Chapter 5 Export Price
外贸实务 Chapter 5
2.1 Nude Cargo, Bulk Cargo/Cargo in Bulk and Packed Cargo 2.2. Transport Packing 2.3 Sales Packing 2.4 Neutral Packing 2.5 Factors Influencing Choice of Packing
12) Container: Very large metal box for transport
of goods by road, rail, sea, or air. 13) Pallet: Large tray or platform for moving loads (by means of slings 吊索 or forklift truck). 14) Flexible Container: Round-shaped or squareshaped bag woven with synthetic fiber or compound material. Suitable for fertilizer, ore, flour, sugar, cement, etc.
Packing, in business practice, is one of the most important issues that confront the merchants engaged in international trade. It needs more care in export trade than domestic trade. The real art of packing is to get the contents into nice, compact shape that will stay in perfect condition with nothing missing during the roughest journey. This chapter will discuss why and how to pack the commodity in international trade.
外贸英语函电(第4版)教学课件chapter 5
(3) Stressing some important points concerned by both parties, e.g. issuance of L/C, packing, quality of the goods.
Port of Loading/Destination Shipping Mark Insurance ② General Terms and Conditions Shipping Documents
Inspection
Quality/Quantity Discrepancy
Force Majeure
A formal written sales contract / confirmation generally includes three main parts: Head, Body and End.
(1) The Head Contract Title Contract Number Date and Place of
Arbitration
Other Terms
(3) The End Copies Language Validity Law Application Signature Seal
(1) Confirming the order and expressing happiness for the conclusion of business.
(3)The conclusion of this transaction will mark the beginning of our long friendly relations. 这次交易成 功标志着我们长期友好关系的开始。
国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题答案
国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题答案Chapter 2 International Trade Terms I. Multiple choices II. True or false statements 1 B T 2 C T 3 A F 4 C F 5 C T 6 D F 7 A F 8 B F 9 C F 10 D T III. Explain the following terms 1. shipment contractShipment contract is a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens at the time or before the time of shipment. 2. symbolic deliverySymbolic delivery is a delivery situation in which when the sellerdelivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind ofdelivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer.3. arrival contractArrival contract means a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens when the goods arrive at the destination. 4. actual deliveryActual delivery refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods. IV. Short questions1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB ? The seller.2. Who pays for unloading under CIF? The buyer.3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?Similarities: a. The seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board, b. The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities, c. The buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination, d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation.Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer's risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive at the destination. 5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the firstcarrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation, c. The seller must obtain insurance against the buyer's risk.1Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should you do?No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms? FOB, CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?The seller. According to Incoterms 2021, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities. 10. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?Importing. FOB should be used with a \Chinese trader's perspective, he is importing. V. Case studies1. An FOB contract stipulated \March 201 l, the seller contacted the buyer for shipment details. The buyer faxed \port for loading on 21 March. The vessel will depart on 22 March.\The seller sent the goods to the port accordingly. However the nominated vessel did not turn up and the goods had to be stored in the warehouse at the port. On the night of 21 March a fire happened in the warehouse area and part of the goods was damaged. When the vessel arrived two days later the seller and the buyer had an argument about the settlement of the loss. The seller required the buyer to bear the loss caused by the fire, but the buyer believed that the vessel arrived within the shipment period and the loss occurred before the seller delivered the goods therefore the seller should bear the loss. Please provide your solution.析：1)首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。
chapter5(第一讲)
Writing Skills
3. Add a favorable comment on the goods ordered. Example: We feel confident that you will satisfy with the quality of our goods and our business service.
Writing Skills
Part 2 An order, especially a first order, should most
certainly be acknowledged by a letter, a fax or Email. The acceptance should include the following information.
Partial shipment is allowed; Transshipment is not allowed.
We will establish the relevant L/C before September 20 as requested. We would like you to effect the insurance for ll0% of the invoice value covering All Risks and War Risk.
We are confident that we must have a good business start and will extend our business successfully in future through our mutual effort.
We anticipate to hear from you soon. Thanks a lot for your kind cooperation.
KEY TO Chapter Five Price of Goods
Chapter Five P r ice of GoodsPart One ExercisesI. True or False (Judge Whether The Following Price Terms Are Correct Or Not.III. Translate the following phrases into English or Chinese1. Profit and loss rate for export goods 出口商品盈亏率2. Foreign exchange cost of Export Products 出口商品换汇成本3. Earn foreign exchange rate 出口创汇率4. Currency of the price 计价货币5. Currency for payment 付款货币6. Net price 净价7. Soft currency 软币8. Commission 佣金9. Discount 折扣10. Price including commission 含佣价V. Calculation:1.∵total weight: 0.08M/T×100=8 M/Ttotal volume: 1×0.4×0.25×100=10 M3total volume > total weight∴“M”is the basis for freight.total freight=total volume×(basic freight rate + surcharges)=10×(80+ 80×10% +80×15%)=US $ 10002. CIF = CFR ÷{1-[premium rate ×(1 + percentage of addition)]}= 4000÷[1-(1%+0.03%)×110%]=$4045.843. (1) foreign exchange cost=Total export cost(RMB) ÷Net foreign exchange income(USD) =(1600+1600×17%) ÷ (500-50-7)= RMB4.23/USD(2) Profit and loss ratio in export= [Net export income(RMB) - total export cost] ÷Total export cost×100%=[(500-50-7) ×8.27-(1600+1600×17%)]÷(1600+1600×17%)×100%=95.71%4. (1) I=CIFx(1+insurance additional rate) x premium rate=1.8 x 60000 x 110% x (0.3%+0.4%)=USD831.60(2) export sale net income=CIF-F-I=1.8 x 60000-5000-831.6=USD102,168.40ANSWER: The export sale net income is USD102,168.40.5.(1)export sale net income=CIF-I-F=65000-1650-450=USD62900(2)foreign exchange cost of export productsexport total cost 540000=-------------------------------=-----------------------=8.585RMB/USDexport sale net income 62900profit or loss= prevailing foreign exchange quotation-foreign exchange cost of export products =8.2-8.585 =--¥0.385ANSWER: The export sale net income is USD62900, there is a loss in this business(--¥0.385/USD).6.(1)export distribution net rmb incoming=CIF-F-I=(510000-62500-10000)X8.30=437500 X 8.30=¥3,631,250(2)Export rebates=purchasing price(vat)/(1+vat rate)x rate of export rebates=3,000,000 / (1+17%) x 9%=¥230,769.23(3)export total cost=purchasing price(vat)+standard expense- export rebates=3,000,000+200,000+300,000-230,769.23=¥3,269,230.77(4)profit and loss rate of export goodsexport distribution net rmb incoming -- export total cost=---------------------------------------------------------------------------- X100%export total cost3,631,250--3,269,230.77=-----------------------------------------------X100%3,269,230.77=11.07%export total cost(5) Foreign exchange cost of export products=-------------------------------export sale net income3,269,230.77=-----------------------437500=7.47(RMB/USD)ANSWER: The profit and loss rate of export products is 11.07%-----1score, Foreign exchange cost of export products is 7.47(RMB/USD).7.(1)W/M, W=0.025M/T, M=0.2X0.3X0.4=0.024M3, W>M, so we adopt “W”Freight=Fb X Freight ton X (1+∑S Rate)=80 X 10 X (1+20%+10%)=USD1,040(2)export sale net income=CFR-F=55 x 400-1040=USD20,960.00(3) Export total costForeign exchange cost of export products=---------------------------------Export sale net income150000=-----------------20,960=7.16(RMB/USD)(4) Profit and Loss Rate of Export GoodsExport distribution net RMB incoming -- Export Total Cost=------------------------------------------------------------------------------ X100%Export Total Cost20960x8.27--150000=----------------------------------------------- X100%150000=15.56%ANSWER: Foreign exchange cost of export products is 7.16(RMB/USD), the profit and loss rateof export products is 15.56%.8.(1) I=CIFx(1+insurance additional rate) x premium rate=100000 X 110% X 1%=USD1,100(2)export sale net income=CIF- F - I=100000-4000-1100=USD94900(3) Export total costForeign exchange cost of export products=---------------------------------Export sale net income-720000=--------------------=7.59(RMB/USD)94900(4) Profit and loss of export goods=Export distribution net RMB incoming -- Export Total Cost=94900x8.3-720000=¥67670ANSWER: Foreign exchange cost of export products is 7.59(RMB/USD), the profit of export products is ¥676709. (1)Export distribution net RMB incoming=CIFC-I-F-C=(1200－42.37－8.58－1200x3%) X8.30=USD1113.05X8.30=¥9238.32(2) profit and loss rate of export goodsExport distribution net RMB incoming -- Export Total Cost=------------------------------------------------------------------------------ X100%Export Total Cost9238.32-7000-2000=----------------------------------------------- X100%7000+2000=2.65%(3) Export total costForeign exchange cost of export products=---------------------------------Export sale net income7000+2000=--------------------=8.09 (RMB/USD)1113.05ANSWER: Foreign exchange cost of export products is 8.09(RMB/USD), the profit and loss rate of export products is 2.65%VI. Reading Comprehesion.(1) It gets its name from a silver coin minted during the Middle Ages in a small valley.(2) It means the weight used in determining the value of coins, based on precious metals such as gold or sterling.(3) The ancient Chinese word yuan meant “round”or“round thing”.(4) Semi-convertible currencies can only be bought or sold through a country’s central bank.。
徐美荣外贸英语函电Chapter5 所有知识点及课后答案
Notes1.on the usual terms 按照惯常条款under the usual terms 按照惯常条款according to the usual terms 按照惯常条款2.in reply to 现答复；兹复in response toin answer to3.unworkable adj. 不能实行的，价格做不开4.end-users 最终用户，用户（指以使用或消费为目的的消费者）5.regret vt. 抱歉，遗憾6.to the level=to the extent 到达这样的程度7.be on the high(low) side价格偏高（低）find your price too high 认为你方价格偏高find our prices too low 认为我方价格偏低find our prices reasonable 认为我方价格合find our prices competitive 认为我方价格具有竞争性find our prices in line with the market 认为我方价格与市价一致find our prices workable 认为我方价格可行find our prices acceptable 认为我方价格可接受8.i.e. 立即= that is9.see one’s way clear to do sth 设法做某事10.direct one’s attention to the fact that=invite/draw/call 提醒某人注意某事11.out of line with 与…不一致in line with 与…一致12.the prevailing market 现行市场；现行行市the present marketthe current marketthe ruling market13.Pricethe present price 现行的价格the ruling price 现行的价格the going price 现行的价格the prevailing price 现行的价格the current price 现行的价格the prevalent price 现行的价格14.the Indian origin 产地country of origin 生产国别；原产地Certificate of origin 原产地证明Eg:What is the place of origin? 原产地是哪里？15.indicate v. 表示；说明；indication n. 概念；迹象；示意；征兆16.slightly adv. 略微；稍稍；稍微17.the difference in (price) (价格方面)的差别18.such being the case （in this case）情况就是这样，鉴于这种情况19.step up ph. 促进；加速20.figure n. 数字21.in view of ph. 鉴于22.decline vt. 拒绝；谢绝（用于拒绝，该词要比reject和refuse委婉）；vi. 下降；23.at your earliest convenience ph. 尽早的；早日的;立即at an early date = before longat an early moment =by (on,at) the earliest opportunityas soon as possible =without (any ) delayby return =with the least possible delay执事先生：真丝女衬衫感谢贵公司2月20日来函，按惯常条款向我方报盘3000 打上述货物，每件45.00英镑CIF伦敦价。
Unit 05 报价和发盘 商务信函的写作
We cannot consider these prices firm for an indefinite period because of the situation on the coffee market.（鉴于咖啡市场的行情，我们无法长期 保持这一价格不变。）
Teacups……………USD500.00 per hundred Tea Saucers…………USD200.00 per hundred Tea Plates……………USD180.00 per hundred Tea-pots, 2-pint ………USD3.00 each Net CIF Francisco
We trust the above will be acceptable to you and await your trial order with keen interest.
Sincerely yours, John Leeds
5.4 Focal Words（焦点词汇）
advise vt. 通知，告知 We are studying your list of commodities and will advise
500 Teacups and Saucers, 200 Tea Plates, 100 2-pint Tea-pots When replying, please state: (1)discounts allowable, (2) terms of payment, and (3) earliest possible date of delivery.
The above quotation is subject to our final confirmation. You are allowed a discount of 5% for items ordered in quantities of 500 or more. The terms of payment are by letter of credit at sight to be opened through the Bank of China and the shipment is to be made within four weeks upon receipt of the covering letter of credit.
国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案
KeyChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitme nt and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价13 间接投资4 国内市场14 有形货物5 制成品15 有形进出口6 边际利润16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出7 市场占有率17 超额能力8 贸易歧视18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9 时机选择19 全部包建的工程承包方式10 经销周期20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economicallyself-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any othertype of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。
(新英文)“国际金融”课后计算题答案
Chapter 1：9. Net debtor nation of the amount $25 billion.10. a. Merchandise trade balance, $75 billion deficit. Services balance, $60 billion surplus. Goods and services balance, $15 billion deficit. Investment income balance, $5 billion surplus. Unilateral transfers balance, $20 billion deficit. Current account balance, $30 billion deficit.b. Current account. The current account deficit implies that the United States is anet-demander of funds from the rest of the world.11. a-debit; b-credit; c-credit; d-debit; e-debit; f-debit; g-credit; h-debit; i-debit.Chapter 2：1. An arbitrager could purchase 3 francs with $1, purchase 6 schilling with 3 francs, and sell 6schilling for $1.50. Ignoring transaction costs, the arbitrager realizes a $0.50 profit on the transactions.2. a. The U.S. speculator should sell francs today for delivery in 3 months at today'sforward rate of the franc, which equals $0.50.b. After 3 months, if the franc's spot rate is $0.40, the speculator can purchase francsat the price of $0.40 each and deliver them for the previously contracted rate of$0.50 per franc; the speculator realizes a profit of $0.10 on each franc which theforward contract specifies. If the franc's spot rate after 3 months is $0.60, thespeculator must purchase francs at a price of $0.60 per franc and resell them at aprice of $0.50 per franc; the speculator would suffer losses of $0.10 on each francspecified in the forward contract. If the franc's spot rate after 3 months is $0.50,the speculator realizes neither a profit nor a loss on the transaction.3. a. The U.S. importer can cover her foreign exchange risk by purchasing 20,000 poundsfor three-month delivery at today's three-month forward rate of $1.75 per pound.The importer is willing to pay 5 cents more per pound than today's spot rate toguard against the possibility that the spot rate in three months will exceed $1.70 perpound. In three months, when her payments are due, the importer will pay$35,000 and get the 20,000 pounds needed for payment, irrespective of what thepound's spot rate is at that time.b. If the spot rate of the pound in three months is $1.80 per pound, and the U.S.importer does not obtain forward cover, she must pay $36,000 for the 20,000pounds; this amount exceeds by $1000 the cost of the pounds she incurs byhedging.4. a. 1.7090, 1.7105, 1.7084, 1.7099, 1.7081, 1.7096, 1.7090, 1.7103.b. $0.5851 per franc, $1.7090 francs per dollar.c. Depreciated, appreciated.d. $58.51, 170.9 francs.e. The 30-day forward franc was at a premium of $.0002 which equals 0.4 percent onan annual basis. The 90-day forward franc was at a premium of $.0003 whichequals 0.2 percent on an annual basis.5. Arbitragers will buy pounds in New York, at $1.69 per pound, and sell pounds in London, at$1.71 per pound, thus making a profit of 2 cents on each pound. As pounds are bought in New York, their prices rises; as pounds are sold in London, their price falls. When the dollar price of the pound equalizes in the financial centers, the profitability of arbitrage ceases and the practice stops.6. a. The U.S. investor would purchase pounds on the spot market at $2 per pound, anduse the pounds to buy U.K. treasury bills in London; he would earn 4 percentannually more than he would if he had purchased U.S. treasury bills in New York.b. Yes, by 0.5 percent.7. a. $1.50 per pound. 30 pounds are purchased at a cost of $45.b. Excess supply, 20 pounds. Dollar price of the pound decreases, decrease, increase.c. E xcess demand, 20 pounds. Dollar price of the pound increases, increase, decrease.Chapter 3：1. a. - 2 percent in the U.S., 2 percent in the U.K.b. Investment would flow from the U.S. to the U.K.c. T he dollar would depreciate against the pound.2. The dollar's exchange rate will:a. Depreciateb. Appreciatec. Appreciated. Appreciatee. Depreciatef. Depreciateg. Appreciate3. a. Dollar depreciates by 10 percent, to approximately $0.55 per franc.b. Dollar appreciates by 10 percent, to approximately $0.45 per franc.c. Dollar appreciates by 15 percent, to approximately $0.43 per franc.d. Dollar depreciates by 5 percent, to approximately $0.53 per franc.4. In the short run, changes in exchange rates are caused by relative interest rates and expectedchanges in exchange rates.5.More expensive, less expensive, increased, decreased7. a. Falseb. Truec. TrueChapter 5：1. a. Export quantity 1000Export price $3000Export receipts $3 millionImport quantity 150Import price $20,000Import payments $3 millionTrade balance $0b. The dollar depreciation improves (worsens) the U.S. trade balance when the sum ofthe export-demand elasticity and the import-demand elasticity are greater (less)than 1.0.c. Because the sum of the export-demand elasticity and the import-demand elasticityare less than 1.0, the U.S. trade balance will worsen.3. The 50 percent dollar appreciation results in a less-than 50 percent increase in the firm'sproduction cost in terms of the peso.7. The 50 percent dollar appreciation results in a 50 percent increase in the firm's production costin terms of the peso.。
中华人民共和国反倾销(英文版)
反倾销条例（英文版）Anti-dumping Regulation of T he People’s Republic of ChinaDecree [2001] No.328 of the state CouncilThe Anti-Dumping Regulation of the People’’s Republic of China, which were adopted at the 46th executive meeting of the State Council on October 31, 2001, are hereby promulgated, and shall come into force on January 1, 2001. Premier of the State Council: Zhu RongjiNovember 26, 2001Attachment:Anti-dumping Regulation of the People’’s Republic of ChinaChapter I General ProvisionsArticle 1The present Regulation has been enacted in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Foreign Trade Law of the People’’s Republic of China with a view to maintaining foreign trade order and fair competition.Article 2In case that imported products enter the market of the People’’s Republic of China by way of dumping, and cause material damage or constitute a threat of material damage to an already established domestic industry, or cause a material impediment to the establishment of a domestic industry, an investigation shall be conducted and anti-dumping measures shall be taken in accordance with the present Regulation.Chapter II Dumping and DamageArticle 3The term "dumping" shall refer to the entry of imported products into the market of the Peo ple’’s Republic of China, in the ordinary course of trade, with their export price lower than their normal value. The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (hereinafter referred to as the MOFTEC) shall be responsible for the investigation on and determination of dumping.Article 4The normal value of imported products shall be determined in the following ways on the basis of different circumstances: (1) in case that the products of the same category as that of the imported products have a comparable price in the domestic market of the exporting country (region) in the ordinary course of trade, that comparable price shall be the normal value;(2) in case that the products of the same category as that of the imported products are not sold on the domestic market of the exporting country (region) in the ordinary course of trade, or the price or quantity of the products of the same category cannot be used as a basis for fair comparison, the normal value shall be the comparable price at which the products of the same category are exported to a proper third country (region) or shall be the production cost of the products of the same category in the country (region) of origin plus reasonable expenses and profits.Where the imported products do not directly come from the country (region) of origin, the normal value shall be determined in accordance with Item (1) of the preceding paragraph; however, if the products are transported only through the exporting country (region) or the products are not produced in the exporting country (region) or no comparable price exists in the exporting country (region), etc., the price of the said products of the same category in the country (region) of origin may be regarded as the normal value.Article 5The export price of the imported products shall be determined in the following ways according to different circumstances: (1) in case the imported products have an actual payment price or a payable price, such price shall be the export price;(2) in case the imported products do not have an export price or its price is not reliable, the price presumed on the basis of the price at which the imported products are re-sold for the first time to an independent buyer shall be regarded as the export price; however, if the imported products are not re-sold to an independent buyer or not re-sold in the status when they are imported, the price presumed by the MOFTEC on a reasonable basis may be regarded as the export price. Article 6The margin between the export price of imported products which is lower than their normal value shall be the dumping margin.The export price of the imported products and the normal value shall be compared in a fair and reasonable manner by taking the various comparable factors which may impact the price into consideration.The dumping margin shall be determined with the weighted average normal value and the weighted average price of all the comparable export transactions being compared, or with the normal value and the export price being compared transaction by transaction.Where the export prices are considerably different between different buyers, regions or periods, and thus are difficult to be compared in the ways provided in the preceding paragraph, the weighted average normal value may be compared with the price of a single export transaction.Article 7The term "damage" shall refer to the fact that dumping has caused material damage or constitute a threat of material damage to an already established domestic industry, or caused a material impediment to the establishment of a domestic industry.The State Economic and Trade Commission (hereinafter referred to as the SETC) shall be responsible for the investigation on and determination of damage; while the anti-dumping investigation on the damage to a domestic industry relating to agricultural products shall be conducted by the SETC in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture.Article 8When determining the damage caused to a domestic industry by dumping, the following items shall be examined:(1) the quantity of the dumped imports, including a sharp increase in the absolute quantity of the dumped imports or the quantity as compared with the production or consumption of the domestic products of the same category, or the possibility of a sharp increase in the quantity of the dumped imports;(2) the price of the dumped imports, including the price cuts of the dumped imports or the impacts such as great restraint or reduction, etc. to the price of the domestic products of the same category;(3) the impacts of the dumped imports upon the relevant economic factors and targets of the domestic industry;(4) the production capacity, export capability of the exporting country (region) and the country (region) of origin on the dumped imports as well as the inventory of the investigated products;(5) other factors which cause damage to the domestic industry. The threat of material damage shall be determined on the basis of the facts instead of the accusation, presumption or minor possibility.The damage caused by dumping to a domestic industry shall be determined on the basis of affirmative evidence, and no factor other than dumping which causes damage shall be attributed to dumping.Article 9Where the dumped imports come from two or more countries (regions), and meanwhile meet the following conditions, a cumulative evaluation may be conducted upon the impacts caused by the dumped imports to a domestic industry:(1) the dumping margin of the dumped imports from each country (region) shall be no lower than 2%, and the import volume of the products may not be negligible;(2) it is proper to conduct a cumulative evaluation on the basis of the competition conditions between the dumpedimports as well as between the dumped imports and the domestic products of the same category.The term "to be negligible" shall refer to the fact that the proportion of the quantity of the dumped imports from a country (region) to the total import volume of products of the same category shall be lower than 3%; except where the total import volume lower than 3% from some countries (regions) exceeds 7% of the total import volume of the products of the same category.Article 10The evaluated impacts on the dumped imports shall be separately determined with regard to the production of the domestic products of the same category; where they may not be separately determined with regard to the production of the domestic products of the same category, the production of the narrowest product group or scope which includes the products of the same category shall be examined.Article 11Th e term "domestic industry" shall refer to all the manufacturers within the People’’s Republic of China of the domestic products of the same category or the manufacturers within the People’’s Republic of China whose total output accounts for the major part of the aggregate output of the domestic products of the same category; however, if a domestic manufacturer is associated with an export business operator or import business operator, or he himself is an import business operator of the dumped imports, he may be excluded from the domestic industry.Where, under particular circumstances, the domestic manufacturers in a regional market sell the whole or nearly the whole of the products of the same category in the said market, and the products of the same category in the said market are not mainly supplied by the domestic manufacturers of other places, they may be regarded as a separate industry. Article 12The term "products of the same category" shall refer to the products identical to the dumped imports; where there are no identical products, the products which are most similar to the features of the dumped imports shall be the products of the same category.Chapter III Anti-Dumping InvestigationsArticle 13A domestic industry or a natural person, legal person or relevant organization representing a domestic industry (hereinafter uniformly referred to as the applicant) may file a written application on anti-dumping investigation to the MOFTEC in accordance with these Rules.Article 14The application letter shall contain the following contents:(1) name, address and relevant information of the applicant;(2) complete specifications on the imported products under application for investigation, including product name, the exporting country (region) or country (region) of origin involved, the known export business operator or manufacturer, information on the price of the products when they are consumed in the domestic market of the exporting country (region) or country (region) of origin, information on export price, etc.;(3) a statement on the quantity and value of the domestic products of the same category;(4) the impacts of the quantity and price of the imported products under application for investigation on the domestic industry;(5) other contents which the applicant considers it necessary to state.Article 15The application letter shall be attached with the following evidence:(1) the existence of dumping of the imported products under application for investigation;(2) the damage to domestic industry;(3) the causal link between the dumping and damage.Article 16The MOFTEC shall, within 60 days as of its receipt of the application letter and the relevant evidence submitted by the applicant, examine whether the application is filed by the domestic industry or filed by representing the domestic industry, the contents of the application letter and the evidence attached to it, etc., and shall, upon consultation with the SETC, decide to initiate an investigation or not.The MOFTEC shall, before deciding to initiate an investigation, notify the government of the relevant exporting country (region).Article 17Where, among the manufacturers in a domestic industry who are in favor or disfavor of the application, the output of those who are in favor accounts for 50% or more of the total output of those who are in favor and disfavor, it shall be deemed that the application is filed by the domestic industry or filed by representing the domestic industry, and the anti-dumping investigation may be initiated; however, if the output of the domestic manufacturers who support the application is less than 25% of the total output of the domestic products of the same category, the anti-dumping investigation shall not be initiated.Article 18Where, under particular circumstances, the MOFTEC does not accept the written application for anti-dumping investigation, but has sufficient evidence to believe that there exist a dumping and damages and there is a causal link between the dumping and damages, it may, upon consultation with the SETC, decide to initiate an investigation.The MOFTEC or the SETC is hereinafter uniformly referred to as the investigation organ.Article 19The decisions on initiating an investigation shall be announced by the MOFTEC, and shall be notified to the applicant, the known export business operators and import business operators, the government of the exporting country (region) as well as other interested organizations or individuals (hereinafter uniformly referred to as the interested parties).Once the decisions on initiating an investigation is announced, the MOFTEC shall provide the known export business operators and the government of the exporting country (region) with a copy of the application letter.Article 20The investigation organ may obtain information from the interested parties and conduct the investigation by means of questionnaires, samples, hearings and on-the-spot checks, etc..The investigation organ shall provide the relevant interested parties with opportunities for stating their viewpoints and grounds of argument.The MOFTEC may, when considering it necessary, send functionaries to the relevant country (region) for conducting the investigation, except where the relevant country (region) concerned objects to the investigation.Article 21When the investigation organ is conducting an investigation, the interested parties shall tell the truth and provide relevant materials. Where the interested parties fail to tell the truth or fail to provide relevant materials, or fail to provide necessary information within a reasonable time limit, or seriously hamper the investigation in other forms, the investigation organ may make an adjudication on the basis of the already obtained facts and the best available information.Article 22Where the interested parties consider that the divulgence of the materials provided by them will cause seriously bad effects, they may apply to the investigation organ for treating the materials as confidential.Where the investigation organ considers the application for confidentiality is justified, it shall treat the materialsprovided by the interested parties as confidential, and meanwhile request the interested parties to provide a copy of non-confidential outline of the materials.The materials treated as confidential materials shall not be divulged without the consent of the interested parties who provide them.Article 23The investigation organ shall permit the applicant and the interested parties to have access to the relevant materials of the case, except where the materials are treated as confidential.Article 24The MOFTEC and the SETC shall, upon the investigation result, make separate an initial award on dumping and damage as well as on whether the causal link between the dumping and damage is tenable, which shall be announced by the MOFTEC.Article 25Where the initial award affirms the dumping and damage as well as the causal link between the dumping and damage, the MOFTEC and the SETC shall continue the investigation on the dumping, the dumping margin, the damage and its extent, and shall make separate a final award upon the investigation result, which shall be announced by the MOFTEC.Before the making of the final award, the MOFTEC shall notify all the known interested parties of the basic facts upon which the final award is made.Article 26An anti-dumping investigation shall be ended within 12 months as of the date of announcement of the decision on initiating the investigation; under particular circumstances, the time limit may be extended, provided that the extension shall not exceed 6 months.Article 27Under any of the following circumstances, the anti-dumping investigation shall be terminated and be announced by the MOFTEC:(1) the applicant revokes the application;(2) there is not enough evidence to prove the existence of dumping, damage or the causal link between the dumping and damage;(3) the dumping margin is lower than 2%;(4) the actual or potential import volume of the dumped imports or the damage is negligible;(5) the MOFTEC and the SETC both consider it is not appropriate to continue the anti-dumping investigation.Where the investigated products from one or more countries (regions) are under any of the circumstances listed in Items (2), (3), and (4) of the preceding paragraph, the anti-dumping investigation with regard to the involved products shall be terminated.Chapter IV Anti-Dumping MeasuresSection 1 Provisional Anti-Dumping MeasuresArticle 28Where the initial award affirms the dumping and the consequent damage to a domestic industry, the following provisional anti-dumping measures may be taken:(1) to levy provisional anti-dumping tariffs;(2) to request the provision of cash deposits, guaranty letter or other forms of guaranty. The amount of the provisional anti-dumping tariffs, the cash deposits, the guaranty letter and other forms of guaranty shall not exceed the dumping margin ascertained in the initial awards.Article 29The levy of the provisional anti-dumping tariffs shall be proposed by the MOFTEC and be decided on by the Tariff Policy Committee under the State Council upon the proposition of the MOFTEC, and shall be announced by the MOFTEC. The request for the provision of cash deposits, guaranty letter or other forms of guaranty shall be decided on and announced by the MOFTEC. The customs shall implement the decision as of the date provided in the announcement. Article 30The time limit for the provisional anti-dumping measures shall not exceed 4 months as of the date of entry into force of the announcement of the decisions on provisional anti-dumping measures; however, such time limit may be extended to 9 months under particular circumstances.No provisional anti-dumping measure shall be taken within 60 days as of the date when the decisions on initiating an anti-dumping investigation is announced.Section 2 Pricing CommitmentsArticle 31The export business operators of the dumped imports may, during the period of anti-dumping investigation, make pricing commitments to the MOFTEC on changing the price or ceasing export at a dumping price.The MOFTEC may propose suggestions on pricing commitments to the export business operators.The investigation organ may not force the export business operators to make pricing commitments.Article 32The export business operators’’ refusal to make pricing commitments or to accept the suggestions on pricing commitments shall not hamper the investigation of and determination on the anti-dumping cases. Where the export business operators continue dumping the imported products, the investigation organ shall have the right to determine that the threat of damage is more possible to arise.Article 33Where the MOFTEC considers the pricing commitments made by the export business operators are acceptable, it may, upon consultation with the SETC, decide to suspend or terminate the anti-dumping investigations, instead of taking any provisional anti-dumping measure or levying anti-dumping tariffs. The decisions on suspending or terminating the anti-dumping investigation shall be announced by the MOFTEC.Where the MOFTEC does not accept the pricing commitments, it shall state the reason to the relevant export business operators.The investigation organ shall not, before making an affirmative initial award on dumping and damage caused therefrom, seek or accept pricing commitments.Article 34After suspending or terminating the anti-dumping investigation in accordance with Paragraph 1 ofArticle 33 of the present Regulation, the investigation organ may, upon request by the export business operators or if considering it necessary, continue investigating the dumping and damage.Upon the investigation result as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, if a negative award on dumping or damageis made, the pricing commitments shall automatically become invalid; while if an affirmative award on dumping or damage is made, the pricing commitments shall continue to be valid.Article 35The MOFTEC may require the export business operators to regularly provide the relevant information and materials for implementing the pricing commitments, and may verify such information and materials.Article 36In case any export business operator violates its pricing commitments, the MOFTEC may, upon consultation with the SETC, immediately decide to resume the anti-dumping investigation in accordance with the present Regulation; and may,upon the best available information, decide to take the provisional anti-dumping measures, as well as retrospect to the levy of the anti-dumping tariffs on the products imported within 90 days before the provisional anti-dumping measures were taken, except where the products were imported before the pricing commitments are violated.Section 3 Anti-dumping tariffsArticle 37Where the final adjudication decisions establish the dumping and the consequent damage caused to the domestic industry, the anti-dumping tariffs may be levied.Article 38The levy of the anti-dumping tariffs shall be proposed by the MOFTEC and be decided on by the Tariff Policy Committee under the State Council upon the proposition of the MOFTEC, and shall be announced by the MOFTEC. The customs shall execute such levy as of the date provided in the announcement.Article 39The anti-dumping tariffs shall be applicable to the products imported after the final award has been announced, exceptfor the circumstances provided inArticle s 36, 43 and 44 of the present Regulation.Article 40The taxpayers of the anti-dumping tariffs shall be the import business operators of the dumped imports.Article 41The anti-dumping tariffs shall be separately determined on the basis of the dumping margins of different export business operators. Where the anti-dumping tariffs needs to be levied upon the dumped imports of the export business operators beyond the scope of examination, the applicable anti-dumping tariffs shall be determined in a reasonable method.Article 42The amount of anti-dumping tariffs shall not exceed the dumping margin determined in the final adjudication decision. Article 43Where the final award affirms the existence of the material damage, and prior to which a provisional anti-dumping measure has been taken, the anti-dumping tariffs may be levied in retrospect to the period of the provisional anti-dumping measure.Where the final award affirms the existence of the threat of material damage, and a provisional anti-dumping measure has been taken under the circumstance that an adjudication of material damage will be made if no provisional anti-dumping measure has been taken in advance, the anti-dumping tariffs may be levied in retrospect to the period of the provisional anti-dumping measure.Where the anti-dumping tariffs determined in the final award is higher than the paid or payable provisional anti-dumping tariffs or the amount valuated for the sake of guaranty, the difference shall not be collected; where it is lower than the paid or payable provisional anti-dumping tariffs or the amount valuated for the sake of guaranty, the difference shall be refunded upon the specific circumstance or the amount of the duty shall be re-calculated.Article 44Where the following two circumstances coexist, the anti-dumping tariffs may be retrospectively levied upon the products imported within 90 days before the provisional anti-dumping measures were taken, except for the products imported prior to the initiation of the investigation:(1) the dumped imports has a record of dumping causing damage to the domestic industry, or the import business operators of the products know or ought to know that the export business operators are dumping products and that dumping would lead to damage to domestic industry;(2) the dumped imports are massively imported within a short period, and are possible to seriously destroy the remedialeffect of the anti-dumping tariffs to be levied immediately.Article 45Where the final award determines not to levy the anti-dumping tariffs or not to retrospectively levy the anti-dumping tariffs, the levied provisional anti-dumping tariffs and the collected cash deposits shall be refunded, and the guaranty letter or other forms of guaranty shall be cancelled.Article 46Where an import business operator of dumped imports has evidence to prove that the amount of paid anti-dumping tariffs exceeds the dumping margin, he may apply to the MOFTEC for refund of the tariffs levied; after the MOFTEC has examined and verified the application and proposed the refund, the Tariff Policy Committee under the State Council may, upon the proposition of the MOFTEC, make the decision on the refund, and the customs shall execute the refund. Article 47Where, after the anti-dumping tariffs has been levied upon the imported products, a new export business operator who has not exported such products to the People’’s Republic of China within the period of investigation but could prove the irrelevance between he himself and the export business operator against who anti-dumping tariffs were levied, he may apply to the MOFTEC for separate determination of the dumping margin. The MOFTEC shall make a rapid examination and make a final award. It may, during the period of examination, take the measures provided in Item (2) of Paragraph 1 ofArticle 28 of the present Regulation, provided it shall not levy the anti-dumping tariffs upon these products.Chapter V Time Limit for and Re-examination of Anti-dumping tariffs and Pricing CommitmentsArticle 48Neither the time limit for levying the anti-dumping tariffs nor that for implementing the pricing commitments shall exceed 5 years; however, where it is re-examined and determined that the termination of the levy of the anti-dumping tariffs is possible to lead to the continuance or re-occurrence of the dumping or damage, the time limit for levying the anti-dumping tariffs may be appropriately extended.Article 49After the anti-dumping tariffs has taken effect, the MOFTEC may, with a justifiable reason and upon consultation with the SETC, decide to re-examine the necessity of continuing the levying of anti-dumping tariffs; it may also, after a reasonable period of time, upon the request of the interested parties and after having examined the corresponding evidence provided by the interested parties, decide to re-examine the necessity of continuing the levying of anti-dumping tariffs.After the pricing commitments have taken effect, the MOFTEC may, with a justifiable reason, decide to re-examine the necessity of continuing to implement the pricing commitments; it may also, after a reasonable period of time, upon the request of the interested parties and after having examined the corresponding evidence provided by the interested parties, decide to re-examine the necessity of the continuing to implement the pricing commitments.Article 50The reservation, amendment or cancellation of the anti-dumping tariffs shall be proposed by the MOFTEC upon the re-examination result and in accordance with the present Regulation, shall be decided by the Tariff Policy Committee under the State Council upon the proposition of the MOFTEC, and shall be announced by the MOFTEC. The MOFTEC may also, in accordance with the present Regulation and upon consultation with the SETC, make the decision on reserving, amending or canceling the pricing commitments and shall announce such decision.Article 51The re-examination procedures shall be followed with reference to the relevant provisions in the present Regulation on anti-dumping investigations.The time limit for re-examination shall not exceed 12 months, commencing from the date when the re-examination。
国际贸易实务双语 国贸双语Chapter5
Profit and Loss Ratio of Export Commodities 出口商品盈亏率
Definition 定义 › Profit and Loss Ratio of Export Commodities demonstrates the ratio between the volume of export profit and Total Export Cost. The volume of export profit indicates the balance between net RMB income of export sales and total export cost. If the balance is a positive number, it means making a profit, and vice versa. The very ratio is perceived as an important index to measure the degree of export profit or loss. › 出口商品盈亏率指出口盈亏额与出口总成本的比例，出口盈亏额是指出 口销售的人民币净收入与出口总成本的差额。如果差额是正数，为盈余 。如果是负数，就是亏损。它是衡量出口盈亏程度的一项重要指标
Formula 公式
Formula
Profit and Loss Ratio of Export Commodities= (RMB Net Income of Export Sales – Total Export Cost)/ Total Export Cost ×100%
A trading company exports 10,000 units of arts and crafts which cost
上海海事大学国际物流Chapter 5 Terms of Trade or Incoterms
引导案例
王先生在商场购买电视机，32寸电视机的标价 是“1888元，送货上门”。 双方责任？ 双方风险何时转移？ 费用如何分担？ 商场负责安排市内运输的车辆——责任 商场承担彩电上门以前的风险——风险 市内运费由商场支付——费用
上海海事大学 高洁
Transportation Definitions
• Pre-carriage:
– the transportation that takes place in the country of export
• Main Carriage:
– the international transportation between the country of export and the country of import
上海海事大学。买方应从约定受领货物的 日期或期限届满之日起承担货物的风险。买方应赔偿因延 期提货而给卖方造成的实际损失(额外的堆存费)，并从11 月1日起承担货物的风险。在EXW条件下，由买方自理运 输并提货，在正常情况下货物风险随货转移； • 2. 串味是卖方将茶叶存放不当造成的。本案中，卖方有义 务在买方提取货物之前保全货物，保全不当应承担责任。
• On-carriage:
– the transportation that takes place in the country of import
上海海事大学 高洁
Incoterms® 2010 Terms
Main Carriage by Any Means of Transportation • Ex Works (EXW) • Free Carrier (FCA) • Carriage Paid To (CPT) • Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) • Delivered at Terminal (DAT) • Delivered at Place (DAP) • Delivered Duty Paid (DDP)
（完整版）国际贸易实务英文版第三版知识点及模拟题
（完整版）国际贸易实务英⽂版第三版知识点及模拟题国际贸易实务(下划线为重点记忆和理解，⽆的为⼀般记忆和了解)Chapter one1.国际贸易概念：International trad e is also known as worl d trad e, foreign trad e,overseas trad e. It refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or services between two or more countries, involving the use of two or more currencies. Besid es, international trad e concerns trad e operations of both import and export and includ es the purchase and sale of both visibl e and invisibl e goods.2.（了解）1)Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technology)2)Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage andeconomies of scal e)3)Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences andconsumption patterns)3.国际贸易与国内贸易的不同：In particular, international trad e is more subject to:Language habits and cultural differences2)Foreign laws, customs and regulations or international rul es3)Exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate4)Higher l evel of political, financial and transportation risks5)More compl ex business procedures therefore managers need a broad errange of management skills4.1)从货物流向（direction of cargo fl ow）分: export trad e, import trad e and transit trad e(过境贸易)2)从参与的贸易⽅（the number of participants ）分：direct trad e, indirect trad e and entrepot trad e(转⼝贸易)转⼝贸易：entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goods for further processing or assembling and the re-exporting the goods abroad. 转⼝贸易⼜称中转贸易或再输出贸易，是指国际贸易中进出⼝货物的买卖，不是在⽣产国和消费国之间直接进⾏，⽽是通过第三国转⼿进⾏的贸易。
Chapter1BusinessNegotiation商务谈判
Chapter 1 Business Negotiation
1.Some Basic Concepts of Negotiation
(1)The Concept of Negotiation A negotiation is a process of communication between parties
• 2.The Forms of Business Negotiation
Chapter 1 Business Negotiation
3.The Overall Framework of International Business Negotiation
Background Atmosphere Factors
1)the best target; 2)the intermediate target; 3)the acceptable target.
Chapter 1 Business Negotiation
• 5.Basic Rules of International Business Negotiation
• 1.Some Basic Conceots of Negotiation • 2.The Forms of Business Negotiation • 3.The Overall Framework of International Business
Negotiation • 4.Features of International Business Negotiation • 5.Basic Rules of International Business Negotiation • 6.The General Producer of International Negotiation • munication Skills for Negotiations • 8.Types of Negotiation Styles • 9.The Business Contract
第05章 关税(英文习题)
SINGLE CHOICE QUESTIONS（）1. Suppose that the United States eliminates（消除）its tariff on steel imports, permitting foreign-produced steel to enter the U.S. market. Steel prices to U.S. consumers would beexpected to:a. Increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increaseb. Decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increasec. Increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decreased. Decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease（）2. When a government allows raw materials（原材料）and other intermediate products（中间产品）to enter a country duty free（免税）, its tariff policy generally results in a (an):a. Effective tariff rate（有效关税率）less than the nominal tariff rate（名义关税率）b. Nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff ratec. Rise in both nominal and effective tariff ratesd. Fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates（）3.The principal benefit of tariff protection goes to:a. Domestic consumers of the good producedb. Domestic producers of the good producedc. Foreign producers of the good producedd. Foreign consumers of the good produced （）4. Which of the following policies permits a specified quantity of goods to be imported at one tariff rate and applies a higher tariff rate to imports above this quantity?a. Tariff quota（关税配额）b. Import tariffc. Specific tariff（从量税）d. Ad valorem tariff（从价税）（）5. When the production of a commodity does not utilize（利用）imported inputs, the effective tariff rate（有效保护率）on the commodity:a. Exceeds the nominal tariff rate on the commodityb. Equals the nominal tariff rate on the commodityc. Is less than the nominal tariff rate on the commodityd. None of the above（）6. Developing nations often maintain that industrial countries permit raw materials to be imported at very low tariff rates while maintaining high tariff rates on manufactured imports.Which of the following refers to the above statement?a. Tariff-quota effectb. Nominal tariff effectc. Tariff escalation（关税升级）effectd. Protective tariff effect（）7. A beggar-thy-neighbor policy（以邻为壑）is the imposition of:a. Free trade to increase domestic productivityb. Trade barriers to increase domestic demand and employmentc. Import tariffs to curb domestic inflationd. Revenue tariffs to make products cheaper for domestic consumers（）8.Which of the following is a fixed percentage of the value of an imported product as it enters the country?a. Specific tariffb.Ad valorem tariffc. Nominal tariffd. Effective tariff（）9. A tax of 20 cents per unit of imported cheese would be an example of:a. Compound tariff（复合关税）b. Effective tariffc. Ad valorem tariffd. Specific tariff（）10.The most vocal political pressure for tariffs is generally made by:a. Consumers lobbying（游说）for export tariffsb. Consumers lobbying for import tariffsc. Producers lobbying for export tariffsd. Producers lobbying for import tariffs （）11.Suppose that the production of $500,000 worth of steel in the United States requires $100,000 worth of iron ore. The U.S. nominal tariff rates for importing these goods are 15percent for steel and 5 percent for iron ore. Given this information, the effective rate ofprotection for the U.S. steel industry is approximately:a. 6 percentb. 12 percentc. 18 percentd. 24 percent（）12.Suppose that the production of a $30,000 automobile in Canada requires $10,000 worth of steel. The Canadian nominal tariff rates for importing these goods are 25 percent forautomobiles and 10 percent for steel. Given this information, the effective rate of protectionfor the Canadian automobile industry is approximately:a.15 percentb. 32 percentc. 48 percentd. 67 percent（）13.Suppose an importer of steel is required to pay a tariff of $20 per ton plus 5 percent of the value of steel. This is an example of a (an):a.Specific tariffb. Ad valorem tariffc. Compound tariffd. Tariff quota（）14.A compound tariff（复合关税）is a combination of a (an):a. Tariff quota and a two-tier tariffb. Revenue tariff and a protective tariffc. Import tariff and an export tariffd. Specific tariff and an ad valorem tariffTRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS（）1. With a compound tariff（复合税）, a domestic importer of an automobile might be required to pay a duty of $200 plus 4 percent of the value of the automobile.（）2. During a business recession（衰退）, when cheaper products are purchased, a specific tariff （从量税）provides domestic producers a greater amount of protection againstimport-competing goods.（）3. A ad valorem tariff（从价税）provides domestic producers a declining degree of protection against import-competing goods during periods of changing prices.（）4. When material inputs enter a country at a very low duty while the final imported product is protected by a high duty, the result tends to be a high rate of protection for domesticproducers of the final product.（）5. According to the tariff escalation（关税升级）effect, industrial countries apply low tariffs to imports of finished goods（成品）and high tariffs to imports of raw materials（原料）. （）6.Bonded warehouses（保税仓库）and foreign trade zones have the effect of allowing domestic importers to postpone and prorate over time their import duty obligations.（）7. For a “small” country（小国）, a tariff raises the domestic price of an imported product by the full amount of the duty.（）8. Although an import tariff provides the domestic government additional tax revenue（税收收入）, it benefits domestic consumers at the expense of domestic producers.（）9.Changes in a “large” country’s economic conditions or trade policies can affect the terms at which it trades with other countries.（）10.For a “large” c ountry（大国）, a tariff on an imported product may be partially absorbed（吸收）by the domestic consumer via a higher purchase price and partially absorbed by theforeign producer via a lower export price.（）11.If a tariff reduces the quantity of Japanese autos imported by the United States, over time it reduces the ability of Japan to import goods from the United States.（）12.According to the infant-industry argument（幼稚产业论）, temporary tariff protection granted to an infant industry will help it become competitive in the world market; wheninternational competitiveness is achieved, the tariff should be removed.（）13 .A tariff can increase the welfare of a “large” levying country if the favorable terms-of-trade effect more than offsets（抵消）the unfavorable protective effect and consumption effect.（）14. An import tariff will worsen the terms of trade（贸易条件）for a “small” country but improve the terms of trade for a “large” country.（）15.Suppose that the tariff on imported steel is 40 percent, the tariff on imported iron ore is 20 percent, and 30 percent of the cost of producing a ton of steel consists of the iron ore itcontains. The effective rate of protection of steel is approximately 49 percent.（）16.Assume（假设）that the United States imports VCRs from South Korea at a price of $200 per unit and that these VCRs are subject to an import tariff of 20 percent. Also assume thatU.S. components are used in the VCRs assembled（装配）by South Korea and that thesecomponents（零部件）have a value of $100. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S.tariff policy, the price of an imported VCR to the U.S. consumer after the tariff has beenlevied is $220.（）17.Assume that the United States imports televisions from Taiwan at a price of $300 per unit and that these televisions are subject to an import tariff of 25 percent. Also assume that U.S.components are used in the televisions assembled by Taiwan and that these components（部件）have a value of $100. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision（境外装配条款）of U.S.tariff policy, the price of an imported television to the U.S. consumer after the tariff has beenlevied is $375.。
国际财务管理课后习题答案chapter-5
CHAPTER 5 THE MARKET FOR FOREIGN EXCHANGESUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF—CHAPTERQUESTIONS AND PROBLEMSQUESTIONS1。
Give a full definition of the market for foreign exchange。
Answer： Broadly defined， the foreign exchange (FX) market encompasses the conversion of purchasing power from one currency into another，bank deposits of foreign currency, the extension of credit denominated in a foreign currency，foreign trade financing, and trading in foreign currency options and futures contracts。
2。
What is the difference between the retail or client market and the wholesale or interbank market for foreign exchange?Answer：The market for foreign exchange can be viewed as a two—tier market. One tier is the wholesale or interbank market and the other tier is the retail or client market. International banks provide the core of the FX market. They stand willing to buy or sell foreign currency for their own account。
Chapter5PricesofGoods商品的价格
Contract of Carriage and
A3
Insurance (a) Contract of carriage
(b) Contract of insurance
B The Buyer Must
B1 Payment of the Authorizations and Formalities
Price of Goods
Trade Terms (贸易术语)
Refer to using a brief English concept or abbreviation to indicate the formation of the unit price and determine the responsibilities, expenses and risks borne by two parties as well as the time of the passing of the property in the goods.
A10 Other Obligations
B10 Other Obligations
School of International Economics
Correlative Obligations of Buyer and Seller
A
卖方义务
B
买方义务
A1 提供符合合同规定的货物 B1 支付货款
B3 Contract of Carriage
A4 Delivery
B4 Taking Delivery
A5 Transfer of Risks
School of InternBati5onal ETcornaonmsicfser of Risks
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第四版) 3.Export Price (4th ed)
• Payment terms
SEIB OF GDUFS 4
3.2 Pricing considerations
• Anticipated profit margin
– in an absolute number – in a percentage → profit margin
• Capability of target market
Chapter 3
Export Price
Learning objectives
• After learning this chapter you will be able to:
– state the standard form of a price quoted in international trade – identify the major factors in pricing decision – calculate basic prices – understand the function and calculation of commission and discount – explain the ratios used to interpret profitability – define the four stages of price communication
– The lower the financing charges, the higher the risk of payment.
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导入案例 商品定价策略
• 曾经有一段时间，在欧洲生丝市场，我国 生丝销量占85％，由于我国企业认为该产 品在欧洲市场的市场占有率极具优势，因 而一度将价格提高，较其他同类商品的价 格偏高，导致巴西、南韩生丝乘隙而入， 我国产品的销量大幅度下降。为了夺回市 场，我国企业又将生丝售价调整到保持比 巴西、南韩生丝价格低2％～3％，经过一 年多的较量，才夺回了这一市场。 • 请问，你对这一案例有何感想？
5.3 Calculation of Price
• (2)Marginal Cost Pricing（边际成本定 价） • It establishes the base price using the direct costs of production and sales, with fixed costs apportioned to the volume of the sale. • When using this method, it is important to find out the break-even point（收支平 衡点）.
5.2 Pricing Considerations
• 1. Cost • The cost of export price mainly refers to purchasing cost. • It is commodity prices about trader purchasing from supplier, also called the purchase cost. • It takes the biggest proportion of export price, which is the main component of the price.
5.2 Pricing Considerations
• 3. Anticipated Profit • How much an exporter wants to make out of a particular transaction directly impacts on the price level of the product. • This has a direct relationship with the company’s marketing objective in the foreign market.
5.3 Calculation of Price
• Suppose the fixed cost of a plant is USD 2500, if the unit selling price and variable cost of its product is USD 5.0 and USD 2.5 respectively, then the break-even point will be : 2500/(52.5)=1000 Units • Break-even point=Total fixed cost/(Unit selling price – Unit variable cost) • This approach is particularly useful where the company has excess production capacity and need to reduce its export prices to be competitive.
导入案例
某年，中国某出口公司销售一批供鸟食用的饲料。该年的7月2 日，瑞典商人来电要求按“每长顿59英镑CIF斯德哥尔摩购买25 长顿”。我国出口公司以国内市场行情为依据，认为对方是将每 长顿35英镑误报为59英镑，并于7月8日给对方复函称：“贵方报 价恐系有误，请来函或电告。”7月24日瑞典商人来电，重申“订 购25长吨，每长顿59英镑”。但我国公司仍未确信，再次要求对 方查对是否有误。7月29日对方再次复电，重申递价59英镑无误 ，并称：“我们的递价肯定符合国际市场价格。因为我们还接到 乌干达58英镑的报价。”但我国公司对上述说明始终抱怀疑态度 ，而且竟然在7月30日至31日两天内，以每长吨39英镑共报出150 长吨，8月1日又以每长吨46英镑报出30长吨，均为受盘人接受。 至此我国公司才感受到原来的出口报价过低，随即将价格提升至 60英镑，也依然被外商接受。当时，正值人民币升值、英镑疲软 ，我国出口公司因报价过低与货款延期收回遭受了巨大的经济损 失。 请问：国际市场上的商品报价应考虑哪些因素？
5.2 Pricing Considerations
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • Packing charges Warehousing charges Inland transport charges Certification charges Port charges Inspection charges Duties and taxes Interest Operating charges(also called management fee, operating charges=purchasing cost ×rate of charge) Banking charges Freight charges Insurance charges Commission Discount
5.2 Pricing Considerations
• 2. Expenses/ Charges • The expenses or charges of export goods price mainly refer to the circulation of commodities expenses. • It takes smaller proportion in export goods price, but it concerns various information and there is not the complete same calculating method. • The following charges frequently happen:
5.2 Pricing Considerations
• 4. Capability of Target Market • Market capability here refers to the consumption power, income level, supply and demand relationship in the target market. • The firm should also anticipate the specific segment of potential customers.
5.3 Calculation of Price
• Calculation methods: • (1) Cost-plus Pricing（成本加成定价） • In the cost-plus calculation the exporter starts with the domestic manufacturing costs or factory purchasing cost if he is not the manufacturer. • Then he adds overhead costs covering administration, research and development, and marketing . • In addition, freight charges, distributor margins, customs handling fees and profit would also be added. • This is the most basic approach.
5.2 Pricing Considerations
• Pricing for foreign markets is usually quite different from that for the domestic market. • Without adequate research into the build-up of an export price and unforeseen cost components and contingencies, transactions that initially appear attractive may prove unprofitable or unexpectedly resourceintensive. • Major components determining the export price include:
5.1 Expression of Export Price
• The standard format of a price in international trade has 4 components: 1. A code of currency 2. A number indicating the price 3. A unit for measuring quantity 4. A certain trade term • For example: USD 250.30 /piece CIF New York FOB Guangzhou EUR 120.80/set
5.3 Calculation of Price
• (3) Buyer Based Approach（买方基础定价） • This is a more psychological method. Prices are set according to the perceived value in the target market. • (4) Competition Based Approach（竞争基
国际贸易报价的形式
• 1，单价。由四部分组成： • 计价货币 单位价格 计量单位 贸易术语 • 如：USD 300 per M/T CIF New York 每公吨 300美元CIF纽约 • 2，总价。如： • Total Amount: USD 300000 CIF New York • 注：计价货币的币值与货物的价值密切相关，前者贬值， 后者贬值。