2 微生物英文大题
华中农业大学考研《微生物英语》题库
Test 1: Development of Microbiology1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.The fundamental unit of all living organisms is theMembrane cell nucleus cell wallanisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to asfungi eukaryotic prokaryotic nankaryotic3.The three kingdom classification system of organisms was proposed byPasteur Bacon Winogradsky Woese4.Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi arecomposedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycanChitin phospholipids protein glucosamine5.The first microscopes were developed byEhrlich Metchnikoff Leewenhoek Lister6.Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms.The first report on the production of an antibiotic is credited to:Lister Fleming Ehrlich Koch7The term "antibiotic" meansa substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganismsa substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits moldsa substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other microorganismsa substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells8 The first documented use of a vaccine for smallpox was reported by the English physicianLister .Florey Fleming Jenner9 Active immunity can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the former requires:development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodiesdevelopment of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antigensFlemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one' s own bodydevelopment of antigens in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies10The process of nitrification by bacteria described by Winogradsky converts ammonia to nitrate ions nitrate ions to ammoniaN2 to ammonia ammonia to urea11The transfer of DNA from one organism to another through the use of a viral vector is referred to asElectroporation conjugation transformation transduction12The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:RNA DNA protein lipid2 Fill in the Blankanisms that contain a true nucleus are called_______2.Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _______3.. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the _______and the ______4._______ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2:are called_______.6. ______ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds fromlight.7. ______ require organic compounds for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as______.9. ______ are organisms that produce methane from CO2.10. ______organisms grow under conditions of high salinity11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a.______b.______c.______d.______12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the followingcharacteristic:_______ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _______.14. Viruses consist of ______surrounded by a protein coat.15. The scientific method utilizes deductive reasoning and observations or experiments toprove or disprove a _____.16. The theory _______of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms by moderate heating iscalled:_______ .18. The process of tyndallization uses repeated heating to eliminate or_______microorganisms from solutions.19.An _______is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills othermicroorganisms.20. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as_______.21. White blood cells that engulf foreign particles are referred to as______.22. A substance in serum that can neutralize foreign material is referred to as ______or______.23. Cells infected with a virus produce a substance called ______ that inhibits viralreplication.24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic topathogenic strains of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of ______.25. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as______.26. ______ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.Test 2: Methods for Studying Microorganisms1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.Light microscopy is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. The ability oflight to pass through an object is referred to as:transported light transmitted light reflected light refracted light2. The resolving power (R) of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength of light (;~) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula for R is:R = 0.5~. xNA R = 0.5;~/NA R = NA/0.5Jr R = Square root of 0.5)./NA3. The gram stain uses ~ as a mordant to fix the primary stainIodine alcohol acetone safranin4.The acid-fast stain is useful in the identification of which of the following organismsStaphylococcus aureus Mycoplasma mycoides Mycobacteria tuberculosis Moraxella osloensis5.Botulism is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking of foodcontaining bacterial spores. Which of the following genera are capable of producing spores?Salmonella Listeria Escherichia Clostridia6.Which of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams to visualize objects?Nomarski TEM PCM Confocal7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of having "Strep Throat."Which type of media would you use to isolate the suspected pathogen?Defined enriched selective differential8.Sterilization of material with an autoclave utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. Thecorrect procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is:15 min at 121℃at 15 lb/in2 15 min at 256℃ at 15 lb/in2 15 min at 121℃at 1 lb/in215 min at 121℃at 1 lb/in29. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you use to determine the efficacy of the antibiotic?direct count viable count turbidimetric count absorbance9.Identification of microorganisms can be accomplished by a number of techniques.Which of the following requires the growth of the organism?enzyme linked assay gene probe metabolic fluorescent2 Fill in the Blank1. A media where all the ingredients are known is called a ______media.2.______technique is used to maintain a pure culture and avoid contamination.3.Sterilization instrument that utilizes steam under pressure: _______.4.A______ plate utilizes a loop or needle to distribute and isolate colonies on a cultureplate.5.______ identification utilizes antibodies for naming of bacterial species.6.Bacteria can be preserved for long periods of time by freeze-drying or______.7.The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a ______ to measure theamountof light passing through a solution.8.The viable plate count counts live bacterial colonies in the range or______ to______9. A counting chamber and a microscope are used in the______ count of bacteria.Test3: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms1Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.Eukaryotic membranes can be differentiated from prokaryotic membranes becauseeukaryotic membranes contain____as part of the lipid component of the membrane.Phosphates fatty acids proteins sterols2.The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the: bilayer model fluid mosaic model trilayer model permeable model3.The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to aconcentration gradient is referred to asDiffusion osmosis translocation transport4.The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules that enter or exit the celland act as a ____ barrier.Semipermanent semitransparent semipermeable semidiffuse5.Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called facilitated diffusion passive diffusion osmosis permeation6.Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules without chemicalalteration?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport 7.Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only in Gram-negativebacteria?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport8.Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport9.Lysozyme and penicillin have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks thiscomponent;penicillin prevents its formationLipopolysaccharide phospholipid peptidoglycan teichoic acid10.Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a:Protoplast spheroplast periplast capsule2 Fill in the Blank1.Most cells use energy in the form of______ to run the cell.2.Phospholipids of eubacterial cells are composed of a ______group and a _____on aglycerol backbone.3.Membrane proteins found on the surface are called ______ proteins.4.The energy source for active transport in eukaryotes is derived from ATP.The energy foractive transport in prokaryotes is derived from ______.5.The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative bacteria and the cell wall iscalled the _______.6.Extrachromosomal DNA elements found in bacteria are called________.7.Ribosomes are structures composed of _______ and ______.8.The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the ________.9.The hereditary organelle of eukaryotic cells is called the ______.10.The process by which a cell engulfs and internalizes particles such as bacteria or othercells is called ______.Test 4 :Eukaryotes1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)l. Fungi are considered heterotrophic because they obtain nutrition throughphagocytosis endocytosis adsorption photosynthesis2.The separation between filamentous fungal cells are referred to asFill in the Blank1.Unicellular fungi are called ______.2.Filamentous fungi form branching structures called ______3.The most common form of reproduction in yeasts occurs by ______.4.Silica is found in the cell wall of ______.5.The external structures of mushrooms are referred to as _______.6.The growth of fungi can be expressed by _____.7.Red tide is caused by a toxin released by the organism, Gonyaulax, which belongs to the______ group of fungi.8.Agar is made from this group of algae: ______.9.Trypanosoma gambiense causes the disease ______.10.A flagellate protozoa that can be found in mountain streams and causes diarrhea is______.Test5: Bacterial Growth and Reproduction1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. In bacterial cultures, growth can be demonstrated by an increase in:Mass cell size cell number cell length2DNA replication in bacteria is controlled by:cell size cell division cell separation cell initiation3.During which phase of bacterial growth is there an increase in cell size but not in cellnumber?Lag log stationary exponential4.The generation time for bacteria is determined by:measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from the time the culture was initiated until the beginning of stationary phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from lag phase to death phase measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the end of stationary phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the beginning of stationary phase5.Most pathogenic bacteria are considered:Psychrophiles mesophiles thermophiles .merophiles6.Bacteria that grow at low nutrient concentrations are referred to as:Autotrophs phototrophs copiotrophs oligotrophs7.In times of nutrient deficiencies, the bacteria Clostridium produce____until conditionsare permissive for vegetative growth.Prosthecae spores stalks fruiting bodies8.The temperature of the incubator was raised from 15~(2 to 35~(2. The cultures in theincubator demonstrated a____fold increase in enzymatic activityTwo for eight twentyanisms that grow at or near their optimal growth temperature are called stenothermal bacteria euthermal bacteriacauldoactive bacteria mesophilic bacteria10.All of the following are toxic oxygen products except:02 OH- H20 H20211. Catalase, which is produced by Staphylococci, catalyzes which of the following reactions?202+ 2H+ →2H202 + 02202+ 2H+ →2H202 + 02H202 + NADH + H+→2H20 + NADH202 + e- + H+→H2O + OH-12 A saturated solution of NaC1 has a water activity index of:1.0 0.90 0.80 0.7013. Organisms that can grow at a water index at or below that of NaCI are called Xerotolerant .salt tolerant mesotolerant salotolerant14. All of the following organisms will survive an environment of 0.9 Aw except Lactobacillus Staphylococcus .Saccharomyces SpiriUum15alophiles are classified as organisms that require ____for growth.Sugar salt .water air16.Osmophiles require a ____Aw for growth.Low high17.The pressure exerted on a cell due to high solute concentrations is referred to as: osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure barometric pressure surface tension18. A diver encountered a new bacterial isolate while she was diving at 1000 m. Theorganism will be classified as:Marine barotolerant barophilic normal19.Fungi can be differentiated from most bacteria by culturing at:Marine low pH neutral pH20.All phototacfic bacteria respond to light by:moving away from the source of lightmoving toward the source of lightincreasing the movement of their flagellacreating gas vesicles to rise to the surface2 Fill in the Blankanisms that grow best above 40oC are called______.anisms that grow best below 20oC are called______.anisms that grow best between 20 and 40oC are called ______.4.Myxobacteria form unique structures called ______ to cope with nutrient deficiencies.5.Bacteria that grow only at reduced oxygen concentrations are called _______.6.Bacteria that require oxygen for growth are called_____.7.Bacteria that grow at high nutrient concentrations are called ______.8.Caulobacter is an example of a ______ bacteria.9.At temperatures above the optimum, E. coli and other bacteria induce a change in geneexpression called______10.A change in hydrostatic pressure of 10 atm is experience with an increase in depth of______ mTest 6: Control of Microbial Growth1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Chemicals used on the body to control microorganisms are called:Antiseptics disinfectants antibiotics chemotherapeutic2.The most effective way of sterilizing a solution is by:Incineration pasteurization filtration moist heat3.An autoclave is an apparatus that is used to sterilize various materials. Theappropriate conditions for sterilizing contaminated material is given by which of the following:15 min at 121℃at lpsi5 min at 121℃at 15 psi15 min at 121℃at 15 psi5 min at 131℃at 15 psi4. All of the following are an effect of ionizing radiation except:breaks hydrogen bondsthymine dimer formationgenerates oxygen radicalsring structure destruction5 hyperbaric chamber would be useful for treating infections caused by which of the following genera:Treponema Chlamydia Campylobacter Clostridia6.Agents that are used to inhibit bacterial growth are consideredBacteriocidal bacteriostatic antiseptics disinfectants7.The term used to describe substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibitother microorganisms are calledAntimicrobics antibiotics chemotherapeutic agents antiseptics8.Antibiotics must exhibit which of the following to be effective:narrow spectrum broad spectrum selective toxicitybacteriocidal9.Which of the following tests utilizes an antibiotic impregnated disk to test for theefficacy of the antibiotic?MIC MBC Mueller-Hinton Kirby-Bauer10.The MIC assay can determine if an antibiotic agent is:Bacteriocidal bacteriostatic aandb none of the above11.Penicillins are effective against:cells in log phase cellsin stationary phasecells in eclipse phaseall bacterial cells12.Penicillinases inhibit the activity of penicillins by which of the following mechanisms: break N. acetylglucosamine:N-acetylmuramic acid bondsbreak the peptidiglycanbreak the beta lactam ringbreak cycloserine13.Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis by binding to thetRNA mRNA 30S ribosomal subunit50S ribosomal subunit14.Trimethaprim is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase which is important is which ofthe following:vitamin metabolism 1-carbon transfersprotein synthesis membrane integrity15.HIsoniazid is used in the treatment of:Pneumococcal infectionsStreptococcal InfectionsLegionella infectionsMycobacteria infections16.Fungal cells differ from mammalian cells by the presence of which of the followingcompounds in their membranesChitin cholesterol ergosterol ositol17.All of the following antifungal agents target the membrane exceptGriseofulvin amphotericin B imidazole nystatin18.Which of the following antimicrobics is used in the treatment of malaria? Chloroquine metronidazole pentamidine amphotericin B19.Amantadine is effective in the treatment of which viral infectionHerpes HIV HTLV influenza20.Which of the following is inhibited by zidovudine?inhibits viral DNA dependent DNA synthesisinhibits viral RNA dependent RNA synthesisinhibits viral RNA dependent DNA synthesisinhibits viral DNA dependent RNA synthesisTest7: Microbial Ecology1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. A group of microorganisms coexisting together in a given location is referred to as a: Ecosystem population clones community2. A native population is called:Indigenous neutral obligatory community3foreign population is referred to as a________ populationautochthonous allochthonous xenochthonous chorochthonousanisms that grow on the surface of other organisms are called:Symbiotic epiphytic syncotropic lichens5.The rhizosphere effect is an example of:Commensalisms competition synergism cometabolism6.Lichens are symbiotic relationship between fungi and:Algae eubacteria protozoa archeabacteria7.Bgcteria that live within protozoa are and example of an:nonobligatory endosymbiotic relationshipnonobligatory autochthonous relationshipobligatory endosymbiotic relationshipobligatory autochthonous relationship8.Which of the following bacteria are capable of fixing nitrogen?Rhizobium Xanthomonas Agrobacterium Pseudomonas9.Ruminant bacteria utilize bacteria to degrade which of the following substrates? Chitin keratin galactose cellulose10.Luminescent bacteria engage in a symbiotic relationship with invertebrates and fish.In this relationship the fish contribute which of the following?Energy food oxygen nitrogen11. Which of the following describes parasitism and not endosymbiosis?parasitism is a relationship in which both host and parasite are harmed.parasitism is a relationship in which the parasite is harmed and the host is unaffected. parasitism is a relationship in which the host is harmed and the parasite is unaffected. parasitism is a relationship in which both the host and parasite benefit.12. Bacterial plant pathogens are called ___________ by the USDA.Bacteroids plant pests plant bugs plant germs13. Bacteria that cause plant diseases occur in all of following genera except: Xanthamonas Mycoplasma Corynebacteria Mycobacteria14. Which of the following organisms causes crown gall tumors?Agrobacterium Xanthomonas Erwinia Spiroplasma15.Most plant diseases are caused by:Fungi bacteria viruses viroids16. Which of the following is not an effective biological control method for controlling plant pathogens?use of resistant cropsuse of viral pesticidesuse of bacterial pesticidesuse of fungal pesticides17. Which of the following is the most useful bacterial pesticide?M. infectium B. thuringiensis P. putrificans X. campestris18. The greenhouse effect is due toexcess production of CO-OH by burning of fossil fuelsexcess production of CO2 by burning of fossil fuelsexcess production of CO by burning of fossil fuelsexcess production of CH4 by burning of fossil fuels19. Which is the lowest trophic level in the food web?primary producers grazers predators hetertrophic organismsTest8: Genetic Variation: Mutation and Recombination1Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Bacterial genes are consideredHomozygous heterozygous diploid haploid2.Extrachromosomal elements that can be exchanged between bacteria are calledTransposons plasmids .alleles probes3. Extrachromosomal elements are known to contain genetic information for all the following exceptnitrogen fixation toxin production antibiotic resistance cell wall repair4Which of the following mutations would have a higher probability of coding for a lethal event?Suppressor silent nonsense missense5.Which of the following mutations would result in a change in the amino acid in thepolypeptid chain?Suppressor silent nonsense missense6. Frameshift mutations result in the addition or deletion of a base in the DNA chain.Reestablishment of the reading frame can be corrected by a second mutation called: Suppressor silent nonsense missense7The technique of replica plating is often used to detect nutritional mutations.Microorganisms that grow on complete media but fail to grow on minimal media are called:Autotrophs auxotrophs symbionts heterotrophs8. The technique of replica plating was developed by:Crick Watson Lederberg Collins9A complementation test was used to determine the site of two separate mutations. Two mutantstrains were mated and the resultant progeny were still mutant. The results indicate that themutations are:Cis trans10.UV light induces mutations by:causing breaks in the DNA chain allowing for the substitution of additional basescauses links between thymidine molecules on the same DNA chaincauses links between thymidine molecules on different DNA chainscauses an increase in melanin in the skin11.Various chemicals can induce mutations by modifying the nucleotides, causing basedeletions or mimicking bases and substituting for them in the DNA chain. An example of the latter is:Acridine 5 –bromouracil mitomycin C nitrous oxide12.The Ames test is used to screen chemicals for mutagenic and carcinogenic potential.Which bacterial strain is utilized in this procedure?Escherichia coli Shigella dysenteriae Salmonella typhimuriumStreptococcus pyogenes13.After infection of a cell by the HIV vires, a DNA copy of the viral genome may beinserted in the host chromosome. This is an example of:viral recombinationdisparate recombinationdisparate recombinationhomologous recombinationnonhomologous—recombination14.Multiple copies of an antibiotic resistance gene was found on the chromosome isolatedfrom bacteria X. What is the most likely explanation for this occurrence?the bacteria was infected with numerous bacteriophages that contained the antibiotic resistance genethe bacteria mated with numerous bacteria containing plasmids with the antibiotic resistance genethe bacteria contained the antibiotic resistance gene on a transposon that underwent replicative transpositionthe bacteria contained multiple copies of the antibiotic resistance gene from recombination 15.Viruses that are capable of inserting their genome into the host chromosome are called: lytic viruses temperate viruses permissive viruses competent virusesTesT9: Viral Replication1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. The protein coat structure of the virus is called a:Coat envelop receptor capsid2.The composition of the envelop of some viruses isphospholipids and proteins coded by the viral genomephospholipids coded by the host genome and proteins coded by the viral genome phospholipids and proteins coded by the host genomephospholipids coded by the viral genome and proteins coded by the host genome3. A cell that permits viral replication is called:Productive abortive permissive restrictive4.The receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus is the:CD3 CD4 heparin sulfate neuraminidase5.The receptor for herpesvirus is:CD3 CD4 heparin sulfate neuraminidase6.Which of the following are the first products produced by minus strand viruses?RNA DNA protein envelop7. Which of the following are the first products produced by HIV?RNA DNA protein envelop8Viruses that reproduce by budding:demonstrate single step growth kineticsdemonstrate continuous growth kineticsdo not have an eclipse periodhave high burst sizes9. Which of the following is considered a lysogenic phage?Fd .φχ174T4 λ11.Viral particles can be identified within the cell at all stages except:Attachment eclipse latent lysis12.In some cases intact viruses are not needed to infect a cell. Infectious protein moleculesthat can cause disease are given the termPrions viroids capsomers virions13.Which of the following is considered an oncogenic virus?HTLV SV40 RSV Influenza14.Replication of animal or bacterial viruses can be demonstrated by visually countingthe number of ______on a plateLawns viral particles cells plaques15.The replication of retroviruses proceeds by:synthesis of a DNA strand from the RNA template utilizing viral DNA polymerase synthesis of a DNA strand from the RNA template utilizing host DNA polymerase synthesis of a DNA strand from the RNA template utilizing viral RNA polymerase synthesis of a DNA strand from the RNA template utilizing host RNA polymerase。
2 微生物英文大题
1.Pass内毒素外毒素的主要区别？Exotoxin EndotoxinExcreted by living cells,mainly by G+bacteria Integral part of G-bacteria cell wall,liberated upon bacteria disintegrationpolypeptide LPS,main toxic part-lipid A Heat-unstable Heat-stable,160℃,2~4hr destroyStrong antigenicity,induce body to produce antitoxin,exotoxin→toxoid Weak antigenicity,can’t convert into toxiodHighly toxic Weakly toxicHigh selection for tissues: neurotoxin,cytotoxin,enterotoxin Non-specific,all endotoxins produce the same symptoms—fever;leukopenia; endotoxemia and shock;DIC.Structure:A subunit-B subunit.A subunit:toxic part;B subunit: non-toxic,bind receptor of sensitive cell LPS:lipid A,core polysaccharide, specific polysaccharide(O antigen)2.Pass mechanism of cholera pathogenic:霍乱Transmission:polluted water and food,by mouth 1)pathogenic factor:flagellum：motility,；coregulated pili;：adherence；zona occludens：exotoxid；siderophore：capture Iron。
2013年《微生物学》实验双语测试题
《微生物学》实验双语测试题《Experiment for microbiology》test1.Multiple Choice (choose one answer)（每小题2分，共20分）1.The first microscopes were developed by:A.EhrlichB.MetchnikoffC.LeewenhoekD.Lister2.Light microscopy is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. The ability of light to pass through an object is referred to as:A.transported lightB.transmitted lightC.reflected lightD.refracted light3.The resolving power (R) of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength of light (;~) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula for R is:A.R = 0.5~. xNAB.R = 0.5;~/NAC.R = NA/0.5JrD.R = Square root of 0.5)./NA4.The gram stain uses ~ as a mordant to fix the primary stain:A.iodineB.alcoholC.acetoneD.safranin5.The acid-fast stain is useful in the identification of which of the following organisms:A.Staphylococcus aureusB.Mycoplasma mycoidesC.Mycobacteria tuberculosisD.Moraxella osloensis6.Which of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams to visualize objects?A.NomarskiB.TEMC.PCMD.Confocal7.Sterilization of material with an autoclave utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. The correct procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is:A.15 min at 121℃at 15 lb/in2B.15 min at 256℃at 15 lb/in2C.15 min at 121℃at 1 lb/in2D.15 rain at 121℃at 30 lb/in28.An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method ofenumeration would you use to determine the efficacy of the antibiotic?A.direct countB.viable countC.turbidimetric countD.absorbance9.The transfer of DNA from one organism to another through the use of a viral vector is referred to as:A.electroporationB.conjugationC.transformationD.transduction10. In bacterial cultures, growth can be demonstrated by an increase in:A.massB.cell sizeC.cell numberD.cell length得分评卷人2．Fill in the Blank（每小题1分，共20分）1. The structure of the bright-field microscopeFig 1 Bight-field microscope1. Ocular lens.2. Tube.3. Nosepiece.4. Objective lens.5. Stage.6. Condenser lens.7. Iris diaphragm.8. Reflector.9. Arm. 10. Stage adjustment knob. 11. Condenser adjustment knob. 12. Fine-adjustment knob. 13.Coarse-adjustment knob. 14. Base.2. IMViC Series include 15.Indole production、16.The Methyl Red Test、17.The Voges-Proskauer Test、18.Citrate Utilization3. Pasteurization Inoculate Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli respectively to nutrient broth, place the tubes to a 63℃water bath for 30 minutes.得分评卷人3．Matching（每小题2分，共24分）Matching I:l. Primary stain for gram stain a. Negative stain2. Stains bacterial cell b. Carbohl fuchsin3. Used to fix stain c. Crystal violet4. Decolorize d. Malachite green5. Spore stain e. Safranin6. Acid-fast stain f. Positive stain7. Gram- bacteria take up this counterstain g. Alcohol8. Stains background h. Mordant1.c2.f.3.h4.g5.d.6. b7.e8.aMatching II:1. Media used to inhibit growth of unwanted organisms a. Enrichment2. Media where all components are not known b. Selective3. Media used to contrast organisms on same plate c. Differential4. Media used to enhance growth d. Complex1.b2.d3.c4.a得分评卷人4．Discussion（每小题12分，共36分）1. What’s the principle of Gram stain?A: Gram stain is a popular compound staining technique and differential staining processes are required by the use of crystal violet, Gram’s iodine, 95% ethyl alcohol, and safranin sequentially. It divides bacterial cells into two major groups named gram positive (G ) and gram negative (G-), which makes it an essential tool for classification and differentiation of microorganisms. According to Gram stain, Gram positive bacteria bind crystal violet, couldn’t be decolorized by 95% ethyl alcohol, and appear violet, while Gram negative bacteria are decolorized by 95% ethyl alcohol, bind safranin , and appear red.Generally, the principle of gram stain are as follows. ①The isoelectric point of gram positive bacteria is lower (pI=2~3) than that of gram negative bacteria (pI=4~5). So it contains much more negative charge and bind to crystal violet tightly. ②The cell wall of gram negative bacteria is composed of outer membrane containing much lipid composition, which is sensitive to ethyl alcohol. When decolorizing with 95% ethyl alcohol, the complex of crystal violet and iodine is extracted from cell wall. ③The cell wall of gram positive bacteria contain less lipid composition that is not sensitive to ethyl alcohol decolorizing. In addition, it contains multiplayer of high percentage of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid with large amount of negative charges. The complex of crystal violet and iodine binds to cell wall tightly and can not be extracted by 95% ethyl alcohol. So it appear purple.2.What’s the difference of the mycelia and spore between antinomycetes and molds?A: The primary cell structure of antinomuycetes is similar to bacteria. Antinomycetes havefilament which contain substrate filament and aerial filament and sporebearing filament. Sporebearing filament differentiate to spore. The shape of sporebearing filament are sphere, ellipse and rod. The morphology and color of aerial filament and spore are important for the classification and characterization of antinomycetes.Molds are eukaryotic cells and most of them are multicellular and filamented. The filament of molds is often wider than that of antinomycetes. Spores have different shapes and are divided into asexual or sexual ones.The morphology of mycelia and spore for antinomycetes and molds can be observed by microscope and cultivated on concavity slide or cover slip.After inoculated on agar culture media and cultured at approximate temperature for some time, microorganisms grow to form colonies from single cell which can been seen by the naked eye. The characteristics of colonies depends on their cell structure and growth behavior which is further used to the identification of microorganisms.3.How to judge if a pharmaceutical preparation is qualified for microbial contaminations or not? A: According to the pharmacopoeia, drugs for external or oral use need microbial limitation check except for aseptic inspection. That is the number of bacteria and molds and yeast, the pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus tetani and living mite.The microbial standards of drugs are as shown in Table 44.1. In addition, no Salmonella species should be checked in preparations from any animal organs. The number of molds in oral antibiotics should be controlled to be less than 100 CFU/g and bacteria in antifungi orals less than 100 CFU/g too. On the other hand, mildewed and mite contaminated drugs are not qualified. The number of bacteria and molds can be determined by agar plate. Pathogenic bacteria can be confirmed by its morphology biochemical tests while living mite is observed by microscope.The number of bacteria and molds in the plates is reported in the following way. At first, it is suitable for bacteria counting when there are 30 to 300 colonies in plates while 30 to 100 for molds.(1) When the number of colonies at one dilution series is among 30 to 300 for bacteria or 30 to 100 for molds, report it.(2) When the number of colonies at two dilution series is among 30 to 300 for bacteria or 30 to 100 for molds, calculate the ratio as follows:Where NH and NL are colonies of high and low dilution series respectively, DH、DL are dilution times for two dilution series respectively. When R≤2, the average number of two dilution series is reported and the number of low dilution series is reported for R>2.(3) When the average number of colonies at three dilution series is among 30 to 300 for bacteria or 30 to 100 for molds, report it based on the two of low dilution series.(4) When the average number of colonies at all dilution series is not in the range of 30 to 300 for bacteria or 30 to 100 for molds, report colonies number which is most close to the range above.(5) When the average number of colonies at all dilution series is more than 300 for bacteria or 100 for molds, report colonies number based on the highest dilution series.(6) When the average number of colonies at all dilution series is less than 30, report coloniesnumber based on the lowest dilution series.(7) When the average number of colonies at 1:10 or 1:100 dilution series is not less than colonies of drug or 1:10, media dilution determination should be used.。
医学微生物英语试题
Part 1 Single Best Choice Questions (40 1 point=40 pts)Instruction: (1）Mark the letter that corresponds to the right answer in the formatted ANSWER SHEET with 2B PENCIL。
Since the marks are read by computer, answers in this question sheet will not be collected。
（2) For one question, only one letter is permitted to be darkened，otherwise, it will be recognize as wrong by the computer. (3）Do not forget to mark your student ID number and write in your name。
1. Bacteria that lack cell walls and do not synthesize the precursors of peptidoglycan are calledA. SpirochetesB. ChlamydiaeC。
MycoplasmasD。
L formsE。
Bacilli2. Each of the following is a typical property of obligate anaerobe EXCEPT A。
They generate energy by using the cytochrome systemB. They grow best in the absence of airC. They lack superoxide dismutaseD. They lack catalaseE. Tetanus is caused by a typical obligate anaerobe3。
医学微生物英语试题
Part 1 Single Best Choice Questions （40 1 point=40 pts）Instruction：（1) Mark the letter that corresponds to the right answer in the formatted ANSWER SHEET with 2B PENCIL. Since the marks are read by computer，answers in this question sheet will not be collected。
(2）For one question，only one letter is permitted to be darkened，otherwise，it will be recognize as wrong by the computer。
(3）Do not forget to mark your student ID number and write in your name。
1. Bacteria that lack cell walls and do not synthesize the precursors of peptidoglycan are calledA. SpirochetesB。
ChlamydiaeC。
MycoplasmasD. L formsE. Bacilli2。
Each of the following is a typical property of obligate anaerobe EXCEPTA. They generate energy by using the cytochrome systemB. They grow best in the absence of airC。
They lack superoxide dismutaseD。
They lack catalaseE。
《微生物学》试题样题参考
PART Ⅱ. SINGLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS (1×50=50%)C1. A prominent difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the a. larger size of prokaryotes b. lack of pigmentation in eukaryotesc. presence of a nucleus in eukaryotesd. presence of a cell wall in prokaryotesD2. Which scientist is the most responsible for final laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest?a. Joseph Listerb. Robert Kochc. Francesco Redid. Louis PasteurD3. Which of the following are prokaryotic?a. bacteriab. archaeac. protistsd. both a and bB4. The term culture refers to the ＿growth of microorganisms in ＿ .a. rapid,an incubatorb. macroscopic,mediac. microscopic,the bodyd. artificial,coloniesD5. Agar is superior to gelatin as a solidifying agent because agara. does not melt at room temperatureb. solidifies at 75℃c. is not usually decomposed by microorganismsd. both a and cD6. Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cells?a. cell membraneb. a nucleoidc. ribosomesd. capsuleA7. The major locomotor structures in bacteria area. flagellab. pilic. fimbriaed. ciliaC8.Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function?a. transportb. motilityc. supportd. adhesionB9.Which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls?a. an outer membraneb. peptidoglycanc. teichoic acidd. lipopolysaccharidesB10.Bacterial endospores function ina. reproductionb. survivalc. protein synthesisd. storageD11.Features of the nuclear envelope includea. ribosomesb. a double membrane structurec. pores that allow communication with the cytoplasmd. b and ce. alloftheseD12.The cell wall is found in which eukaryotes?a. fungib. algaec. protozoad. a and bB13. Yeast are ＿fungi,and molds are ＿fungi.a. macroscopic,microscopicb. unicellular,filamentousc. motile,nonmotiled. water,terrestrialC14.In general,fungi derive nutrients througha. photosynthesisb. engulfing bacteriac. digesting organic substratesd. parasitismC15.A hypha divided into compartments by cross walls is calleda. nonseptateb. imperfectc. septated.perfectD16.A conidium is a/an ＿spore,and a zygospore is a/an ＿spore.a. sexual,asexualb. free,endoc. ascomycete,basidiomyceted. asexual,sexualC17.A virus is a tiny infectiousa. cellb. living thingc. particled. nucleic acidD18.Viruses are known to infecta. plantsb.bacteriac.fungid. all organismsB19.The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the ＿of its host cell.a. cell wallb. cell membranec. glycocalyxd. receptorsD20.The nucleic acid of a virus isa. DNA onlyb. RNA onlyc. both DNA and RNAd. either DNA or RNAA21.The general steps in a viral multiplication cycle area. adsorption,penetration,replication,maturation,and releaseb. endocytosis,uncoating,replication,assembly,and buddingc. adsorption,uncoating,duplication,assembly,and lysisd. endocytosis,penetration,replication,maturation,and exocytosisB22.Enveloped virues carry surface receptors calleda. budsb. spikesc. fibersd. sheathsD23.Viruses can not be cultivated ina. tissureb. bird embryosc. live mammalsd. blood agarA24.Clear patches in cell cultures that indicate sites of virus infection are a. plaques b. pocks c. colonies d. prionsC25.An organic nutrient essential to an organism’s metabolism that cannot be synthesized itself is termed a/ana. trace elementb. micronutrientc. growth factord. essential nutrientA26.An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is aa.photoautotrophb.photoheterotrophc.chemoautotrophd.chemoheterotrophC27.Chemoautotrophs can survive on ＿alone.a. mineralsb. CO2c. minerals and CO2d. methaneB28.Which of the following statements is true for all organisms?a. they require organic nutrientsb. they require inorganic nutrientsc. they require growth factorsd. they require oxygen gasB29.Active transport of a substance across a membrane requiresa.gradientb. the expenditure of ATPc. waterd. diffusionC30.The time required for a cell to undergo binary fission is called thea.exponential growth rateb.growth curvec.generation timeg period B31.In a viable plate count,each ＿represents a ＿from the sample population.a. cell,colonyb. colony,cellc. hour,generationd. cell,generationA32.During the ＿phase,the rate of new cells being added to the population has slowed down.a. stationaryb. deathc. lagd. exponential growthB33.＿is another term for biosynthesis.a. catabolismb. anabolismc. metabolismd. catalystA34.Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which ＿molecules are converted into ＿molecules.rge,smallb.small,largec.amino acid,proteind.food,storageC35.An enzyme ＿the activation energy required for a chemical reaction. a. increases b. converts c. lowers d. catalyzesC36.In negative feedback control of enzymes,a buildup in the amount of ＿decreases the activity in the enzyme.a. substrateb. chemicalc. productd. ATPD37.What is the smallest unit of heredity?a. chromosomeb. genec. codond. nucleotideB38.DNA replication is semiconservative because the ＿strand will become half of the ＿molecule.a. RNA,DNAb. template,finishedc. sense,mRNAd. codon,anticodonB39.The base pairs are held together primarily bya. covalent bondsb. hydrogen bondsc. ionic bondsd. gyrasesC40.Why must the lagging strand of DNA be replicated in short pieces?a. because of limited spaceb.otherwise,the helix will because distortedc. the DNA polymerase can synthesize in only one directiond. to make proofreading of code easierA41.Messenger RNA is formed by ＿of a gene on the DNA template strand.a. transcriptionb. replicationc. translationd. transformationB42.Transfer RNA is the molecule thata. contributes to the structure of ribosomesb. adapts the genetic code to protein structurec. transfer the DNA code to mRNAd. provides the master code for amino acidsA43.As a general rule,the template strand on DNA will always begin witha. TACb. AUGc. ATGd. UACA44.The lac operon is usually in the ＿position and is activated by a/an ＿molecule.a. on,repressorb. off,inducerc. on,inducerd. off,repressorA45.The repressible operon is important in regulating ＿ .a.amino acid synthesisb.DNA replicationc.sugar metabolismd.ATP synthesisB46.Which of the following characteristics is not true of a plasmid?a. It is a circular piece of DNA.b. It is required for normal cell function.c. It is found in bacteria.d. It can be transferred from cell to cell.A47.Which of the following is not essential to carry out PCR?a. primersb. DNA polymerasec. gel electrophoresisd. high temperature D48.A microbicidal agent has what effect?a.sterilizesb.inhibits microorganismsc.is toxic to human cellsd.destroys microorganismsB49.Any process that destroys the non-spore-forming contaminants on inanimate objects isa.antisepsisb.disinfectionc.sterilizationd.degermationB50.High temperatures ＿and low temperatures ＿ .a.sterilize,disinfectb.kill cells,inhibit cell growthc.denature proteins,burst cellsd.speed up metabolism,slow down metabolismPART Ⅲ. SPACE FILLING (ANSWER IN ENGLISH) (10%)1. Microbiology is the study of _BACTERIA_____ ,fungi,viruses,protozoa,and algae,which are collectively called microorganisms or _MICROBES________.(2%)2. The cell envelope is the outermost covering of bacteria.It consists of three basic layers:⑴the glycocalyx,⑵__CELL _WALL_____________,and⑶CELL MEMBRANE .(2%)3. Some bacteria that ordinarily have a cell wall can lose it during part of their life cycle.These wall-deficient forms are referred to as _L-FORMS_______(for the Lister Institute,where they were discoverred) .(1%)4. Archaea,the other prokaryotes,are often called_EXTREMOPHILES_ ,because they still live in the remaining habitats on the earth that have these same ancient conditions-the most extreme habitats in nature.(1%)5. The range of temperatures for microbial growth can be expressed as threecardinal temperatures,including MINIMUM_________temperature, maximum temperature,and ___OPTIMUM________temperature. (2%)6. TDP means __THERMAL_DEATH_____POINT_______. (1%)7. arg operon belongs to _____________operon. (1%)。
微生物学英文题库完整
IntroductionMicrobes are a diverse group of organisms that can be divided into the viruses, unicellular groups (Archaea, Eubacteria, protista, some fungi and some chlorophyta) and a small number of organisms with a simple multicellular structure (the large fungi and chlorophyta).Microbiology: the science (logos) of small (micro) life (bios). The study of living things so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains. In particular, it emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two groups, originally called Eubacteria (now Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (now Archaea).Microorganisms were first visualized by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), a Dutch cloth merchant and an expert lens grinder.The first proof of the involvement of bacteria in disease and the definitive proof of the germ theory of disease came from the German Robert Koch.Koch’s po stulates:1, The microorganism must be present in every instance of the disease and absent from healthy individuals.2, The microorganism must be capable of being isolated and grown in pure culture.3 ,When the microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host, the same disease condition must result.4, The same microorganism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected host. Chapter oneFungi include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.Viruses are noncellular organisms; they are intra-cellular parasites of animals, plants, or bacteria.1, The Prokaryotes can be divided into two kingdoms, Bacteria and Archaea. The classification was first proposed by Woese based on the differences in 16S rRNA sequence.2, Prokaryotic microorganism（原核微生物）: It is an single-c elled organism which doesn’t have a nuclear membrane outside the cell nucleus and only has the bare DNA called as the nuclear area. 3, Many bacteria are shaped like long rods twisted into spirals or helices; they are called spirilla （螺旋菌）if rigid and spirochetes (螺旋体) when flexible.4, Capsules (荚膜) and slime layers (粘液层) usually are composed of polysaccharides (多糖), but they may be constructed of other materials.5, Gram staining procedure(革兰氏染色的步骤)In the first step of the Gram-staining procedure, the smear is stained with the basic dye crystal violet, the primary stain. It is followed by treatment with an iodine solution functioning as a mordant. That is, the iodine increases the interaction between the cell and the dye so that the cell is stained more strongly. The smear is next decolorized by washing with ethanol or acetone. This step generates the differential aspect of the Gram stain; gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet, whereas gram-negative bacteria lose their crystal violet and become colorless. Finally, the smear is counterstained with a simple, basic dye different in color from crystal violet. Safranin, the most common counterstain, colors gram-negative bacteria pink to red and leaves gram-positive bacteria dark purple.6, The Mechanism of Gram Staining （革兰氏染色的机制）Although several explanations have been given for the Gramstain reaction results, it seems likely that the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is due to the physical nature of their cell walls. If the cell wall is removed from grampositive bacteria, they become gram negative. The peptidoglycan itself is not stained; instead it seems to act as a permeability barrier preventing loss of crystal violet. During the procedure the bacteria are first stained with crystal violet and next treated with iodine to promote dye retention. When gram-positive bacteria then are decolorized with ethanol, the alcohol is thought to shrink the pores of the thick peptidoglycan. Thus the dye-iodine complex is retained during the short decolorization step and the bacteria remain purple. In contrast, gram-negative peptidoglycan is very thin, not as highly cross-linked, and has larger pores. Alcohol treatment also may extract enough lipid from the gramnegative wall to increase its porosity further. For these reasons, alcohol more readily removes the purple crystal violet-iodine complex from gram-negative bacteria.简而言之，不同细菌的染色差异（G+或G-）是由于细胞壁化学成分的差异而引起了物理特性（脱色能力）的不同。
微生物题库英文.
Test 1: Development of Microbiology■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. The fundamental unit （基本单位）of all living organisms is the: C■.membrane■.cell■.nucleus■.cell wall2. Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to as:C■.fungi 真菌■.eukaryotic 真核生物■.prokaryotic 原核生物■.nankaryotic3. T he three kingdom classification system （三界分类系统）of organisms was proposed by:D■.Pasteur■.Bacon■.Winogradsky■.Woese4. Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi are composedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan. A■.chitin 壳多糖■.phospholipid 磷脂■.protein 蛋白质■.glucosamine 葡糖胺5. The first microscopes were developed by: C■.Ehrlich■.Metchnikoff■.Leewenhoek■.Lister6. Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms. The first report on the production of an antibiotic（抗生素）is credited to:C■.Lister■.Fleming■.Ehrlich■.Koch7. The term "antibiotic" means:C■.a substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganisms■.a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits molds（霉菌）■.a substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other microorganisms■.a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells8. The first documented use of a vaccine（疫苗）for smallpox天花was reported by the English physician:D■.Lister■.Florey■.Fleming■.Jenner9. Active immunity （主动免疫）can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the former requires:B■.development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies■.development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antigens（抗原）■.Flemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one' s own body■.development of antigens in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies10. The process of nitrification（硝化作用）by bacteria described by Winogradsky converts:A■.ammonia to nitrate ions 将氨转化成硝酸盐■.nitrate ions to ammonia 将硝酸盐转化成氨■.N2 to ammonia 将氮气转化成氨■.ammonia to urea 将氨转化成尿素11. The transfer of DNA from one organism to another through the use of a viral vector（病毒载体）is referred to as:B■.electroporation 电穿孔■.conjugation 接合生殖■.transformation 转化■.transduction 转导12. The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:B■.RNA■.DNA■.protein■.lipid■Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that contain a true nucleus are called__eukaryotic_____2. Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _____prokaryotic__3. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the ___archeabacteria____and the ____eubacteria（真细菌）___.4.___anaerobes（厌氧菌）___ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2:are called ___autotrophs_（自养菌）__.6. _photoautotrophs（光能自养生物）_____ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7. _heterotroph_（异养菌）___ require organic compounds for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as__thermophile_（适温性）___.9. _methanogen_（产甲烷菌）____ are organisms that produce methane（甲烷）from CO2.10. ___halophile_（好盐的）__organisms grow under conditions of high salinity.11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a._spherical or cocci_____ b._cylindrical or rod_____ c.__spirals____ d.___irregular__12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the following characteristic:___eukaryotic____ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of __chitin（壳多糖）_____.14. Viruses consist of _nucleic acid_____surrounded by a protein coat.15. The scientific method utilizes deductive reasoning（演绎推理）and observations or experiments to prove or disprove a _hypothesis_（假说）___.16. The theory _spontaneous generation______of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.（非生命物质）17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms（活菌）by moderate heating is called:_pasteurization__（巴士消毒法）___ .18. The process of tyndallization（间歇灭菌法）uses repeated heating to eliminate or___sterilize （杀菌）____ microorganisms from solutions.19.An _antibiotic（抗生素）______is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.20. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as__immunization_____.21. White blood cells that engulf（吞食）foreign particles（异物颗粒）are referred to as_phagocytes___（吞噬细胞）__.22. A substance in serum（免疫血清）that can neutralize（中和）foreign material is referred to as __antitoxin_（抗毒素）___or __antibody__（抗体）__.23. Cells infected with a virus produce a substance called __interfewn____ that inhibits viral replication.24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic（非病原的）to pathogenic strains （致病菌株）of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of ___DNA___.25. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as__conjugation____.26. _transformation_（转化）____ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.■Matchingl. Francis Bacon a. phagocytosis 吞噬作用2. Anton Leeuwenhoek b. antibody 抗体3. Paul Ehrlich c. nitrification 硝化作用4. Hans Gram d. immunization 免疫法5. Louis Pasteur e. three kingdom classification based on rRNA6. Robert Koch f. structure of DNA7. Joseph Lister g. first microscope 第一台显微镜8. Alexander Fleming h. conjugation or transduction 接合和转导作用9. Edward Jenner i. differential stain for bacteria10. Eli Metchnikoff j. interferon 干扰素11. Emil von Behring k. rabies vaccine 狂犬病疫苗12. Alick Isaac 1. penicillin 青霉素13. Sergei Winogradsky m. antiseptic（防腐剂）technique14. Joshua Lederberg n. established that bacteria can cause disease15. Watson and Crick o. magic bullet16. Carl Woese p. scientific method1.p2.g3.o4.i5.k6.n7.m8.l9.d 10.a 11.b 12.j13.c 14.h 15.f 16.eTest 2: Methods for Studying Microorganisms■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Light microscopy （光学显微镜术）is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. The ability of light to pass through an object is referred to as:B■.transported light■.transmitted light 透射光■.reflected light 反射光■.refracted light 折射光2. The resolving power (R)（分辨率）of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength（波长）of light (;~) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula （公式）for R is: B ■.R = 0.5~. xNA■.R = 0.5;~/NA■.R = NA/0.5Jr■.R = Square root of 0.5)./NA？3. The gram stain（革兰氏染色）uses ~ as a mordant（媒染剂）to fix the primary stain:A ■.iodine 碘■.alcohol 乙醇■.acetone 丙酮■.safranin 番红4. The acid-fast stain （抗酸性染色）is useful in the identification of which of the following organisms:C■.Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌■.Mycoplasma mycoides 霉菌样支原体■.Mycobacteria tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌■.Moraxella osloensis 奥斯陆摩拉克菌,5. Botulism（肉毒中毒）is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking of food containing bacterial spores（孢子）. Which of the following genera （属）are capable of producing spores?D■.Salmonella 沙门氏菌属■.Listeria 利斯塔氏菌属■.Escherichia 埃希氏菌属■.Clostridia 梭菌属6. Which of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams （电子束）to visualize （使可见）objects?B■.Nomarski■.TEM 投射型电子显微镜■.PCM 脉冲■.Confocal 共焦的7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of having "Strep Throat." （脓毒性咽喉炎）Which type of media would you use to isolate the suspected pathogen（病原体）? D ■.defined■.enriched■.selective■.differential8. Sterilization（灭菌）of material with an autoclave（高压灭菌锅）utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. The correct procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is:A■.15 min at 121℃at 15 lb/in2■.15 min at 256℃at 15 lb/in2■.15 min at 121℃at 1 lb/in2■.15 rain at 121℃at 30 lb/in29. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you use to determine the efficacy of the antibiotic? B■.direct count 直接计数■.viable count 活菌数■.turbidimetric count 浊度计数■.absorbance 吸光度10. Identification of microorganisms（微生物）can be accomplished（完成）by a number of techniques. Which of the following requires the growth of the organism?C■.enzyme linked assay（含量测定）■.gene probe 基因探针■.metabolic 代谢■.fluorescent 荧光■Fill in the Blank1. A media （培养基）where all the ingredients（成分）are known is called a _defined_____media.2. __aseptic（无菌的）____technique is used to maintain a pure culture（纯培养物）and avoid contamination.（污染）3. Sterilization instrument（灭菌器械）that utilizes steam under pressure: _autoclave_（高压灭菌锅）_____.4.A___streak___ plate utilizes a loop（接种环）or needle（接种针）to distribute and isolate colonies on a culture plate.（培养皿）5.__serological（血清学的）____ identification utilizes antibodies（抗体）for naming of bacterial species.6. Bacteria can be preserved（保藏）for long periods of time by freeze-drying（冷冻干燥）or__lyophilization____（冻干保藏法）.7. The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a _spectrophotometer（分光光度计）_____ to measure the amount of light passing through a solution.8. The viable plate（平板细菌计数）count counts live bacterial colonies（菌落）in the range or____30__ to__300____ .9. A counting chamber（计数板）and a microscope （显微镜）are used in the_direct_____ count of bacteria.10. The _gene probe_（基因探针）____technique utilizes a labeled（示踪的）complementary strand of nucleic acid to identify specific bacteria in a specimen.（样本）■MatchingMatching I:l. Primary stain for gram stain a. Negative stain 负染色2. Stains bacterial cell b. Carbohl fuchsin 品红3. Used to fix stain c. Crystal violet 结晶紫4. Decolorize脱色 d. Malachite green 孔雀绿5. Spore stain e. Safranin 番红6. Acid-fast stain f. Positive stain 正染7. Gram- bacteria take up this counterstain g. Alcohol 乙醇8. Stains background h. Mordant 媒染剂Matching II:1. Media used to inhibit growth of unwanted organisms a. Enrichment 富集2. Media where all components are not known b. Selective 选择性的3. Media used to contrast organisms on same plate c. Differential4. Media used to enhance growth d. ComplexMatching I:1.c2.f.3.h4.g5.d.6. b7.e8.aMatching II:1.b2.d3.c4.aTest 3: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Eukaryotic membranes can be differentiated from prokaryotic membranes because eukaryotic membranes contain____as part of the lipid（脂质）component of the membrane. D ■.phosphates 磷酸盐类■.fatty acids 脂肪酸类■.proteins 蛋白类■.sterols 甾醇类2. The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the:B■.bilayer model 双层膜模型■.fluid mosaic model 流动镶嵌模型■.trilayer model■.permeable（有渗透性的）model3. The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to a concentration gradient is referred to as: B■.diffusion 扩散■.osmosis 渗透■.translocation 易位■.transport 运输4. The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules that enter or exit the cell and act as a ____ barrier（屏障）. C■.semipermanent 半永久性■.semitransparent 半透明的■.semipermeable 半渗透性的■.semidiffuse5. Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called: A■.facilitated diffusion 易化扩散■.passive diffusion 被动扩散■.osmosis 渗透作用■.permeation6. Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules without chemical alteration? A■.active transport 主动运输■.group translocation基团转位■.facilitated diffusion易化扩散■.binding protein transport 蛋白质转运7. Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only in Gram-negative bacteria?D■.active transport 主动运输■.group translocation 基团转位■.facilitated diffusion 易化扩散■.binding protein transport蛋白质转运8. Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes? B■.active transport■.group translocation■.facilitated diffusion■.binding protein transport9. Lysozyme（溶菌酶）and penicillin （青霉素）have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks this component;penicillin prevents its formation. C■.lipopolysaccharide 脂多糖■.phospholipid 磷脂■.peptidoglycan 肽聚糖■.teichoic acid 磷壁酸10. Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a: B■.protoplast 原生质体■.spheroplast 原生质球■.periplast 周质体■.capsule 荚膜11. A capsule（荚膜）can be differentiated from a slime layers（粘液层）since the capsule: D■.is made up of complex carbohydrates（复合糖）and the slime layer contains protein ■.is bound to the cell membrane■.is bound to the cell wall■.is bound to the outer membrane12. The chromatin of eukaryotic cells is composed of DNA and____ A■.histone proteins 组蛋白■.non histone proteins■.RNA■.ribosomes13. DNA transfers information to make proteins in molecules referred to as:B■.iRNA■.mRNA■.rRNA■.tRNA14. Mitochondrial ribosomes （线粒体核糖体）are____in size. C■.40S■.60S■.70S■.80S15. The process whereby ATP is generated by the flow of protons （质子）across a membrane is: B■.substrate level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化■.chemiosmosis 化学渗透作用■.protokinesis■.glycolysis 糖酵解16. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)（内质网）is a membranous structure within eukaryotic cells. It is the site for protein synthesis and for storage and transportation of molecules out of the cell. Which part of the ER is used for protein synthesis? B■.golgi apparatus 高尔基体■.rough ER 粗面内质网■.smooth ER 光面内质网■.microbody 微体17. Flagella of bacteria are composed of protein subunits called flagellin（鞭毛蛋白）; eukaryotic flagella are composed of subunits called: D■.flagellin鞭毛蛋白■.cilin■.spectrin 血影蛋白■.tubulin 微管蛋白18. Flagella（鞭毛）are used to propel the cell in response to an environmental signal. Bacterial flagella and eukaryotic flagella can be differentiated since the former moves by:A ■.rotating around its base■.pulling itself once it is attached to a surface or mate■.waving or whipping to move the cell■.twisting and releasing similar to a rubber band19. Endospores（内生孢子）are multilayered structures that provide protection from environmental stress and are composed of: B■.peptidoglycan（肽聚糖）and lipopolysaccharide （脂多糖）■.peptidoglycan and calcium dipicolonate■.peptidoglycan and calcium bicarbonate碳酸脂■.lipopolysaccharide and succinic acid （琥珀酸）20. Gram-positive bacteria can be differentiated from Gram-negative bacteria since the peptidoglycan （肽聚糖）layer of later comprises____% of the cell wall. D■.90■.50■.30■.10■Fill in the Blank1. Most cells use energy in the form of__ATP____ to run the cell.2. Phospholipids（磷脂类）of eubacterial cells are composed of a __phosphate （磷酸盐）____group and a _fatty acid____on a glycerol（甘油）backbone.3. Membrane proteins found on the surface are called __peripheral（次要的）____ proteins.4.The energy source for active transport in eukaryotes is derived from ATP.The energy for active transport in prokaryotes is derived from __protomotive force____.5. The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative（革兰阴性）bacteria and the cell wall is called the ___periplasmic space_（壁膜间隙）___.6. Extrachromosomal（染色体外的）DNA elements found in bacteria are called____plasmids____.7. Ribosomes are structures composed of ____proteins___ and ____rRNA__.8. The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the ___cytoplasm_____.9.The hereditary organelle （具遗传效应的细胞器）of eukaryotic cells is called the __nucleus____.10. The process by which a cell engulfs（吞食）and internalizes（陷入）particles such as bacteria or other cells is called ____phagocytosis_（吞噬作用）_.■Matchingl. Prokaryotes原核生物 a. hook and basal body2. Eukaryotes真核生物 b. end of cell3. hydrophobic 疏水的 c. microtubles4. Hydrophilic亲水的 d. pill5. Permease通透酶 e. eukaryotes6. eubacteria 真细菌 f. surrounding cell7. Archeobacteria古细菌g. 9 + 2 arrangement8. cellulose 纤维素h. prokaryotes9. chitin 几丁质i. fatty acid10. circular chromosome 环状染色体j. algae11.linear chromosome线状染色体k. transport protein12. 70 S ribosomes 1. lack organelles无细胞器13. 80 S ribosomes m. posses nucleus14. Polar（两极的）flagella n. water loving 亲水性15. Peritrichous（周围的）flagella o. fungi 真菌16.bacterial flagella p. L-amino acids17. eukaryotic flagella q. D-amino acids18. fimbria 菌毛19. cilia 纤毛20. cytoskeleton 细胞骨架1.l2.m,j,o3.n4.i5.k6.p7.q8.j9.o 10.h 11.e,j,o 12.h,j,o13.e 14.b 15.f 16.a17.g 18.d 19.e 20.cTest 4 : Prokaryotes■Genus Match: (Match the Genus with the Appropriate Group)Match the Genus with the Appropriate Group:l. Spirochete 螺旋体 a. Halococcus 噬盐球菌属2.Gm- aerobic（好氧的）, motile, vibroid b. Clostridium 梭菌属3.3. Gm- aerobic cocci （球菌） c. VeiUonella4.Gm- facultative （兼性的）rod （杆状） d. Caulobacter 柄杆菌属5.5. Gm- anerobic（厌氧的）rod e. Treponema 密螺旋体6. Gm- anaerobic cocci f. Myxococcus 粘球菌7. Budding（芽殖）/appendaged g. Streptococcus 链球菌8. Fruiting body子实体h. Pyrobaculum 热棒菌属9. Gm+ cocci i. Campylobacter 弯曲杆菌10. Gm+ rods (no spores) j. Methanococcus 产甲烷球菌11. Gm+ rods (endospores内孢子) k. Listeria 李斯特菌属12. Gm+ irregular rod 1. Bacteroides 拟杆菌属13. Halophile 喜盐生物m. Neisseria 奈瑟氏菌14. Thermophile 噬热生物n. Salmonella 沙门氏菌15. Methanogen 产烷生物o. Corynebacteria 棒状杆菌l.e 2.I 3.m4.n5.16.c7.d 8.d 9.g10.k 11.b 12.o13.a 14.h 15.j■Characteristic Match: (Match the Characteristic with the Appropriate Genus or Group)Match the Characteristic with the Appropriate Genus or Group:l. Borrelia 包柔氏螺旋体 a. sulfur reducing 硫降低2. Helicobacter 螺杆菌 b. acid fast 耐酸的3. Shigella 志贺氏杆菌 c. Gm+ rod（杆状）, aerobic（需氧）,endospores （内孢子）4.Desulfovibrio 硫磷弧菌属 d. gliding 滑动5. Chlamydia 衣原体 e. psedomurein6. Anabaena 鱼腥藻 f. cyanobacteria 蓝藻细菌7. Chemolithotrophic无机化能营g. Helical（螺旋形）rod, no central fibrils （中央纤维）8. Caulobacter 柄杆菌属h. helical rod, central fibrils9. Cytophaga 纤维菌属i. filamentous 丝状的10. Staphylococcus葡萄球菌j. obligate intracellular parasite必须寄生在细胞的寄生虫11. Bacillus 芽孢杆菌k. Gm+ cocci in clusters12. Actimomycetes 1. Enterobacteriacea13. Mycoplasma 支原体m. Nitrobacter 硝化杆菌属14. Mycobacteria 分枝杆菌n. prosthecae 菌柄15. Methanogen 产甲烷菌o. fried egg1.h2.g3.14.a5.j6.f7.m 8.n 9.d10.k 11.c 12.f13.o 14.b 15.eTest 5: Eukaryotes■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)l. Fungi are considered heterotrophic（非自养的）because they obtain nutrition through: C ■. phagocytosis 吞噬作用■. endocytosis 内吞作用■. adsorption 吸附作用■. photosynthesis 光合作用2. The separation between filamentous（丝状的）fungal cells are referred to as:B■. cell walls■. septa 隔膜■. chitin 几丁质■. side walls 侧壁3. Fungi that can appear as a yeast or filamentous are referred to as:D■. Fungi imperfecti 半知菌纲■. Fungi perfecti■. cheterotrophic fungi■. dimorphic fungi4. Thick walled spores（厚壁孢子）formed within fungal cells are called:D■. Arthrospores分节孢子■. sporangiospores 包囊孢子■. blastospores 芽生孢子■. chlamydospores 后垣孢子5. Asexual fungal spores that are formed from fragmented hyphae（支离破碎的菌丝）are called:A■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. ascospores■. chlamydospores6. Asexual fungal spores formed within a sac-like structure are called:B■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. blastospores■. ascospores7. Sexual fungal spores（孢子）formed within a sac-like structure are called:D■. Chlamydospores厚垣孢子■. sporangiospores 包囊孢子■. blastospores 芽孢子■. ascospores 子囊孢子8. Which of the following classes of fungi cause hypertrophy （肥大）of cells similar to the bacterium A. tumifaciens?C■. Oomycetes■. Ascomycetes■. Chytridiomycetes■. Deuteromycetes9. Which of the following fungi are motile by two flagella（鞭毛）? A■. Oomycetes 卵菌■. Ascomycetes 子囊菌■. Chytridiomycetes 壶菌纲■. Deuteromycetes 半知菌纲10. Common bread mold（发霉）is caused by Rhizopus stolonifer匍枝根霉which is a: D■. Deuteromycete■. Ascomycete■. Basidiomycete■. Zygomycete11. Ascomycetes子囊菌can be differentiated from zygomycetes 接合菌since the ascomycetes have hyphae菌丝.B■. septated 有隔膜■. aseptated 无隔膜12. Which of the following fungi have a sexual reproductive phase? B■. Coccidiodes 球孢子菌■. Histoplasma 组织浆胞菌■. Aspergillus 曲霉■. Alternaria 链格孢属13. Which class of fungi do not have a sexual reproductive phase（有性生殖阶段）? A■. Deuteromycete 半知菌■. Ascomycete 子囊菌■. Basidiomycete 担子菌■. Zygomycete 结合菌14. The cell structures of bracket（多孔菌）fungi are referred to as: A■. Septa隔膜■. basidiocarp 担子果■. anteridium■. Zygomycet15. The toxin （毒素）from which of the following mushrooms inhibits polymerase activity（聚合酶活性）?A■. Agaricus bisporous■. Ischnorderma resinosum■. anteridium■. Zygomycet16. The common mushroom（蘑菇）belongs to which group of fungi? B■. Ascomycetes 子囊菌纲■. Basidiomycetes 担子菌纲■. Chytridiomycetes 壶菌纲■. Deuteromycetes 半知菌纲17. Which of the following Deuteromycetes（半知菌）are often colored green and the conidiospores（分生孢子）are arranged in a brush shape?A■. Penicillium 青霉菌■. Alternaria 链格孢属■. Coccidiodes 球孢子菌■. Geotrichum 地霉菌属18. All of the following algae are green with the exception of D■. Euglena 裸藻■. Volvox 团藻■. Spirogyra 绿藻■. Nemalion19. Which algae contain a red pigmented area known as the eyespot?（眼点） B■. Euglenoids■. Chlorophycophyta■. Rhodophycophyta■. Phaeophycophyta20. The outer layer of Euglena（裸藻）is called: C■. cell wall■. fmstule■. pellicle 菌膜■. blade21. Xanthophyll pigments give algae a color. C■. red■. blue■. yellow■. green22. Which of the following algae are closer phylogenetically（系统发育）to higher plants（高等植物）? C■. brown algae■. yellow-green algae■. red algae■. green algae23. The storage material, paramylon, is made in which of the following groups of algae（藻类）?A■. euglenoid 眼虫藻■. red algae 红藻■. green algae 绿藻■. brown algae 褐藻24. The mouth of a ciliated protozoa（有纤毛的原生动物）is called a: B■. Phagosome吞噬体■. cytosome 胞质体■. lysosome 溶酶体■. porosome25. Sarcodina （肉足纲）are protozoa that are propelled （推进）by:B■. flagella■. cilia■. pseudopodia■. they are technically nonmotile26. Trypanosomes（椎体虫）belong to which group of protozoa: A■. pseudopodia formers■. ciliates■. spore formers27. Plasmodium 疟原虫is grouped as a:D■. flagellates■. pseudopodia formers■. ciliates■. spore formers28. The mature form of spore （孢子）forming protozoa （原生动物）are called: C■. protozoites■. sporozoites■. trophozoites■. cytozoite29. Paramecium （草履虫）are classified as: C■. Flagellates鞭毛虫类■. pseudopodia（伪足）formers■. ciliates 纤毛虫类■. spore formers 芽孢菌30. The resting stage of a protozoa （原生动物）are called:D■. Trophozoites营养体■. sporozoites 孢子体■. saprozoites 腐生动物■. cysts 囊肿■Fill in the Blank1. Unicellular fungi are called __yeasts____.2. Filamentous fungi form branching structures called _hyphae_____.3. The most common form of reproduction in yeasts occurs by __budding____.4.Silica is found in the cell wall of __diatoms____.5. The external structures of mushrooms are referred to as ___fruiting_bodies_.6. The growth of fungi can be expressed by (_measuring the increase in the mass of the fungus____).7. Red tide is caused by a toxin released by the organism, Gonyaulax, which belongs to the __fire algae____ group of fungi.8. Agar is made from this group of algae: __brown algae____.9.Trypanosoma gambiense causes the disease __African sleeping sickness____.10. A flagellate protozoa that can be found in mountain streams and causes diarrhea is __Giardia____.Test 6: Bacterial Growth and Reproduction■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.In bacterial cultures, growth can be demonstrated by an increase in: C■.mass■.cell size■.cell number2.DNA replication in bacteria is controlled by: B■.cell size■.cell division 细胞分裂■.cell separation■.cell initiation3.During which phase of bacterial growth is there an increase in cell size but not in cell number? A■.lag 滞后■.log 对数■.stationary 稳定期■.exponential 指数期4. The generation time（寿命）for bacteria is determined by: D■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from the time the culture （培养）was initiated until the beginning of stationary phase 稳定期■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from lag phase（迟滞期）to death phase衰亡期■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the end of stationary phase■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the beginning of stationary phase5. Most pathogenic bacteria（致病菌）are considered: B■.psychrophiles 嗜冷微生物■.mesophiles 嗜温微生物■.thermophiles 嗜熱菌■.merophiles6. Bacteria that grow at low nutrient concentrations（营养浓度）are referred to as:D■.autotrophs 自养生物■.phototrophs 光合自养微生物■.copiotrophs■.oligotrophs7. In times of nutrient deficiencies（营养不足）, the bacteria Clostridium（芽孢杆菌）produce____until conditions are permissive for vegetative growth.（营养生长）B ■.prosthecae 菌柄■.spores 芽孢■.stalks 茎杆■.fruiting bodies 子实体8. The temperature of the incubator（恒温箱）was raised from 15~(2 to 35~(2. The cultures（培养物）in the incubator demonstrated a____fold increase in enzymatic（酶活性）activity. B ■.two■.four■.eight■.twenty9. Organisms that grow at or near their optimal（最佳的）growth temperature are called:B■.stenothermal（狭温性的）bacteria■.euthermal bacteria■.cauldoactive bacteria■.mesophilic bacteria 嗜常温菌10. All of the following are toxic oxygen products（有毒氧化产物）except: D■.02■.OH-■.H20■.H20211.Catalase（过氧化氢酶）, which is produced by Staphylococci（葡萄球菌）, catalyzes（催化）which of the following reactions?C■.202+ 2H+ →2H202 + 02■.2H202→2H20 + 02■.H202 + NADH + H+→2H20 + NAD■.H202 + e- + H+→H2O + OH-12. A saturated solution（饱和溶液）of NaC1 has a water activity index of:C■.1.0■.0.90■.0.80■.0.7013. Organisms that can grow at a water index（指数，标准）at or below that of NaCI are called:A■.xero tolerant 耐旱的■.salt tolerant 耐盐的■.meso tolerant■.salo tolerant14. All of the following organisms will survive an environment of 0.9 Aw（水分活度）except: D■.Lactobacillus 乳酸菌■.Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌■.Saccharomyces 酵母菌■.SpiriUum15. Halophiles （嗜盐微生物）are classified as organisms that require ____for growth. B■.sugar■.salt■.water■.air16. Osmophiles （嗜高渗菌）require a ____Aw水分活度for growth. B■.low■.high17. The pressure exerted on a cell due to high solute concentrations is referred to as:A■.osmotic pressure 渗透压■.hydrostatic pressure 液体静压力■.barometric pressure 气压■.surface tension 表面张力18. A diver encountered a new bacterial isolate while she was diving at 1000 m. The organism will be classified （归类为）as: D■.marine■.barotolerant■.barophilic 适压的■.normal19. Fungi can be differentiated from most bacteria by culturing（培养）at:B■.marine 海洋■.low pH■.neutral pH20. All phototacfic bacteria respond to light by: D■.moving away from the source of light 远离光源■.moving toward the source of light 向光源移动■.increasing the movement of their flagella 增加鞭毛■.creating gas vesicles to rise to the surface 产生气泡浮出水面■Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that grow best above 40oC are called__thermophile____.2. Organisms that grow best below 20oC are called___psychrophile___.3. Organisms that grow best between 20 and 40oC are called _mesophile_____.4.Myxobacteria form unique structures called _fruiting body_____ to cope with nutrient deficiencies.5. Bacteria that grow only at reduced oxygen concentrations are called __obligate anaerobe_____.6. Bacteria that require oxygen for growth are called__obligate aerobe___.7. Bacteria that grow at high nutrient concentrations are called __copiotroph____.8. Caulobacter is an example of a _stalked_____ bacteria.9.At temperatures above the optimum, E. coli and other bacteria induce a change in gene expression called___heat shock response___.10. A change in hydrostatic pressure of 10 atm is experience with an increase in depth of ___100___ m.■MatchingCell Cycle Matching:l. C a. cell enlargement2. M b. condensation of chromosomes 染色质的浓缩3. G1 c. replication of the genome 基因组的复制4. G2 d. separation of chromosomes 染色体的分离5. S e. cell division 细胞分裂1.e2.d3.a4.b5.cTest 7: Control of Microbial Growth■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.Chemicals used on the body to control microorganisms are called:A(使用于尸体上用以抑制细菌生长的化学物质被称为）■.antiseptics 防腐剂■.disinfectants 消毒剂■.antibiotics 抗生素。
微生物英语试题
临床微生物出科英语试卷年级：姓名：分数：一．英汉互译。
1.专性厌氧菌2.peptidoglycan3. 质粒4.metachromatic gramule5. 革兰染色6. 芽胞7.迁徙生长现象8.Weil—Felix9.anaerobic bacteria 10.satellite phenomenon 11.解脲脲原体12.fungus 13.yeast 14.丝状菌15.hypha 16.孢子17.chlamydospore18.Mycoplasma19. 灭活20. prion二．选择题。
1．测定人群对白喉有无免疫力，需要进行哪种试验？Ａ．Dick's test Ｂ．Schultz-Charlton's test Ｃ．Schick's test Ｄ．Elek's test 2 .检验饮水被肠道传染病原污染，常以哪种细菌作为指示？Ａ．Dycentery bacilli Ｂ．Salmonella typhi Ｃ．Escherichia coli Ｄ．Vibrio cholera 3．下列哪种细菌，一般不引起食物中毒？Ａ．Staph aureus Ｂ．Salmonella Ｃ．Shig ella bacilli Ｄ．Clos tridium welchii 4．疱疹病毒不包括：A HSVB VZVC CMVD HBVE EBV三．英文文献翻译。
Thiomonas genus is a group of facutatively autotrophi sulphur-oxidizing bacteria formerly belonging to the genus Thiobacillus. Thiomonas genus was created with the former Thiobacillus species Thiomonas intermedia, Thiomonascuprina, Thiomonas perometabolis and Thiomonas thermosulfatabased on their distinctive feature of growing autotrophically,heterotrophically as well as mixotrophically and their phylogenetic relatedness (Moreira and Amils 1997). Recently, a few new Thiomonas strains, which were able to oxidize iron (Dennison et al. 2001; Coupland et al. 2003) or arsenic (Battaglia-Brunet et al. 2002; Bruneel et al. 2003;Coupland et al. 2003), have been isolated from acid-minedrainage. However, there has been no report so far on the application of Thiomonas species in biological deodorization.In our screening programme to obtain active sulphur oxidizers for biological deodorization, a Thiomonas strain that was able to oxidize H2S and some other reduced sulphur compounds was isolated from an activated sludge sample in Singapore. This paper describes the isolation and characterization of this sulphur-oxidizing bacterium. Furthermore,data from a continuous H2S removal study are also presented to demonstrate the potential application of this bacterium in biological deodorization processes.。
食品微生物复习题答案(英文版)
Test 1: Development of MicrobiologyMultiple-choice:1.The fundamental(基本的) unit of all living organisms is the:所有生物体的基本单位是A. membraneB. cellC. nucleusD. cell wallanisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to as:（不具有真正细胞核的生物叫做：）A. Fungi（真菌）B. Eukaryotic（真核生物）C. prokaryotic （原核生物）D. nankaryotic3.The three kingdom classification system of organisms was proposed by:谁提出···A. PasteurB. BaconC. Winogradsky4.Fungi真菌differ from bacteria细菌in a number of characteristics特征. The cell walls infungi are composed of 由…组成, while the cell walls of bacteria are composed ofB. Phospholipids（磷脂）C. proteinD. Glucosamine（氨基葡糖）5.The first microscopes were developed by:A.EhrlichB. Metchnikoff D. Lister6.Control of microbial can be accomplished by chemical orimmune mechanisms免疫机制. The first report on the production of an antibiotic抗生素is credited to:A. ListerB. FlemingC. EhrlichD. Koch7.The term "antibiotic（抗菌的；抗生素）" means:A. a substance produced by the laboratory（化工厂，药厂）that kills or inhibits other microorganismsD. a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells8. The first documented use of a vaccine疫苗for smallpox天花was reported by the English physician:A. ListerB. FloreyC. FlemingD. Jenner9.The genetic material遗传物质of a bacteria is located in the molecule（分子）:A．RNA B. DNA C. protein D. lipidFILL IN BLANKS:anisms that contain a true nucleus are called_eukaryotic__（真核生物）____2.3.菌）_.4._anaerobes（厌氧菌）_ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen（氧分子）.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize（合成）complex organic compounds （有机复合物）from CO2 are called _autotroph（自养生物）_.6. _phototrophs（光养生物）are microorganisms that obtain（获得）their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7. Heterotroph（异养生物）require organic compounds有机物for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as_thermophile（极端嗜热生物）_.9. _methanogen（产烷菌）_ are organisms that produce methane（甲烷）from CO2.10. _halophile_（嗜盐微生物）____organisms grow under conditions of high salinity（盐分）.11. Eubacteria真细菌can exhibit（显现，展示）a number of morphological shapes（形态）. Identify four: a._spherical（球状）or cocci_____ b._cylindrical（圆柱状）or rod（杆状）_____c._spirality（螺旋状）_____d._irregular（无规则）or filamen（丝状体）12.Fungi真菌, algae藻类and protozoa can be differentiated（区别，鉴别）from bacteria by the following characteristic:_eukaryotic_真核细胞_____ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _chitin（几丁质）______.14.Viruses consist of _nucleic acid_核酸____surrounded by a protein coat.15. The theory spontaneous generation 自然发生说of held that living organisms couldarise from nonliving matter来自非生命物质.16.The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms by moderate heating is called用适度加热来减少活生物体的过程叫：_pasteurization（巴斯德消毒法、巴氏消毒法）_ . 17.The process of tyndallization间歇性灭菌过程uses repeated heating重复加热toeliminate消除or_ _sterilize_消毒____ microorganisms from solutions.18.18 .An _antibiotic（抗生素）______is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits orkills other microorganisms.19. The process of stimulating（刺激）the immune（免疫）defenses （防御）of the body is referred to as__immunization（免疫）_____.20. A substance in serum（血清）that can neutralize（使无效，抵消）foreign material is referred to as _antitoxin_（抗毒素）____or __antibody（抗体）____.21.Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic to pathogenic strains of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of _DNA_.22. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact直接接触is referred to as__conjugation （结合，组合）.23. _transformation__(转移)___ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.Test 2: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms1.Eukaryotic membranes真核细胞膜can be differentiated from prokaryotic membranes 原核细胞膜because eukaryotic membranes contain as part of the lipid component脂质成分of the membrane.A.phosphates磷酸盐类B. fatty acids脂肪酸类C, proteins蛋白类 D. sterols甾醇类2.A. C. trilayer model D. permeable （可渗透的）model3.The movement运动of water molecules水分子across the membrane in response to aconcentration（浓度）gradient（坡度）is referred to as:A. Diffusion（扩散作用）B. Osmosis（渗透作用）C. TranslocationD. transport4.The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate区分molecules that enter or exit the cell andact as a ____ barrier屏障.A. semipermanent （非永久性的）B. Semitransparent（磨砂）C. Semipermeable（半透性）D. semidiffuse5. Movement of molecules at an enhanced（增大）rate across the membrane is called:A. facilitated diffusion（促进扩散）B. passive diffusion（被动扩散）C. Osmosis（渗透作用）D. Permeation（渗透作用）6. Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules分子运输机制with chemicalalteration?A. active transport C. facilitated diffusion易化扩散D. binding protein transport蛋白质转运7. Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes原核?A. active transportC. facilitated diffusionD. binding protein transport8. Lysozyme溶菌酶and penicillin青霉素have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaksthis component; penicillin prevents its formation .A.Lipopolysaccharide(脂多糖类)B.Phospholipid磷脂Peptidoglycan肽聚糖D. teichoic acid（胞壁酸）9. Partial（胞壁酸）destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme（胞壁酸酶，溶菌酶）leavesa cell called a:A. protoplast原生质体 C. periplast （周质体） D. Capsule（荚膜）10. DNA transfers（转录）information to make proteins in molecules referred to as:A. iRNA C. rRNA D. tRNA11. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 内质网is a membranous （膜的）structure within eukaryotic cells. It is the site for protein synthesis and for storage（贮存）and transportation of molecules out of the cell. Which part of the ER is used for protein synthesis?A. golgi apparatus（高尔基体） C. smooth ER D. Microbody （微体）12. Gram-positive（革兰氏阳性菌）bacteria can be differentiated from Gram-negative bacteriasince the peptidoglycan（肽聚糖）layer comprises包括____% of the cell wall.A. 90B. 50C. 30D.1013. Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cell?A. cell membraneB. a nucleoidC. Ribosomes（核糖体）D. Capsule（荚膜）14. Pili菌毛are tubular（管状的）shafts in bacteria that serve as a means of .A. gram-positive, genetic exchangeB. gram-positive, attachmentC. gram-negative, genetic exchangeD. gram-negative, protection15. Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function细菌细胞壁的主要功能?A. transportB. motilityC. supportD. Adhension（附着）16. Which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram-negative cell wall?A. an outer membrane（外包膜）B. peptidoglycan （肽聚糖）C. teichoic acid （胞壁酸）D. Lipopolysaccharides（多脂糖类）17. Mesosomes（间体，中膜体）are internal extensions（延伸）of theA. cell wallB. cell membraneC. Chromosome（染色体）D. capsule18. Bacterial endospores内生孢子function inA. reproductionB. survivalC. Protein synthesisD. storage19. A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a .A. Micrococcus（球球状菌）B. Tetrad（四分体）C. Diplococcus（双球菌）D. sacina20. In general, if two haploid （单倍体）cells fuse, will result.A. a germ cellB. Mitosis（细胞有丝分裂）C. a diploid zygote（二倍体合子）D. Meiosis（减数分裂）21. The cell wall is found in which eukaryotes:A. fungiB. algaeC. ProtozoaD. A and B22. Yeasts酵母菌are fungi, and molds霉菌are fungi.A. macroscopic, microscopicB. Unicellular（单细胞的）, filamentous（丝状的）C. Motile（能动的）, nonmotileD. water, terrestrial（陆生的）23. In general, fungi derive nutrients throughA. Photosynthesis（光合作用）B. engulfing bacteria （吞噬细菌）C. digesting organic substrates分解有机物D. Parasitism（寄生）24. A hypha（菌丝）divided into compartments（划分）by cross walls is called .A. nonseptateB. imperfectC. Septate（有隔膜的）D. perfect25. A conidium（分生孢子）is a/an spore, and a zygospore（接合孢子）is a/an spore.A. Sexual（有性的）, asexualB. free, endo（内部的）C. Ascomycete（子囊菌类）,basidiomycete（担子菌类）D. asexual, sexual26.Algae generally contain some types ofA. sporeB. Chlorophyll（叶绿素）C. locomotor organelle（可移动的细胞器）D. Toxin（毒素）27. Mitochondria（线粒体）likely originated fromA. archaeaB. Invaginations（套入部分）of the cell membraneC. purple bacteria（紫细菌）D. cyanobacteria （蓝细菌）28. A virus is a tiny infectious感染A. cellB. living thingC. Particle（颗粒）D. nucleic acid29. Virus are known to infectA. plantsB. bacteriaC. fungiD. all organisms30. The capsid （衣壳）is composed of protein subunits calledA. spikesB. Virions（病毒粒子）C. Protomers（原聚体）D. Capsomers（衣壳粒）31. The envelope外壳of an animal virus is derived from来自the of its host cell.A. cell wallB. cell membraneC. Glycolyx（糖被）D. Receptors（受体）32. The nucleic acid of a virus isA. DNA onlyB. RNA onlyC. both DNA and RNAD. either DNA or RNA33. The general steps in a viral multiplication增殖cycle areA. Adsorption（吸附）, penetration（侵入）, replication（复制）, maturation（成熟）, and release（释放）B. endocytosis, uncoating, replication, assembly, and buddingC. adsorption, uncoating, duplication, assembly, and lysisD. endocytosis, penetration, replication, maturation, and exocytosis34. A prophage（原噬菌体）is an early stage in the development of a/anA. bacterial virusB. Poxvirus（痘病毒）C. Lytic（细胞溶解酶的）virusD. enveloped virus35. Enveloped viruses carry surface receptors called包膜病毒进行表面受体称为A. Buds（芽体）B. Spikes（刺突）C. fibersD. Sheaths（芽鞘）36. Viruses cannot be cultivated inA. tissue culture组织培养B. live mammals哺乳动物C. bird embryos鸟胚D. blood agar（血琼脂）37. The protein coat structure of the virus is called a:A. coatB. envelopC. receptorD.capsid衣壳38. The composition组成of the envelop包围of some viruses is:A. phospholipids and proteins coded by the viral genomeB. phospholipids磷脂and proteins coded编码by the host genome宿主基因组C. phospholipids coded by the host genome and proteins coded by the viral genomeD. phospholipids coded by the viral genome and proteins coded by the host genome39. In some cases intact（完整的）viruses are not needed to infect感染a cell. Infectious传染性protein molecules that can cause disease are given the term:A.Prions（朊病毒）B. Viroids（类病毒）C. Capsomers（衣壳粒）D.Virions（病毒粒子）FILL IN BLANKS:1.Most cells use energy in the form of_ ATP__ to run the cell.2. The region区域between the outer membrane外膜in Gram-negative bacteria and the cell wallis called the _periplasmic space（周质间隙）___.2.Extrachromosomal （染色体外的）DNA elements found in bacteria are called_plasmids（质粒）_______.3.The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the _cytoplasm_（细胞质）______.4.The hereditary（遗传的，世代的）organelle（细胞器）of eukaryotic真核cells is calledthe _nucleus细胞核_____.5.Bacteria stained by the gram method fall into two groups: Gram positive bacteria (G+), appeardeep violet（紫色）in color; Gram negative bacteria (G-) appear red红in color.6.Staphylococcus aureus金黄色葡萄球菌stained by the gram method appear deep violet incolor7.Escherichia coli 大肠杆菌stained by the gram method appear red in color.8.The cell walls of most Gram-positive eubacteria have peptidoglycan肽聚糖and teichoicacids磷壁酸.9.The outer membrane of the Gram-negative cell wall contains phospholipid磷脂on its innersurface and lipopolysaccharide（脂多糖类）(LPS) on its outer surface.10.Among the more prominent（凸起的）PHB and glycogen碳存储聚合物–PHB及糖原、Granules硫磺颗粒、Gas V acuoles气泡。
微生物英文考试
The Final Examination of Medical Microbiology（2001级临床医学七年制）（A）I. Explain the following terms （3 points for each, total 18 points ）1. Pyrogen2. Virion3. Biofilms4. BCG5. M protein6. antigenic shiftII. Fill the blanks: （0.5 point for each, total 10points）1. The shapes of medically important bacteria are classified into the following general forms: coccus, bacillus and .2. In order to identify bacteria, we should choose _____________________-phase bacteria.3. The major function of sex pilus is .4. Mechanisms of bacterial variation involve ____________________ and genetic transfer and recombination .5. The steady state of viral infection include_______________________ and ___________________ .6. HBV is an oncogenic virus which is associated with _____________________ .7. P. carinii pneumonia (PCP), that continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with AIDS, is a kind of an _____________________________ infection.8. In the unique life-cycle of chlamydia, there are twoforms__________________ and _____________________.9. In order to find tubercle bacilli in the sputum of the patience, we shouldstain the specimen by_________________stain.10. The major pathogenic factor of clostridium tetani is______________.11. Among the invasive enzymes of A group streptococcus,_____________ can resolve the DNA leading to the bacteria spread.12. The pathogenic mechanism of cholera toxin is similar to that of the____________ produced by ETEC.13. The helper virus of HDV is___________________.14. Condyloma acuminatum is related to ____________________.15.The pathogen of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is_____________________.16.Group___________ virus of Coxsackievirus can cause myocarditis.17.The virus associated with severe infantile diarrhea is_____________________.18. The cause of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) is__________________.III. Choice questions. Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions and mark each of your answers with a tick.（1.5 points for each, total 15 points）1. Which of the following concepts is (are) associated with L form ofbacteria:A. cell wall deficient formB. “fried egg” coloniesC. high osmotic mediaD. can’t grow in free oxygen condition.2. The presence of endotoxin or bacterial lipopolysaccharide:A. causes shock and vasodilation by induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF).B. is a chemotactic factor for macrophages.C. induces fever by acting directly on the hypothalamus.D. causes complement fixation.3. Which of the following statement about plasmid is (are) correct?A. extrochromosomal genetic substanceB. autonomous replicationC. transfer from a bacteria to anotherD. control most of auxiliary functions4. About the mechanisms of viral variation, which of the following statements is (are) correct:A. MutationB. RecombinationC. conjuqationD. reassortment5. HBV vaccine now used is a kind of _________________ vaccine.A. gene engineering vaccineB. subunit vaccineC. attenuated-live vaccineD. inactivated vaccine6.Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall contains several complex lipids, which of the following components is/are used to enhance the immune response to many antigens in experimental animals?A. sulfatideB. wax DC. phosphatideD. cord factor7. which of the following microbes is/are an/the obligate intracellular parasite(s)?A mycobacteriumB chlamydiaC rickettsiaD mycoplasma8. all of the following bacteria can produce exotoxin except(s)A. V. choleraB. tuberculosisC. S. aureusD. EIEC9. Which of the following types of viral infection is (are) related to herpesviruses?A. latent infectionB. integrated infectionC. congenital infectionD.slow virus infection10. About pathogenic funci, which of the following states are (is) correct:A.Shallow fungi infection skin, nail and hair---cause tineaB.Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans often cause opportunityfungi infections.C.Cryptococcus neoformans possesses a thin capsuleD.Candida albicans can cause mucocutaneous infection and organinfectionsIV. Answer the following questions briefly. （6 points for each, total 30 points）1. Describe the replication cycle of a virus which the figure shows below.2. Describe the characteristics of antivirus activity of IFN.3. Explain the pathogenic mechanism of V.cholera .4. Describe the Ags ＆Abs of HBV.5. Describe briefly the pathogenesis mechanisms of HIV infection.V. Answer the following questions. （total 12 points.）To compare the mechanisms of anti-virus therapy with anti-bacteria therapy.。
医学微生物英语试题
Part 1 Single Best Choice Questions （40 1 point=40 pts）Instruction：(1）Mark the letter that corresponds to the right answer in the formatted ANSWER SHEET with 2B PENCIL。
Since the marks are read by computer，answers in this question sheet will not be collected。
(2) For one question, only one letter is permitted to be darkened，otherwise，it will be recognize as wrong by the computer。
(3）Do not forget to mark your student ID number and write in your name。
1。
Bacteria that lack cell walls and do not synthesize the precursors of peptidoglycan are calledA。
SpirochetesB。
ChlamydiaeC。
MycoplasmasD。
L formsE。
Bacilli2。
Each of the following is a typical property of obligate anaerobe EXCEPTA. They generate energy by using the cytochrome systemB. They grow best in the absence of airC. They lack superoxide dismutaseD. They lack catalaseE。
生物英文考试题及答案详解
生物英文考试题及答案详解一、选择题1. Which of the following is not a basic unit of life?A. CellB. OrganC. TissueD. MoleculeAnswer: D. MoleculeExplanation: Molecules are the building blocks of cells but are not considered a basic unit of life. Cells, tissues, and organs are all composed of cells and are essential for life processes.2. What is the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy?A. RespirationB. FermentationC. PhotosynthesisD. TranspirationAnswer: C. PhotosynthesisExplanation: Photosynthesis is the process through which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose molecules.二、填空题1. The genetic material in all living organisms is either _______ or _______.Answer: DNA; RNAExplanation: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two types of nucleic acids that carry genetic information in living organisms.2. The process of an organism developing from a fertilized egg to a mature individual is called _______.Answer: DevelopmentExplanation: Development refers to the series of changes that occur in an organism from the time of fertilization until it reaches maturity.三、简答题1. What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?Answer: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.Explanation: The primary distinction between these two types of cells is the presence or absence of a nucleus. Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, have their genetic material dispersed in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotes, including plants and animals, have their genetic material enclosedwithin a nuclear membrane.四、论述题1. Discuss the role of DNA in the inheritance of traits.Answer: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule responsible for carrying genetic information in all living organisms. It contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce. DNA is composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases pair up with each other (A with T, and C with G) to form a double helix structure. The sequence of these bases along the DNA molecule encodes the genetic information that determines an organism's traits. During reproduction, DNA is replicated and passed on to offspring, ensuring the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next.结束语：This examination paper has covered a range of topics in biology, from basic concepts to more complex processes, aiming to test the students' understanding and application of biological knowledge. It is hoped that through this test, students can identify areas for improvement and continue to deepen their study of biology.。
微生物复习题具答案
Test 1: Development of MicrobiologyMultiple-choice:1.The fundamental unit of all living organisms is the:A. membraneB. cellC. nucleusD. cell wallanisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to as:A. fungiB. eukaryoticC. prokaryoticD. nankaryotic3.The three kingdom classification system of organisms was proposed by:A. PasteurB. BaconC. Winogradsky4.Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi are composed of , while thecell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycanB. phospholipidsC. proteinD. glucosamine5.The first microscopes were developed by:A.EhrlichB. Metchnikoff D. Lister6.The term "antibiotic" means:A. a substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganismsB. a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits moldsD. a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells7.The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:A.RNAB. DNAC. proteinD. lipidFILL IN BLANKS:anisms that contain a true nucleus are called_eukaryotic______2.Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _prokaryotic______3.Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the _archaea and the _eubacteria_.4._anaerobes_ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2 are called _autotroph_.6. _phototrophs are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7. Heterotroph require organic compounds for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as_thermophile_.9. _methanogen_ are organisms that produce methane from CO2.10. _halophile_____organisms grow under conditions of high salinity.11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a._spherical or cocci_____b._cylindrical or rod_____c._ spirals _____d._irregular or filament____丝状体_12.Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the following characteristic:_eukaryotic______ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _chitin______.14.Viruses consist of _nucleic acid_____surrounded by a protein coat.15.The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms by moderate heating is called: _pasteurization_ .18 .An _antibiotic______is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.19. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as__immunization_____.20. A substance in serum that can neutralize foreign material is referred to as _antitoxin_____or __antibody____.22. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as__conjugation____.23. _thansformation_____ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.Test 2: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms2.The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the:C. trilayer modelD. permeable model3.The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to a concentration gradient is referred toas:A. diffusionB. osmosisC. translocationD. transport4.The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules that enter or exit the cell and act as a ____ barrier.A. semipermanentB. SemitransparentC. SemipermeableD. semidiffuse5. Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called:A. facilitated diffusionB. passive diffusionC. OsmosisD. permeation6. Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules with chemical alteration?7. Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes?A. active transportC. facilitated diffusionD. binding protein transport8. Lysozyme and penicillin have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks this component; penicillinprevents its formation .A. lipopolysaccharideB. Phospholipid D. teichoic acid9. Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a:A. protoplast C. periplast D. capsule10. DNA transfers information to make proteins in molecules referred to as:A. iRNA rRNA D. tRNA11. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous structure within eukaryotic cells. It is the site for protein synthesis and for storage and transportation of molecules out of the cell. Which part of the ER is used for proteinsynthesis?D. microbody12. Gram-positive bacteria can be differentiated from Gram-negative bacteria since the peptidoglycan layercomprises ____% of the cell wall.A. 90B. 50C. 30D.1013. Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cell?A. cell membraneB. a nucleoidC. ribosomesD. capsule14. Pili are tubular shafts in bacteria that serve as a means of .A. gram-positive, genetic exchangeB. gram-positive, attachmentC. gram-negative, genetic exchangeD. gram-negative, protection15. Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function?A. transportB. motilityC. supportD. adhension16. Which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram-negative cell wall?A. an outer membraneB. peptidoglycanC. teichoic acidD. lipopolysaccharides17. Mesosomes are internal extensions of theA. cell wallB. cell membraneC. chromosomeD. capsule18. Bacterial endospores function inA. reproductionB. survivalC. Protein synthesisD. storage19. A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a .A. micrococcusB. tetradC. DiplococcusD. sacina20. In general, if two haploid cells fuse, will result.A. a germ cellB. mitosisC. a diploid zygoteD. meiosis21. The cell wall is found in which eukaryotes:A. fungiB. algaeC. ProtozoaD. A and B22. Yeasts are fungi, and molds are fungi.A. macroscopic, microscopicB. unicellular, filamentousC. motile, nonmotileD. water, terrestrial23. In general, fungi derive nutrients throughA. photosynthesisB. engulfing bacteriaC. digesting organic substratesD. parasitism24. A hypha divided into compartments by cross walls is called .A. nonseptateB. imperfectC. septateD. perfect25. A conidium is a/an spore, and a zygospore is a/an spore.A. sexual, asexualB. free, endoC. ascomycete,basidiomyceteD. asexual, sexual26.Algae generally contain some types ofA. sporeB. chlorophyllC. locomotor organelleD. toxin27. Mitochondria likely originated fromA. archaeaB. invaginations of the cell membraneC. purple bacteriaD. cyanobacteria28. A virus is a tiny infectiousA. cellB. living thingC. particleD. nucleic acid29. Virus are known to infectA. plantsB. bacteriaC. fungiD. all organisms30. The capsid is composed of protein subunits calledA. spikesB. virionsC. protomersD. capsomers31. The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the of its host cell.A. cell wallB. cell membraneC. glycolyxD. receptors32. The nucleic acid of a virus isA. DNA onlyB. RNA onlyC. both DNA and RNAD. either DNA or RNA33. The general steps in a viral multiplication cycle areA. adsorption, penetration, replication, maturation, and releaseB. endocytosis, uncoating, replication, assembly, and buddingC. adsorption, uncoating, duplication, assembly, and lysisD. endocytosis, penetration, replication, maturation, and exocytosis34. A prophage is an early stage in the development of a/anA. bacterial virusB. poxvirusC. lytic virusD. enveloped virus35. Enveloped viruses carry surface receptors calledA. budsB. spikesC. fibersD. sheaths36. Viruses cannot be cultivated inA. tissue cultureB. live mammalsC. bird embryosD. blood agar37. The protein coat structure of the virus is called a:A. coatB. envelopC. receptorD.capsid38. The composition of the envelop of some viruses is:A. phospholipids and proteins coded by the viral genomeB. phospholipids and proteins coded by the host genomeC. phospholipids coded by the host genome and proteins coded by the viral genomeD. phospholipids coded by the viral genome and proteins coded by the host genome39. In some cases intact viruses are not needed to infect a cell. Infectious protein molecules that can cause disease are given the term:A.prionsB. viroidsC. CapsomersD.VirionsFILL IN BLANKS:1.Most cells use energy in the form of_ A TP__ to run the cell.2. The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative bacteria and the cell wall is called the _periplasmic space___.2.Extrachromosomal DNA elements found in bacteria are called_plasmids_______.3.The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the _cytoplasm_______.4.The hereditary organelle of eukaryotic cells is called the _nucleus_____.5.Bacteria stained by the gram method fall into two groups: Gram positive bacteria (G+), appear deep violet incolor; Gram negative bacteria (G-) appear red in color.6.Staphylococcus aureus金黄色葡萄球菌stained by the gram method appear deep violet in color7.Escherichia coli 大肠杆菌stained by the gram method appear red in color.8.The cell walls of most Gram-positive eubacteria have peptidoglycan and teichoic acids.9.The outer membrane of the Gram-negative cell wall contains phospholipid on its inner surface andlipopolysaccharide (LPS) on its outer surface.10.Among the more prominent bacterial inclusions are Carbon storage polymers – PHB and glycogen、Phosphatepolymer、Sulfur Granules、Gas Vacuoles。
医学微生物英语试题
P a r t1S i n g l e B e s t C h o i c e Q u e s t i o n s(40 1p o i n t=40p t s)Instruction: (1) Mark the letter that corresponds to the right answer in the formatted ANSWER SHEET with 2B PENCIL. Since the marks are read by computer, answers in this question sheet will not be collected. (2) For one question, only one letter is permitted to be darkened, otherwise, it will be recognize as wrong by the computer. (3) Do not forget to mark your student ID number and write in your name.1. Bacteria that lack cell walls and do not synthesize the precursors of peptidoglycan are calledA. SpirochetesB. ChlamydiaeC. MycoplasmasD. L formsE. Bacilli2. Each of the following is a typical property of obligate anaerobe EXCEPTA. They generate energy by using the cytochrome systemB. They grow best in the absence of airC. They lack superoxide dismutaseD. They lack catalaseE. Tetanus is caused by a typical obligate anaerobe3. . Which one of the following agents lacks nucleic acid?A. BacteriaB. VirusesC. ViroidsD. PrionsE. Protozoa4. Which one of the following most correctly describes vaccines containing live, attenuated (weaken) pathogens? A. Pathogen does not multiply in human hostsB. They provide extended, sometimes life-long immunityC. There is no possibility for reversion to pathogenic formD. They provide little cell-mediated immunityE. They are administered by injection5. Each of the following statements concerning the killing of bacteria is correct EXCEPTA. A 70% solution of ethanol kills more effectively than absolute (100%) ethanolB. An autoclave uses steam under pressure to reach the killing temperature of 121 oCC. The pasteurization of milk kills pathogens but allows many organisms and spores to surviveD. Iodine kills by causing the formation of thymine dimers in the bacterial DNAE. Ultraviolet is widely used to disinfect the air of a room6. A patient presents with severe colitis associated with an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile (艰难梭菌) in the lower bowel. The most likely cause of this condition isA. botulinum food poisoningB. a stomach ulcerC. a compromised immune systemD. abtibiotic therapyE. mechanical blockage of the large intestine7. The growth rate of bacteria during the exponential phase of growth isA. ZeroB. IncreasingC. ConstantD. DecreasingE. Negative8.?A principal criterion for the diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is observation of bacteria in a sample ofA. urineB. spinal fluidC. salivaD. throat swabE. sputum9. Each of the following statements concerning peptidoglycan is correct EXCEPTA. It has a backbone composed of alternating units of muramic acid and acetylglucosamineB. Cross-links between the tetrapeptides involve D-alanineC. It is thinner in gram-positive than in gram-negative cellsD. It can be degraded by lysozymeE. It can be degraded by penicillin10. Each of the following is a typical property of obligate anaerobe EXCEPTA. They generate energy by using the cytochrome systemB. They grow best in the absence of airC. They lack superoxide dismutaseD. They lack catalaseE. Tetanus is caused by a typical obligate anaerobe11. The effects of antibody on bacteria include each of the following EXCEPTA. Lysis of gram-negative bacteria in conjunction with complementB. Augmentation of phagocytosisC. Increase in the frequency of lysogenyD. Inhibition of adherence of bacteria to mucosal surfacesE. Neutralize exotoxins12. Each of the following statements concerning exotoxins is correct EXCEPTA. Exotoxins are polypeptidesB. Exotoxins are more easily inactivated by heat than are endotoxinsC. Exotoxins are less toxic than the same amount of endotoxinsD. Exotoxins can be converted to toxoidsE. Exotoxins are usually composed of two subunits including binding subunit and active subunit13. Each of the following statements concerning the killing of bacteria is correct EXCEPTA. A 70% solution of ethanol kills more effectively than absolute (100%) ethanolB. An autoclave uses steam under pressure to reach the killing temperature of 121 oCC. The pasteurization of milk kills pathogens but allows many organisms and spores to surviveD. Iodine kills by causing the formation of thymine dimers in the bacterial DNAE. Ultraviolet is widely used to disinfect the air of a room14. Each of the following statements concerning the normal flora is correct EXCEPTA. The normal flora of the colon consists predominantly of anaerobic bacteriaB. The presence of the normal flora prevents certain pathogens from colonizing the upper respiratory tractC. Fungi, eg, yeasts, are not members of the normal floraD. Organisms of the normal flora are permanent residents of the body surfacesE. Normal flora may occasionally cause diseases15. The growth rate of bacteria during the exponential phase of growth isA. ZeroB. IncreasingC. ConstantD. DecreasingE. Nagtive 16. Which of the following statements regarding virus character is true?A．Viruses replicate by binary fissionB．All RNA viruses are spherical in shapeC．Helical nucleocapsids are found with single-stranded DNA virusesD．Some viruses with DNA genomes contain a primitive nucleus. E．Viral surface proteins protect the viral genome from nucleases17. A 40-year-old woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer. This cancer is common worldwide and has a sexually transmitted viral etiology. The causative agents of human cervical cancer include:A. HCVB. HBVC. HIVD. HPV, low-risk types 6 and 16.E. HPV, high-risk types 16 and 18.18. Which one of the following viruses possesses an RNA genome that is infectious when purified?A. Influenza virusB. PoliovirusC. PapillomavirusD. Measles virusE. Rotavirus19. Which of the following descriptions about endocytosis in viral entry is true:A. host plasma membrane surrounds whole virion and forms a vesicleB. host plasma membrane surrounds only viral protein coat and forms a vesicleC. host plasma membrane surrounds only viral nucleic acid and forms a vesicleD. viral spikes fuse with host plasma membraneE. host plasma membrane surrounds only viral spikes and forms a vesicle20. The type-specific antigen (A, B, or C) of influenza viruses is found on which viral constituent?A. HemagglutininB. NeuraminidaseC. NucleocapsidD. Polymerase complexE. Major nonstructural protein21. Which of the following can be used to quantitate the infectious titer of viruses?A. Electron microscopyB. Polymerase chain reactionC. Plaque assayD. Enzyme immunoassayE. Hemagglutination22. A middle-aged man complained of acute onset of fever, nausea, and pain in the right upper abdominal quadrant. There was jaundice, and dark urine had been observed several days earlier. A laboratory test was positive for HAV IgM antibody. The physician can tell the patient thatA. He probably acquired the infection from a recent blood transfusionB. He does not need to worry about to develop chronic hepatitis.C. There is less possibility to transmit the infection to family members by person-to-person spread for up to 2 weeks.D. He will be resistant to infection with hepatitis B.E. He will be at high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma23. The presence in neurons of eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, called Negri bodies, is characteristic of which of the following central nervous system infections?A. Herpes virus infectionB. RabiesC. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)D. New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseE. Postvaccinal encephalitis24. When HSV is not active in the body, what happens to it?A. It lies dormant in the liver.B. It lies dormant inside nerve cells.C. It is eliminated from the body.D. It lies dormant in the lung.E. None of the above.25. Ebola virus is highly virulent to humans. The following facts are correct except:A. Studying live virus needs BSL-2 to BSL-4 ( biosafety laboratory).B. The virus may be transmitted by direct contact of body fluid among humans.C. The virus may be transmitted from bat to humans.D. The virus can cause hemorrhage and high fever.E. The virus is filament shaped.26. Killing of liver cells infected with HBV is primarily caused by:A. Shut-off of cellular protein synthesis.B. Degradation (降解) of cellular mRNA.C. Attack by cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against HBV antigens.D. Cellular genome rearrangement and deletion induced by HBV infection.E. None of the above.27. Infectious BSE (bovine spongiform encephalitis) agent can be detected in amyloid plaques (淀粉样蛋白斑) in infected brains of cows. Which of the following descriptions regarding its nucleic acid types is correct?A. Negative-sense, single-stranded RNA.B. No detectable nucleic acid.C. DNA copy of RNA genome, integrated in mitochondrial DNA.D. Single-stranded, circular DNA.E. Small interfering RNA, smallest known infectious RNA.28. The “asymptomatic period”following the initial acute HIV-1 infection is characterized by:A. High levels of HIV replication in lymphoid tissue.B. High levels of HIV replication in peripheral T cells.C. Inability of the immune system to respond to antigen stimulation.D. Absence of detectable HIV genomes or mRNA in peripheral T cells.E. High levels of free virus in the blood.29. The following viruses are highly associated with carcinogenesis, except:A. HTLVB. HBVC. HCVD. HPVE. HEV30. Both Burkitt lymphoma and infectious mononucleosis are caused by what virus?A. CytomegalovirusB. Epstein-Barr virusC. Varicella-zoster virusD. Herpes simplex-1E. Adenovirus31. Which of the following components are found in the cellwalls of gram-positive bacteria but not gram-negative bacteria?A. PeptidoglycanB. LipopolysaccharideC. LipoproteinsD. Teichoic acidE. Outer membrane32. Which one of the following statements concerning plasmids is true?A. All plasmids can be transferred between bacteria by conjugationB. Much of the information coded in the plasmid is essential to the survival of the bacterial cellC. Resistance plasmids carry genes for antibiotic resistanceD. Resistance plasmids cannot be transferred to other bacterial cellsE. Plasmids lack an origin of replication33. A 48-old woman presented at the emergency room complaining of urinary urgency (尿急) and waist pain. Microscopic examination of a urine sample revealedram-negative rods. Prior to initiation of antibiotics therapy, she abruptly developed fever and chills. Hypotension (low blood pressure) and hyperventilation rapidly followed. These observations suggest that the patient is responding to the release of bacterial A. collagenaseB. exotoxinC. hyaluronidaseD. lipopolysaccharideE. peptidoglycan34. Most microorganisms pathogenic for humans grow best in the laboratory when cultures are incubated atA. 15 – 20 oCB. 20 – 30 oCC. 30 – 37 oCD. 38 – 50 oCE. 50 – 55 oC35. The form of genetic exchange in which donor DNA is introduced to the recipient by a bacterial virus isA. TransformationB. ConjugationC. TransductionD. Transfection （转染）E. Mutation36. Each of the following statements concerning endotoxins is correct EXCEPTA. Endotoxins are more stable on heating than exotoxinsB. Endotoxins bind to specific cell receptors, whereas exotoxins do notC. Endotoxins are part of the bacterial cell wall, whereas exotoxins are notD. Endotoxins are less toxic than exotoxins of the same weight amountE. The toxic component of endotoxins is lipid A37. Which of the following is appropriate to determine the etiologic diagnosis of infection?A. Culture and identification of the agentB. PCR detection of pathogen-specific genes in patients’ specimensC. Demonstration of a meaningful antibody or cell-mediated immune response to an infectious agentD. Morphologic identification of the agent in stains of specimens or sections of tissues by light or electron microscopyE. All of the above38. The growth rate of bacteria during the exponential phase of growth isA. ZeroB. IncreasingC. ConstantD. DecreasingE. Negative39. Which of the following statements is true?A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces a lipopolysaccharide.B. Rickettsia and Shigella sonnei are both members of the Enterobacteriacae..C. Enterobacteriaceae do not cause opportunistic infections.D. Helicobacter pylori can cause stomach ulcersE. Pathogens never carry out autolysis (self digestion) this is one of the reasons they are so virulent.40. Clostridium tetani grows in a/an _____ environment.A. acidicB. anaerobicC. high oxygenD. aerobicE. high osmoticPart II Blank Filling (20 blanks 1 point=20 pts )Instruction: Write the answers in the answer sheets. You do not need to rewrite the questions in the answer sheets, just write the answer after the question number.1.Basic structure of virus includes ________, Polymerases and ________; Special structure of virus includes _________ and _________.2. In a bacterium cell, there are several genetic materials, including _________,_________,and ________.3. Some bacteria can be transmitted through sexual route. They are ________, ________, and __________.4. The general steps in viral replication cycles are: (1) ________, ________, and ________. (2) ________. (3) assembly and ________5. Please list 5 viral pathogens that may cause sexually-transmitted infections (STI) __ ____, ____ ____, ____ ____, ________, and ________ .Part III Answer the following questions briefly (5 5 point=25 pts)Instruction: (1) Write the answers in the answer sheets. You do not need to rewrite the questions in the answer sheets, just write the answer after the question number. (2) A concise answer to exactly meet the question is preferable, for example, give a li st of the key points. You don’t need to write an essay.1.Staphylociccus aureus produces various virulent factors including enzymes and toxins that cause injuries and diseasesin human beings. Please write at least five of these virulent factors.2.Tetanus is caused by clostridium tetani when an open deep injury happens.if there is someone with an injury, what shouldwe do to prevent tetanus?3.Please analyze the possible mechanisms for influenza virus antigenic shift and the outcomes.4.Describe the types of hepatitis viruses, transmission routes and the relation with HCC.5.Depict the common infection characteristics for herpes viruses by examples, please.Part Ⅳ Case Questions (7pts+8pts=15pts)Instruction: (1) Write the answers in the answer sheets. You do not need to rewrite the questions in the answer sheets, just write the answer after the question number. (2) A concise answer to exactly meet the question is preferable. 1.Please describe the differences of attenuated vaccines and killed vaccines in terms of the inoculation methods,inoculation times, protective period, antibody types, and storage. (7pts)2.Please explain the clinical significance of HBV serologic markes in patients with hepatitis.(8pts)。
微生物期末英文习题答案
微生物期末英文习题答案一、CHOICE QUESTIONS:(20 Cent)1. Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which ___ molecules are converted into ___molecules.a. large, small c. amino acid, proteinb. small, large d. food, storage 2. A microbicidal agent has what effect?a. sterilizesb. inhibits microorganismsc. is toxic to human cellsd. destroys microorganisms3. Environmental factors such as temperature and pH exert their effect on the ___ ofmicrobial cells.a. membranes c. enzymesb. DNA d. cell wall 4. In general , fungi derive nutrients througha. photosynthesis c. digesting organic substratesb. engulfing bacteria d. parasitism 5. Both flagella and cilia are found primarily in__a. algae c. fungib. protozoa d. both b and c6. Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cells ?a. cell membrane c. ribosomesb. a nucleoid d. capsule7. Pili are tubular shafts in ___bacteria that serve as a means of___.a. gram-positive, genetic exchangeb. gram-positive, attachmentc. gram-negative, genetic exchanged. gram-negative, protection8. Which of the following is a primary bacteria cell wall function ?a. transport c. supportb. motility d. adhesion 9. A bacterial arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a __ .a. micrococcus c. tetradb. diplococcus d.sarcina10. Genetic analysis of bacteria would includea. fermentation testingb. ability to digest complex nutrientsc. presence of oxidased. G+C content11. In general, if two haploid cells fuse , __will result .a. a germ cell c. mitosisb. a diploid zygote d. meiosis12. What is embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum ?a. ribosomes c. chromatinb. Golgi apparatus d. vesicles 13. In general , fungi derive nutrients througha. photosynthesis c. digesting organic substratesb. engulfing bacteria d. parasitism 14. An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO 2using energy from the sun is aa. photoautotroph c. chemoautotrophb. photoheterotroph d. chemoheterotroph 15. An obligate halophile higha. pH c. saltb. temperature d. pressure 16. Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which ___ molecules are converted into___ molecules.a. large, small c. amino acid, proteinb. small, large d. food, storage 17. An enzymea. becomes part of the final productsb. is nonspecific for substratec. is consumed by the reactiond. is heat and pH labile18. Many coenzymes area. metals c. proteinsb. vitamins d. substrates19. The temperature-pressure combination for an autoclave isa. 100? and 4 psi c. 131? and 9 psib. 121? and 15 psi d. 115? and 3 psi20. The most versatile methods of sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids isa. UV radiation c. beta propiolactoneb. exposure d. filtration二、Fill a vacancy:(15 Cents)1. The major locomotor structures in bacteria are flagella .2. A conidium is a/an ___ asexal spore , and a zygospore isa/an__ sexal _ spore .3. An organic nutrient essential to an organism’s metabolism that cannot besynthesized itself is termed a/an growth factor .4. Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires ATP .5. Superoxide ion is toxic to strict anaerobes because they lack catalase .6. During the __ stationary phase, the rate of new cells being added to thepopulation has slowed down.7. Complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration yields a net output of 38_ ATP.8. Microorganisms have two fundamentally different types of cells-Prokaryotes andEucaryote —and are distributed among several kingdoms or domains.9. Koch developed the techniques required to grow bacteria on solid media and to isolate pure cultures of pathogens.10.Phototrophs capture radiant energy from the sun. Chemoorganotrophs oxidizeorganic molecules to liberate energy, while chemolithotrophs employ inorganicnutrients as energy sources.11 Mesosomes are internal extensions of the_Cell Wall_ ?1. The major locomotor structures in bacteria are flagella .2. A conidiospores is a/an ___ asexal spore , and a zygospore isa/an__ sexal _ spore .3. An organic nutri ent essential to an organism’s metabolism that cannot besynthesized itself is termed a/an growth factor .4. Active transport of a substance across a membrane requires ATP .6. During the __ stationary phase, the rate of new cells being added to thepopulation has slowed down.7. Microorganisms have two fundamentally different types of cells-Prokaryotes andEucaryote —and are distributed among several kingdoms or domains. 8.Yeasts are unicellular fungi , and molds are filamentous _fungi .9/ Ribosomes is embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum四、CONCEPT QUESTIONS(55 Cents)1. Describe Koch’s postulates. why are they important?(10 Cents)Koch’s postulates and can be summarized as follows:1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the diseasebut absent from healthy organisms.2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.3. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganismis inoculated into a healthy host.4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host. The first direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in causing diseaseKoch’s proof that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax wasindependently confirmed by Pasteur and his coworkers. They discoveredthat after burial of dead animals, anthrax spores survived and were brought to the surface by earthworms. Healthy animals then ingested the spores and became ill.2. Give a simple comparison of transport systems in graph? (10 Cents)Items Passive Facilitated Active Groupdiffusion diffusion transport translocationcarrier Non Yes Yes Yesproteinstransport Slow Rapid Rapid Rapidspeedagainst Non Non Yes Yesgradienttransport No specificity Specificity Specificity Specificitymoleculesmetabolic No need No Need Need NeedenergySolutes Not changed Changed Changed Changedmolecules3. Describe how conditions influenced the effectiveness of antimicrobial agent activity? (10 Cents)Destruction of microorganisms and inhibition of microbial growth are not simple matters because the efficiency of an antimicrobial agent (an agent that killsmicroorganisms or inhibits their growth) is affected by at least six factors. (1). Population size. Because an equal fraction of a microbial population is killed during each interval, a larger population requiresa longer time to die than a smaller one.(2). Population composition. The effectiveness of an agent varies greatly with the nature of the organisms being treated because microorganisms differ markedly in susceptibility. Bacterial endospores are much more resistant to most antimicrobial agents than are vegetative forms, and younger cells are usually more readily destroyed than mature organisms.(3). Concentration or intensity of an antimicrobial agent. Often,but not always, themore concentrated a chemical agent or intense a physical agent, the more rapidly microorganisms are destroyed. However, agent effectiveness usually is not directly related to concentration or intensity. Over a short range a small increase in concentration leads to an exponential rise in effectiveness; beyond a certain point, increases may not raise the killing rate much at all.(4). Duration of exposure. The longer a population is exposed to a microbicidal agent, the more organisms are killed .(5). Temperature. An increase in the temperature at which a chemical acts often enhances its activity. Frequently a lower concentration of disinfectant or sterilizing agent can be used at a higher temperature.(6). Local environment. The population to be controlled is not isolated but surrounded by environmental factors that may either offer protection or aid in its destruction. 选择题:(20分)1。
生物英文考试题及答案
生物英文考试题及答案1. What is the basic unit of life?A. CellB. OrganC. TissueD. SystemAnswer: A2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of living organisms?A. Response to stimuliB. Growth and reproductionC. Cellular structureD. Lack of metabolismAnswer: D3. What is the term for the process by which organisms produce offspring that may inherit some of their traits?A. InheritanceB. ReproductionC. EvolutionD. AdaptationAnswer: B4. What is the term for the genetic material in an organism?A. DNAB. RNAC. ProteinsD. CarbohydratesAnswer: A5. Which of the following is not a kingdom in the classification of living organisms?A. AnimaliaB. PlantaeC. FungiD. CrystalliaAnswer: D6. What is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. FermentationD. Cellular respirationAnswer: A7. What is the term for the study of the relationships and interactions between organisms and their environment?A. EcologyB. PhysiologyC. GeneticsD. AnatomyAnswer: A8. What is the term for the process by which organisms evolve over time?A. Natural selectionB. EvolutionC. AdaptationD. Genetic driftAnswer: B9. What is the term for the study of the structure of organisms?A. AnatomyB. PhysiologyC. TaxonomyD. EmbryologyAnswer: A10. What is the term for the study of the inheritance of traits from one generation to another?A. GeneticsB. EvolutionC. TaxonomyD. EcologyAnswer: A。
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1.Pass内毒素外毒素的主要区别？Exotoxin EndotoxinExcreted by living cells,mainly by G+bacteria Integral part of G-bacteria cell wall,liberated upon bacteria disintegrationpolypeptide LPS,main toxic part-lipid A Heat-unstable Heat-stable,160℃,2~4hr destroyStrong antigenicity,induce body to produce antitoxin,exotoxin→toxoid Weak antigenicity,can’t convert into toxiodHighly toxic Weakly toxicHigh selection for tissues: neurotoxin,cytotoxin,enterotoxin Non-specific,all endotoxins produce the same symptoms—fever;leukopenia; endotoxemia and shock;DIC.Structure:A subunit-B subunit.A subunit:toxic part;B subunit: non-toxic,bind receptor of sensitive cell LPS:lipid A,core polysaccharide, specific polysaccharide(O antigen)2.Pass mechanism of cholera pathogenic:霍乱Transmission:polluted water and food,by mouth 1)pathogenic factor:flagellum：motility,；coregulated pili;：adherence；zona occludens：exotoxid；siderophore：capture Iron。
cholera enterotoxin:contain A and B subunits.A subunit-Ag weak,active unit,enters the cell,stimulates adenylate cyclase-cAMP↑-secreting effect↑-severe diarrhea;B subunit-Ag high,bound unit,attaches to GM1ganglioside receptor on epithelial cells of small intestine.2)mechanism:Organisms-oral route(contaminated water,food)-stomach-attach to the small intestine epithelial cells(non-penetration)-multiplication-cholera enterotoxin-adenylate cyclase-cAMP concentration↑-secreting effect↑-severe diarrhea(rice-water stools)-rapid dehydration and hypovolemic shock低血容量休克-die in12~24hours.临床特点：patients may lose as much as10~15liters of liquid/dayRapid dehydration；metabolic acidosis；and hypovolemia shock低血容量性休克；renal failure；-deathRice-water stoolsPrevention and treatment:vaccine:dead-bacterial vaccine;live attenuated oral vaccines.Sanitation improve；Improved food handling。
replacement of fluid and electrolytes电解质Antibiotics:(tetrocyclines)3.Pass Clostridium tetani pathogenesis破伤风1)regional anaerobic condition:1.Deep,narrow wound contaminated by soil;2.Necrotic坏死的tissue;panied with aerobe or facultative anaerobe infection.2)pathogenic substance:Tetanospasmin破伤风痉挛毒素-neurotoxin:proteinTetanolysin破伤风溶血毒素3)mechanism:根据课件整理一下Spores-vegetative bacteria细菌繁殖体-grow locally-tetanospasmin-(along nerve fiber/ lymph and blood)-anterior horn cells of spinal cord——binds to ganglioside receptor神经节苷酯受体and blocks release of inhibitory mediators-cause rigid paralysis（convulsive 痉挛的contraction of voluntary muscle）.4.Pass dsDNA病毒的复制周期Replication cycle:adsorption-penetration-uncoating-biosynthesis-assembly-maturation-release双链DNA病毒进入宿主细胞脱壳后，首先利用宿主核内的依赖DNA的RNA聚合酶，转录出早期的mRNA，在于胞质内的核糖体翻译成早期蛋白。
早期蛋白主要是合成子代DNA分子，主要包括依赖DNA的DNA聚合酶及脱氧胸腺嘧啶激酶。
然后以子代DNA分子为模版，大量转录晚期mRNA，继而在胞质核糖体上翻译出病毒的结构蛋白，主要为衣壳蛋白。
双链DNA分子以半保留复制形式，即亲代DNA的双链在解螺旋酶的作用下，打开成为正负两个DNA单链，在DNA聚合酶的作用下，分别合成互补的DNA，形成新的双链DNA，通过这个过程，大量合成与亲代结构完全相同的子代DNA.病毒核酸与蛋白质合成后，DNA病毒均在核内组装，出芽方式释放到细胞外。
5.Pass HIV致病机制：Pathogenesis:Gp120of HIV select CD4molecule of T4cells;Viruses multiply in T4cells; Cell-mediated immunodeficiency;Opportunistic infections and tumor occurs;Death Destruction of T4cells is achieved by:①Viral replication②Syncytium合胞体formation via membrane gp120binding to cell CD4antigen③Cytotoxic T cell lysis of infected cells④Cytotoxic T cell lysis of T4cells carrying gp120released from infected cellsNK cell⑤Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity.⑥Induce appoptosis.Ps.Pass HIV的生物学特性、传染源、AIDs检查①spherical,enveloped,spikes(gp120,gp41)②structure:core:2copies of+ssRNA,reverse transcriptase;Capsid protein:p24Matrix(内膜)protein:p17Envelope protein:gp41:mediates fusion of viral envelope with cell membrane;gp120:be associated with adsorption；stimulate the production of Neutrolizing Ab；easy variation。
③3structural gene：gag、env、pol;6regulatory gene：tat、rev、nef；LTR：promotor and enhancer sequence。
④resistance:56℃,10min,inactivated⑤replication:adsorption-penetration-uncoating-biosynthesis-assembly-release.(RNA-cDNA-RNA:DNA replication intermediator-dsDNA-integrated to host DNA-stay or enter a productive cycle) Source of infection:patients（symptomatic）,infectious people （anti-HIV+,asymptomatic）Transmission pathway:blood or blood products;sexual contact;vertical transmission Diagnosis:detection of Ab to HIV in serumDetection of viral components and viral RNAIsolation of the virus in culture6.Pass HBV传染源、传播途径、控制措施;1)source of infection:patients,HBsAg-carrier(who has HBsAg persisting in his blood for at least6months)2)transmission way:By blood or blood productsSexual transmissionVertical transmission:from mother to child(during birth or breast feeding)3)prevention:vaccine(recombinant HBsAg vaccine;serum derived vaccine) Treatment:lamividine-A neucleoside analogus reverse transcriptase inhibitor,IFN.7.Pass the concept of reassortment(以influenza virus为例说明)Reassortment:exchange of genetic material between two segmented viruses which infect the same cell—cause antigenic shift.Influenza virus1influenza virus28.Pass functions of special cell structure of bacteria:1)capsule:slime layer outside the cell wall,composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide. Functions:anti-phagocytosis;protect cell wall；anti-dry;antigenicity；type2)flagellum:Long filamentous appendage；originate from cell membrane Functions:motility;antigenicity(H antigen);pathogenicity:some bacteria3)pilus:Common pilus:adhere to surface of cell,associated with pathogenicitySex pilus:transfer genetic material(DNA)during bacteria conjugation4)spore:resting form,forming:inadequate nutritionFunction:highly resistant to heat,chemicals,dry9.Pass streptococcus pyogen致病物质及主要疾病：1)Surface structureLTA(脂磷壁酸)、F protein-----adhere to sensitive cellM protein；anti-phagocytosis，cross-reaction♦anti-phagocytotic♦M-Ag Ab hypersensitivity(glomerulonephritis)Common antigen---cross-reacts heart myosin(autoimmunity--rheumatic fever)2)enzyme:Hyaluronidase:split hyaluronic acid—bacteria spreadStreptokinase:lyse fibrin,prevent plasma clotting—bacteria spreadStreptodornase(链道酶):resolve DNA—bacteria spread3)toxin-exotoxinStreptolysin(hemolysin)链球菌溶血素:SLO/SLS；destroy many kinds of cells Pyrogenic/erythrogenic exotoxin致热外毒素：protein，antigenicity，superantigen,cause scarlet fever猩红热Disease:Pyogenic infection(化脓性感染)：local infection：pharyngitis，tonsilitis，cellulitis，impetigo，erysipela，peurperal；systemic infection：septicemiaToxin disease:scarlet feverHypersensitivity：(1)rheumatic fever(2)acute glomerulonephritis10.Pass what is plasmid?It’s features.plasmid is the extrachromosomal genetic elements which is small circular double-stranded DNA molecules.They are capable of self-replication and contain genes that determine many properties.Features:1)extra-chromosomal genetic material circle，carry genetic information2)Circular ds DNA3)dispensible(非必需的)4)replicated independently5)control a wide range of function to bacteriaF—control sex piliR—control drug resistanceVirulence-Col plasmid6)transferred between bacteria7)Disappear spontaneously or by induce8)Compatibility and incompatibility11.Pass what is latent infection.Take HSV as example.Latent infection:virus is usually not detectable but patient may have periodic out-breaks of disease.In this infection,the acute disease is followed by an asymptomatic period during which the virus remains in a latent state.when the host is exposed to some inciting agent or immunosuppression occur，the reactivation of virus occur。