Chapter 4 Adjectives & Adverbials
Adjectives 新编英语语法教程课件
b. The extremely old need a great deal of attention. The wise look to the wiser for advice. We will nurse your sick, clothe your naked, and feed your hungry.
Adjectives
2. Classifications of Adj. A. Simple adj. & Compound adj.
big, small, hard // soft-hearted, good-looking
B. Central Adj. & Peripheral Adj. a. green apples;
Students brave enough to attempt the course deserve to succeed.（全部后置）
This is a good book to read.(前后分置)
That’ll be the only choice to make. (前后分置)
c. in fixed collocations
God mighty
President elect
a court martial a devil incarnate
a Poet Laureate the sum total
Asia Minor / Smith Minor attorney general / governor-general bishop designate / ambassador designate city proper / Japan proper Bush major/minor (大/小布什） Bush Senior/Junior (老/小布什）
Chapter 词汇学
2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development
• For each phase of the development, the following points must be made clear:
– Time range – Features of English – Social and historical events that influenced English greatly
1. The first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts. 2. The Germanic tribes include Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. They were first allies of Celts to fight against Picts and Scots, but then they became new conquerors. 3. Angles, Saxons and Jutes all have their dialects. The Saxons were numerically superior to the Angles, but the latter were influential enough to impose their name on the whole. 4. Old English was almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. It was a highly inflected language, of which nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowel changes or both.
写作课Adjectives
some -ing adjectives is to describle nouns,to stand for the state of lasting a period of time. For example 1、Increasing prices are making food ve.ry expensive. 2.、There is rapidly rising 2.、 productivity in that joint venture company
An adjective can be modified by an adverb, or by a phrase or clause functioning as an adverb.
In the sentence
My husband knits intricately patterned mittens.
Form comparative and superlative adjectives correctly.
To make comparisons, you will often need comparative or superlative adjectives. You use comparative adjectives if you are discussing two people, places, or things. You use superlative adjectives if you have three or more people, places, or things. Look at these two examples: Stevie, a suck up who sits in the front row, has a thicker notebook than Nina, who never comes to class. The thinnest notebook belongs to Mike, a computer geek who scans all notes and handouts and saves them on the hard drive of his laptop.
语言学第四章chapter4
英语语言学：第4章
Adverbs are words that describe or add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers the questions introduced by how, where, when, etc. carefully, slowly, then, now Prepositions are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections involving actions and things.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第4章
Syntactic rules
(1) a. The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds. b. The blackbirds fear the cries of the hunter. (2) a. Jack looked up the word. b. Jack looked the word up. (3) *Cries fear the the of hunter blackbirds the. Conclusion: The structure of sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not every sequence of words is a sentence. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences.
新编语言学教程第2版第4章答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题参考答案Chapter 4 Syntax1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP →(Det) N (PP) ...VP →(Qual) V (NP) ...AP →(Deg) A (PP) ...PP →(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.3. What is category? How to determine a word's category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution.若详细回答，则要加上：Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the properties and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving.The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est.The last and more reliable criterion of determining a word's category is its distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, nouns can typically appear with a determiner like the girl and a card, verbs with an auxiliary such as should stay and will go, and adjectives with a degree word such as very cool and too bright.A word's distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structures.It has (或写Conjunction exhibits) four important properties:1) There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to theconjunction.2) A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.3) Coordinated categories must be of the same type.4) The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure(or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).第7—13小题大部分要求画树形图，这里省略。
英语词汇学——Chapter 4
Chapter 4Affixation 词缀法（30%-40%）Compounding 复合构词法（28%-30%）Conversion 转类法（26%）Shortening 缩略法（8%-10%）包括（clipping截短法acronymy 首字母拼音法）Blending 拼缀法(1%-5%)一.Affixation 词缀法Affixation, also called derivation派生法（derivatives派生词）,is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems.Affixation is the formation of word by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Feature: prefixes do not generally change the word –class of the stem but only modify its meaning.Classification: we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups.Negative prefixes否定意义的词缀：a-,dis-,in-(il-,ir-,im-),non-,nu-.Reversative prefixes逆向意义的词缀：de-,dis-, un-. e.g. de-compose ,unwarp.Pejorative prefixes贬义的词缀: mal-, mis- ,pseudo-. e.g. mistrust , pseudo-friend.Prefixes of degree or size表示程度、大小等意义的词缀: arch-, extra- ,hyper- ,macro- ,micro- , mini- ,out- ,over- ,sub- ,super-,sur-, ultra- ,under- . e.g. archbishop , hyperactive ,superfreeze. Prefixes of orientation and attitude表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀：anti-, contra- ,counter- pro- . e.g. anti-government,Locative prefixes方位意义的词缀：extra-,fore- ,inter- ,intra- ,tele-, trans-. E.g. extraordinary, telecommunication,Prefixes of time and order表示时间和顺序的词缀:ex-,fore-, post- ,pre- ,re- . e.g. ex-professor , foretell ,post-election.Number prefixes数字的前缀: bi- ,multi- , poly- ,semi-, hemi- ,tri- ,uni- ,mono-. E.g. multi-purpose ,semi-naked, tricycle, monorail.Miscellaneous prefixes其他种类意义的前缀: auto- ,neo- ,pan- , vice- . e.g. autobiography ,vice-chairman.Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Feature: suffixes mainly change the word class.Classification: we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes , verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes.Adjective suffixes: It is worth noting that both –ic and –ical can be affixed to the same stem in some cases , but differ in meaning . e.g. economic \economical二.Compounding 复合构词法Compounding , also called composition（compounds 复合词）,is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Words produced through compounding yields 28%-30% of all the new words.The differences between compounds and free phrases show in three aspects:1)Phonetic features.2)Semantic features.3)Grammatical features.Formation of compounds1)Noun compoundse.g. Sit-in ，stockholder , up-bringing2)Adjective compoundse.g. law-abiding , record-breaking ,town-bred , four-leg.3)Verb compoundsThe limited number of verb compounds are created either through conversion or backformation. Verb compounds in the way of back-formation are formed mainly by dropping the suffixes:-er, -ing, -ion , etc.三.Conversion 转类法Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Conversion is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.1.An alternative for conversion is functional shift.2.The derivational process , in which an item is converted to a new word class without theaddition of an affix , is called zero-derivation .3.Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns , adjectives ,and verbs.The most productive conversion is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.4.Full conversion and partial conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted tonouns.1)Full conversion: A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics ofnouns . It can take an indefinite article or –(e)s to indicate singular or plural number.2)partial conversion: nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all thequalities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles.3)Such words as “the poor ”,”the richer ”,”the most corrupt” are all examples of partial. 5.The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress.双音节的名词转化成动词会有重音的变化。
Adjectives全英解析
AdjectivesWe use adjectives to describe nouns.Most adjectives can be used in front of a noun…:They have a beautiful house.We saw a very exciting film last night.Their house is beautiful.That film looks interesting.adjectives: -ed and -ingA lot of adjectives are made from verbs by adding -ing or -ed: -ing adjectives:The commonest -ing adjectives are:If you call something interesting you mean it interests you.If you call something frightening you mean it frightens you.I read a very interesting article in the newspaper today.That Dracula film was absolutely terrifying.-ed adjectives:The commonest –ed adjectives are:If something annoys you, you can say you feel annoyed. If something interests you, you can say you are interested.The children had nothing to do. They were bored.order of adjectivesSometimes we use more than one adjective in front of a noun:Opinion adjectives:Some adjectives give a general opinion. We can use these adjectives to describe almost any noun:Some adjectives give a specific opinion. We only use these adjectives to describe particular kinds of noun:Food: tasty; deliciousFurniture, buildings: comfortable; uncomfortablePeople, animals: clever; intelligent; friendlyWe usually put a general opinion in front of a specific opinion:Usually we put an adjective that gives an opinion in front of an adjective that is descriptive:a nice red dress; a silly old man; those horrible yellow curtainsWe often have two adjectives in front of a noun:a handsome young man; a big black car; that horrible big dogSometimes we have three adjectives, but this is unusual:It is very unusual to have more than three adjectives.Adjectives usually come in this order:We use some adjectives only after a link verb:Some of the commonest -ed adjectives are normally used only after a link verb: annoyed; finished; bored; pleased; thrilledWe say:Our teacher was ill.My uncle was very glad when he heard the news.The policeman seemed to be very annoyedbut we do not say:A few adjectives are used only in front of a noun:We say:He lives in the eastern district.There were countless problems with the new machinery.but we do not say:intensifiersWe use words like very; really and extremely to make adjectives stronger:It’s a very interesting storyEveryone was very excited.It’s a really interesting story.Everyone was extremely excitedWe call these words intensifiers. Other intensifiers are:amazingly - exceptionally - incredibly - remarkably - particularlyWe also use enough as an intensifier, but enough comes after its adjective:If you are seventeen you are old enough to drive a car.I can’t wear those shoes. They’re not big enough.Intensifiers with strong adjectives:When we want to describe something or someone as exceptional you can use a strong adjective. Strong adjectives are words like:Enormous; huge = very bigTiny = very smallBrilliant = very cleverAwful; terrible; disgusting; dreadful = very badCertain = very sureExcellent; perfect; ideal; wonderful; splendid = very goodDelicious = very tastyWe do not use very with these adjectives. We do not say something is "very enormous" or someone is "very brilliant". With strong adjectives, for intensifiers we normally use:absolutely - exceptionally - particularly - really - quiteThe film was absolutely awful.He was an exceptionally brilliant child.The food smelled really disgusting.We use much and far as intensifiers with comparative adjectives in front of a noun:France is a much bigger country than Britain.He is a far better player than Ronaldo.We use these words as intensifiers with superlatives:easily - by far - farThe blue whale is easily the biggest animal in the world.This car was by far the most expensive.mitigatorsMitigators are the opposite of intensifiers. When we want to make an adjective less strong we use these words:fairly - rather - quiteBy the end of the day we were rather tired. The film wasn’t great but it was quite exciting. and in informal English: prettyWe had a pretty good time at the party.We call these words mitigators.absolutetotal - completeutter - perfectrealWe say:He’s a complete idiot.They were talking utter nonsense.We can use noun modifiers to show what something is made of:a gold watch; a leather purse; a metal boxWe often use noun modifiers with nouns ending in -er and -ing:an office worker; a jewellery maker; a potato peeler; a shopping list; a swimming lesson; a walking holiday.We use measurements, age or value as noun modifiers:a thirty kilogram suitcase; a two minute rest; a five thousand euro platinum watch; a fiftykilometre journey;We often put two nouns together and readers/listeners have work out what they mean. So:•an ice bucket = a bucket to keep ice in•an ice cube = a cube made of ice•an ice breaker = a ship which breaks ice•the ice age = the time when much of the Earth was covered in ice.Sometimes we find more than two nouns together:London office workers; grammar practice exercisesPosition of noun modifiersNoun modifiers come after adjectives:The old newspaper sellerA tiring fifty kilometre journey。
张维友英语词汇学教程第四章
• 1. Prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. 1) Negative Prefixes a- meaning ‘not, without, opposite to’ dis- meaning ‘not, the converse of’ in- (il-, ir-, im-) same in meaning as for disnon- meaning ‘not’, a productive affix expressing the idea that a person or thing does not have the qualities or characteristics referred to
un- same in meaning as for de- with verbs ; but meaning ‘depriving of, releasing from’ in limited use with nouns to make verbs
3) Pejorative Prefixes
mal- meaning ‘badly, bad’ added to verbs, participles, adjectives, and abstract nouns
intra- meaning ‘within’, productive with nouns and adjectives to form adjectives
词汇学第四章考试题
CHAPTER 41. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on_______.A. borrowingB. word-formationC. conversionD. the number of the people speaking English2. _______ doesn't belong to the most productive means of word-formation.A. AffixationB. CompoundingC. ConversionD. Blending3. Conversion gives us _______ of the new vocabulary.A. 30%B. 28%C. 26%D. 28% to 30%4. Word formation excludes _______.A. affixation and compoundingB. conversion and shorteningC. chipping, acronymy and blendingD. repetition and alliteration5. The most productive word formation are _______.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. all the above6. Of the following word-formation processes, _______ is the most productive.A. clippingB. blendingC. initialismD. derivation7. 30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through _______.A. compoundingB. affixationC. conversionD. shortening8. The prefixes in the words of irresistible, nonclassical and apolitical are called _______.A. reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes9. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or _______ to stems.A. affixesB. suffixes and prefixesC. inflectional affixesD. derivational affixes10. The words formed by affixation are called _______.A. affixesB. derivationsC. derivativesD. derivationals11. According to the _______ which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.A. functionsB. positionsC. waysD. none of the above12. Prefixes do not generally change the _______ of the stem but only modify its meaning.A. word-classB. meaningC. formD. structure13. Accordingly, prefixes are classified on a semantic basis into _______ groups.B. 8D. 1014. These are negative prefixes except _______.A. dis-B. in-C. non-D. under-15. "Ex-" in the word "ex-prisoner" is _______.A. free rootB. bound rootC. inflectional affixD. derivational affix16. All of the following are pejorative prefixes except _______.A. mal-B. arch¬C. pseudo-D. mis-17. The "de -" in "decompose" is _______.A. a negative prefixB. a pejorative prefixC. a reversative prefixD. an orientation prefix18. The prefixes contained in the following words are called _______:pseudo, friend, malpractice, mistrust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes19. The prefixes in words anti-government, pro-student and contraflow are _______.A. prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes20. The prefixed contained in unwrap, de-compose and disallow are _______.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes21. The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and archbishop are _______.A. negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes22. A subcutaneous infection is _______ the skin.A. on the surface ofB. aboveC. underD. below23. Some doctors prescribe medication to treat hyperactive children, because the children are extremely _______.A. activeB. passiveC. lazyD. diligent24. _______ of the given prefixes indicates number.A. fore-B. anti-C. semi-D. pan-25. The primary function of suffixes is to _______.A. change the word-class of rootsB. change the meaning of stemsC. change the grammatical function of stemsD. change the structure of roots26. The "auto" in "autobiography" is _______.A. a negative prefixB. a pejorative prefixC. a reversative prefixD. a miscellaneous prefix27. The prefixes in words bilingual, uniform and hemisphere are _______.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes28. _______ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and forehead.A. Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size29. The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are _______.A. negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes30. Ex-student, foretell and post-election contain _______.A. negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes31. Which of the following prefixes can not be used to indicate time and orderA. Ex-.B. Fore-.C. Post-.D. Para-.32. Which of the following is a case of suffixationA. HemisphereB. AttemptC. NATOD. Respondent33. A multiplied insect has _______ feet.A. twoB. fourC. sixD. many34. A tricycle has _______ wheels.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. Four35. Which of the following belongs to number prefixesA. Auto-.B. Mis-.C. Hemi-.D. Pre-.36. We usually group suffixes on a _______ basis into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc.A. grammatical C. meaningfulB. structural D. practical37. -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let are all suffixes added to noun bases to produce _______ nouns.A. abstract C. concreteB. de-verbal D. de-adjective38. These are adjective suffixes except _______.A. -ishB. -iveC. -aiD. -ance39. The word "courageous" is created by _______.A. noun suffixesB. adverb suffixesC. adjective suffixesD. verb suffixes40. The meanings of "comic" and "comical" are _______.A. sameB. identicalC. similarD. different41. Which of the following suffixes can be used to form both nouns and adjectivesA. -ion.B. -ism.C. -ity.D. -ist.42. The following are all denominal suffixes EXCEPT _______.A. -fulB. -wiseC. -lessD. -like43. _______ of the following is not a verb suffix.A. -ateB. -enC. -ed44. The suffixes in words heighten, symbolize are _______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes45. The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are _______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes46. The differences between compounds and free phrases show in _______ aspects.A. phonetic featuresB. semantic featuresC. grammatical featuresD. all the above47. There are _______ major classes of compounds.A. twoB. fourC. threeD. five48. " Washing machine" is a word formed by _______.A. prefixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blending49. "Law-abiding" belongs to _______.A. adjective compoundB. noun compoundC. verb compoundD. none of the above50. "up-bringing" belongs to _______.A. adjective compoundB. noun compoundB. verb compound D. none of the above51. Verb compounds are created either through _______ or _______.A. affixation; conversionB. clipping; affixationC. conversion; backformationD. backformation; borrowing52. Which of the following is not through backformationA. To mass-produce.B. To lip-read.C. To nickname.D. To chain-smoke.53. Conversion is a method _______.A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speechB. of converting words of one meaning into different meaningC. of deriving words through grammatical meansD. of changing words in morphological structure54. In a derivational process, an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. The name is _______.A. full conversionB. partial conversionC. functional shiftD. zero-derivation55. Words involved in conversion are primarily _______.A. nouns, verbs and adverbsB. nouns, adjectives and verbsC. nouns, prepositions and verbsD. adjectives, adverbs and verbs56. Almost all monomorphemic _______ can be conversed into nouns, which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways.A. verbsB. adjectivesC. adverbsD. prepositions57. Nouns converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns and achieve a full noun status, thus known as _______.A. partial conversionB. full conversionC. speech shiftD. grammatical shift58. Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. Theymust be used together with _______.A. plural formsB. single formsC. adjectivesD. definite articles59. In most cases a noun can be converted to a verb _______.A. with some changesB. without any changeC. with some changes in spellingD. without any change in pronunciation60. The "house" in "the peasant housed him" belongs to the conversion _______.A. between noun and adjectiveB. between noun and verbC. between verb and adjectiveD. none of the above61. The conversion of two-syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of _______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. stressD. function62. "Empty" in the sentence "The meeting was over and the meeting-room began to empty" is _______.A. adjectiveB. verbC. nounD. four63. Which of the following words is NOT formed through clippingA. Dorm.B. Motel.C. Gent.D. Zoo.64. _______ are words pronounced letter by letter.A. InitialismsB. AcronymsC. BlendsD. Clips65. Of the following words, _______ is an initialism.A. UNB. NATOC. BASICD. UNESCO66. "BBC" is formed in the way of _______.A. acronymyB. clippingC. back-formationD. prefixation67. "TV" is a (n) _______.A. initialismB. acronymC. derivativeD. compound68. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of _______.A. prefixationB. suffixationC. acronymy D- conversion69. Back-formation is the method of creating new words by _______ the supposed suffixes.( )A. removingB. combiningC. shorteningD. considering70. Back-formation usually involves _______ types of words.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. two71. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely some of them have not gained public acceptance.A. formalB. adjectivesC. human nounsD. informal72. The word "sandwich" which now denotes a popular fast food originates from _______.A. FaradayB. John MontagueC. BloomersD. Thomas More73. Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. trade-names74. Rugby, afghan and champagne are words coming from _______.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames75. Utopia, odyssey and Babbit are words from _______.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames76. Which of the following words is NOT from ChineseA. Tea.B. Ketchup.C. Kungfu.D. Czar.77. Omega, Xerox and orlon are words from _______.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames78. _______ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear, me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations79. 30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through _______A. compoundingB. affixationC. conversionD. shortening80. The prefixes mal- in maltreat, mis- in misleading and pseudo- in pseudo- scientific are ______ prefixes.A. negativeB. reversativeC. pejorativeD. locative81. The prefixes like un- and dis- can be regarded both as negative prefixes and as privative prefixes. The justification of their category lies in _______.A. meaningB. functionC. collocationD. word-class82. Some prefixes are categorized as _______ since their chief function is to change the base from one word class to another.A. conversion prefixesB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. inflectional prefixesD. prefixes of time and order83. The word employer is composed of " employ+er", of which -er is the so-called _______ suffix.A. verbB. deverbal nounC. denominalD. denominal noun84. As a suffix, _______ means "receiver of the action".A. -eerB. -essC. -erD. -ee85. The suffix -or in actor is a(n) _______ suffix and -ance in performance is a(n) _______noun suffix.A. concrete; concreteB. abstract; concreteC. abstract; abstractD. concrete; abstract86. The suffix -ful in mouthful is a suffix and in graceful is a _______ suffix.A. denominal adjective; denominal adjectiveB. denominal noun; denominal adjectiveC. denominal noun; denominal nounD. denominal adjective; denominal noun87. Of the three words, _______ refers to the physical or heroic qualities of a man, _______ is applied to nonhumans and _______ implies unwelcome masculine attributes usually in a woman.A. manly; manlike; mannishB. manly; mannish; manlikeC. mannish; manlike; manlyD. mannish; manly; manlike88. The pattern of deadline and blueprint is _______ in formation.A. n. + n.B. n. + v.C. adj. + n.D. adj. + v.89. The grammatical relationship between the elements in fist-fighting is _______.A. subject-}-verbB. verb+objectC. verb ~h adverbialD. subject+adverbial90. The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs usually involves a change of _______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. stressD. function91. Through _______, we get lip-read out of lip-reading.A. lexicalizatjonB. conversionC. rearrangementD. backformation92. The process in which nouns converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does is called a _______ conversion.A. functionalB. fullC. partialD. miscellaneous93. The word motel comes from "motor-f-hotel". This is an example of _______ in terms of word formation.A. backformationB. conversionC. blendingD. acronym94. The words socio-linguistic and psycho-analysis are _______ according to the bases with which they are coined.A. compoundsB. blendsC. derivativesD. acronyms96. The case of exec derived from executive is an instance of _______ clipping.A. frontB. backC. front and backD. phrase97. AIDS, which is an instance of _______, is short for "acquired immune deficiency syndrome".A. pure acronymsB. hybrid acronymsC. syllabic acronymsD. initialisms98. The word medicare comes from "medical+care", so its structure is _______.A. head+wordB. word+tailC. head+headD. head+tail99. Almost all the back-formed words are _______.A. nounsB. verbsC. adjectivesD. adverbs100. Words produced through affixation constitute _______ of all the new words.A. 20% to 30%B. 30% to 40%C. 40% to 50%D. 10% to 20%101. The most productive word formation is _______.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. acronymy102. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on . [ ]A. word-formationB. prefixationC. suffixationD. compounding103. _______ is the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.A. PrefixationB. DerivationC. SuffixationD. Compounding104. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: _______ and _______.A. clipping, blendingB. compounding, conversionC. conversion, derivationD. prefixation, suffixation105. We shall classify prefixes on semantic basis intoA. sevenB. eightC. nineD. eleven106. The prefix "pseudo" is _______.A. a negative prefixB. a reversative prefixC. a locative prefixD. a pejorative prefix107. The "de-" in "decompose" is _______.A. a negative prefixB. a pejorative prefixC. a reversative prefixD. an orientation prefix108. The chief function of prefixation is to _______.A. change meanings of the stemB. change the word-class of the stemC. change grammatical functionD. all the above109. The "auto" in "autobiography" is _______.A. a negative prefixB. a locative prefixC. a reversative prefixD. a miscellaneous prefix110. The chief function of suffixation is to _______.A. change meanings of the stemB. change the word class of the stemC. change the lexical meaningD. all the above111. The word "courageous" is created by _______.A. noun suffixesB. adverb suffixesC. adjective suffixesD. verb suffixes112. The meanings of "comic" and "comical" are _______.A. sameB. identicalC. similarD. different113. For the word "political”, its negative form is " _______.A. apoliticalB. ilpoliticalC. inpoliticalD. impolitical114. The differences between compounds and free phrases show in _______.A. phonetic featuresB. semantic featuresC. grammatical featuresD. all the above115. _______ is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.A. SuffixationB. CompositionC. ConversionD. Clipping116. " Law-abiding" belongs to _______.A. adjective compoundB. noun compoundC. verb compoundD. none of the above117. "Sit-in" belongs to _______.A. adjective compoundB. noun compoundC. verb compoundD. none of the above118. "up-bringing" belongs to _______.A. adjective compoundB. noun compoundC. verb compoundD. none of the above119. Verb compounds are created either through _______ or _______.A. affixation/conversionB. clipping/affixationC. conversion/backformationD. back-formation/borrowing120. In compounds, the word stress usually occurs on _______ whereas in noun phrase _______ is generally stressed if there is only one stress.A. the first element/the second elementB. the second element/the first elementC. the first element/the first elementD. the second element/the second element121. Most compounds consist of only _______ stems.A. threeB. twoC. fourD. five122. Words mainly involved in conversion are _______.A. nouns, verbs and adverbsB. nouns, adjectives and verbsC. nouns, prepositions and verbsD. adjectives, adverbs and verbs123. The derivational process, in which an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix, is called _______.A. full conversionB. partial-conversionC. semantic shiftD. zero-derivation124. The "house" in "the peasant housed him" belongs to the conversion _______.A. between noun and adjectiveB. between noun and verbC. between verb and adjectiveD. none of the above125. Nouns converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns and achieve a full noun status, thus known as _______.A. partial conversionB. full conversionC. functional shiftD. grammatical shift126. Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with _______.A. plural formsB. single formsC. adjectivesD. definite articles127. The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of _______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. stressD. function128. Words produced by conversion are primarily _______.A. nounsB. adjectivesC. verbsD. all the above129. The most productive conversion is the conversion that takes place _______.A. between nouns and verbsB. between nouns and adjectivesC. between verbs and adjectivesD. none of the above130. The overwhelming majority of blends are _______.A. verbsB. nounsC. adjectivesD. adverbs131. Back-formation is therefore the method of creating words by _______ the supposed suffixes.A. removingB. shorteningC. addingD. writing132. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of _______.A. prefixationB. suffixationC. acronymyD. conversion133. Words formed by acronymy can be divided into initialisms and acronyms depending on _______.A. the grammatical functionB. the pronunciation of the wordsC. the spelling wayD. none of the above134. Word formation excludes _______.A. affixation and compoundingB. conversion and shorteningC. chipping, acronymy and blendingD. repetition and alliteration135. Which of the following is a case of suffixationA. Hemisphere.B. Disunite.C. NATO.D. Respondent.136. A tricycle has _______ wheels.A. twoB. fourC. sixD. three137. The prefixes in the words*, irresistible, non-classical and apolitical are called _______.A. reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes138. Rugby, afghan and champagne are words coming from _______.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames139. Some doctors prescribe medication to treat hyperactive children, because the children are extremely _______ .A. activeB. passiveC. lazyD. diligent140. Ex-student, foretell and post-election contain _______.A. negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC, prefixes of time and order D. locative prefixes141. _______are words pronounced letter by letterA. InitialismsB. AcronymsC. BlendsD. Compounds142. What does the neo-mean in neo-NaziA. Old.B. Poor.C. New.D. Rich.143. Which of the following words is NOT formed through clippingA. Dorm.B. Slurb.C. Gent.D. Zoo.144. Which of the following belongs to number prefixesA. Fore-.B. Pro-.C. Hemi-.D. Pre-.145. There are _______ major classes of compounds.A. twoB. fourC. threeD. five146. Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames147. The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are _______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes148. The suffixes in words heighten, symbolize are _______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes149. Of the following words, _______ is an initialism.A. UNB. NATOC. BASICD. UNESCO150. Of the following word-formation processes, is the _______ most productive.A. clippingB. blendingC. initialismD. affixation151. The prefixes in words neo-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are _______.A. negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes152. Which of the following words is NOT from ChineseA. Tea.B. Ketchup.C. Kungfu.D. Czar.153. Which of the following suffixes can be used to form both nouns and adjectivesA. -ion.B. -ism.C. -ity.D. -ist.154. Utopia, odyssey and Babbit are words from _______.A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames1. Affixes and compounding processes may become _______ on one time.2. Not all the words that are produced by applying the word-forming rule are _______ .3. Words produced through compounding yields _______ of all the new word.4. New words which are created by adding affixes to stems are called _______.5. _______ is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.6. The majority of prefixes are _______ by their non-class-changing nature.7. Affixation, also called _______, is one of the word formations.8. Derivational affixes can be further divided into _______ and suffixes.9. Prefixes are those affixes that added to the head of words, which primarily change the _______ of the stem.10. The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called _______.11. The chief function of _______ is not to change the word class of the stem, but to change its meaning.12. Suffixation is the formation of new word by adding _______ to stems.13. In the word "post-war" , "post-" is a prefix of _______.14. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining _______.15. Compounds and derived words are _______ words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.16. The open _______ are the same in form as free phrases.17. The stress patterns of compounds are not _______.18. Compounds are different from free phrases in _______ unit.19. A compound tends to play a single _______ role in a sentence.20. An alternative for conversion is _______.21. _______ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.22. Almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns, which are _______ related to the original verbs in various ways according to Quirk et al.23. Such words as "the richer”, "the poor”, "the most corrupt" are all examples of _______.24. The words "autocide" and "telex" are formed by _______.25. With the development of market economy psywar becomes more and more popular. "Psywar" means _______.26. _______ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.27. A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.28. _______ is the process of forcing new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special phrases and technical terms.29. _______ is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.30. A word is the _______ of form and meaning.31. Modern English expands its vocabulary chiefly through _______.32. The three main means of creating new words in modern English are _______, compounding and conversion.33. Shortening including clipping and _______ is also a way of forming new words in modern English.34. Affixation falls into two subcategories prefixation and _______.35. Affixation is also known as _______.36. The prefixes bi-, multi- and tri- are all _______ prefixes.37. Compounds can be written solid, _______ and open.38. A compound is a unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and _______ as a single word.39. The words sit-in and handshake are both _______ compounds.40. Verb compounds are generally created either through _______or back-formation.41. Compounds are largely the results of _______ of phrases.42. If we need a word which is not found, we can easily make one through _______ or rearrangement of word-forming elements.43. Conversion is also known as _______ since it does not change the morphological structure of words but their function.44. Regarded as a derivational process without the addition of an affix, conversion can be called as _______.45. Words formed through acronymy can be divided into _______ and acronyms depending on the pronunciation of the words.46. Such words as goody-goody, willy-nilly and fiddle-faddle are known as _______ in terms of word formation.47. The process is called _______ when proper names are changed into common words in use.48. Words like nylon, orlon and rayon come from _______, a type of proper names.49. The overwhelming majority of blends are _______.50. Words imitating natural sounds are _______words.51. Affixation, also called _______, is one of the word formations.52. In modem times, the expansion of _______ is mainly through word-formation.53. The number of inflectional affixes is _______and stable, which makes English one of the easiest language to learn.54. According to suffixation theory, “villager" is called denominal noun and “employer" is called _______noun.55. Derivational affixes can be further divided into _______and suffixes.56. Prefixes do not generally change the _______of the stem but only modify its meaning.57. Not all the words that are produced by applying the word-forming rule are _______.58. Compounding is the formation of _______ by joining two or more stems.59. Words produced through compounding yields _______ of all the new words.60. _______ conversion and _______ conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted to nouns.61. An alternative for conversion is _______.。
英语LV1单词
英语．．LV1．．．单词．．（要考部分）．．．．．．Reading:Chapter1．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Nounsaspectsconstitution 组成constrasts 差异discipline 纪律/学科indigenous people 本地人native peopleprimary schoolsecondary schoolstatisticstatus 身份，地位tuition 学费valuesV erbsachieveafforddeterminesreflectsvalueAdjectivescompulsory 强制的egalitarian 平等主义的entireidenticalisolated 偏远的ruraluniversalvocationalIdiomson the one handon the other handListening:Chapter1．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Nounscheatingdiscussing sectionexperimentlaboratory =lablacture midterm examplagiarism 作弊quizrequirementteaching assistantterm paperV erbsattendfail a courseget kicked out 被开除take notesReading:Chapter2．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Nounsagricultural operation cropsdeveloping countries difficulties(difficulty) gridlock 僵局mass transit pedestrian zone 人行道pollutionprioritiesproducerecycling planttrash =rubbish/garbage urban dweller 居民Verbscommutecrowdcultivate 生长，挖掘predictsolveworsening Adjectivesaffluent =rich/abundant creativeAdverbefficiently 有效率的≠effectively有效的Listenin ．．．．．．．．g:Chapter2．．．．．．．．．．Nounsalarmbreak-in [C]deadboltdecal 贴纸device =equipmentfront/back oflicense 驾照/护照right(car) theft 盗车timervaluables 宝贵的Verbsbreak intopreventAdjectivesviolentExpressionget into the habitReading:Chapter5．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Nounscompetitive edge 比较优势essence 本质fadinfluencelifestyleprofittrendtrendspottingVerbsdistinguishenroll 登记influence invested 投资、授予spotAdjectivegourmet 美食家slang 俚语Adverbs enthusiasticallysuddenlyListening:Chapter5．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Nounscost of livingday care centerflexibilityhomemaker=house wife maternity leave 产假opportunitypolicyVerbsbanefitcan/can't affordtransfer 转移volunteerAdjectiveFlexibleListening:Chapter8．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Nounsbrandconflict 冲突consumerdeveloped country incomephenomenonstandard of livingVerbsidentify withAdjectivesCaucasian 白种人的confidentdiverse 不一样的hip(informal) 屁股loyaloptimisticsignificanttolerantReading:Chapter8．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Nounsarabesques 阿拉伯花饰archaeologists 考古学家architecture 建筑学armor 盔甲calligraphy 书法caravans 有蓬马车caves 洞穴cowry shells 宝贝贝壳destination 目的地documentsfabric 织布/物料frescoes 湿壁画mausoleums 陵墓＝tomb merchants 商人mosques 清真寺mummy 木乃伊networkoasis 绿洲pitcher 罐silkspices 香料statues 雕塑，（status地位）Verbsdecorated depictflowered 用花装饰spreadAdjectivesexquisite 精美的，敏锐的fertility 富饶的holy 神圣的significantvast 巨大的Expressionto this endReading:Chapter10．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Nounsbride 新娘coffin 棺材coming-of-agerituals 礼节n￡adj cremation 火葬deceased 已故的deliveryfunerals 葬礼groom 新郎guidanceincorporation 合并（corporation) 公司monks 僧侣negotiations 谈判、协商pregnancyproposal 求婚、提议pyre （死人用的）柴堆rite of passage scriptures 圣经、经典taboos 禁忌trousseau 嫁妆visionVerbschant 唱圣歌regain 追回、恢复varywail 痛哭Adjectivesindigenous 勤奋的nomadic 游牧民族的previous 之前的Expressionask for (a woman's)handListening:Chapter10．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．NounsprayerpriestritualsinsymbolsymbolismVerbscleansefocus oninvolvenarrow (something) down play a part inpourpraypurifysprinklesymbolizeAdjectivesfascinatingpure。
英语兔笔记
英语兔笔记Rabbit's English NotesChapter 1: Basic Grammar Introduction- Parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs- Sentence structure: subject, verb, object- Basic tenses: present, past, futureChapter 2: Vocabulary Building- Everyday words and phrases- Common expressions and idioms- Word formation: prefixes, suffixes, and root wordsChapter 3: Reading and Comprehension- Read and understand different types of texts: fiction, non-fiction, news articles- Improve reading speed and comprehension- Practice summarizing and analyzing textsChapter 4: Writing Skills- Sentence structure and paragraph formation- Grammar and punctuation rules- Different types of writing: essays, letters, reportsChapter 5: Listening and Speaking Skills- Improve listening comprehension through audio materials- Practice speaking in various situations: presentations, debates, conversations- Pronunciation and intonation practiceChapter 6: Test Preparation- Tips and strategies for taking English language tests- Practice with sample questions and mock exams- Time management and tackling different test sectionsChapter 7: Cultural Understanding- Learn about English-speaking countries and their traditions- Understand cultural nuances and customs- Increase cultural awareness and sensitivityChapter 8: Vocabulary Expansion- Academic and advanced vocabulary- Specific vocabulary for different fields and professions- Synonyms, antonyms, and context clues for word understanding Chapter 9: Advanced Grammar and Syntax- Complex sentence structures: subordinate clauses, relative clauses- Advanced tenses: perfect, continuous, conditional- Common grammar mistakes and how to avoid themChapter 10: International English- Variation in English across different regions- British English vs. American English- English as a lingua franca and its impact on global communicationThese are just some examples of what Rabbit's English Notes may cover. Each chapter would delve deeper into the topic, provideexplanations, examples, and practice exercises to enhance the learning process.。
张维友英语词汇学教程第四章
3) Pejorative Prefixes
mal- meaning ‘badly, bad’ added to verbs, participles, adjectives, and abstract nouns
4.1 Affixation
• Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.
mis- meaning ‘wrongly, astray’, added to verbs, participles, and abstract nouns
pseudo- meaning ‘false, imitation’, a productive affix with nouns and adjectives
山东大学大一英语教材
山东大学大一英语教材Mountain East University English Textbook for FreshmenIntroduction:As one of the leading universities in China, Mountain East University (hereafter referred to as "the university") has developed an outstanding English language program for its first-year students. This textbook offers comprehensive language learning materials and exercises to enhance students' English proficiency. Throughout this article, we will explore the contents, features, and benefits of the English textbook used by first-year students at Mountain East University.Chapter 1: Basic GrammarThe textbook begins with an in-depth review of basic grammar rules. Students will learn about subjects, verbs, tenses, adjectives, adverbs, and sentence structures. The chapter includes various exercises to practice applying these grammar concepts accurately.Chapter 2: Listening and Speaking SkillsIn this chapter, students will focus on enhancing their listening and speaking skills. The textbook provides a wide range of listening materials, including dialogues, interviews, and speeches, catering to different learning preferences. With interactive exercises, students can improve their pronunciation, vocabulary, and overall understanding of the English language.Chapter 3: Reading ComprehensionChapter 3 aims to improve students' reading comprehension abilities. It introduces various reading strategies and encourages students to analyze and interpret texts effectively. The textbook offers a diverse selection of reading materials, including articles, short stories, and academic texts. Through targeted exercises, students can strengthen their comprehension and critical thinking skills.Chapter 4: Writing SkillsDeveloping strong writing skills is vital in any language acquisition process. In this chapter, students will learn how to write coherent paragraphs, essays, and reports. The textbook emphasizes the importance of proper grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structures. Moreover, it provides step-by-step guidance on organizing ideas and developing arguments effectively.Chapter 5: Vocabulary ExpansionExpanding vocabulary is essential for improving English fluency. This chapter offers a wide range of vocabulary-building exercises, including synonyms, antonyms, word families, and collocations. The textbook focuses on both general and academic vocabulary relevant to various fields of study, ensuring students acquire a broad lexicon.Chapter 6: Cultural AwarenessUnderstanding cultural differences is an integral part of second language learning. Chapter 6 introduces students to different cultural aspects of English-speaking countries. It explores traditions, customs, etiquette, and social norms, fostering a global mindset among the students. The textbookincorporates engaging activities and discussions to encourage intercultural understanding.Chapter 7: Language PracticeTo reinforce what students have learned throughout the textbook, Chapter 7 provides extensive language practice exercises. These exercises cover all language skills including grammar, listening, speaking, reading, and writing. They enable students to consolidate their knowledge, enhance their accuracy, and gain confidence in using English.Conclusion:The English textbook used in the first-year curriculum at Mountain East University prioritizes holistic language development. With its comprehensive contents, interactive exercises, and cultural awareness sections, the textbook facilitates a balanced and effective language learning experience. Students will undoubtedly benefit from the meticulously designed materials, enabling them to become proficient and confident English speakers.。
raz对应英语桥梁书 -回复
raz对应英语桥梁书-回复中括号内容：Raz对应英语【桥梁书】的内容Introduction:The English textbook titled "Bridge" designed to correspond with Raz programming, aims to create a comprehensive learning experience for students. This article will delve into the various components of the textbook and explain how it caters to Raz programming concepts.Chapter 1: Introduction to English in Context[The first chapter focuses on providing students with a solid foundation in English language basics that align with their existing Raz programming knowledge. Topics covered include the alphabet, basic vocabulary, and sentence structure. The exercises and activities are carefully designed to incorporate programming concepts, such as the use of variables and loops.]Chapter 2: Constructing Sentences with Grammar[In this chapter, students learn about various components of English grammar, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. The explanations and practice exercises are tailoredto Raz programming concepts, such as assigning values to variables and using conditional statements while constructing sentences.]Chapter 3: Building Blocks of Communication[Chapter 3 focuses on developing students' skills in oral and written communication. It covers concepts such as greetings, introductions, and basic conversation skills. The text also integrates programming concepts by incorporating discussions about algorithms, debugging, and logical thinking as essential tools for effective communication.]Chapter 4: Exploring Vocabulary Expansion[This chapter aims to enhance students' vocabulary by introducing them to various categories such as animals, food, clothing, and more. The activities in this section encourage students to interact with the vocabulary in a similar way they would interact with coding components in Raz programming. This approach fosters a deeper understanding and connection between the two subjects.]Chapter 5: Developing Reading Skills[Chapter 5 introduces students to reading and comprehensionskills through carefully selected texts that are aligned with Raz programming principles. The texts incorporate coding-related content, encouraging students to analyze text structure, identify key details, and make logical inferences. This chapter also includes coding exercises that require students to apply the reading strategies they have learned.]Chapter 6: Writing for Communication and Creativity[The final chapter of the textbook focuses on developing students' writing skills. It covers various writing styles such as descriptive, persuasive, and narrative writing. The chapter also incorporates programming elements, guiding students to use code as a means of enhancing their writing skills. For example, students are encouraged to write algorithms for organizing their ideas and debugging their written work.]Conclusion:The English textbook "Bridge" designed to correspond with Raz programming provides a unique and innovative approach to language learning. By integrating programming concepts into the English language curriculum, the textbook creates a seamless connection between the two subjects, allowing students to developessential language skills alongside their coding abilities. The comprehensive nature of the textbook enables students to build a strong foundation in English by consolidating their programming knowledge and vice versa. This approach not only enhances students' language proficiency but also nurtures their critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, setting them up for success in both English and programming.。
新英汉翻译课件教程 Chapter 词义的处理
• 例1：The capacity to use a raw material depends on various factors, such as means of access, methods of extraction, and techniques of processing.
• 【译文】使用原料的规模大小取决于各种因素，比如获取 原料的手段、开采方法和加工技术。
b) 给表示现象、动作、状态、方法或过程的名词添加范畴。 • 例1：He was described as impressed by Teng’s
flexibility
• 【译文】据说他为邓灵活的态度所感动。 • 例2：At the same time, inequality has become worse,
poverty has increased absolutely.
• 【译文】同时贫富不均的现象变得更加严重，贫穷者的绝 对数增加了。
• 例3：The Chinese delegation will never accept such dictation.
• 【译文】中国代表团决不同意这种独断专行的做法。 • 例4：The gathering gloom of a November evening
• A．我们不能为了国家的安全而花太大的代价。 • B．为了国家的安全花再大的代价也值得。
英语天气立体书 -回复
英语天气立体书-回复English Weather Pop-up BookIntroduction:Weather is an important and fascinating aspect of our everyday lives. From sunny skies to rainy days, from cool breezes to scorching heat, weather plays a significant role in shaping our moods, activities, and even the environment around us. In this English Weather Pop-up Book, we will explore different types of weather and learn how to describe them using the English language. So, let's dive into this immersive journey and discover the wonders of weather!Chapter 1: Sunny DaysWhen the sun shines brightly in a clear blue sky, it's a sunny day! The weather feels warm and enjoyable. Use adjectives like "hot," "bright," "cheerful," or "glowing" to describe it. You can also have a pop-up sun with a smiling face on this page to bring the sunny atmosphere to life!Chapter 2: Rainy DaysWhen dark clouds gather and raindrops start to fall, it's a rainy day!The weather feels cool and refreshing, perfect for cozying up indoors with a cup of tea. Use adjectives like "wet," "drizzling," "damp," or "pouring" to describe it. Add a pop-up umbrella and raindrops falling from a cloud on this page to capture the essence of a rainy day.Chapter 3: Cloudy DaysWhen the sky is covered with clouds, it's a cloudy day! The weather feels a bit gloomy but not necessarily rainy. Use adjectives like "overcast," "grey," "hazy," or "mysterious" to describe it. Incorporate a pop-up cloud formation with different shades of gray on this page to create a cloudy ambiance.Chapter 4: Windy DaysWhen strong gusts blow and leaves dance through the air, it's a windy day! The weather feels energetic and invigorating. Use adjectives like "blustery," "breezy," "whirling," or "wild" to describe it. Include a pop-up tree with branches swaying in the wind on this page to depict the windy atmosphere.Chapter 5: Snowy DaysWhen delicate snowflakes fall from the sky and cover the groundlike a white blanket, it's a snowy day! The weather feels cold but enchanting. Use adjectives like "frosty," "fluffy," "chilly," or "magical" to describe it. Create a pop-up snow scene withsnow-covered trees and a snowman to capture the beauty of a snowy day.Chapter 6: Stormy DaysWhen dark clouds, thunder, and lightning fill the sky, it's a stormy day! The weather feels intense and dramatic. Use adjectives like "thunderous," "electrifying," "torrential," or "chaotic" to describe it. Design a pop-up lightning bolt and thundercloud on this page to depict the stormy ambiance.Conclusion:Weather has a profound impact on our lives, from dictating our clothing choices to influencing our moods. Through this English Weather Pop-up Book, we have explored various types of weather and learned how to describe them using adjectives. This book serves as a fun and interactive way to enhance our English language skills while fostering a greater understanding and appreciation for the weather around us. So, let's continue to enjoythe diverse wonders of each weather type and embrace the beauty of nature's ever-changing elements.。
04---Chapter Four 形容词 Ajectives 语法讲解系列
Chapter Four 形容词Ajectives一、基本概念形容词和副词都是起修饰作用的词类。
形容词用来描写和修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的特征，性质或特点。
二，基本分类✧性质形容词——直接表示事物的性质或特征，有级的变化，并且可以使用程度副词加以修饰。
例如：good,large, heavy, beautifiil等。
大多数形容词都属于这一类。
✧叙述形容词一一又叫作表语形容词，没有级的变化，也不能用程度副词加以修饰；多以a开头。
例如：alone（单独的），aftaid（害怕的），asleep（睡着的），alive（活着的），awake（醒着的）, worth（值得的），unable（不可能的），ill（病的）。
✧分词作形容词：现在分词作形容词表示主动；过去分词作形容词表示被动。
例如：a frightening film 一部恐怖电影 a frightened girl 一个吓坏了的女孩an interesting story 一个有趣的故事 a locked gate 一个上了锁的大门三, 形容词用法详解1构成✧普通形容词：本身即为形容词的词如：red, glad, nice, beautiful✧形容词具有独特的后缀形式主要有:・y, -able, -ible, -al, -ical, -ant, -ary, -ful, -less, -ous, ・en, -em, -n 等。
如：sunny, windy, funny, cloudy, noisy, lucky, comfortable, terrible, national, natural, political, chemical, important, pleasant, ordinary, necessary, beautiful, wonderful, careful, hopeless, careless, famous, dangerous, wooden, golden, western, eastern, northern, southern, Asian, American✧以-ly结尾的形容词如：friendly友好的，lonely孤独的，lovely可爱的，likely可能的，lively活泼的，ugly丑陋的, brotherly兄弟般的，fatherly慈父般的，sisterly姐妹般的，orderly有秩序的2.用法和位置1）作定语：形容词修饰名词时置于名词之前；修饰不定代词时，置于不定代词之后。
科普版小学三年级上册英语期中测试题
科普版小学三年级上册英语期中测试题IntroductionPeriodic testing plays a vital role in assessing the understanding of students in various subjects. The English language is an essential subject for students worldwide. In small steps, students learn the fundamentals of the English language, enabling them to communicate better in various situations. As such, this piece aims to provide a glimpse of what small children learn in the third grade of primary school in English.Chapter 1: NounsNouns are an essential part of speech, and students learn the basics in the third grade. Nouns are typically a person, place, or thing. Examples of nouns include cat, Eric, house, school, and bedroom. Children learn to distinguish between singular and plural nouns. For example, a cat is singular, while cats are plural. Children also learn to identify and use pronouns, such as he, she, it, and they.Chapter 2: VerbsVerbs are the action words in a sentence. They typically denote activities, states, or occurrences. An example of a verb is run, which describes an action. Students in the third grade learn to differentiatebetween different types of verbs, such as action verbs, linking verbs, and irregular verbs.Chapter 3: AdjectivesAdjectives modify or describe nouns or pronouns. In the third grade, students learn the basics of using adjectives. They learn how to identify and use descriptive words such as big, small, tall, short, fast, and slow. Children learn how to use adjectives to give more information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence.Chapter 4: PrepositionsPrepositions are words used to describe the location or relationship between two things. Examples of prepositions include in, out, under, over, and through. Children in the third grade learn the basics of using prepositions to give details about the location of various objects.Chapter 5: PunctuationPunctuation is an essential aspect of the English language. In the third grade, students learn the basics of punctuation, such as using periods, commas, exclamation points, question marks, and quotation marks. Children learn how to place these punctuation marks accurately in a sentence, depending on the meaning intended.ConclusionIn conclusion, students in the third grade start to learn the basics of English, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and punctuation. This foundation forms the building blocks that allow them to advanceto the next level of English learning. By understanding the basics of the English language, children can gradually improve their communication skills and express themselves confidently in various situations.。
Chapter4Mypencilcase(教案)一年级英语上学期(新思维小学英语)(1)
10. Use connectives to add information*
E.g. He has two green and yellow rulers.
11. Use possessive adjectives to show possession*
Mobilize the students’ability of self study.
10
1. Check the stationery of Beeno’s in groups.
2. Listen to the bubbles of Ting Ting’s pencil case, write the numbers and then check in groups.
3.Pupilscan use adjectives to describe objects and show quantities:
Beeno has five black pencils.
重点及解决
1.Pupilscan use adjectives to describe objects and show quantities:
a) How many pencils does Beeno have?
b) What colour are they?
c) How many erasers does Beeno have?
d) What colour is it?
3.Tell pupils to draw and colour the stationery in Beeno’s pencil case. Go round the class checking their understanding.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
多个形容词的排序P151
--a large old red brick dining hall
二、县（限）官行（形）令杀（色）国才(材)
当名词前面有多个修饰语时，一般按下列次序排列： 限定词+描绘形容词+大小+形状+颜色+国籍原材料。利 用谐音一句概之：县（限）官行（形）令杀（色）国 才(材)（限定词+外观描述性形容词+大小+形状+年龄+ 颜色+国籍ly结尾的形容词和副词 costly 昂贵的 lovely 可爱的 friendly 友好的 happily 幸福地 like 相像的—— likely 很可能…
第四节 形容词与副词的比较级
Hot-hotter-hottest Tired-more tired-most tired Wounded-more wounded-most wounded
形容词的句法功能 A good boy must behave himself. (定语)P138 The patient is asleep. (表语) P140 Who has left the door open? (补足语)P142 做状语 dead ill sound asleep
wide awake light brown
5. If I had ____, I’d visit Europe, stopping at all the small i nteresting place. A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough
4.______ students are required to take part in the boat race. A. Ten strong young Chinese B. Ten Chinese strong youn g C. Chinese ten young strong D. young strong ten Chinese
形意相近副词用法比较P169 All together, altogether Sometime, sometimes Fairly, rather…
第三节 形容词与副词的误用
与形容词同形的副词与加后缀-ly的副词P179
We must stand firm.（表方式或状态） He slowly climbed up the hill.(位于动词前) deep red bricks (表颜色的词前) …
Further, farther Elder, older Later, latter
形容词与副词原级比较的用法P189 He is as bright as his sister. English is not so difficult as Latin. This room is three times as large as that one. She is as gifted as she is diligent.
第五节 用法提醒
关于级的修饰P203 She hasn’t been quite so unlucky as she pretends. The sun is much bigger than the earth. Of the three boys he is by far the naughtiest.
关于不可分级形容词与副词P211 The contract will be signed prior to the ceremony. His work is inferior to mine. She is several years junior to her boy friend.
Thank you！
第四章 形容词与副词
第一节 形容词
限制性形容词 a Catholic church 一座天主教教堂
描写性形容词 a magnificent Catholic church
第一节 形容词
表语形容词 有些形容词只能用作表语或后置定语 The twins look so alike. The student asleep in class was criticized by t his teacher. 常见的表语形容词P135 content, fond…
静态形容词 P136 tall, short, white…
动态形容词 calm, careless, friendly The boy is being mischievous.(动态)
相对形容词P137 become aware of （aware后必须接介词of） He is fond of popular music. Where are you bound for?
Most important of all, he has got a steady job. (用作独立成分) P144 He found a place for the homeless.(名词化形容词)
与介词形成习语P145 at large for short in brief at present for good
1．This _____ girl is Linda’s cousin. A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish
2.John Smith, a successful business man, has a ______ car. A. large German white B. large white German C. white large German D. German large white 3.The _____ house smells as if it hasn’t been lived in for year s. A. little white wooden B. little wooden white C. white wooden little D. wooden white little
易混淆的同源形容词P151 lonely，alone economical, economic efficient, effective…
第二节 副词
副词排序P169 The boy behaved quite well here yesterday. （程度副词，方式副词，地点副词，时间副词）