跨文化交际导论Chapter2第一部分
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跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 2 communication and culture
The Selected Scene ---Conflicts Across Border
Task:
(1) Is there an effective communication between Santiago and the police?
(2) What caused the conflicts between them and how to avoid such conflicts?
Decode
Physical
Message Channel
Channel Message Feedback
Encode Receiver
Encode
Reasons for Misunderstanding
Encoding & Decoding
Not all communication could
Section 2 1. Basics of Communication
Warm-up questions
What is communication? How would two people in love let each
other know about their feelings? How many Chinese words can you
通信
传通
1.1 Definition of Communication
Communication
Latin word “communicare”
Act and process of sending and receiving messages among people
Means of Communication
跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication
(1) Intercultural communication (2) Cross-cultural communication (跨文 化传播) (3) International communication (4) Comparative mass communication (比较大众传播)
Core Content of ICC
(Rich and Gudykunst)
Interracial
International
Intercultural Communication
Interethnic
Intracultural
(Gudykunst and Hammer, 1987)
Four Categories of ICC
Question for Discussion:
1. Can you distinguish intercultural and crosscultural communication? Please give specific examples to illustrate international, interethnic, interracial communication. 2. Compare the core content of intercultural communication study as proposed by Rich and Gudykunst. 3. Please try to come up with at least 3 cases in your daily life to illustrate the features of intercultural communication phenomenon.
跨文化交际导论课件2
Further Explanation
There are at least two or more people: In terms of who communicate with whom, whether it being human, animals or machines, the classification is as follows: Human communication Animal communication Human-animal communication Human-machine communication Machine-to-machine communication
Further Explanation
There is a language shared between communicators.
Human language
Verbal
Nonverbal
Non-word sounds
Body language
e.g. Chinese, English
e.g. Sounds uttered to control
III. The Classification of Communication
Communication occurs when – there are at least two or more people. there is some contact between communication. there is a language shared by communicators. there is an exchange of information that has taken place.
跨文化交际Chapter_2_Kluchhohn's__five_dimentions
hanfeitze
• A philosopher of the “legalist school”, lived about three centuries after Confucius.
• He maintains that we should not expect people to be good, but we should make
human nature
• The first: evil but perfectible. • The traditional Western belief about human nature is that humans are basically evil. • We see this in the Bible story of Adam and Eve. God throws
• Bible story: Adam and Eve • This view (man being separated from nature) can be seen from the Bible story of creation. Adam is given dominance over all of God’s creation. Adam and his human descendents stand apart from and above nature and are told to use the natural world to meet human needs. This used to be the prevalent view in western societies. But today more and more people come to believe that this is not the right attitude. We should protect the environment instead of exploiting nature. (eg. Green organizations)
unit 2 跨文化交际
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Chapter 2: Becoming aware
• 5. Contact between cultures
• When people come in contact with other cultures, they interpret the unfamiliar culture according to the meaning system of their home culture, that is, in terms of their own world and culture.
• Level 4: The different culture is believable as lived experience.
第九页，编辑于星期日：十四点 五十八分。
• To a Chinese, culture is a treasure of great works and cultural achievements.
第五页，编辑于星期日：十四点 五十八分。
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Chapter 2: Becoming aware
• 3. Characteristics of culture
• The most usual meaning is that culture refers to people’s customs and behaviቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱr.
第二页，编辑于星期日：十四点 五十八分。
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Chapter 2: Becoming aware
• Culture is like an iceberg. • Culture is our software. • Culture is like the water a fish swims in. • Culture is the stories we tell ourselves
跨文化交际复习
Chapter 1 CultureI.定义Culture(from intellectual perspective):从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)：从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective) : 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective):从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective):从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity: 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture 共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup 亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
跨文化交际intercultural communication chapter 2
Joke appreciation
A British old lady went to an American hotel for her holiday. She called the receptionist to arrange a morning call. “Could you please wake me up at 6:00 tomorrow morning?” “Sure, I will knock you up then.” The woman ran into rage and shouted, knock up “I beg your pardon?” arouse, awaken (US);
bird/a person considerrkey
• 1 （a） [C] large bird reared to be eaten, esp at Christmas 吐绶鸡; 火鸡. • （b） [U] its flesh as food （食用的）火鸡肉: ★ a slice of roast turkey 一片烤火鸡肉. • 2 [C] (US sl 俚) failure; flop 失败; 失败的人或事物: ★ His last movie was a real turkey. 他最后的那部影片一塌糊涂.
3) On the phone
What’s the difference for Chinese people and American people to receive a phone?
“我们首先发现的是在[电话]谈话的开头有一连串的 ‘hello’，双方都不说明自己的身份。在第二个来回当中，打 电话的人要求接电话的人说明身份，这一要求遭到对方拒绝。 反过来，接电话的人问打电话的人的身份，而打电话的人并不 回答这一问题，相反却开始猜对方的身份。接电话的人也试图 猜出对方是谁。在双方的猜测被证实以后，谈话通过一系列问 候和答问进行，直到六个来回之后才正式提出谈话的主题，或 者至少打电话一方表示他有问题需要提出。住在埃及的外国人 普遍反应是电话谈话毫无规律可循。”
大学英语跨文化交际 chapter2
Chapter 2 Communication and InterculturalCommunicationI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this chapter, the teacher should enable the students to:1. know different definitions of communication.2. identify nine components of communication.3. identify the characteristics of communication.4. know the relationship between culture and communication.5. know the definition of intercultural communication.6. identify the 4 forms of intercultural communication.II. Contents1. Keywords(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
跨文化交际Chapter 2
• • Perception & interpretation World view Origin & development of civilisations
• V.
• •
Value dimensions
Kluckhohn’ five basic dimensions Hofstede’s dimensions
(the origi
Individualism and collectivism
• According to cross-cultural theorists, individualism and collectivism are basic clusters of values and assumptions（Something taken for granted or accepted as true without proof; a supposition）. Western individualism has been traced to the philosophy of liberalism, the fundamental assumption being that each human is a rational being capable of making well-organized choices and thus deserving the right to live his/her own life guided only by principles such as equality and noninterference. And Eastern collectivism is tied to Confucianism, which takes pride of place to social order and harmony. “All individuals are conceived to be linked in a web of interrelatedness … and … embedded and situated in particular roles and stations.” No culture is completely individualist or collectivist. Rather cultures vary in the mix of values they espouse (support, adopt), with some accepting more individualist notions, and others orienting more toward collectivist values. Nevertheless, most English-speaking countries tend to view the world from a relatively individualist perspective, while Chinese tends to be more collectivist.
• V.
• •
Value dimensions
Kluckhohn’ five basic dimensions Hofstede’s dimensions
(the origi
Individualism and collectivism
• According to cross-cultural theorists, individualism and collectivism are basic clusters of values and assumptions（Something taken for granted or accepted as true without proof; a supposition）. Western individualism has been traced to the philosophy of liberalism, the fundamental assumption being that each human is a rational being capable of making well-organized choices and thus deserving the right to live his/her own life guided only by principles such as equality and noninterference. And Eastern collectivism is tied to Confucianism, which takes pride of place to social order and harmony. “All individuals are conceived to be linked in a web of interrelatedness … and … embedded and situated in particular roles and stations.” No culture is completely individualist or collectivist. Rather cultures vary in the mix of values they espouse (support, adopt), with some accepting more individualist notions, and others orienting more toward collectivist values. Nevertheless, most English-speaking countries tend to view the world from a relatively individualist perspective, while Chinese tends to be more collectivist.
跨文化商务交际Chapter_2_verbal_communication
Analysis
Here turkey, as the American explained, is a
large North American bird. But it can also refer to a person considered inept （不适当的, 无能的, 不称 职的） or undesirable. As 火鸡 in Chinese has no such association, it makes difficult for the Chinese to understand the real meaning of the word used in the last sentence.
CASE STUDY
CASE TWO In the United States, Bomb means that something is a massive failure, e.g. “The project was a bomb.” But in Britain if you said, “The project went a bomb.” you would be saying it was a huge success.
语言 是由声音和意义结合而成的符号体系，比如：汉语、英语、法
语等。任何一种语言都是由语音、词汇和语法等组成的一个完整 的符号体系。-- langue 言语 是指人们对语言的运用，指人们在运用语言的过程中说的话和 书写的文字。(语言的实际运用)-parole
Difference between langue & parole
Language as a reflection of the environment 语言反映人们生活的自然环境 Words sometimes have different connotational meanings because of the different geographical environment. For instance, the English word “zephyr” (the west wind) reflects the specific culture of UK. To British people the west wind is warm and gentle, because UK is on the brink of the Atlantic and the wind blows from the ocean. In the famous poem “Ode to the West Wind”, Shelly, a brilliant poet of Britain eulogizes the warm and gentle wind. However, in the eyes of Chinese people, what the west wind brings them is not warmth but frigidity. There is a saying in China, “it’s the east wind that brings warmth.” Therefore, the trucks produced in China No.2 Automobile Manufacturing Plant use “East Wind” as the trademark, while Zephyr is used as the trademark for British-manufactured automobiles.
chapter 2跨文化交际
Chapter 3 Communication
a. Communication is dynamic
Communication is an ongoing, everchanging activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.
Message （信息）
The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.
Channel （渠道）
The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-toface communication.
Porter ➢ Simmel’s perspective on communication
Chapter 3 Communication
➢Communication as an element of culture
Communication is derived from the Latin word communicare, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
跨文化交际第2章
Connotational meaning (隐含意义)
Example: The Color of Red In Chinese red implies “happy, joyous, auspicious, flourishing.” The Chinese use red lanterns, red antithetical couplets, red dresses, red candles, red flowers and the like when we are in celebration. In English, red is usually associated with sth. undesirable, e.g., “red flags” denotes “danger”, “in the red” means “deficit in finance.”
Strength Faith Truth
Arabic countries
Business Implications
International businesspersons may encounter problems with such connotational meanings of colors. International marketers need to know what associations certain culture has in terms of colors and how they might affect product design, packaging, and advertising messages.
Word Meaning and Culture
跨文化交际实训课件Chapter-2
ication 言语交际
Language and culture 语言和文化
I. Verbal Communication 言语交际
High-context and Low-context language
高语境和低语境语言
High Context Less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information More internalized understandings of what is communicated Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others Long term relationships Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs. who is considered an "outsider" Knowledge is situational, relational. Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority. Examples: Small religious congregations, a party with friends, family gatherings, expensive gourmet restaurants and neighborhood restaurants with a regular clientele, undergraduate on-campus friendships, regular pick-up games, hosting a friend in your home overnight.
Language and culture 语言和文化
I. Verbal Communication 言语交际
High-context and Low-context language
高语境和低语境语言
High Context Less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information More internalized understandings of what is communicated Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others Long term relationships Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs. who is considered an "outsider" Knowledge is situational, relational. Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority. Examples: Small religious congregations, a party with friends, family gatherings, expensive gourmet restaurants and neighborhood restaurants with a regular clientele, undergraduate on-campus friendships, regular pick-up games, hosting a friend in your home overnight.
跨文化交际chapter2
Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication
Culture and Communication
The metaphor of the journey and the map can help us understand the relationship between culture and communication. Cultures are both the maps of a place (the rules and conventions) and the journeys that take place there (actual practices).
Western ethics
•Autonomy
Being free to act consistent with one’ own principles.
•Justice
Impartiality(公正, 公平) ; giving each person his or her legitimate（合法的）due or portion of the whole.
Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication
b. Intracultural communication
Intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture. Generally, people who are of the same race, political persuasion, and religion or who share the same interests communicate intraculturally.
chapter-2跨文化交际
Eyxoteurr natatelnntiooinsaew（a外y f部rom干t扰he）cma:ensbsaegteh.e sights, sounds, and other stimuli that draw
Inwteitrhnthael mnoesissaeg（e.内部干扰）:refers to your thoughts and feelings that can interfere
Semantic noise（语义干扰）: refers to how alternative meanings of the source’s
message symbols can be distracting.
Decoding（解码）: Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an
第10页，共25页。
Chapter 3 Communication
2. Components of communication
Source （信息源）
The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
Encoding （编码）
defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
第12页，共25页。
Chapter 3 Communication
Feedback
Response
Message （信息）
The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.
跨文化交际导论Chapter2第一部分
Answer the following questions:
1. In the movie, how many things did Sara do in order to test fate? And what are they?
What do you think of these behaviors?
main contents
functions of communication and culture; components of communication and culture; characteristics of communication and culture.
2012/8/18
How does communication work?
2012/8/18
Dou Weilin: Introduction to ICC
10
eight components in communication processes
Message sender/encoder Encoding (编码）(the sender’s process of putting a
2012/8/18
Dou Weilin: Introduction to ICC
3
How many Chinese words can you think of that are used to express communication?
Communication
交际
交流
交往
沟通
传播
通信
传通
2012/8/18
Sara: strongly believes in destiny (命运）
(整理)吴为善跨文化交际概论课程各章节内容要点.
第一章跨文化语言交际概述第一节文化、语言和交际一、关于文化的概念（一）文化的内涵和特性1、关于文化的内涵概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。
在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。
交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。
科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。
”2、关于文化的特性（1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。
（2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。
（3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。
（4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。
（5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。
（6）文化和交际具有同一性。
（7）文化是动态多变的。
（8）文化具有选择性。
（9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。
（10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。
（二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化1、文化定势和群体文化世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。
存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。
2、亚文化与亚群体在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。
亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。
二、关于语言的概念（一）语言是交际工具1、交际媒介言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。
语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。
2、符号功能符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。