老外教你如何写英文论文

Although several names exist for summaries, there are essentially two approaches
This paper describes a new inertial navigation system for mapping oil and gas wells. In this paper, we will compare the mapping accuracy and speed for this new system against the accuracy and speed for conventional systems. Descriptive
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Writing is Important
• As a scientist you must document and explain your discovery • By publishing you register and disseminate the discovery • In order to be recognized and be rewarded • Poor writing doesn’t help!
importance
This paper describes a new inertial navigation system that will increase the mapping accuracy of oil wells by a factor of ten. The new system uses three-axis navigation that protects sensors from high-spin rates. The system also processes its information by filtering (a statistical sampling technique) in an on-site computer. Test results show the three-dimensional location accuracy is within 0.1 meters for every 100 meters of well depth, an accuracy ten times greater than conventional systems.
Writing is Important
• In addition to publish your research finding • In your professional life you may need to write proposals to apply for funding • You may need to write to convince policy makers using scientific theories and facts
Summary (abstract)
• A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The abstract concisely states the principal objectives and scope of the investigation where these are not obvious from the title. More important, it concisely summaries the results and principal conclusions. Do not include details of the methods used unless the study is methodological, i.e. primarily concerned with methods.
A strong introduction tells readers why the research is important
This paper presents a design for a platinum catalytic igniter in hydrogen-air mixtures. This igniter has application in nuclear reactors. One danger at a nuclear reactor is a loss-of-coolant accident. Such an accident can produce large quantities of hydrogen gas when hot water and steam react with zirconium fuel rods. In a serious accident, the evolution of hydrogen may be so rapid that it produces an explosive hydrogen-air mixture in the reactor containment building. This mixture could breach the containment walls and allow radiation to escape. Our method to eliminate this danger is to intentionally ignite the hydrogen-air mixture at concentrations below those for which any serious damage might result.
To inform
To persuade
[Peterson, 1987]
Author’s Goals
• To inform • To persuade
Beginnings prepare readers for understanding the work
orients readers to document
Women may not experience the same effects scope Proposed Study on Effects of Alcohol on Life Expectancy Medical histories not considered
Ten-year study Three classes of drinkers: non-drinkers moderate drinkers heavy drinkers Men surveyed Other effects, such as exercise, not considered limitations
A strong title also separates your work from everyone else's work
Studies on the Electrodeposition of Lead on Copper
Effects of Rhodamine-B on the Electrodeposition of Lead on Copper
Title
Summary
tells readers what happens in document
Introduction
prepares readers for the middle
Language
• • • • Clear Concise Familiar Consistent
Title
An improperly titled paper may never reach the audience for which it was intended, so be specific. If the study is of a particular species or chemical, name it in the title. If the study has been limited to a particular region or system, and the inferences it contains are similarly limited, then name the region or system in the title.
Scientific writing differs from other kinds of writing Writing Constraints
• Subject
Matter
audience occasion purpose
[Franklin, 1952]
Purpose of Writing
Writing Style
Your Work
• Can you describe your current research in 3-5 sentences? • Is your research important?
My Work is Important
• Then you must tell by writing (publishing) your work • You have to write well to convince your audience that your discovery is significant
Informative
A document's introduction prepares readers for the discussion