新托福独立写作常用论证方式组合
托福独立写作模板
独立写作模板（一）支持反对型：给出一个论点，此论点不包括两种事物的比较，要求考生支持或反对并给出理由。
Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?AAA.（表示题目中给出的观点）Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.表赞同的模板开头段：There exists one notion that ❶... （与AAA明显对立的观点或看法）However, another view is more reasonable and objective for me —❷... （AAA的观点或看法，不用题目中一样的句子，解释一下题目中的观点）The reasons why I agree with this view go as follow./My reasons and examples are given below.主体段：（一边倒）主体段1First of all, ❸...（支持AAA的第一个原因）... Just look at the case about ❹...（举例说明）...主体段2In addition, ❺... （支持AAA的第二个原因）... Take ... as an example. ❻... （举例说明）...主体段3Last, ❻...（支持AAA的第三个原因）... XXX is a good example to illustrate it. ❼... （举例说明）...结尾段：From the above discussion I firmly believe that ❽... （重申观点,不用与观点句一样的句子，要变化句型）表不赞同的模板开头段：There seems to me no need to put any emphasis on the advantages of AAA. ❶... （AAA明显的优势）Many people support this statement because ❷... （很多人支持此观点的原因）However, actually I disagree with the the view and believe that ❸...（AAA有缺点）主体段：（一边倒）主体段1On the one hand, the apparent disadvantage of AAA is ❹...（AAA的第一个缺点。
托福写作的论证方式
托福写作的论证方式托福写作的文体是argumentative essay (议论文)，所以在写作时，时刻要记住一个完整的论证就是论点+论据。
那么我们在写议论文时，有哪些论证方式呢?一般而言，常见的有5种。
一起来学习一下!托福写作的论证方式1. 举例论证：定义：列举确凿、充分，有代表性的事例证明论点。
通过列举典型事例，具体有力地证明了中心论点，增强了说服力。
这些事例可以是发生在我们平常生活中的小事，也可以是名人轶事，新闻报道或者历史事件。
举例的惯用表达:1) For example / For instance, ...2) A (具体) aptly illustrates B (抽象) = A is an apt illustration of B = To illustrate = As an illustration3) A case in point is ....4) The story of... best demonstrates this point5) T o pick / take... as an example 托福真题：Competition between friends always has a negative effect on their friendship.举例论证示范：Nevertheless, competition between friends does not necessarily put a dent in the friendship. On the contrary, friendship can be consolidated as long as friends help one another over the course of competition. A case in point is my niece who had a contest with his intimate friend Lucas. They both agreed that whoever obtained the lower score in the final exam of math had to buy a great present for the winner. During the preparation for the exam, they often shared useful materials and compared notes about some complicated problems. In the end, my niece did not perform as well as his friend Lucas, however, he still kept his promise and bought a PSP for Lucas. When asked the question whether this competition did damage to their friendship. My niece disapproved such statement and maintained that thecontest provided a wonderful opportunity to strengthen their friendship. Hence healthy competition of this kind is wholesome for friendship, indeed.2. 反面论证定义：从某个论点的对立面入手，通过证明它的错误来体现该论点的正确。
托福大作文结构和常用句式
写作结构:第一段:背景+评论(观点),不可过长,长度也不可超过中间的论说部分.多一些桥接的句子,不要出现思维跳跃,过渡要自然.第二-四段:理由+例子+点题: 简洁明了,逻辑结构清晰, 例子有说服力(高大上或接地气均可),不要掉书袋举例,对比,搭桥,因果反复用第五段:再一次点明观点结论,可以带一个让步状语从句顺带提下反方观点的好处.考察点:语法,复杂性(词汇多样+句子结构多样性),内容丰富有逻辑,全文和谐.小作文全文只要提到观点/论据,就要指明观点/论据出处是”材料”还是”教授”.句式:1.sth is closely associated with/ related to the rapid developmentof XX that commands the attention of the world.2.the origination/coming of XX has immensely transformed ourway of living, thus making our life cozy and comfortable/ more convenient and easier.3.the public should be educated to become aware of the terribleconsequences of ….4.both A and B can make your life diverse and varied if you hold aright attitude and utilize it properly/ make a good use of it.5.the coming of 主题 has fundamentally transformed thetraditional way of 动词进行时6.people should be educated to become aware that everyone canplay his own role in solving problem.7.the turning of the people’s attitude towards and outlook on lifeleads to the phenomenon8.with XX our social circles can be largely extended, making usmore actively involved in the dynamic society.9.the change has a lot to do with ….10.the ready availability of 主题, renders it easier and more convenient for us to 动词.11.relevant laws or regulations should be laid down and enforced to prevent the situation from worsening.12.the change is enhanced and encouraged by the government’s better policies coupled with/ as well as the more convenient channels in the … field.13.XX also brings us much entertainment and therefore enormously/ immensely enrich our life.14.good examples should be set and awarded to direct/guide the public’s mainstream opinions and behaviors.15.… promote and even accelerate the change.16.the proper use of 主题 can immensely cut down the cost and expenses of 动词进行时.17.Keep us well informed of the outside world18.Broaden our horizon and expand our knowledge19.It has long been known that20.Hold a good reputation of21.XX is the very/ a vivid symbol of …22.As the country catches up quickly in economy, life is also enriched in various ways23.Appeal to=attract=lure24.Place emphasis on=attach importance to=give weight to25.Have access to=be entitled to26.Show my sympathy for your27.Due to=Owing to28.we should appeal to the authorities to make relevant rules and regulations to29.rack one’s memory in vain 绞尽脑汁30.His generosity manifests itself in times of need.31.a whole host of reasons/uncorrected abuses 种种原因/恶习不改.p up喜欢drop in one’s lap临幸某人33.Life without aspiration, dream or fantasy is like mundane existence with only skeleton.34.set apart from 与……分离,区别35.cling to=attach to=hold36.coincide with 一致，同时发生be concerned with something与…有关；涉及37.by the large=Generally speaking38.elaborate on sth39.anchor sth to/in sth寄托A于Bpensate for41.appeal for 恳求42.assume a look of 呈现出43.assume office 走马上任44.be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于45.be avid/enthusiastic for46.attest to=confirm47.be susceptible to48.be adept in sth/at doing sth49.be entitled/eligible to do=have access to50.hava an attachment to sb./sth=show preference for 对···依恋51.cope with52.assume a look of 呈现出...53.elaborate on/upon sth.详细说明，详尽计划54.assume office 走马上任55.nature instinct 天性56.be absorbed in sth 全神贯注……，专心于做某事；57.absorbed one's attention 吸引某人注意58.be consistent with=be compatible with 与..兼容59.collide with 碰撞，冲突60.benfit from61.under the camouflage of在…的掩盖下62.a constellation of 一群，许多63.dictate terms 发号施令64.culminate in 在XX达到高潮后结束65.act/run counter to 违反，背道而驰66.be devoted to=concentrate on=dedicate sb. to sth.=sb. be committed to sth.67.copious/prolific amounts of water68.on the contrary=contrary to this=on the other hand69.cognitive limitation70.urge sb. to do sth.71.allude to=refer to72.on account of73.be eager for74.Beyond pointing out these truisms, I would also...75.originate in=stem from=be derived from=ensue from=emanate from=emerge from76.endeavor to=contrive to77.devoid of=scant of; divest/deprive sb of sth;78.embark on79.in tandemIn compliance with XXUndoubtedly, the XX endeavors to convince us a thought-provoking XX.Obviously, the recent years witnessed/highlighteda stunning ascent/prevalence in aspect of XXXan ascending number of concerns on the problem arising from XXXa dramatic increase in the number of XXXamong… and … throughout the country and itself has been playing a gradually significant role in our life.Concerning the prevalent fad/ fervent topic, we have come up with manifold comments on its existence / approaches on its resolution theoretically, which can contribute to the resolution of this serious problem.As XX have provoked attention from many, there are XXX that have been proposed or initiated already.It is wildly accepted that XXXX has been a hot topic which is most talked about. This is something we should give more thought to. People from various spheres debate about the resolutions of the problem, which, to some extent, has evolved into a hot issue worldwide nowadays.An increasing number of people from various spheres are concerned with the problem arising from 主题. How to resolve the problem has become a big concern.This highlights the importance of XXXX, which, in my belief is extremely significant to all of us.Speaking of 主题/ When it comes to the topic, however, people’sviews vary from one to another/ person to person: some peoplehold/insist that it is a blessing, while others maintain that it is a hell. With/In respect to XX(In terms of), it is inevitable to make the choice between A and B. It is inconsiderate if we rush towards a decision without a careful analysis of A and B.As a matter of fact, there are various approaches which can contribute to the resolution of this serious problemThough some people contend that ……, I remain staunch in mybelief that….As far as I am concerned, I am firmly in favor of the former/later view and contend that xx is definitely blessing.On a personal note, three efficient tactics bring about more positive results.From my perspective, three remarkable impetuses/parameters account for/contribute to the trend/phenomenon/beliefattribute to 归功于What accounts for the change(difference/ increase)?In my (point of) view,at least three factors bring about/ contribute to the change. Having scrutinized all the details of XXX, we could discuss the implications/driving forces subtly conveyed from it.We can draw an obvious conclusion that……Taking into account all the reasons that have been mentioned above As argued so far, we may reasonably predict that the XX concisely and subtly conveyed by XX is bound to sustain in the forthcoming years due to the proceeding society.the positive(negative) trend(tide) should bestimulated(emboldened,hindered), which destines to exert a profound influence on relevant spheres.As is known to all, it can’t be denied that XX does have somedefects/unfavorable aspects such as its likelihood to disturb our normal life and work.It must be acknowledged that 主题 does have its demerits such as its disturbance of our life and even work.The merits of XX far outweigh the defects. Provided that wehave/hold on an appropriate attitude towards it and utilize it properly/make a proper use of it, XX will affirmatively/undoubtedly benefit us in many spheres/主题is bound to benefit us in more than one way.It cannot be denied that to solve the problem/the resolution of this problem is anything but an easy job and calls for the government’s measures accompanied by/as well as the public’s efforts.In this premise/With effective measures,coupled with considerable efforts, the problem is bound to be coped with/resolved in the near future.Considering what are discussed above, we may reasonably draw a conclusion now.If we are particular about ____, A outweighs B; but if we lay much value on ____, we’d better turn to B.In a word, notwithstanding both A and B will contribute something to our life, whether to choose A or B rests on every individ ual’s preference.As the society further develops, the rising/declining trend is bound to continue for a couple of years in the future. As far as I’m concerned, it’s a positive/negative trend and should be stimulated/reversed,for/since it is beneficial/a threat not merely/only to the individuals but also to the whole society.What is more, we should enhance the awareness of people that XXXX.。
托福独立写作格式
托福独立写作格式
1.引言：首先，需要引出整篇文章的主题，并简要说明自己的立场。
引言通常包括一个有趣的事实、引用一句名言或者是一个问题，旨在吸引读者的注意力。
2. 主体部分：接下来，需要列出两到三个论点，支持自己的立场。
每个论点都需要有一两个相关的例子，用以证明自己的观点。
建议按顺序列出每个论点，并在每段的开头使用一个主题句，让读者清楚地了解自己的论点。
3. 对立论点：在主体部分的最后一段，需要列举一个对立的论点，并指出其缺陷或不足之处，加强自己的立场。
4. 结论：最后，需要对整个文章进行总结，并重申自己的立场。
可以使用一个总结性的句子来结束文章。
在写作过程中，需要注意语言表达的准确性、逻辑性和连贯性。
尽量使用简洁的句子和合适的词汇，展示出自己的语言水平和思维能力。
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新托福独立写作 常见论证方式之举例&因果实例
常见论证方式之举例&因果实例1.举例实例：Title: The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers’ salaries.解题思路：disagree让步转折法。
让步段：增加老师工资对于提高教学质量的确有好处，特别是在不发达的地区。
举例论证如下：This point can be confirmed by the example of my friend Li, a teacher i n a small town with a salary of 1,500 yuan a month.In order to make ends meet, he has to do some part-time jobs after work and even on weekends. It is usually the case that when he comes back home in the evening every day, he is too tired to make full preparations for the classes next day. If he had a higher salary, he could spend more time in preparing for his teaching rather than taking so many odd jobs, which would undoubtedly contribute to the improvement of the education quality in the long run.2.因果实例：More and more people are spending money on their pets, even though there can be other good ways to spend money.解题思路：让步转折。
英语考试作文-托福写作格式 独立写作常见的两种写作格式
英语考试作文托福写作格式独立写作常见的两种写作格式托福写作包括综合写作和独立写作两部分，综合写作主要考察大家对信息的归纳总结能力，独立写作考察大家英文写作能力。
独立写作想要写好并不容易，需要多加练习，并掌握一些写作技巧。
下面，来给大家介绍一下托福独立写作中常见的两种写作格式。
一.单边论证格式单边论证格式具体写作格式如下：Introduction（引入正文）Background+My Opinion（亮明观点）Body:1.Reason One + Supportiong Sentences(ss表示)（分列论据）2.Reason Two + SS3.Reason Three + SSConclusion:Restatement of My Opinion（总结观点）上述结构中的supporting sentences在议论文中的体现方式是一些论证方法，如举例子(exemplification)，对比对照(contrast& comparison)，列数据(raising figures)，让步(making concession)等来对自己支持的观点进行论证，使考官信服。
而此类结构也是中国学生较熟悉的议论文结构，在各类中国的考试中，如高考英语、大学四六级考试等，应用也较广。
但是单边论证的缺点，就中国学生而言，是较难扩展论证过程，而且像讲道理、举例子等论证方法必须正确使用，显示其逻辑性才能得到高分。
二.双边倾向结构双边倾向结构的文章结构如下:Introduction(引入正文)Background+ My Opinion / Layout（亮明观点）Body:1. Opinion One/ Advantage（论述观点一的优点）Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences2. Opinion Two/ Disadvantage（论述观点二的缺点）Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences+ Reason Three + Supporting SentencesConclusion:（总结）Statement of My Opinion (for opinion two/ more disadvantages than advantages)此类结构是双边倾向性结构，是双边结构中的一种。
托福写作技巧：三大论证方法
托福写作技巧：三大论证方法托福写作的时候，大家也需要论证自己的观点，那么在论证的过程中，其实也是讲究方法策略的。
具体的常见的托福写作的论证方法都有哪些呢?店铺为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考。
托福写作技巧：三大论证方法方法一：举实例举实例是在文章主体部分最常用也是最实用的方法!而且这也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子!或者上面我们举过的例子：I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.方法二：擅用“换言之”没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。
实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you.更多短语：in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply方法三：作比较方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的;世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点(through comparison)和不同点(through contrast)。
下面是一些短语：相似的比较：in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner相反的比较：on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, n evertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …托福独立写作范文：对人印象判断Some people trust their first impressions about a person's character because they believe these judgments are generally correct. Other people do not judge a person's character quickly because they believe first impressions are often wrong. Compare these two attitudes. Which attitude do you agree with? Support your choice with specific examples.In our daily life, we will always be told a wealth of such cases as a guy who has fallen into love with a girl at the first sight, one of your friends who impresses your mother deeply on his or her first visit to your house and then is treated exceptionally well by your hard-to-be-pleased mother, and even the applicant who attracts to the HRM (human resources manager) immediately at the first sight of the interview and then is easily employed, to name just a few. All of the above-mentioned cases tell us many people in the world trust the first impressions of a person, his or her character, her conduct and her eloquence, etc., all of which he or she displays at each other's first meet. But is all that he or she displays, or all that you understand through what he or she displays or hints correct or just a blur image which needs to be proved in the later days?Before we get the question to be treated, let’s think of the most probable (not absolutely) results of the cases mentioned in the first paragraph:The guy who has just experienced the above-said romance has to say goodbye to his newly-known girlfriend because later on he finds out that the girl is not as good as she looks; the friend of yours who has just won your hard-to-be-pleased mother's trust is criticized by your mother because of his or her great incoherency in the manners, and even the newly-employed employee is dismissed because of he is not telling the truth in his resume. Till now, do you still think the first impressions of a person’s character are dependable?Psychologically, in our head we had a very perfect image of a person, of course, which varies from one another owing to his of her specific experiences, education and family background, his or her own opinion about a special view, etc. and when such a person as confirms with the image in our head pretty congruently presents, we will, to great extent, overestimate or even exaggerate the his or her merits, while omit the shortcomings as we can help it. Maybe this is the psychological reason, thus we can ourselves lead to the answer to the question referred above that the first impressions of a person are generally incorrect and also irresponsible for yourself.In a word, to judge a person needs time and the first-sight impression is always undependable.托福独立写作范文：做决定稳妥还是迅速Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that people make quickly are always wrong. Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.I disagree with the statement that the decisions people make quickly are always wrong. However, I think those decisionsprobably turn out to be wrong more often than carefully made decisions do. Usually, fast decisions are based on what we call our "gut reactions," or feelings we have about a situation. Sometimes these gut reactions are based on good sense backed by experience, but sometimes they're based on nonsense or poor reasoning.Let's say you're at work and the boss calls you to his office and tells you there's a big project that needs to be done. He thinks you're the best person for the job, but he needs an answer from you on the spot. He hasn't told you what the project is, but you make the quick decision to accept. This is the right quick decision, because you're basing it on a lot of factors that will occur to you later. One is that it wouldn't make sense for the boss to ask you to do something he didn't think you could handle. That would only hurt his business. Plus, doing a good job on this project might help your career. You realize it's good to reach higher, if you want to get ahead.But let's say you're on a deserted highway late at night and your car breaks down. Along comes a car driven by someone who doesn't seem quite right to you. He offers you a ride to the nearest gas station. You make the quick decision to accept the ride because it's late, you 're cold and tired and you don't want to sit there waiting for the highway patrol to arrive. This is a case where a quick decision is a wrong decision. You shouldn't trade your personal safety for physical comfort, and if you thought about it, you wouldn't.How do you know when it's okay to make a quick decision? You have to be able to guess at the possible benefits versus the possible dangers. If it's a small decision like where to go to lunch, .who cares? However, if my whole future were at stake, I'dwant as much time as I could get to think about it.托福独立写作范文：不的学习方式People learn in different ways. Some people learn by doing things; other people learn by reading about things; others learn by listening to people talk about things. Which of these methods of learning is best for you? Use specific examples to support your choice.The effectiveness of a learning method varies from person to person and also from activity to activity. Learning by doing, learning by reading, and learning by listening all have the transfer of information as their goal, but the information is transferred in very different ways in each case.Each has its benefits. In my own opinion, learning by doing is the method that works best for me.Learning by doing works because it gives a learner first-hand experience. Other methods are more passive; you're either listening to a conversation or trying to pay attention to words on a page.However, learning by doing means actually participating in the activity. Can you imagine learning how to play a musical instrument from a book? As the saying goes, practice makes perfect.Frankly, I can't think of a way that better ensures one has truly learned than by seeing and doing.In contrast, reading makes learning less easy to visualize. Not only that, learning by reading often requires extra research, such as looking up unfamiliar words. Also, you might not be a good reader, or you might be learning in a second language. If so, you might find it hard to concentrate or become frustrated by the slow pace. So while reading is fun and useful for many people, for others it may not be the best way.Learning by listening can be enjoyable. Lively debate is interesting, and interesting things are usually easier to learnabout. Plus, unlike reading, you can ask questions if you don't understand. However, as with reading, it is all too easy to become a passive listener and not truly learn anything. If you get bored, you might even fall asleep while you're listening! When you're actively participating in something, you're more likely to stay alert.Overall, when it comes to learning, I believe that nothing substitutes for the firsthand experience that physically doing an activity provides.。
托福独立写作结构剖析
新通教育托福独立写作结构剖析目前最常见的三种托福独立写作结构：结构一：开头段+正面理由段1+正面理由段2+让步段+结尾段 （共五段）结构二：开头段+正面理由段1+正面理由段2+正面理由段3+结尾段 （共五段）结构三：开头段+正面理由段1+正面理由段2+结尾段 （共四段）同学们，你的作文是哪一种结构呢？确定好后，请看下面剖析！结构一剖析---最容易“死”的结构开头段+正面理由段1+正面理由段2+让步段+结尾段【优劣评价】大体估计，目前托福考生中有70%的考生托福独立写作结构如结构一，这种方法及其容易上手，随便选择两个理由说5-7句，再加上一个 “Admittedly”开头的让步段，3-5句，正是因为容易上手得到了广泛的传播。
但是，这种结构在外国人的作文中并不常见，原因如下：1. 让步段的段落长度一般只有前面理由段的一半，这样中间的三个理由段（正面理由段1+正面理由段2+让步段）并没有在结构上形成完美的并列结构；2. 外国人眼中的让步段一定是充满思辨色彩的，绝不是我们中国考生笔下潦草几句 “不得不承认的是......但是......”肯定有学生说：“老师我写让步段是为了提到对方的观点，如果删去了，怎么对比呢？” 下面的叙述会给大家解答这个问题。
【分数验证】我6年前教授托福写作的时候，在“前人”的指引下，就给学生讲授这个方法，学生非常容易得到一个平庸的分数21,22分，但是很难冲击高分。
我也经常自己考试，尝试各种写作方式，我的写作分数一般都是29,30分，但一次写了让步段，竟然26分。
当然这个并不能保证完全有代表性，但是我用我的经验告诉同学们，请放弃让步段。
作文结构二剖析---外国人经典的写作结构开头段+正面理由段1+正面理由段2+正面理由段3+结尾段（共五段）【优劣评价】这种结构是英语中两个非常经典的结构之一（另一个经典结构就是我下文说的），因此使用这种结构绝对不会犯错。
但这样写作有一个问题是，学生的语言质量非常不容易控制，学生自由发展的空间很大，洋洋洒洒的行文，如果学生语言功底好，则就是高分，如果学生语言功底差，就很难达到高分。
托福独立写作3种常见论证体系结构模板分享
托福独立写作3种常见论证体系结构模板分享托福独立写作3种常见论证体系结构模板分享1、因果解释型论证体系：现象引出→原因分析→结果分析Currently, 抽象事物 has loomed up wide public concern. What amazes us most is that具体事物. (→趋势化) It is true that the trend of this is seemingly on the rise in all walks of life. (→原因解释化) We may cite a variety of reasons accounting for this. The major ones can be listed as follows.First and foremost, _____ play a pushing role.In addition, ______.Last but not least, _____.(→结果化) As a consequence, _____.2、问题解决型论证体系：描述现状→建议措施With the advancement of modern society, __has become a social problem of public concern. meanwhile, it has given rise to a series of other matters, such as A and B. So it is high time we put an immediate end to this “Pandora’s Box”. It is true that awareness of the problem is the first step toward the solution. As is known to all, we have figured out several efficacious steps to tackle this problem.In the first place, ___. In the second place, ___.In the third place, ____. Therefore, only in this way can we ___.3、观点论证型论证体系：含义揭示→含义解析As a human being, one can hardly do without _____. Living in the society, no one can deny that it is ____ that enables us to ___. Consequently, in this modern society where ____, ____ has been regarded as a necessity for ____. As to what ___ means, my opinions/definitions are as follows. First of all, ____. What really counts, in my mind, is that ______. Lastly, _____.In conclusion, based on the reasons I discussed above,(please rewrite the first paragraph in another way). . .托福写作解析:怎么让新生适应学校生活全新托福独立写作题目：你的大学要让新生了解、适应学校生活。
新托福独立写作常用论证方式组合
新托福独立写作常用论证方式组合朗阁托福考试研究中心新托福独立写作的论证方式和雅思大作文的论证方式有着一定的差异，这个差异主要体现在论证方式的种类数量上，雅思大作文的论证方式相对比较集中，主要是举例，因果和对比等；而新托福独立写作的论证方式除了这几种外，常见的还有假设，让步，排比等。
在接下来的文章里，朗阁托福考试研究中心的专家将和考生们一起来看看独立写作的这些常见论证方式。
首先在因果和举例法的使用上，独立写作经常是先因果后举例的组合，在给出一个分论点后，通常先通过解释其背后原因作为发展的第一步，然后根据原因的内容再辅以例子进行详细说明。
这样论证的优点是：逻辑编排上更有层次感，属于递进式的论证。
以下我们来看一个例子：First of all, the reason why dance in a particular country is so unique is because many art forms are put together. People need music, costumes, singers and of course dancers to perform. Each of these art forms is unique and singular for every country.这个段落的第一层发展是由“原因”开始的，通过解释原因来说明舞蹈为什么可以将很多不同艺术形式结合，那么接下来，我们就可以针对这一原因举些例子：In old times people gathered to celebrate or mourn and every occasion had their own music and costumes. For example, ancient tribes painted their faces with ugly and strange pattern, put on colorful clothes and made strange movements around the fireplace.通过这个例子，读者就能很好地明白舞蹈结合不同艺术的方式了，而且古老部落以舞蹈形式祭祀这种场景我们在很多电视和书上都看到过，因此很容易就能理解，这样的话本段的论证目的就可以很轻松地达到了。
【托福】北京朗阁新托福独立写作常用论证方式组合(下篇)------托福
新托福独立写作常用论证方式组合（下篇）朗阁海外考试研究中心在前两篇系列文章中，笔者和大家探讨了新托福独立写作论证方式中的因果和举例组合以及假设和它们的组合，在接下来的章节里，我们将会继续对于论证方法进行深入的探讨。
首先我们看到的是“亲身经历+因果”的组合，这也是上篇中举例和因果组合的扩展，在很多独立写作的主体段中，分论点可以结合自己的生活经验和经历来展开讨论，这些“亲身经历”可以只是一句话，也可以是连续的句子组成的一个小故事，通过结合自身的经历，再加上对于这段经历的因果解释，我们便可很好地诠释段落的分论点。
下面我们先来看一个例子：Firstly, people can enjoy the songs as they are in a real time. Personally, I often attended a live performance when I lived with my parents, because they give much positive energy and many beautiful moments. Frankly, watching a show at home does not give me that. One can enjoy loud music, the closeness of his favorite stars and shout the songs he likes.这个段落的第一个分论点作者通过回顾自己过去经常看现场表演的经历先举出一个实例，然后紧接着通过因果论证解释了为什么看现场表演更好；接着，他也引用了自己的亲身感受对比在家看这些表演的感受，从而突出现场表演更具有吸引力这一观点。
I think that borrowing money from a person who is close to one is normal. Imagine that someone needs help and no doubt that his or her friends will offer it. For example, when my friend asks me to baby-sit her child while she is taking her classes, I agree because I know that she desperately needs my help in order to finish her degree and save some money.通过对于帮助朋友照看她的孩子这段经历的描述，作者很好地论证了朋友之间相互帮助的重要性和合理性。
托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段的论证方式
托福培训丨托福独立写作主体段的论证方式朗阁托福培训中心丁仡然在托福独立写作当中主体段的写作水平往往是决定一篇文章高分与否的关键所在，可以说一篇文章70-80%的分数是取决于主体段写作的好坏的。
而托福独立写作主体段对于写作的层次和论证方式又有着一定的讲究和固定的要求。
本文中，朗阁托福培训中心的老师就给广大考生介绍一下托福写作主体段有哪些主要的论证方式以及范例的讲解。
首先，我们先说一下托福写作主体段的一般写作层次和论证方式：主体段一般由四句话组成：第一句：topic sentence（主题句）第二句：supporting sentences（1-2句支持句），使用具体的因果论证或者假设论证、并列关系等来具体的解释说明主题句。
第三句：举例子（写出一个长长的例子用于举例论证）第四句：这一段的小结（可以使用对比论证或者因果论证等小结这一段）知道了每段主体段的写作结构后，现在我们就来谈谈具体的每个主体段的论证方式：第一种：举例论证可以这么说，举例论证是所有论证方法里，尤其是托福写作里面最重要也是必须要用的一种论证方式，因为根据评分标准，在托福4-5分的标准里都明确提出了：5分：using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details4分：using appropriate and sufficient explanations, exemplifications,and/or details而无论是托福，雅思还是SAT考试都是严格的按照评分标准来批改的，所以根据这个标准学生必须要重视和用出举例论证，否则托福写作无法拿到高分。
接下来问题来了，究竟老美喜欢的举例论证有几种形式呢？接下来笔者就为考生们一一回答。
第一种：以for example, for instance, such as等词组引出的句子，这种也是最普遍或者用的最多的一种。
3个方法教你正确使用托福独立写作中的举例论证
3个方法教你正确使用托福独立写作中的举例论证新托福独立作文写作学会技巧，拿到高分也不是那么困难了。
而在其中最为重要的就是确定好写作的思路。
下面我们就为大家介绍托福独立写作如何正确使用举例论证。
3个方法教你正确使用托福独立写作中的举例论证在托福写作过程中，举例论证的使用是一个非常重要的过程，没有举例，托福作文就无从延展。
但是实际考生在考试和练习的过程中，对于举例的方式用得相当低端和无效。
一部分考生举例和主题无关，而还有一些考生举例过于繁琐并且添加了相当一部分的无用内容。
因IBT考试评分标准里规定了“the essay should be well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or det ails”的内容，这就要求考生们在构文的过程中必须要给出适当的例子和地道的支撑内容。
一、举例的选择举例的内容选择在IBT相对是自由的，因为考生既可以选择名人、事件和社会事实，也可以选择自己身边的例子，诸如朋友、家庭成员、同学、老师等。
首先，名人名事需要考生在考试之前积累大量的信息，包括名人的名字、事件名称、发生的时间地点人物情节，包括一些名著的情节等。
这里并不需要考生完全记忆，故事梗概能对topic sentence进行足量的支撑即可。
例：Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, forms a transition from classical to romantic composition. 贝多芬的例子可以用于励志类型的题目(如Should people stick to their dream even though it's difficult to become true or a practical one?)。
托福独立写作如何构思分论点
托福独立写作如何构思分论点面对托福考试，写作时没有想法是最可怕的事，直接导致丢分。
独立写作最重要的事给出考生自己的表达支持或反对的观点，然后通过具体的理由和例子进行支持便可，下面小编给大家带来托福独立写作如何构思分论点。
托福独立写作分论点排列托福独立写作分论点要有逻辑性和合理性，要求我们在分论点排列顺序上要注意逻辑。
一般说来，五段式托福独立写作的三个主体段，若都是同意或者都是反对的理由的话，可以有两种逻辑顺序：1、按照“重要性”来排，将你认为最主要的理由放在第一个主体段中详细论证;2、第二种是按照“小到大”的原则，即个人方面的理由先写，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社会，国家等。
如果所有的分论点并没有主次之分，例如都是属于个人的论点，则这个时候要看这些分论点后续的论证内容的多少。
有的说的放前面，素材多的放前面。
托福独立写作分论点写作注意事项1、托福独立写作在审题，彻底把握题目主旨，方可进行段落布局。
根据分论点的数量及论点的可延展性来敲定立场。
2、假如考生大致理清了分论点，主体段的布局基本就可以敲定大方向。
采用五段式结构布局/用四段式结构布局进行写作就可以。
3、新东方在线提醒考生们，托福独立写作分论点在布局的时候要有一定的逻辑性和合理性。
4、分论点如果是平行关系，逻辑关系中一定要跟主题成因果关系，并且论点之间互相不重合。
托福独立写作分论点要想迅速、有效的找到并写出来，并不是件容易的事，在实际托福写作考试中要多多理清思路，练习写提纲的习惯。
托福写作如何有效、快速推导分论点方法1：15条通用理由此方法的操作十分简便，只需记住下表1中的15个词语就可以了。
从托福写作考试的题目范围来看，我们可以将这15个词语作为15条通用理由划分为两大类别，即：“事物类”和“人物”类。
“事物类”通用理由(7点)：方便、经济、效率、耐久、安全、环保、空间“人物类”通用理由(8点)：经验、性格、乐趣、成就、健康、交流、情感、他人表1：. 汽车吃饭雇佣好处坏处在家吃饭店吃年轻人年长者方便√ × √经济√ ×效率√ × √ √× √×耐久×安全× √ ×环保×空间√ √经验性格乐趣√ × √成就健康×交流√情感√ √他人使用说明：1. 将题目中的关键词(Key Word)填入“话题”一栏的第一格;2. 简单的判断一下题型，从而决定“话题”栏中第二行的内容。
托福独立写作论证方法有哪些
托福独立写作论证方法有哪些托福独立写作过程中难免少不了论证观点。
如何在托福独立写作中顺利展开论证，有什么方法?下面就是店铺给大家整理的托福独立写作论证方法，希望对你有用!托福独立写作论证方法第一种论证方法：一线式一线式，或者单链式，由1推理到2推理到3再推理到4，这是最为常用的一种。
这种方法看似十分简单，其实不然。
最困难的地方就是我们经常容易从1直接推到3，粗略一看没什么不妥，但仔细想想的确不够严谨。
举个例子，比如说出the impacts of environmental pollution on people’s life. 我们可以给出一个观点是环境污染影响经济发展。
如果用单链式来论证，首先我们列出逻辑链：环境污染→不利于人们的健康→不健康之后工作效率下降→生产力下降→影响经济这个逻辑链里我们常常容易漏掉人们的工作效率下降这一点，从不健康直接推理到生产力下降，想想看觉得理所当然，但是在写作中确是严重的错误。
要想在单链式中做到逻辑性严密，首先放慢自己的思维，一步一步的想，有时候平常被认为是废话的东西不能轻易省掉。
另外在这种论证方法中，承接词是十分重要的。
句与句之间一定要有承接的词汇或短语来表示出两句之间的逻辑关系，比如more specifically, under this condition, consequently, apparently等等，这样不仅增强了段落的逻辑性，还有助于使我们的思路更加清晰。
第二种论证方法：平行法平行法。
顾名思义，平行法就是在论证的过程中举出多个互相平行的例子来进行论证，这种论证方法的说服力是极其强大的。
运用这种方法一定是在你有足够的例子来证明你的观点的情况下，一般用四个例子最好。
说到举例子的时候，大家可能都会想到用历史名人，但其实在考试那么短的时间里，如果不是平时有足够的积累的话，一下子想到四个论证同一观点的名人例子可能会有些难度，当然如果能想到是最好的。
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新托福独立写作常用论证方式组合
朗阁托福考试研究中心
其实在之前的新托福考试方法的文章中已经为大家介绍了新托福独立写作中最常用的论证方式组合，也就是因果和举例法的组合，资料能够找到的同学们不妨可以自己回顾一下，毕竟温故而知新才是正确的学习方法，我们学习新的东西固然很重要，但是旧的知识也不能忘记，否则永远都是在恶性循环。
在回顾过后我们就在在本文中，由朗阁托福考试研究中心的老师们继续为各位介绍其他论证方式组合，首先我们看到的是假设和举例法以及因果法的组合。
下面我们来看一个例子：
In my opinion life would not be worth living without goals. If people would be satisfied with all they had we probably would have to live in caves. So, it does not matter how many goals were achieved we will find new ones in order to accomplish them all over again.
这个例子中的假设和之前的最大区别就是它使用了虚拟语气，若假设与过去相反的情况时，我们经常会选择这一语法形式，然后只需要在后面加上一个因果论证即可。
If a teacher has very interesting lectures and gives many examples from different resources I will attend his or her classes with great pleasure. However, if a teacher has dry and boring lectures and does not try to make them interesting I will get some books and study this subject by myself. It saves me time and probably some money if I take books in a library.
在进行假设时，有时候我们可以通过2层假设，且彼此间形成对比，这样的假设论证的效果更强烈，在上面的例子中，作者通过假设一个上课风趣的老师和一个上课枯燥的老师的课堂效果作对比，突出教师对于学生学习兴趣的重要性。
From the other side, parents have a great influence on children' success in school too. For example if parents show an interest in their child's progress and talk to him or her about the importance of learning I think their child will listen to them and do his or her best. This is often true when children are in their early years.
在最后的这个例子中，作者也是通过假设的方式，论证了父母对孩子学业成功的重要性和影响力，而之后的因果则进一步说明了这一重要性和孩子年龄段的关系。
First of all, I want to say that obstacles make people stronger. By overcoming difficulties people gain priceless and essential knowledge and experience. If one has to struggle with a disease he will become stronger either in a physical way or in a mental way. A person becomes more patient, more self-confident and more attentive. These qualities will help him to win his disease.
在这个主体段里，作者首先进行了假设论证，由“if”引导的条件状语从句开始，假设某个人在与疾病作斗争并且战胜了它以后，此人在身体或心理层面一定会比以前更坚强，从而可以得出后面的结论，即由于人生中面对挫折，所以一个人可以变得更有耐心，自信等。
这样的一种组合论证方式，其优点在于无须给出亲身经历或者一个具体的例子，直接建立在一个“虚构”的人或事上，同时借助于之后进行的“结果”论证，使得这个假设的成立更具有一定的说服力。
在举不出合适的例子或者不知道该说什么的时候，使用这一组合的优点就不言而喻了。
接下来我们再来看一个例子：
For example, if people are negotiating it is very important to have a face-to-face communication. It is very important to see during a negotiation how one's opponent is moving, is he nervous or relaxed, what he is doing, etc. Scientists say that the body language and facial gestures can say many things about a person, his strong and weak sides, his traits, manners and even habits.
在这个段落中，作者先假设了“谈判”这样一个场景，然后继续用“原因”来分析面对面沟通对于谈判的重要性，紧接着再通过宾语从句引用科学家的结论来进行举例，这样一来，原先看上去貌似很“空”的理论，经过了这样一系列演绎，一下子变得“生动”了起来。
而在上述这2个主体段中，细心的同学可能会发现在因果论证的时候都没有在句子中出现明显的信号词，比如“because”, “therefore”等。
的确，在之前的论文中，笔者已经和大家分享了每种论证手法的常用连词和句式，不使用连词并不代表它没有逻辑关系，有时候这种因果的逻辑是蕴含在字里行间的，经过反复练习后大家一定可以逐渐熟悉这一写法。
以下我们再来看一个观点相反例子：
From the other side, if I need to notify my bank that I am going to close an account I do not want to spend my time driving there, waiting for my turn and talking with a representative. It is easier for me just to call or e-mail them. It saves my time and my bank's too.
这个段落中的组合只包含了假设和因果，而这层“因果”关系我们从句子的意思仍旧可以很快判断出它是在说“原因”，若一定要使其在“形式上”成为“原因”的话，我们可以在这个句子前加上“This is because”即可。
看了上面的论述，想必大家已经对这第2种论证组合有了更深入的了解了吧？结合上一章节的因果和举例的组合，我们可以在新托福独立写作中进行不同的搭配，既可以在同一段落中同时使用，也可以分段落使用。
在下一章节中，笔者将继续对于其他重要的论证组合做深入的探讨。
（本文来自朗阁教育托福考试教研组，供广大考生学习使用，转载请注明出处）。