2019高考英语二轮培优复习专题四任务型阅读第三讲信息概括题习题12

第三讲 │ 信息概括题这类题目难度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透彻理解文章的基础上，根据文中相关信息综合分析后提炼出新词。

此类题目主要分为两种类型：(1)总结性词汇。

设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。

解题关键⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧①寻找文章或段落的主旨句②根据问题查找定位信息，找共性的东西 (2)归纳词。

有的题目在原文中可能找不到具体的信息句。

这就要求我们首先要确定信息区域，然后对该区域进行认真地分析归纳。

解题关键⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧①概括性（在最大程度上覆盖栏内信息）②针对性（量体裁衣，大小适度）③醒目性（简洁）[注意] 信息概括题有时必须结合表格本身才能正确解答。

[典例1] (2017·江苏高考)Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore ，around 50% of the world’s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level(i.e.2.1 births per woman)and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss(especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)，but you’d be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too ，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.It would be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72)________of population. 分析 第一步：根据题干大意可定位到文章第二段。

第二步：根据第二段内容，特别是“almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate”和“Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too ，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。

size/scale 表示“尺寸，大小，规模”，符合文意。

第三步：确定答案为size/scale 。

[典例2] (2017·江苏高考)In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total，25% of India’s working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated.Leaving aside the birth rate issue，India’s economy may take off when the country achieves (78)________of educational opportunity.分析：第一步：根据题干中的“India’s economy”以及“educational”，可以定位到文章第五段。

第二步：根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。

第三步：确定答案为equality。

[知识链接1] 信息概括常用词1.原因与结果：reason (for)，result；cause (of)，consequence2.异同点与优缺点：difference，similarity; advantage，disadvantage3.功能：function4.观点与态度：opinion，view (on/about)，viewpoint，idea; attitude (to/towards)5.评论与评价：comment (on)，remark (on/upon)，assessment6.方式与方法：means，way，method (of); solution，approach (to doing sth)；(take) measures (to do sth)7.目的：purpose，aim，goal8.积极与消极：positive，negative9.建议：advice，suggestion，tip10.概括与总结：summary，conclusion11.特点：feature，characteristic12.种类：kind，type，category，class13.精神上与身体上：mentally，physically14.影响：influence，impact，effect (on)15.情形，状况：situation，condition16.方面与项目条款：aspect，item17.材料：materials18.知识与消息：knowledge，information19.日程计划：schedule，agenda20.百分比：percentage21.性别：sex22.年龄：age23.(不)熟悉：familiar/unfamiliar24.个人，个人的：individual25.细节：description，detail26.文化：culture27.责任：(take) responsibility28.贡献：(make) contributions (to)29.重要：value，importance，significance30.比较：contrast，comparison31.时期：period，time32.存在：existence，exist33.人口：population34.天气与气候：weather，climate35.位置：location36.主题：theme37.背景：setting，background38.情节：plot39.高潮：climax40.反对者与支持者：opponent，supporter [知识链接2] 同义替换常考词汇A(2018·苏北四市高三第一次调研)Ownership used to be about as straightforward as writing a cheque.If you bought something，you owned it.If you broke it，you fixed it.If you no longer wanted it，you sold it or threw it away.Some firms found ways of squeezing out more profit in the after-sale services，using authorized repair shops，and strategies such as selling cheap printers and expensive ink，which，however，did not challenge the nature of ownership.In the digital age ownership has become more ambiguous.Since the arrival of smart phones，consumers are forced to accept that they do not control the software in their devices; they are only licensed to use it.But as more digital devices are springing up，who owns and who controls which objects is becoming a problem.Buyers should be aware that some of their most basic property rights are under threat.Needless to say，manufacturers seeking to restrict what owners do with increasingly complex technology have good reasons to protect their copyright，ensure that theirmachines do not malfunction (发生故障)，maintain environmental standards and prevent hacking.Sometimes companies use their control over a product’s software for the owners’ benefit.When Hurricane Irma hit Florida this month，Tesla，a start-up for electric vehicles，remotely upgraded the software controlling the batteries of some models to give owners more range to escape the storm.The more digital strings(数字串) are attached to goods，the more the balance of control tilts(倾斜) towards producers and away from owners.Already this has given rise to controversy (争议) over owners’ pro perty rights.Items from smart phones to washing machines have become increasingly hard to fix，meaning that they are thrown away instead of being repaired.Privacy is also at ers were alarmed when it came out that iRobot，a robotic vacuum cleaner，not only cleans the floor but creates a digital map of the home’s interior that can then be sold to advertisers though the manufacturer says it has no intention of doing so.Such issues should remind people how desperately they ought to protect their property r ights.In America this idea has already taken root in the “right to repair” movement.In France appliance-makers must tell buyers how long a device is likely to last—a sign of how repairable it is.Regulators should encourage competition by，for instance，insisting that independent repair shops have the same access to product information，spare parts and repair tools as manufacturer-owned ones.Ownership is not about to go away，but its meaning is changing.Devices，by and large，are sold on the basis that they empower (授权) people to do what they want.To the extent they are controlled by somebody else，that freedom is compromised.答案 1.challenged [根据第一段最后一句中的challenge可知答案。