tasks, which can lead to decreased efficiency and performance on each task. Additionally, people who engage in multitasking may be more easily distracted and have a harder time focusing on a single task. Furthermore, multitasking may not be beneficial for all tasks. For example, when it comes to tasks that require creative thinking or complex problem-solving, dividing attention can actually hinder performance.In light of these findings, it seems clear that the key to effective multitasking is selecting the right tasks to perform simultaneously and managing one’s focus and energy acc ordingly. This means thatpeople should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks. By doing so, they can increase their overall productivity while minimizing any negative impact on task performance.21. The passage mainly discusses ____.A. the negative effects of multitaskingB. how to select suitable tasks for multitaskingC. the importance of managing time and resources effectivelyD. the differences between various forms of multitasking22. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a form of multitasking?A. Singing while moving around the stage.B. Checking email while watching a video.C. Replying to messages on social media while driving.D. Cooking while listening to music.23. Multitasking can be inefficient and even counterproductive because _____.A. people tend to become easily distracted when engaging in multitaskingB. it results in decreased efficiency and performance on each taskC. it may not be suitable for all types of tasksD. people performing multitasking tasks usually lack focus and energy24. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Multitasking can significantly enhance people’s creativity.B. Completing multiple tasks simultaneously usually results in better performance.C. The key to effective multitasking lies in selecting suitable tasks and managing one’s focus and energy effectively.D. Multitasking is only suitable for simple, repetitive tasks that do not require much concentration or problem-solving ability.25. Which word best describes the function of the highlighted sentence? (Please highlight the sentence.)It means that people should identify which tasks require their full attention and which ones can be performed concurrently with other tasks.。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P11—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P11—法学类Passage 11Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur，leather，wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer，formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors，and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs，harassing hunters in the wild，or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault，armed terrorism，and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals，most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.The results of the protests and other tactics have been panies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well—known designers have stopped using fur.While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely，most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem，since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation.1.1 975 was an important year in the history of animal treatment because[A]many people began to call for humane treatment of animals that year[B]a new book was published that broadened the animal rights movement[C]the environmentalists began to show interest in animal protection[D]the trapping of animals began to go wild all through the world2.Some animal rights organizations advocate the use of extreme means in order to[A]wipe out cruel people [B]stop using animals in the laboratory[C]attack hunters in the wild [D]catch full public attention3.By saying“the results ofthe protests and other tactics have been mixed”(Line 1，Para.3)，the author means[A]the protest and other tactics have produced desired effects[B]the protest and other tactics almost amounted to nothing[C]the protest and other tactics have some influence on the public[D]the protest and other tactics have proved to be too radical4.The word“marshaling”(Line 5，Para.4)probably means[A]conducting [B]popularizing [C]changing [D]outraging5.It seems that the author ofthis article[A]is strongly opposed to the animal rights movement[B]is in favor ofthe animal rights movement[C]supports the use of violence in animal protection[D]hatestheuse offakefurfor clothes阅读小帮手核心词汇advocate n.提倡者philosophy n.哲学predecessor n.前辈tactics n.策略identical adj.同样的oppose vt.反对impetus.促进radicaladj.激进的reliance n.依赖publication .出版vocaladj.有声的assault n.攻击fake adj.假的译文：号召人道对待动物的倡导者们从1975年起将自己的目标扩大到反对利用动物来获取毛皮、皮革、毛织品和食品的行为。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P16—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P16—法学类Passage 16A white kid sells a bag of cocaine at his suburban high school. A Latino kid does the same in his inner-city neighborhood. Both get caught. Both are first-time offenders. The white kid walks into juvenile court with his parents, his priest, a good lawyer-and medical coverage. The Latino kid walks into court with his mom, no legal resources and no insurance. The judge lets the white kid go with his family; he's placed in a private treatment program. The minority kid has no such option. He's detained.There, in a nutshell, is what happens more and more often in the juvenile-court system. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in California are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute, a research center in San Francisco. Once they are in adult courts, young black offenders are 18 times more likely to be jailed-and Hispanics seven times more likely-than are young white offenders. "Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are, tried as adults," says Dan Macallair, a co-author of the new study. "California has a double standard: throw kids of color behind bars, but .rehabilitate white kids who commit comparable crimes."Even as juvenile crime has declined from its peak in the early 1990s, headline grabbing violence by minors has intensified a get-tough attitude. Over the past six years, 43 states have passed laws that make it easier to try juveniles as adults. In Texas and Connecticut in 1996, the latest year for which figures are available, all the juveniles in jails were minorities. Vincent Schiraldi, the Justice Policy Institute's director, concedes that "some kids need to be tried as adults. But most can be rehabilitated."Instead, adult prisons tend to brutalize juveniles. They are eight times more likely to commit suicide and five times more likely to be sexually abused than offenders held in juvenile detention. "Once they get out, they tend to commit more crimes and more violent crimes," says Jenni Gainsborough, a spokeswoman for the Sentencing Project, a reform group in Washington. The system, in essence, is training career criminals. And it's doing its worst work among minorities.注(1)本文选自By Anamaria Wilson Time; 02/14/2000, Vol. 155 Issue 6, p68, 1/3p注(2)本文习题命题模仿对象1997年真题text 5(其中因1997年真题text 5只有4个题目，所以本文第4题模仿参照对象为1999年Text 4的第4题。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P2—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P2—法学类Passage 2(Stricter Traffic Law can Prevent Accidents)From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously. But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before, every day we witness the incredible slaughter of men, women and children on the roads. Man versus the motor-car ! It is a never-ending battle which man is losing. Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a man’s very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind a steering-wheel. They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, willful as two-years-olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that society smiles so benignly on the motorist and seems to condone his behaviour. Everything is done for his convenience. Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy tragic; towns are made ugly by huge car parks; the countryside is desecrated by road networks; and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic, to be conveniently forgotten.It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate. Here are a few examples of some the things that might be done. The driving test should be standardized and made far more difficult than it is; all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so; the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least 21; all vehicles should be put through stringent annual tests for safety. Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability. Present drinking and driving laws (where they exist) should be mad much stricter. Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers, as has been done in the USA. All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned. These measures may sound inordinately harsh. But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if tit results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all, the world is for human beings, not motor-cars.1.The main idea of this passage is[A] Traffic accidents are mainly caused by motorists.[B] Thousands of people the world over are killed each year.[C] The laws of some countries about driving are too lax.[D] Only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.2.What does the author think of society toward motorists?[A] Society smiles on the motorists.[B] Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.[C] Victims of accidents are nothing.[D] Society condones their rude driving.3.Why does the author say:’his car becomes the extension of his personality?’[A] Driving can show his real self.[B] Driving can show the other part of his personality.[C] Driving can bring out his character.[D] His car embodies his temper.4.Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?[A] Build more highways.[B] Stricter driving tests.[C] Test drivers every three years.[D] raise age limit and lay down safety specifications.5.The attitude of the author is[A] ironical[B] critical[C] appealing[D] militantVocabulary1.immunise 使免疫，使免除2.expectation of life = life expectancy 平均寿命3.versus = against 对顶，反对4.mutilate 伤害5.wilful 任性的，固执的6.benign 宽厚的，仁慈的7.condone 宽容8.desecrate 亵渎，玷污9.code 法规，规定，惯例10.stringent 严格的，紧急的，迫切的11.performance 演出，成品，这里是指car’s behavior such as speed, function etc.可译成行为，汽车行为、功能等。
2015考研英语真题讲解
2015考研英语真题讲解一、阅读理解In today's world of globalized business, the ability to understand and connect with people from different cultures is more important than ever. This cultural intelligence ― the ability to work effectively in culturally diverse situations ― is a key facto r in the success of individuals and organizations. In order to develop cultural intelligence, individuals need to possess certain qualities and demonstrate specific behaviors.Firstly, one of the most important qualities for developing cultural intelligence is open-mindedness. People with open minds are willing to experience and learn about new cultures without judgment or prejudice. They are curious and eager to understand different perspectives and ways of doing things.Secondly, individuals with cultural intelligence are adaptable. They are able to adjust their behavior and communication style to fit the cultural norms of the people they are interacting with. Adaptable individuals are flexible and can easily navigate unfamiliar cultural settings.Thirdly, cultural intelligence requires strong interpersonal skills. Individuals with cultural intelligence are able to establish and maintain relationships with people from different cultures. They are good listeners, empathetic, and skilled at resolving conflicts that may arise due to cultural differences.Lastly, individuals with cultural intelligence are knowledgeable about different cultures. They invest time and effort into learning about thehistory, customs, and social norms of different cultures. This knowledge allows them to understand and appreciate the values and beliefs of people from different backgrounds.In conclusion, developing cultural intelligence is essential for success in today's globalized world. Open-mindedness, adaptability, interpersonal skills, and cultural knowledge are all qualities and behaviors that contribute to cultural intelligence. By cultivating these qualities and demonstrating these behaviors, individuals can enhance their ability to connect with people from different cultures and effectively navigate culturally diverse situations.二、翻译在全球化业务的今天，理解和与来自不同文化背景的人建立联系的能力比以往任何时候都更加重要。
15年考研英语阅读习题及答案
Passage Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that. Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep. The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into. A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape. 1. All boys and girls in large families know that . A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together B) people tend to be together more than they used to be C) a lot of people being together makes fights likely D) Railway leads the world to peace 2. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except . A) the railway enables people travel fast B) the railway brings comfort to people C) the railway makes the world peaceful D) the railway leads the world to war as well. 3. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but . A) tunnels are dangerous to public health B) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nerves C) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungs D) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die 4. We may safely conclude that . A) the author belongs to the anti-railway group B) the author belongs to the for-railway group C) the author speaks highly of the railway D) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers 5. What is the tone of this passage? A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated Answer1.C2.D3.D4.A5.C。
2015年考研英语阅读习题及答案
Passage You're busy filling out the application form for a position you really need; let's assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isn't it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree? Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University? More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university. Registrars at most well-known colleges say theydeal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of aboutone per week. Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms, then. If it turns out that an applicants lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them impostors(骗⼦); another refers to them asspecial cases. One well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made byno such people. To avoid outright(彻底的)lies, some job-seekers claim that they attended or were associated with a college or university. After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that attending means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that being associated with a college means that the job-seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century-that's when they began keeping records, anyhow. If you don't want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony(假的)diploma. One company, with offices in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of non-existent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from Smoot State University.The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the University of Purdue. As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana properly called Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper. 1. The main idea of this passage is that . A) employers are checking more closely on applicants now B) lying about college degrees has become a widespread problem C) college degrees can now be purchased easily D) employers are no longer interested in college degrees 2. According to the passage, special cases refer to cases where . A) students attend a school only part-time B) students never attended a school they listed on their application C) students purchase false degrees from commercial films D) students attended a famous school 3. We can infer from the passage that . A) performance is a better judge of ability that a college degree B) experience is the best teacher C) past work histories influence personnel officers more than degrees do D) a degree from a famous school enables an applicant to gain advantage over others in job petition 4. This passage implies that . A) buying a false degree is not moral B) personnel officers only consider applicants from famousschools C) most people lie on applications because they were dismissed from school D) society should be greatly responsible for lying on applications 5. As used in the first line of the second paragraph, the word utter means . A)address B)thorough C)ultimate D)decisive Answer1.B2.C3.D4.D5.C。
2015年考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案（法学类）
Vicious and Dangerous Sports Should be Banned by Law When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it’s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don’t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungey lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting. It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‘the sporting spirit’is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence. Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally - admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings. 1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s opinion of nowadays’ human beings isA. not very high.B. high.C. contemptuous.D. critical. 2. The main idea of this passage is A. vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law. B. people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence. C. to compare two different attitudes towards dangerous sports. D. people are bloodthirsty in sports. 3. That the author mentions the old Romans is A. To compare the old Romans with today’s people. B. to give an example. C. to show human beings in the past know nothing better. D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty. 4. How many dangerous sports does the author mention in this passage?A. Three.B. Five.C. Six.D. Seven. 5. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is A. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves. B. that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law. C. that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system. D. to show law is the main instrument of social change. Vocabulary 1.relish 从……获得乐处，享受 y 狂欢，放纵 3.arena 竞技场，活动或⽃争的场所 4.blood-thirsty 残忍的，嗜⾎的 5.bear-baiting 逗熊游戏 6.bull-fight ⽃⽜ 7.batter 猛击，连续地猛打/捶，乱打 8.pulp 成纸浆，成软块 9.burst into flames 突然燃烧起来/着⽕ 10.grim 令⼈窒息的，简陋的 11.coop up 把……关起来 写作⽅法与⽂章⼤意 作者采取先对⽐、后分析的写作⼿法。
2015年考研英语二真题及答案详解
2015年考研英语二真题及答案详解Part I Reading Comprehension（共两节，满分40分）题目一：Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.It is true that we cannot recreate a relationship on the same level of trust and vulnerability as one we had before someone broke it, but then we must ask ourselves: Why would we want to? If we hang on to the idea, the hope, the belief that there is a possibility of going back to what was, we are setting ourselves up for disappointment by getting stuck in the past, rather than welcoming in the gift of what is now before us—something that would be impossible with the same person(s) given a history with hurt.Instead, learn what it means to really, truly forgive another, having grown stronger from what we’ve experienced. This way we can, from a place of love, wisdom and strength, make better choices. There is the possibility of creating something so much more intimate than what was.Trust your intuition. If it feels that the individuals involved are open and available to something deeper with us, then take the risk. Otherwise, moveon. If a person has hurt us, it is likely that person will do it again unless there has been an awakening—a true change.1. According to the passage, what should we do when someone breaks a relationship?A) Try to recreate the relationship on the same level.B) Keep the idea of going back to what was.C) Forgive the person for the hurt we experienced.D) Trust our intuition and learn from the past.解析：根据文章第二句话"It is true that we cannot recreate a relationship on the same level of trust and vulnerability as one we had before someone broke it"，我们可以得出第一题的答案为A) Try to recreate the relationship on the same level.2. The author mentions "the gift of what is now" to emphasize the importance of _____.A) forgetting the pastB) learning from experienceC) trusting intuitionD) making better choices解析：根据文章第五句话"we are setting ourselves up for disappointment by getting stuck in the past, rather than welcoming in the gift of what is now before us—something that would be impossible with thesame person(s) given a history with hurt"，我们可以得出第二题的答案为D) making better choices.3. What should we be cautious about when deciding to continue a relationship?A) The possibility of betrayal.B) The pain caused by the past.C) The disappointment in the future.D) The change in another person.解析：根据文章第六句话"Otherwise, move on"，我们可以得出第三题的答案为D) The change in another person.4. What is essential to creating an intimate relationship?A) Forgiving others completely.B) Trusting our intuition.C) Holding onto the past.D) Avoiding disappointment.解析：文章未提及接触第四题，所以没有答案。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P15—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P15—法学类Passage 15It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit: Levi's jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive.Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe--a service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15,000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks "creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance".The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again.注(1)：本文选自Economist; 11/24/2001, V ol. 361 Issue 8249, p58, 1/2p注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2001年真题text 5(其中因2001年真题text 5只有4个题目，所以本文第5题模仿参照对象为1999年Text 1的第4题。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P5—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P5—法学类2015考研英语阅读理解精读P5—法学类Passage 5(Minor Problems?)Every time Americans tune into local news broadcasts or read daily papers，they are likely to be shocked at the increasing number of serious crimes committed by youths who are only sixteen years old or even younger.It is sometimes difficult to imagine these youngsters behaving like hardened criminals，but statistics continually prove that their crimes are often just as brutal as those committed by their adult counterparts.Inevitably，people begin questioning how successful the juvenile justice system is in reforming these youths and debating whether violent juveniles should be tried as adults in our legal system.I feel there is no question that juveniles convicted of serious crimes should face the same consequences as adults.While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade，violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.It is common knowledge that the youth murder-arrest rate has climbed dramatically.Examples of teen crime are vivid and terrifying.Newspapers and television frequently report that youths with no apparent motives have shot and killed other people.The effect on both families and society is large.Despite the increase in serious crimes committed by young offenders，the punishment which juveniles receive has traditionally almost never fit the severity of the crimes.Since the system has historically viewed children as not being fully developed，physically or mentally，it has prevented them frombeing held accountable for their wrongdoing.Although many of these“children”commit horrible crimes，they have been routinely treated as victims of society.Until very recently，1ighter sentences and court proceedings have been the norm.The message they sent to serious juvenile criminals is that crime “pays”because there are no serious consequences for their actions.When the system lacks an element of fear，there is nothing to prevent youthful offenders from committing future crimes.The current trend of assigning adult sentences to youths who commit serious crimes is absolutely just if the punishment is to fit the crime.Most pro-rehabilitation advocates argue that juvenile criminals are completely different from adult ones and should，therefore，be treated differently in the justice system.However，the cost to society is the same regardless of the age of the criminal.What comfort does it give to the family of a killed or injured victim that the person who killed or hurt their loved one was a minor? Families suffer no less because their relatives are shot by young offenders.Instead of treating the loser who murders innocent people like a victim of society，this person should be treated like any other person who victimizes society and causes pain to individuals and communities.Tougher measures must be taken to combat this growing problem of juvenile crime.In today’s society，too many juveniles count on light sentences given by the juvenile justice /doc/1117899597.html,wyers can help a vicious criminal receive a short sentence，and return to the streets to commit more crimes.When there are no harsh consequences of being caught，committing crimescan be perceived as having positive benefits.As a result，juveniles are continuing to become more violent and 1ess concerned with the value of human life.Rehabilitation，recommended by many as the solution to juvenile crime，should be directed only towards youths who have committed minor offenses.However，the juveniles who commit serious crimes should be tried as adults.A message has to be sent that we will no longer tolerate brutal crimes simply because of the age of the criminal.These youths must be held completely accountable for their crimes，suffering harsh consequences and ultimately realizing that they are no longer protected by the law.1.It can be inferred that juvenile criminals are those____.[A]who are under the age of 16 years old[B]who are not accountable for the crimes they commit[C]who can not tell major crimes from minor crimes[D]who are more likely to become victims of the society2.That violent juvenile crimes are on the rise is manifested by the fact that____.[A]penalty for juvenile criminals is becoming more and more serious[B]the society can no longer tolerate juvenile crimes[C]youth murder-arrest rate has dramatically increased[D]the young population has increased in the last ten years3.The reason why young people are becoming increasingly violent is that____.[A]the older they become，the stronger they are[B]they receive lighter punishment than they should[C]they do not know the value of human life[D]there is now too much violence in newspaper and on television4.According to the author，one reason why violent juvenile criminals should suffer the same fate as their adult counterparts is that____.[A]there are as many juvenile crimes as adult crimes[B]they have done equivalent injuries to the victim or the society[C]they are clearly aware of what they are doing at the time of offence[D]no other penalty can prevent them from committing future crimes5.Pro-rehabilitation advocates insist that____.[A]rehabilitation be directed only towards youths who commit minor crimes[B]stricter sentences be given only to youths who commit brutal crimes[C]a different justice system be applied to minors since they are not fully developed[D]minors be held completely responsible for any kind of crimes they commit答案与题解1.[A] 参阅第一段第一句。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P10—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P10—法学类Passage 10The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented，and policymakers and responsible employers are particularly sensitive to the plight of the black female employee on the theory that she is doubly the victim of discrimination.That there exist differences in income between whites and blacks is clear，but it is not so clear that these differences are solely the result of racial discrimination in employment.The two groups differ in productivity，so basic economics dictates that their incomes will differ.To obtain a true measure of the effect of racial discrimination in employment it is necessary to adjust the gross black/white income ratio for these productivity factors.White women in urban areas have a higher educational level than black women and can be expected to receive larger incomes.Moreover，State distribution of residence is important because blacks are overrepresented in the South，where wage rates are typically lower than elsewhere and where racial differentials in income are greater.Also，blacks are over-represented in large cities，and incomes of blacks would be greater if blacks were distributed among cities of different sizes in the same manner as whites.After standardization for the productivity factors，the income of black urban women is estimated to be between 108 and 125 percent of the income of white women.This indicates that productivity factors more than account for the actual white/black income differential for women.Despite their greater education，white women’s actual average income is only 2 to 5 percent higher than that of black women in the North.Unlike the situation of men，the evidence indicates that the money income of black urban women was as great as，or greater than，that of whites of similar productivity in the North，and probably in the United States as a whole.At least two possible hypotheses may explain why the adjustment for productivity more than accounts for the observed income differential for women.First，there may be more discrimination against black men than against black women.The different occupational structures for men and women give some indication why this could be the case.Second，the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the intensity of discrimination against women differs little between whites and blacks.Therefore，racial discrimination adds little to effects of existing sex discrimination.These findings suggest that a black woman does not necessarily suffer relatively more discrimination in the labor market than does a white woman.Rather，for women，the effects of sexual discrimination are so pervasive that the effects of racial discrimination are negligible.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to____.[A] explain the reasons for the existence of income differentials between men and women[B] show that racial discrimination against black women in employment is less important than sexual discrimination[C] explore the ways in which productivity factors influence the earning power of blackworkers[D] sketch a history of racial and sexual discrimination against black and female workers in the labor market2.The difference between income levels for black and white women is____.[A] less than that for black and white men[B] greater than that for black and white men[C] greater since black women are subject to more discrimination[D] smaller since women can only do low-paying jobs3.Which of the following best describes the logical relationship between the two hypotheses presented in the fourth paragraph?[A] They may both be true since each phenomenon could contribute to the observed differential.[B] They are contradictory，and if one is proved to be correct，the other is proved incorrect.[C] They are independent of each other，and it is hard to establish any relationship between them.[D] The two hypotheses are logically connected so that it is impossible to prove either one to be true without also proving the other to be true.4.If the second hypothesis mentioned by the author is correct，a general lessening of discrimination against women should lead to a(n) ____.[A] higher white/black income ratio for women[B] lower white/black income ratio for women[C] lower female/male income ratio[D] increase in the productivity of women5.The author’s attitude toward racial and sexual discrimination in employment is one of____.[A] apology [B] concern [C] indifference [D] indignation答案：1.[B] 文章最后一段是作者的结论，这段提到两个假设，一是对男性黑人的歧视可能比对女性黑人的歧视更严重;二是对妇女的歧视在黑人和白人之间没有多大区别。
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2015考研英语阅读理解精读P25—法学类Passage 25(Does a live-born human infant is still a “fetus”?)On Tuesday evening, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Born-Alive Infants Protection Act on a voice vote. This is a simple, three-paragraph bill that would codify, for federal law purposes, the traditional definition of “born alive.”Specifically, under the bill, the terms “person,”“human being,”“child”and “individual,”whenever they appear in federal laws or regulations, will be construed to include “every infant member of the species homo sapiens who is born alive.”The term “born alive”is then defined as “complete expulsion or extraction from his or her mother,”followed by a heartbeat, respiration, or movement of voluntary muscles.This is the legal definition already incorporateed in the laws of most states.At 7:39 p.m. Tuesday, the Associated Press bureau in Washington sent out a dispatch that began, “The House voted Tuesday to define a fetus that is fully outside a woman’s body as having been ‘born alive,’which would give the fetus full legal protection.”The term “fetus”was employed repeatedly throughout the rest of the dispatch.Quickly, I and at least one other reader pointed out to the AP editor on duty that “fetus”is not an appropriate or accurate term to apply to a human infant who is entirely born and alive. If an infant is born alive prematurely, then the proper term would be “premature infant”or “premature baby,”not “fetus.”Sometimes induction of labor is used as a method of abortion, and sometimes this results in a live birth. This is sometimes referred to as a “live birth abortion.”On occasion, other abortion methods also result in live births. But a premature infant is a premature infant—and a legally protected person—regardless of how he or she reached that state.Regrettably, the AP did not correct its error. Instead AP editors compounded the original error bytransmitting updates that contained this statement: “The legislation is aimed at an abortion procedure critics call ‘partial-birth’in which a fetus is partially delivered before being destroyed. Thirty states and the District of Columbia already have laws against the procedure.”In fact, the Born-Alive Infants Protection Act does not restrict partial-birth abortion. In a partial-birthabortion, the fetus/baby is mostly delivered but the head remains in the womb while the skull is punctured—hence the name, PARTIAL-birth.The fetus/baby destroyed in a PARTIAL-birth abortion has not achieved the “complete extraction or expulsion from his or her mother”required to be “born alive”under H.R. 2175. Moreover, the laws that the AP refers to are laws that define “live birth,”not laws restricting partial-birth abortion. According to the House Judiciary subcommittee that H.R. 2175 have codified the definition of “live birth”for their state-law purposes, and of these, 30 states and D.C. have codified definitions virtually identical tothose contained in H.R. 2175. (D.C. has never enacted a restriction on partial-birth abortion.) Reading Comprehension1. What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?[A] A new bill has been passed by the Home.[B] The bill would be codified.[C] The term “born alive”has a new definition.[D] There are many debates about the bill.2. What did the author probably mean by his saying, “This is the legal definition already incorporated in the laws of most states.”?[A] The bill should come earlier.[B] A lot of states have already adopted the definition in their laws.[C] It will affect the federal laws.[D] Both B and C.3. Read paragraph 4 carefully and then point out that why did the author think that “fetus”is not a fitted word to describe that especially situation?[A] An infant is alive but a fetus is not.[B] The word “fetus”is not an accurate term.[C] When you use the word “fetus”, there is something discrimination in your talk.[D] “Fetus”is not considered as a real person but when you use the word “infant”to describe someone he or she is a real one who alive.4. According to your understanding, what does partial-birth mean?[A] It indicated the situation that an infant was failed to born.[B] A method of abortion.[C] An unsuccessful born of a child.[D] Dystocia.5. What did the Associated Press think about the live-born human infant ?[A] They thought that the live-born human infant was still a fetus.[B] They didn’t think that the live-born human infant was still a fetus.[C] They have no idea about the definition of a live-born human infant.[D] They thought it was bloody to use the partial-born method to the fetus.答案与题解：1. [C] 仔细阅读文中第一段可以发现，该段讲述国会通过新法案重点是从法案的影响上来谈的。