Chapter 4 语言学第四章总结

Chapter 4

1.Syntax

Syntax is the study of rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentence in a language, or the study of the interrelation between elements in sentence structure. It studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences. Syntax is a brand of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.

Syntactic Relation:

a.Positional relation (word order) is a manifestation of one

aspect of syntagmatic relation, also called horizontal

relation or chain relation

b.Relation of substitutability refers to classes or sets of

word substitutable for each other grammatically in

sentences with the same structure. It refers to groups of

more than one word which may be jointly substitutable

grammatically for a single word of a particular set. It

called associative relations, vertical relations, choice

relations.

c.Relation of co-occurrence

2．Grammatical construction (construct)

The boy ate the apple.

A: the boy B and C: ate the apple

A: external B and C: internal (immediate constituent)

To dismantle a grammatical construction in this way is called immediate constituent in this way is called immediate constituent analysis or IC analysis.

3.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is

functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituent.

Exocentric construction is a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole.

4.Coordination is a common syntactic pattern in English and

other languages formed by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction.

(and ,but, or)

Subordination refer to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.

5.Syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic

form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.

a.Subject refers to one of the nouns in the nominative case.

It includes grammatical subject and logical subject. Its characteristics include word order, pro-forms, agreement with verb content question, tag question

b.Predicate refers to a major constituent of sentence

structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.

c.Object include direct object and indirect object

6.Category refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense

and refers to the defining properties of these general units.

a.Number is a grammatical category used for the analysis of

word classes displaying such contrasts as singular, dual, plural.

b.Gender display such contrasts as masculine, feminine,

neuter.

c.Case is used in the analysis of word class to identify the

syntactic relationship between word in a sentence accusative, nominative, detive

d.Agreement (concord)

7.Phrase is a single element of structure containing more than

one word and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical