Magnetically Torqued Thin Accretion Disks
mit电磁学物理讲义
MAGNETIC MATERIALS OVERVIEWDr. James LivingstonMagnetic materials provide the "driving force" that turns our electric motors, generates electricity in power stations and sound in our speakers, and stores information on our credit cards and computer disks. Materials science has created magnetic materials far more powerful than those available only a few decades ago, resulting in a tremendous impact on modern technology.Review of magnetics basicsMagnetic fields are created by electric charges in motion (electric currents, orbital motion of electrons, SPIN of electrons)Magnetic fields exert forces on electric charges in motion (current-carrying wires, charged-particle beams, orbital motion of electrons, SPIN of electrons)Materials categoriesIf atoms have no net spin, materials are diamagnetic (weakly repelled by field)If a net spin, but uncoupled to neighbors, paramagnetic (weakly attracted)If equal net spins are coupled antiparallel, antiferromagnetic (weakly attracted)If unequal net spins are coupled antiparallel, ferrimagnetic (strongly attracted)If net spins are coupled parallel, FERROMAGNETIC (very strongly attracted)Only ferri- and ferromagnetic materials are considered magnetic materialsHard and soft magnetic materials"Soft" (temporary-magnet) materials lose their net magnetization (form domains) when a magnetic field is removed - used for AC or on-off applications"Hard" (permanent-magnet) materials retain their magnetization after field is removed - used for applications requiring a steady magnetic fieldProperties of magnetic materialsSaturation magnetization is a measure of the magnetic field a material can produce when all atomic magnets are aligned - how "magnetic" it isCoercivity is the reverse magnetic field required to reduce the net magnetization to zero - how "permanent" it is. ("soft" = low coercivity, "hard" = high coercivity)(Other properties often quoted are the permeability of soft materials, which varies inversely with coercivity, and the energy product of hard materials, related to area of "hysteresis loop" & depends on both coercivity and saturation magnetization)History of hard (permanent-magnet) materialsLodestones - natural magnets based on magnetite (Fe3O4)Carbon steel (Fe-C) 18th-c. England (horseshoe shaped or bar magnets)Alloy steel (Fe-C+W, Mo, Cr, Co, etc.) - 19th and early 20th-c. (horseshoe or bar)Alnico (Fe+Al,Ni,Co) - 1930s & 1940s - helped Allies win World War IIHard Ferrite (Ba-Fe-O or Sr-Fe-O) - 1950s & 1960s - higher coercivity, cheap!Rare Earth (Sm-Co, Nd-Fe-B) - 1970s-1990s - VERY powerful, but NOT cheap Applicationsmagneticmaterials are used in applications requiring a steady (permanent)Hardmagnetic field. Recent increases in coercivity (resistance to demagnetization) and energy product (dependent on both coercivity and saturation magnetization, and related to the area within the hysteresis loop) have greatly increased the use of permanent magnets in modern technology. The widest applications are in motors, speakers, and sensors, but large quantities of Nd-Fe-B magnets are also used in permanent-magnet MRI systems, each of which uses about 2 tons of permanent magnet.For most applications, the amount of permanent magnet required is inversely proportional to the energy product. Available energy products have increased by a factor of fifty since the 1930s, allowing a corresponding decrease in the size of the magnet, and thus the size of the device. (e.g., small motors made possible by Nd-Fe-B magnets spin the disks and move the heads in computer disk drives, and small speakers produce music in the tiny earphones of i P ods and the like.)At least as important have been increases in coercivity by even greater factors, which allow a greater flexibility of magnet shape. Low-coercivity steel magnets required long bar magnets or horseshoe shapes to minimize demagnetization from reverse fields produced by the north and south poles at the ends of the magnet. (Before the advent of alnico magnets in the 1930s, telephone receivers were long and separate from the speakers because they included a long horseshoe-shaped steel magnet.)Materials for magnetic recording have also improved dramatically in recent years. The first magnetic recorder, patented in 1898, used steel piano wire. Magnetic tapes employing particles of iron oxide coated on plastic tapes were developed in Germany in the 1930s. Such tapes were used in the first commercial computers in the 1950s, and advanced versions remain in use today for audio and video applications, but today's computers instead store information in patterns of north and south poles on disks coated with thin films of cobalt-rich alloys.There have also been dramatic improvements in the properties of soft magnetic materials. Decreases in coercivity have decreased the energy losses of soft materials in ac applications, as have increases in electrical resistivity. Many transformers today useamorphous Fe-rich alloys, cooled so rapidly from the melt that they are unable to crystallize. An area of extensive current research is materials for recording heads, and improved materials have contributed to the remarkable increases in the density of information storage (bits per square inch).。
磁学 径向克尔 英文 kerr effect
IntroductionThe Kerr effect, also known as the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE), is a phenomenon that manifests the interaction between light and magnetic fields in a material. It is named after its discoverer, John Kerr, who observed this effect in 1877. The radial Kerr effect, specifically, refers to the variation in polarization state of light upon reflection from a magnetized surface, where the change occurs radially with respect to the magnetization direction. This unique aspect of the Kerr effect has significant implications in various scientific disciplines, including condensed matter physics, materials science, and optoelectronics. This paper presents a comprehensive, multifaceted analysis of the radial Kerr effect, delving into its underlying principles, experimental techniques, applications, and ongoing research directions.I. Theoretical Foundations of the Radial Kerr EffectA. Basic PrinciplesThe radial Kerr effect arises due to the anisotropic nature of the refractive index of a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material when subjected to an external magnetic field. When linearly polarized light impinges on such a magnetized surface, the reflected beam experiences a change in its polarization state, which is characterized by a rotation of the plane of polarization and/or a change in ellipticity. This alteration is radially dependent on the orientation of the magnetization vector relative to the incident light's plane of incidence. The radial Kerr effect is fundamentally governed by the Faraday-Kerr law, which describes the relationship between the change in polarization angle (ΔθK) and the applied magnetic field (H):ΔθK = nHKVwhere n is the sample's refractive index, H is the magnetic field strength, K is the Kerr constant, and V is the Verdet constant, which depends on the wavelength of the incident light and the magnetic properties of the material.B. Microscopic MechanismsAt the microscopic level, the radial Kerr effect can be attributed to twoprimary mechanisms: the spin-orbit interaction and the exchange interaction. The spin-orbit interaction arises from the coupling between the electron's spin and its orbital motion in the presence of an electric field gradient, leading to a magnetic-field-dependent modification of the electron density distribution and, consequently, the refractive index. The exchange interaction, on the other hand, influences the Kerr effect through its role in determining the magnetic structure and the alignment of magnetic moments within the material.C. Material DependenceThe magnitude and sign of the radial Kerr effect are highly dependent on the magnetic and optical properties of the material under investigation. Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials generally exhibit larger Kerr rotations due to their strong net magnetization. Additionally, the effect is sensitive to factors such as crystal structure, chemical composition, and doping levels, making it a valuable tool for studying the magnetic and electronic structure of complex materials.II. Experimental Techniques for Measuring the Radial Kerr EffectA. MOKE SetupA typical MOKE setup consists of a light source, polarizers, a magnetized sample, and a detector. In the case of radial Kerr measurements, the sample is usually magnetized along a radial direction, and the incident light is either p-polarized (electric field parallel to the plane of incidence) or s-polarized (electric field perpendicular to the plane of incidence). By monitoring the change in the polarization state of the reflected light as a function of the applied magnetic field, the radial Kerr effect can be quantified.B. Advanced MOKE TechniquesSeveral advanced MOKE techniques have been developed to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of radial Kerr effect measurements. These include polar MOKE, longitudinal MOKE, and polarizing neutron reflectometry, each tailored to probe different aspects of the magnetic structure and dynamics. Moreover, time-resolved MOKE setups enable the study of ultrafast magneticphenomena, such as spin dynamics and all-optical switching, by employing pulsed laser sources and high-speed detection systems.III. Applications of the Radial Kerr EffectA. Magnetic Domain Imaging and CharacterizationThe radial Kerr effect plays a crucial role in visualizing and analyzing magnetic domains in ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials. By raster-scanning a focused laser beam over the sample surface while monitoring the Kerr signal, high-resolution maps of domain patterns, domain wall structures, and magnetic domain evolution can be obtained. This information is vital for understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing magnetic behavior and optimizing the performance of magnetic devices.B. Magnetometry and SensingDue to its sensitivity to both the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field, the radial Kerr effect finds applications in magnetometry and sensing technologies. MOKE-based sensors offer high spatial resolution, non-destructive testing capabilities, and compatibility with various sample geometries, making them suitable for applications ranging from magnetic storage media characterization to biomedical imaging.C. Spintronics and MagnonicsThe radial Kerr effect is instrumental in investigating spintronic and magnonic phenomena, where the manipulation and control of spin degrees of freedom in solids are exploited for novel device concepts. For instance, it can be used to study spin-wave propagation, spin-transfer torque effects, and all-optical magnetic switching, which are key elements in the development of spintronic memory, logic devices, and magnonic circuits.IV. Current Research Directions and Future PerspectivesA. Advanced Materials and NanostructuresOngoing research in the field focuses on exploring the radial Kerr effect in novel magnetic materials, such as multiferroics, topological magnets, and magnetic thin films and nanostructures. These studies aim to uncover newmagnetooptical phenomena, understand the interplay between magnetic, electric, and structural order parameters, and develop materials with tailored Kerr responses for next-generation optoelectronic and spintronic applications.B. Ultrafast Magnetism and Spin DynamicsThe advent of femtosecond laser technology has enabled researchers to investigate the radial Kerr effect on ultrafast timescales, revealing fascinating insights into the fundamental processes governing magnetic relaxation, spin precession, and all-optical manipulation of magnetic order. Future work in this area promises to deepen our understanding of ultrafast magnetism and pave the way for the development of ultrafast magnetic switches and memories.C. Quantum Information ProcessingRecent studies have demonstrated the potential of the radial Kerr effect in quantum information processing applications. For example, the manipulation of single spins in solid-state systems using the radial Kerr effect could lead to the realization of scalable, robust quantum bits (qubits) and quantum communication protocols. Further exploration in this direction may open up new avenues for quantum computing and cryptography.ConclusionThe radial Kerr effect, a manifestation of the intricate interplay between light and magnetism, offers a powerful and versatile platform for probing the magnetic properties and dynamics of materials. Its profound impact on various scientific disciplines, coupled with ongoing advancements in experimental techniques and materials engineering, underscores the continued importance of this phenomenon in shaping our understanding of magnetism and driving technological innovations in optoelectronics, spintronics, and quantum information processing. As research in these fields progresses, the radial Kerr effect will undoubtedly continue to serve as a cornerstone for unraveling the mysteries of magnetic materials and harnessing their potential for transformative technologies.。
E物质的磁性
(2) Hard magnetic materials 硬磁材料: a larger coercive force 矫顽力大 矫顽力大,意味着磁化后剩余磁感应强度很大,称为永 磁铁permanent magnet 或永磁体 permanent magnet material :磁化后撤去外磁场而仍能长期保持较久磁性 的物质,电表,扬声器和录音机等都离不开永磁体。 碳钢,钨钢,铬钢等各种合金
(2) Additional magnetic moment 附加磁矩 Pm
The motion of electron forms additional magnetic moment 电子的进动,形成附加磁矩 Pm 其方向总是与外磁场相反—抗磁性 diamagnetism 用电磁感应现象可以说明附加磁矩方向与外磁场方 向相反: If the flux through a circuit changes, an electromotive force is induced around it. The polarity of the induced emf is such as to oppose the change that caused it. The induced current always flows to create a magnetic field that opposite the change in flux through the circuit. Using the Lorentz force of electron experienced the diamagnetism can be explained too: 根据电子受力方向判断电子进动形成的电流流向,从而 确定对应的附加磁矩的方向
自动化专业英语词汇
induction machine 感应式电机 horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁 magnetic field 磁场 eddy current 涡流 right-hand rule 右手定则 left-hand rule 左手定则 slip 转差率 induction motor 感应电动机 rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场 winding 绕组 stator 定子 rotor 转子 induced current 感生电流 time-phase 时间相位 exciting voltage 励磁电压 solt 槽 lamination 叠片 laminated core 叠片铁芯 short-circuiting ring 短路环 squirrel cage 鼠笼 rotor core 转子铁芯 cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子 bronze 青铜 horsepower 马力 random-wound 散绕 insulation 绝缘 ac motor 交流环电动机 end ring 端环 alloy 合金 coil winding 线圈绕组 form-wound 模绕 performance characteristic 工作特性 frequency 频率 revolutions per minute 转/分 motoring 电动机驱动 generating 发电 per-unit value 标么值 breakdown torque 极限转矩 breakaway force 起步阻力 overhauling 检修 wind-driven generator 风动发电机 revolutions per second 转/秒 number of poles 极数 speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线 plugging 反向制动 synchronous speed 同步转速 percentage 百分数 locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩 full-load torque 满载转矩 prime mover 原动机 inrush current 涌流 magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗 line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的 staor winding 定子绕组 leakage reactance 漏磁电抗 no-load 空载 full load 满载 Polyphase 多相(的) iron-loss 铁损 complex impedance 复数阻抗 rotor resistance 转子电阻 leakage flux 漏磁通 locked-rotor 锁定转子 chopper circuit 斩波电路 separately excited 他励的 compounded 复励 dc motor 直流电动机 de machine 直流电机 speed regulation 速度调节 shunt 并励 series 串励 armature circuit 电枢电路 optical fiber 光纤 interoffice 局间的 waveguide 波导波导管 bandwidth 带宽 light emitting diode 发光二极管 silica 硅石二氧化硅 regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大 coaxial 共轴的,同轴的 high-performance 高性能的 carrier 载波 mature 成熟的 Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带 coupling capacitor 结合电容 propagate 传导传播 modulator 调制器 demodulator 解调器 line trap 限波器 shunt 分路器 Amplitude Modulation(AM)调幅 Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)移频键控 tuner 调谐器 attenuate 衰减 incident 入射的 two-way configuration 二线制 generator voltage 发电机电压 dc generator 直流发电机 polyphase rectifier 多相整流器 boost 增压 time constant 时间常数 forward transfer function 正向传递函数 error signal 误差信号 regulator 调节器 stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器 time delay 延时 direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数 transient response 瞬态响应 solid state 固体 buck 补偿 operational calculus 算符演算 gain 增益 pole 极点 feedback signal 反馈信号 dynamic response 动态响应 voltage control system 电压控制系统 mismatch 失配 error detector 误差检测器 excitation system 励磁系统 field current 励磁电流 transistor 晶体管 high-gain 高增益 boost-buck 升压去磁 feedback system 反馈系统 reactive power 无功功率 feedback loop 反馈回路 automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)自动电压调整器 reference Voltage 基准电压 magnetic amplifier 磁放大器 amplidyne 微场扩流发电机 self-exciting 自励的 limiter 限幅器 manual control 手动控制 block diagram 方框图 linear zone 线性区 potential transformer 电压互感器 stabilization network 稳定网络 stabilizer 稳定器 air-gap flux 气隙磁通 saturation effect 饱和效应 saturation curve 饱和曲线 flux linkage 磁链 per unit value 标么值 shunt field 并励磁场 magnetic circuit 磁路 load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线 air-gap line 气隙磁化线 polyphase rectifier 多相整流器 circuit components 电路元件 circuit parameters 电路参数 electrical device 电气设备 electric energy 电能 primary cell 原生电池 energy converter 电能转换器 conductor 导体 heating appliance 电热器 direct-current 直流 time invariant 时不变的 self-inductor 自感 mutual-inductor 互感 the dielectric 电介质 storage battery 蓄电池 e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势 unidirectional current 单方向性电流 circuit diagram 电路图 load characteristic 负载特性 terminal voltage 端电压 external characteristic 外特性 conductance 电导 volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性 carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡 ideal source 理想电源 internal resistance 内阻 active (passive) circuit elements 有(无)源电路元件 leakage current 漏电流 circuit branch 支路 P.D. = potential drop 电压降 potential distribution 电位分布 r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值 effective values 有效值 steady direct current 恒稳直流电 sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数 complex number 复数 Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系 modulus 模 real part 实部 imaginary part 虚部 displacement current 位移电流 trigonometric transformations 瞬时值 epoch angle 初相角 phase displacement 相位差 signal amplifier 小信号放大器 mid-frequency band 中频带 bipolar junction transistor (BJT)双极性晶体管 field effect transistor (FET)场效应管 electrode 电极电焊条 polarity 极性 gain 增益 isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振 emitter 发射管放射器发射极 collector 集电极 base 基极 self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻 triangular symbol 三角符号 phase reversal 反相 infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益 feedback component 反馈元件 differentiation 微分 integration 积分下限 impedance 阻抗 fidelity 保真度 summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节 Oscillation 振荡 inverse 倒数 admittance 导纳 transformer 变压器 turns ratio 变比匝比 ampere-turns 安匝(数) mutual flux 交互(主)磁通 vector equation 向(相)量方程 power frequency 工频 capacitance effect 电容效应 induction machine 感应电机 shunt excited 并励 series excited 串励 separately excited 他励 self excited 自励 field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组 speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性 dynamic-state operation 动态运行 salient poles 凸极 excited by 励磁 field coils 励磁线圈 air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布 direct axis 直轴 armature coil 电枢线圈 rotating commutator 旋转(整流子)换向器 commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线 mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器 armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波 Geometrical position 几何位置 magnetic torque 电磁转矩 spatial waveform 空间波形 sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度 external armature circuit 电枢外电路 instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率 instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率 effects of saturation 饱和效应 reluctance 磁阻 power amplifier 功率放大器 compound generator 复励发电机 rheostat 变阻器 self – excitation process 自励过程 commutation condition 换向状况 cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机 operating condition 运行状态 equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路 rotor (stator) winding 转子(定子绕组) winding loss 绕组(铜)损耗 prime motor 原动机 active component 有功分量 reactive component 无功分量 electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩 retarding torque 制动转矩 inductive component 感性(无功)分量 abscissa axis 横坐标 induction generator 感应发电机 synchronous generator 同步发电机 automatic station 无人值守电站 hydropower station 水电站 process of self – excitation 自励过程 auxiliary motor 辅助电动机 technical specifications 技术条件 voltage across the terminals 端电压 steady – state condition 瞬态暂态 reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性 active in respect to 相对….呈阻性 synchronous condenser 同步进相(调相)机 coincide in phase with 与….同相 synchronous reactance 同步电抗 algebraic 代数的 algorithmic 算法的 、、 1--master element 主要元件,是指控制开关等元件。
电机专业英语词汇全
induction machine 感应式电机horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁magnetic field 磁场eddy current 涡流right-hand rule 右手定则left-hand rule 左手定则slip 转差率induction motor 感应电动机rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场winding 绕组stator 定子rotor 转子induced current 感生电流time-phase 时间相位exciting voltage 励磁电压solt 槽lamination 叠片laminated core 叠片铁芯short-circuiting ring 短路环squirrel cage 鼠笼rotor core 转子铁芯cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子bronze 青铜horsepower 马力random-wound 散绕insulation 绝缘ac motor 交流环电动机end ring 端环alloy 合金coil winding 线圈绕组form-wound 模绕performance characteristic 工作特性frequency 频率revolutions per minute 转/分motoring 电动机驱动generating 发电per-unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修wind-driven generator 风动发电机revolutions per second 转/秒number of poles 极数speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线plugging 反向制动synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩full-load torque 满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no-load 空载full load 满载Polyphase 多相(的)iron-loss 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance 转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited 他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励armature circuit 电枢电路optical fiber 光纤interoffice 局间的waveguide 波导波导管bandwidth 带宽light emitting diode 发光二极管silica 硅石二氧化硅regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的,同轴的high-performance 高性能的carrier 载波mature 成熟的Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器line trap 限波器shunt 分路器Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控tuner 调谐器attenuate 衰减incident 入射的two-way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发电机polyphase rectifier 多相整流器boost 增压time constant 时间常数forward transfer function 正向传递函数error signal 误差信号regulator 调节器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器time delay 延时direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数transient response 瞬态响应solid state 固体buck 补偿operational calculus 算符演算gain 增益pole 极点feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current 励磁电流transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益boost-buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路automatic V oltage regulator(A VR)自动电压调整器reference V oltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流发电机self-exciting 自励的limiter 限幅器manual control 手动控制block diagram 方框图linear zone 线性区potential transformer 电压互感器stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器air-gap flux 气隙磁通saturation effect 饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage 磁链per unit value 标么值shunt field 并励磁场magnetic circuit 磁路load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线air-gap line 气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier 多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device 电气设备electric energy 电能primary cell 原生电池energy converter 电能转换器conductor 导体heating appliance 电热器direct-current 直流time invariant 时不变的self-inductor 自感mutual-inductor 互感the dielectric 电介质storage battery 蓄电池e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势unidirectional current 单方向性电流circuit diagram 电路图load characteristic 负载特性terminal voltage 端电压external characteristic 外特性conductance 电导volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡ideal source 理想电源internal resistance 内阻active (passive) circuit elements 有(无)源电路元件leakage current 漏电流circuit branch 支路P.D. = potential drop 电压降potential distribution 电位分布r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值effective values 有效值steady direct current 恒稳直流电sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数complex number 复数Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系modulus 模real part 实部imaginary part 虚部displacement current 位移电流trigonometric transformations 瞬时值epoch angle 初相角phase displacement 相位差signal amplifier 小信号放大器mid-frequency band 中频带bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 双极性晶体管field effect transistor (FET) 场效应管electrode 电极电焊条polarity 极性gain 增益isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振emitter 发射管放射器发射极collector 集电极base 基极self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻triangular symbol 三角符号phase reversal 反相infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益feedback component 反馈元件differentiation 微分integration 积分下限impedance 阻抗fidelity 保真度summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节Oscillation 振荡inverse 倒数admittance 导纳transformer 变压器turns ratio 变比匝比ampere-turns 安匝(数)mutual flux 交互(主)磁通vector equation 向(相)量方程power frequency 工频capacitance effect 电容效应induction machine 感应电机shunt excited 并励series excited 串励separately excited 他励self excited 自励field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性dynamic-state operation 动态运行salient poles 凸极excited by 励磁field coils 励磁线圈air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布direct axis 直轴armature coil 电枢线圈rotating commutator 旋转(整流子)换向器commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波Geometrical position 几何位置magnetic torque 电磁转矩spatial waveform 空间波形sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度external armature circuit 电枢外电路instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率effects of saturation 饱和效应reluctance 磁阻power amplifier 功率放大器compound generator 复励发电机rheostat 变阻器self – excitation process 自励过程commutation condition 换向状况cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机operating condition 运行状态equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路rotor (stator) winding 转子(定子绕组)winding loss 绕组(铜)损耗prime motor 原动机active component 有功分量reactive component 无功分量electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩retarding torque 制动转矩inductive component 感性(无功)分量abscissa axis 横坐标induction generator 感应发电机synchronous generator 同步发电机automatic station 无人值守电站hydropower station 水电站process of self – excitation 自励过程auxiliary motor 辅助电动机technical specifications 技术条件voltage across the terminals 端电压steady – state condition 瞬态暂态reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性active in respect to 相对….呈阻性synchronous condenser 同步进相(调相)机coincide in phase with 与….同相synchronous reactance 同步电抗algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的biphase 双相的bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的corridor 通路shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流leakage 泄漏lightning shielding 避雷harmonic 谐波的abscissa axis 横坐标ac motor 交流环电动机active (passive) circuit elements 有(无)源电路元件active component 有功分量active in respect to 相对….呈阻性admittance 导纳air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布air-gap flux 气隙磁通air-gap line 气隙磁化线algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的alloy 合金alternator 交流发电机ampere-turns 安匝(数)amplidyne 微场扩流发电机Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅armature circuit 电枢电路armature coil 电枢线圈armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波attenuate 衰减automatic station 无人值守电站automatic V oltage regulator(A VR)自动电压调整器auxiliary motor 辅助电动机bandwidth 带宽base 基极bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的biphase 双相的bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 双极性晶体管block diagram 方框图boost 增压boost-buck 升压去磁breakaway force 起步阻力breakdown torque 极限转矩bronze 青铜buck 补偿capacitance effect 电容效应carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡carrier 载波Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子chopper circuit 斩波电路circuit branch 支路circuit components 电路元件circuit diagram 电路图circuit parameters 电路参数coaxial 共轴的,同轴的coil winding 线圈绕组coincide in phase with 与….同相collector 集电极commutation condition 换向状况commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线complex impedance 复数阻抗complex number 复数compound generator 复励发电机compounded 复励conductance 电导conductor 导体corridor 通路coupling capacitor 结合电容cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机dc generator 直流发电机dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机demodulator 解调器differentiation 微分direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数direct axis 直轴direct-current 直流displacement current 位移电流dynamic response 动态响应dynamic-state operation 动态运行dynamo 发电机;直流发电机dynamo bracket 发电机支架dynamo cut-off indicator lamp 发电机停止充电指示灯dynamometer test 测功器试验dynamo oil 电机油dynamo pulley 发电机皮带轮e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势eddy current 涡流effective values 有效值effects of saturation 饱和效应electric energy 电能electrical device 电气设备electrode 电极电焊条electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩emitter 发射管放射器发射极end ring 端环energy converter 电能转换器epoch angle 初相角equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路error detector 误差检测器error signal 误差信号excitation system 励磁系统excited by 励磁exciting voltage 励磁电压external armature circuit 电枢外电路external characteristic 外特性feedback component 反馈元件feedback loop 反馈回路feedback signal 反馈信号feedback system 反馈系统fidelity 保真度field coils 励磁线圈field current 励磁电流field effect transistor (FET) 场效应管field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组flux linkage 磁链form-wound 模绕forward transfer function 正向传递函数Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控frequency 频率full load 满载full-load torque 满载转矩gain 增益generating 发电generator voltage 发电机电压geometrical position 几何位置generator 发电机;直流发电机generator cap 发电机盖generator charge indicator 发电机充电指示器generator frame 发电机构架generator regulator 发电机调节器generator yoke 发电机构架harmonic 谐波的heating appliance 电热器high-gain 高增益high-performance 高性能的horsepower 马力horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁hydropower station 水电站ideal source 理想电源imaginary part 虚部impedance 阻抗incident 入射的induced current 感生电流induction generator 感应发电机induction machine 感应电机induction machine 感应式电机induction motor 感应电动机inductive component 感性(无功)分量infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益inrush current 涌流instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率insulation 绝缘integration 积分下限internal resistance 内阻interoffice 局间的inverse 倒数iron-loss 铁损isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振inductor generator 感应发电机laminated core 叠片铁芯lamination 叠片leakage current 漏电流leakage flux 漏磁通leakage reactance 漏磁电抗leakage 泄漏left-hand rule 左手定则light emitting diode 发光二极管lightning shielding 避雷limiter 限幅器line trap 限波器linear zone 线性区line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的load characteristic 负载特性load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩locked-rotor 锁定转子magnetic amplifier 磁放大器magnetic circuit 磁路magnetic field 磁场magnetic torque 电磁转矩magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗manual control 手动控制mature 成熟的mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器mid-frequency band 中频带mismatch 失配modulator 调制器modulus 模motoring 电动机驱动mutual flux 交互(主)磁通mutual-inductor 互感no-load 空载number of poles 极数operating condition 运行状态operational calculus 算符演算optical fiber 光纤oscillation 振荡overhauling 检修P.D. = potential drop 电压降per unit value 标么值percentage 百分数performance characteristic 工作特性per-unit value 标么值phase displacement 相位差phase reversal 反相plugging 反向制动polarity 极性pole 极点polyphase rectifier 多相整流器polyphase rectifier 多相整流器Polyphase 多相(的)potential distribution 电位分布potential transformer 电压互感器power amplifier 功率放大器power frequency 工频primary cell 原生电池prime motor 原动机prime mover 原动机process of self – excitation 自励过程propagate 传导传播r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值random-wound 散绕reactive component 无功分量reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性reactive power 无功功率real part 实部reference V oltage 基准电压regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大regulator 调节器reluctance 磁阻retarding torque 制动转矩revolutions per minute 转/分revolutions per second 转/秒rheostat 变阻器right-hand rule 右手定则rotating commutator 旋转(整流子)换向器rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场rotor (stator) winding 转子(定子绕组)rotor core 转子铁芯rotor resistance 转子电阻rotor 转子salient poles 凸极saturation curve 饱和曲线saturation effect 饱和效应self – excitation process 自励过程self excited 自励self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻self-exciting 自励的self-inductor 自感separately excited 他励separately excited 他励的series excited 串励series 串励short-circuiting ring 短路环shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流shunt excited 并励shunt field 并励磁场shunt 并励shunt 分路器signal amplifier 小信号放大器silica 硅石二氧化硅Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数slip 转差率solid state 固体solt 槽spatial waveform 空间波形speed regulation 速度调节speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线squirrel cage 鼠笼stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器staor winding 定子绕组stator 定子steady – state condition 瞬态暂态steady direct current 恒稳直流电storage battery 蓄电池summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节synchronous condenser 同步进相(调相)机synchronous generator 同步发电机synchronous reactance 同步电抗synchronous speed 同步转速technical specifications 技术条件terminal voltage 端电压the dielectric 电介质time constant 时间常数time delay 延时time invariant 时不变的time-phase 时间相位transformer 变压器transient response 瞬态响应transistor 晶体管triangular symbol 三角符号trigonometric transformations 瞬时值tuner 调谐器turns ratio 变比匝比two-way configuration 二线制unidirectional current 单方向性电流vector equation 向(相)量方程voltage across the terminals 端电压voltage control system 电压控制系统volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性waveguide 波导波导管wind-driven generator 风动发电机winding loss 绕组(铜)损耗winding 绕组AC Alternating Current (AC) is electric current that alternates between a positive maximum value and a negative maximum value at a characteristic frequency, usually 50 or 60 cycles per second (Hertz).交流交流是指电流在正负最大值之间以特定的频率变动,通常频率为50或60赫兹。
电磁学词汇汉英文对照表
电磁学词汇汉英文对照表A阿伏伽德罗常量 Avogadro number安培 ampère安培电流 ampère–current安培(分子电流)假说 ampère hypothesis安培环路定理 ampère circuital theorem安全电压 safe current安全电流 safe currentB百分比(率,数) percent, percentage百万伏特 megavolt, megV半波长 half–wavelength半导体 semiconductor饱和磁化强度 saturated magnetization保守力 conservative force保险丝 fuse wire毕奥一萨伐尔定律 Biot一Savart law边界条件 boundary condition;比率 ratio闭合电路 closed circuit避雷针 arrester并联电路 parallel circuitC场梯度 fied gradient充电 charging畴 domain串联电路 series参考系 reference system超导体 superconductor超导转变温度 superconducting transition temperature 磁场强度 magnetic field intensity磁畴 magnetic domain磁单极子 magnetic monopole磁导率 permeability磁感应强度 magnetic induction磁感应线 magnetic induction line磁感应管 magnetic induction tube磁菏 magnetic charge磁化 magnetization磁化电流 magnetization current磁化率magnetic susceptibility磁化强度 magnetization磁极 magnetic pole磁介质 magnetic medium磁矩 magnetic moment磁通量 magnetic flux磁性 magnetism磁致伸缩 magnetostriction磁滞回线 histeresis loopD电磁场 electromagnetic field电磁感应 electromagnetic induction单位矢量 unit vector单位制 system of units等势面 equipotential surface等势体 equipotential body电场 electric field电场强度 electric field strength电场线 electric field line电导 conductance电导率 conductivity电动势 electromotive force电负性 electronegativity电功率 electric power电荷 electric charge电荷量子化 charge quantization电荷守恒定律 law of conservation of charge 电介质 dielectric电矩 electric moment电离能 energy of ionization电量 electric quantity电流 electric current电流管 current tube电流密度 current density电流线 lines of current电流元 current element电偶极子 electric dipole电容 capacity电容器 capacitor电容率 permittivity电势 electric potential电势差 electric potential difference电势能 electric potential energy电通量electric flux电位移 electric displacement电源 source电晕 electric corona电致伸缩 electrostriction电中性 electric neutrality电子 electron电阻 resistance电阻率 resistivity叠加原理 superposition principleF发电机 generator法拉第电磁感应定律 Faraday law of electromagnetic induction 分子磁矩 molecular magnetic moment分子电流 molecular currentG感生电动势 induced electromotive force高斯定理 Gauss theorem高斯面 Gauss surface功 work功率 power共振 resonance轨道磁矩 orbital magnetic moment国际单位制(SI) system of international units (SI)过阻尼 overdampingH恒流源 constant current source恒压源 voltage source恒定电流 steady current静电力electrostatic force静电能 electrostatic energy静电屏蔽 electrostatic screening静电平衡 electrostatic equilibrium居里点 Curie point绝缘体 insulator抗磁性 diamagnetism库仑定律 Coulomb lawL临界阻尼 critical dampingM麦克斯韦速率分布律 Maxwell speed distribution摩擦起电 electrification by frictionN耐压的 voltage-proofO欧姆定律 Ohm law偶极子 dipoleP匹配 match频率 frequencyR剩磁 remanent magnetismW位移电流 displacement current涡流 eddy current涡流损耗 eddy current loss涡旋电场 eddy electric field无功功率 reactive powerY压电效应 piezoelectific effect有功功率 active powerZ自感` self-induction自感`电动势 self-induction electromotive force自旋磁矩spin magnetic moment自由电荷 free charge阻尼振动 damped vibration附录一科学家中英文姓名对照表安培 Ampere, . (1775-1836) 法国培根 Bacon,Roger 英国库柏 Cooper, L. N.库仑 Coulomb, . (1736-1806) 法国居里 Curie, P. (1859-1906) 法国爱因斯坦 Einstein, Aibert. (1879-1955) 德国法拉第 Faraday, M. (1791-1867) 英国菲聂耳 Fresnel, A . J. (1788-1827) 法国傅立叶 Fourjer, J. B. J. (1768-1830) 法国富兰克林 Franklin, B (1706-1790) 美国高斯 Gauss,K. F. (1777-1855) 德国盖利克 Guoricke, OttoVou (1602-1685) 德国霍耳 Hall,. (1855-1938) 美国哈密顿 Hamilton, . (1805-1865) 英国亨利 Henry, J. (1797-1878) 美国赫姆赫兹 Hejmholtz, H. V. (1821-1894) 德国赫兹 Hertz, H. R. (1857-1894 德国焦耳 Jouje, J. P. (1818-1889) 英国开尔文 Kelvin (William Thomson) (1824-1907) 英国朗道 Landao, L. D. 俄国拉普拉斯 Laplace, P. S. (1749-1827) 法国愣次 Lenz, H. F. E. (1804-1865) 法国洛伦兹 Lorentz, H. A. (1853-1928) 荷兰麦克斯韦 Maxwell, J. C. (1831-1879) 英国迈斯纳 Mwissner, W.密立根 Millikan, R. A. (1868-1953) 美国奥斯特 Oersted, H. G.(1777-1851) 丹麦欧姆 Ohm, G. s. (1787-1854) 德国昂纳斯 Onnes, H. K. (1853-1926) 荷兰帕尔帖 Peltier, J. C. A. (1785-1845) 法国泊松 Poisson, S. D. (1781-1840) 法国坡印廷 Poynting, J. H. (1852-1914) 英国西门子 Siemens, W.斯托克斯 Stokes, G. G. (1819-1903) 英国范德格喇夫 Van der Graff, R. J. (1901-1967) 美国伏打 Volta, C. A. (1745-1827) 意大利瓦特 Watt, J. (1736-1819) 英国韦伯 Webber, W. E. (1804-1891) 德国。
感应式电机
induction machine 感应式电机horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁magnetic field 磁场eddy current 涡流right-hand rule 右手定则left-hand rule 左手定则slip 转差率induction motor 感应电动机rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场winding 绕组stator 定子rotor 转子induced current 感生电流time-phase 时间相位exciting voltage 励磁电压solt 槽lamination 叠片laminated core 叠片铁芯short-circuiting ring 短路环squirrel cage 鼠笼rotor core 转子铁芯cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子bronze 青铜horsepower 马力random-wound 散绕insulation 绝缘ac motor 交流环电动机end ring 端环alloy 合金coil winding 线圈绕组form-wound 模绕performance characteristic 工作特性frequency 频率revolutions per minute 转/分motoring 电动机驱动generating 发电per-unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修wind-driven generator 风动发电机revolutions per second 转/秒number of poles 极数speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线plugging 反向制动synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩full-load torque 满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no-load 空载full load 满载Polyphase 多相(的)iron-loss 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance 转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited 他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励armature circuit 电枢电路optical fiber 光纤interoffice 局间的waveguide 波导波导管bandwidth 带宽light emitting diode 发光二极管silica 硅石二氧化硅regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的,同轴的high-performance 高性能的carrier 载波mature 成熟的Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器line trap 限波器shunt 分路器Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控tuner 调谐器attenuate 衰减incident 入射的two-way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发电机polyphase rectifier 多相整流器boost 增压time constant 时间常数forward transfer function 正向传递函数error signal 误差信号regulator 调节器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器time delay 延时direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数transient response 瞬态响应solid state 固体buck 补偿operational calculus 算符演算gain 增益pole 极点feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current 励磁电流transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益boost-buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路automatic V oltage regulator(A VR)自动电压调整器reference V oltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流发电机self-exciting 自励的limiter 限幅器manual control 手动控制block diagram 方框图linear zone 线性区potential transformer 电压互感器stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器air-gap flux 气隙磁通saturation effect 饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage 磁链per unit value 标么值shunt field 并励磁场magnetic circuit 磁路load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线air-gap line 气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier 多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device 电气设备electric energy 电能primary cell 原生电池energy converter 电能转换器conductor 导体heating appliance 电热器direct-current 直流time invariant 时不变的self-inductor 自感mutual-inductor 互感the dielectric 电介质storage battery 蓄电池e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势unidirectional current 单方向性电流circuit diagram 电路图load characteristic 负载特性terminal voltage 端电压external characteristic 外特性conductance 电导volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡ideal source 理想电源internal resistance 内阻active (passive) circuit elements 有(无)源电路元件leakage current 漏电流circuit branch 支路P.D. = potential drop 电压降potential distribution 电位分布r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值effective values 有效值steady direct current 恒稳直流电sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数complex number 复数Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系modulus 模real part 实部imaginary part 虚部displacement current 位移电流trigonometric transformations 瞬时值epoch angle 初相角phase displacement 相位差signal amplifier 小信号放大器mid-frequency band 中频带bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 双极性晶体管field effect transistor (FET) 场效应管electrode 电极电焊条polarity 极性gain 增益isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振emitter 发射管放射器发射极collector 集电极base 基极self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻triangular symbol 三角符号phase reversal 反相infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益feedback component 反馈元件differentiation 微分integration 积分下限impedance 阻抗fidelity 保真度summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节Oscillation 振荡inverse 倒数admittance 导纳transformer 变压器turns ratio 变比匝比ampere-turns 安匝(数)mutual flux 交互(主)磁通vector equation 向(相)量方程power frequency 工频capacitance effect 电容效应induction machine 感应电机shunt excited 并励series excited 串励separately excited 他励self excited 自励field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性dynamic-state operation 动态运行salient poles 凸极excited by 励磁field coils 励磁线圈air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布direct axis 直轴armature coil 电枢线圈rotating commutator 旋转(整流子)换向器commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波Geometrical position 几何位置magnetic torque 电磁转矩spatial waveform 空间波形sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度external armature circuit 电枢外电路instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率effects of saturation 饱和效应reluctance 磁阻power amplifier 功率放大器compound generator 复励发电机rheostat 变阻器self – excitation process 自励过程commutation condition 换向状况cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机operating condition 运行状态equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路rotor (stator) winding 转子(定子绕组)winding loss 绕组(铜)损耗prime motor 原动机active component 有功分量reactive component 无功分量electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩retarding torque 制动转矩inductive component 感性(无功)分量abscissa axis 横坐标induction generator 感应发电机synchronous generator 同步发电机automatic station 无人值守电站hydropower station 水电站process of self – excitation 自励过程auxiliary motor 辅助电动机technical specifications 技术条件voltage across the terminals 端电压steady – state condition 瞬态暂态reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性active in respect to 相对….呈阻性synchronous condenser 同步进相(调相)机coincide in phase with 与….同相synchronous reactance 同步电抗algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的biphase 双相的bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的corridor 通路shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流leakage 泄漏lightning shielding 避雷harmonic 谐波的abscissa axis 横坐标ac motor 交流环电动机active (passive) circuit elements 有(无)源电路元件active component 有功分量active in respect to 相对….呈阻性admittance 导纳air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布air-gap flux 气隙磁通air-gap line 气隙磁化线algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的alloy 合金alternator 交流发电机ampere-turns 安匝(数)amplidyne 微场扩流发电机Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅armature circuit 电枢电路armature coil 电枢线圈armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波attenuate 衰减automatic station 无人值守电站automatic V oltage regulator(A VR)自动电压调整器auxiliary motor 辅助电动机bandwidth 带宽base 基极bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的biphase 双相的bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 双极性晶体管block diagram 方框图boost 增压boost-buck 升压降压breakaway force 起步阻力breakdown torque 极限转矩bronze 青铜buck 补偿capacitance effect 电容效应carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡carrier 载波Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子chopper circuit 斩波电路circuit branch 支路circuit components 电路元件circuit diagram 电路图circuit parameters 电路参数coaxial 共轴的,同轴的coil winding 线圈绕组coincide in phase with 与….同相collector 集电极commutation condition 换向状况commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线complex impedance 复数阻抗complex number 复数compound generator 复励发电机compounded 复励conductance 电导conductor 导体corridor 通路coupling capacitor 结合电容cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机dc generator 直流发电机dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机demodulator 解调器differentiation 微分direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数direct axis 直轴direct-current 直流displacement current 位移电流dynamic response 动态响应dynamic-state operation 动态运行dynamo 发电机;直流发电机dynamo bracket 发电机支架dynamo cut-off indicator lamp 发电机停止充电指示灯dynamometer test 测功器试验dynamo oil 电机油dynamo pulley 发电机皮带轮e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势eddy current 涡流effective values 有效值effects of saturation 饱和效应electric energy 电能electrical device 电气设备electrode 电极电焊条electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩emitter 发射管放射器发射极end ring 端环energy converter 电能转换器epoch angle 初相角equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路error detector 误差检测器error signal 误差信号excitation system 励磁系统excited by 励磁exciting voltage 励磁电压external armature circuit 电枢外电路external characteristic 外特性feedback component 反馈元件feedback loop 反馈回路feedback signal 反馈信号feedback system 反馈系统fidelity 保真度field coils 励磁线圈field current 励磁电流field effect transistor (FET) 场效应管field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组flux linkage 磁链form-wound 模绕forward transfer function 正向传递函数Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控frequency 频率full load 满载full-load torque 满载转矩gain 增益generating 发电generator voltage 发电机电压geometrical position 几何位置generator 发电机;直流发电机generator cap 发电机盖generator charge indicator 发电机充电指示器generator frame 发电机构架generator regulator 发电机调节器generator yoke 发电机构架harmonic 谐波的heating appliance 电热器high-gain 高增益high-performance 高性能的horsepower 马力horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁hydropower station 水电站ideal source 理想电源imaginary part 虚部impedance 阻抗incident 入射的induced current 感生电流induction generator 感应发电机induction machine 感应电机induction machine 感应式电机induction motor 感应电动机inductive component 感性(无功)分量infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益inrush current 涌流instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率insulation 绝缘integration 积分下限internal resistance 内阻interoffice 局间的inverse 倒数iron-loss 铁损isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振inductor generator 感应发电机laminated core 叠片铁芯lamination 叠片leakage current 漏电流leakage flux 漏磁通leakage reactance 漏磁电抗leakage 泄漏left-hand rule 左手定则light emitting diode 发光二极管lightning shielding 避雷limiter 限幅器line trap 限波器linear zone 线性区line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的load characteristic 负载特性load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩locked-rotor 锁定转子magnetic amplifier 磁放大器magnetic circuit 磁路magnetic field 磁场magnetic torque 电磁转矩magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗manual control 手动控制mature 成熟的mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器mid-frequency band 中频带mismatch 失配modulator 调制器modulus 模motoring 电动机驱动mutual flux 交互(主)磁通mutual-inductor 互感no-load 空载number of poles 极数operating condition 运行状态operational calculus 算符演算optical fiber 光纤oscillation 振荡overhauling 检修P.D. = potential drop 电压降per unit value 标么值percentage 百分数performance characteristic 工作特性per-unit value 标么值phase displacement 相位差phase reversal 反相plugging 反向制动polarity 极性pole 极点polyphase rectifier 多相整流器polyphase rectifier 多相整流器Polyphase 多相(的)potential distribution 电位分布potential transformer 电压互感器power amplifier 功率放大器power frequency 工频primary cell 原生电池prime motor 原动机prime mover 原动机process of self – excitation 自励过程propagate 传导传播r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值random-wound 散绕reactive component 无功分量reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性reactive power 无功功率real part 实部reference V oltage 基准电压regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大regulator 调节器reluctance 磁阻retarding torque 制动转矩revolutions per minute 转/分revolutions per second 转/秒rheostat 变阻器right-hand rule 右手定则rotating commutator 旋转(整流子)换向器rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场rotor (stator) winding 转子(定子绕组)rotor core 转子铁芯rotor resistance 转子电阻rotor 转子salient poles 凸极saturation curve 饱和曲线saturation effect 饱和效应self – excitation process 自励过程self excited 自励self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻self-exciting 自励的self-inductor 自感separately excited 他励separately excited 他励的series excited 串励series 串励short-circuiting ring 短路环shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流shunt excited 并励shunt field 并励磁场shunt 并励shunt 分路器signal amplifier 小信号放大器silica 硅石二氧化硅Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数slip 转差率solid state 固体solt 槽spatial waveform 空间波形speed regulation 速度调节speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线squirrel cage 鼠笼stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器staor winding 定子绕组stator 定子steady – state condition 瞬态暂态steady direct current 恒稳直流电storage battery 蓄电池summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节synchronous condenser 同步进相(调相)机synchronous generator 同步发电机synchronous reactance 同步电抗synchronous speed 同步转速technical specifications 技术条件terminal voltage 端电压the dielectric 电介质time constant 时间常数time delay 延时time invariant 时不变的time-phase 时间相位transformer 变压器transient response 瞬态响应transistor 晶体管triangular symbol 三角符号trigonometric transformations 瞬时值tuner 调谐器turns ratio 变比匝比two-way configuration 二线制unidirectional current 单方向性电流vector equation 向(相)量方程voltage across the terminals 端电压voltage control system 电压控制系统volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性waveguide 波导波导管wind-driven generator 风动发电机winding loss 绕组(铜)损耗winding 绕组AC Alternating Current (AC) is electric current that alternates between a positive maximum value and a negative maximum value at a characteristic frequency, usually 50 or 60 cycles per second (Hertz).交流交流是指电流在正负最大值之间以特定的频率变动,通常频率为50或60赫兹。
核磁共振 英语词汇
核磁共振英语词汇英文回答:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerfulanalytical tool that utilizes magnetic fields and radio waves to investigate the properties of atoms and molecules. It offers a non-destructive and versatile technique for characterizing materials at the atomic and molecular level. NMR has various applications across multiple scientific disciplines, including chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine.The basic principle of NMR involves the interaction between atomic nuclei with a magnetic field. Certain nuclei, such as 1H (proton), 13C, 15N, and 31P, possess anintrinsic magnetic moment due to their nuclear spin. When placed in a magnetic field, these nuclei align with or against the field, resulting in two distinct energy states. By applying radio waves to the sample at specific frequencies, it is possible to induce transitions betweenthese energy states.The absorption of radio waves by the nuclei leads to the resonance phenomenon, which forms the basis of NMR. The resonant frequency for a particular nucleus depends on its chemical environment, including the electron density and surrounding atoms. By analyzing the resonance frequencies and patterns, NMR provides detailed information about the structure, dynamics, and interactions of molecules.NMR spectroscopy is a widely used technique for identifying and quantifying different atoms and functional groups within molecules. It plays a crucial role in determining the molecular structure of organic and inorganic compounds, as well as studying chemical reactions and reaction mechanisms. NMR also finds applications in drug discovery and development, protein structure determination, and metabolomics.In medical imaging, NMR is employed as a non-invasive tool for obtaining detailed anatomical and functional information about the human body. Magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI) utilizes NMR techniques to create high-resolution images of organs, tissues, and blood vessels. MRI is particularly valuable for diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of medical conditions, including brain disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal injuries.NMR also has applications in other fields, such as materials science, polymer characterization, and geological studies. It is a versatile technique that provides valuable insights into the structure, dynamics, and properties of various materials and systems.In summary, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful analytical tool that offers a non-destructive and versatile approach for investigating the properties of atoms and molecules. Its applications span multiple scientific disciplines, including chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine, providing insights into molecular structure, dynamics, and interactions.中文回答:核磁共振(NMR)是一种强大的分析工具,利用磁场和射频波来研究原子和分子的性质。
磁性测量术语
magnetic field 磁场elementary magnetic dipole 基本磁偶极子Magnetically hard material 永磁/硬磁材料electrical steel电工钢Magnetically soft material 软磁材料semi-processed半加工remanence 剩磁(Jr. Br) maximum polarization 最大磁极化强度Remanent flux density 剩余磁通密度domain wall畴壁coercivity 矫顽力(HcB) Coercive field strength-矫顽力intrinsic coercivity内禀矫顽力(HcJ) field strength磁场强度Magnetic induction 磁感应强度B electric potential 电位maximum energy product最大磁能积BH(max) moment磁矩J(H)退磁曲线B(H)磁滞回线polarisation 磁极化强度magnetic flux density磁通密度magnetic hysteresis磁滞fluxmeter 磁通计manometer压力计comunication interface 通讯接口gausser高斯计(磁强计) coercimeter矫顽磁力计vibrometer测振仪permeameter 磁导计feebly magnetic material弱磁材料saturation magnetization饱和磁化强度fixture 固定装置saturation magnetic polarization 饱和磁极化强度Saturation magnetization (mass) density 饱和磁化(质量)密度Specific saturation magnetization 比饱和磁化强度Magnetic dipole moment 磁偶极矩incremental loop增量回线gnetic moment磁矩magnetic potential磁位eddy current loss涡流损耗curve曲线loop回线commutation curve换向曲线Magnetic anisotropy 磁各向异性magnetic texture 磁织构Induced magnetic anisotropy 感生磁各向异性Magnetic anisotropic substance磁各向异性物质Grain-oriented material晶体取向材料drill钻头fuse保险丝Thermally neutralized state 热致磁中性状态virgin state初始状态Technical Specification 技术协议Drift漂移NIM National Institute of Metrology中国计量科学研究院IEC International Electrotechnical Comission国际电工技术委员会DIN Deutsch Industrial Norman 德国标准German Institute of Standardization GB国标ASTM标准: American Society for Testing Material 美国试验材料学会QMS: Quality Management System质量管理系统housing 测量主机temperature pole caps 高温极头thermocouple 热电偶Thermal element热敏原件surrounding coils 环绕线圈integrated heating elements集成加热元件Room Temperature measurement 常温测量Pole Measuring极头测量Segment pole coils瓦型极头线圈Internal calibration内部校准field coil 场线圈pole coil极头线圈(arc) segment 瓦形square shape 方形Cubic立方体Cylindrical圆柱体cylinder n.汽缸;圆柱状物ellipsoid椭圆体ring measuring cable 环行测量线Reference Samples 标准样品Ferrite Reference Sample 铁氧体标准样品Measuring range测量范围NdFeB Reference Sample 钕铁硼标准样品Resolution分辨率Shrink fitting冷缩配合/烧嵌radial compression径向压缩Nickel Reference Sample 镍标准样品Permanent Magnet永磁体3D-Helmholtz Coil 三维亥姆霍兹线圈Electro magnet 电磁铁changeable pole cap可更换极头voltage generator 电压发生器voltage integrator电压积分器voltage indicator 电压指示器Measuring desk with Container测量桌带货柜Integrator with very low drift with 24 bit A/D-converter积分器低漂移带24bit A/D转换器Windows-program多窗口界面Input resistance输入电阻Interfaces接口Connectors:Thermovoltage miniconnectors连接器:热电压微型连接器data bank数据库printer打印机curves测量曲线data storage in an EXCEL-compatible数据存储Excel兼容Heating module加热模块Pole cap diameter极头直径Inner diameter内径temperature poles温度极头thermovoltage mini socket热电压微型插座Homogeneous Dia 平均直径Pole Face Dia 极面直径with feeder clamp connection与馈线夹连接Incl. BROCKHAUS-Certificate带Brockhaus计量证书Allocation of filenames分配文件名称depending on air-gap and pole cap取决于空气间隙与极头Electrical drawings电气图Mechanical drawings机械图Drawings of part lists零部件图Hardware set up硬件调试LDR abbr. 光敏电阻(light dependent resistor)PLM 脉冲宽度调制(Pulse-Length Modulation)PWM abbr. 脉冲宽度调制(Pulse-Width Modulation)carbon fiber 碳化纤维,碳素纤维optical fiber 光纤,光导纤维steel fiber 钢纤维;金属纤维fiber laser 纤维激光器AlNiCo 铝镍钴ferrite 铁氧体SmCo钐Shan钴磁铁NdFeB 钕铁硼slitting分条single notching单冲槽Steel plate shearer剪板机interlocking with orientation定向铆接Design and manufacture of carbide dies 硬质合金模具的设计和制造Annealing and steam bluing 退火和发蓝core welding 铁芯焊接Plastic overmoulding注塑rotor die casting转子压铸Shaft insertion with liquid nitrogen 液态氮轴压入ventilation通风设备Shaft production and assembling 轴的生产和组装aerospace航空/天Axial 轴向的radial辐射的multipolar多极的skewed偏斜的Amorphous alloy非晶态合金cemented carbides硬质合金Austenitic stainless steel奥氏体不锈钢solenoid 螺旋管Plasma cutting machine等离子切割机carbide stamping硬质合金冲压Blanking落料notching槽冲plastic overmoulding 注塑生产线Automatic press machine自动压缩机high corrosion高耐腐蚀性Low temperature coefficients 低温度系数scanner扫描仪Parallelogram 平行四边形diagonal 对角线,斜的stamping冲压annealing退火welding焊接Generator stator and rotor parts发电机定转子部件Actuator motor执行器电机crane stator 起重机用电机定子Pressure-riveting压铆laminations for automobile motor汽车电机铁芯Synergy 协同cocking-up上翘EV Electron V olt电子伏特HEV Hybrid Electrical Vehicle混合动力汽车Hydraulic pump 液压驱动vibration free table减震桌Electric cabinet 电控柜barrier frequency截至频率Homogeneous primary windings 均匀的初级绕组Horizontal transmissibility 水平性传输resonance协振Elliptically rotation椭圆旋转angular velocity角速度A real time acquisition system实时采集系统phase control相差lead time投产前准备阶段interlocking咬合gluing粘合Clamping固定/夹紧burr毛边/铁屑anneal退火/韧炼Amortization分期偿还elongation延展力coax plug共轴插头Exciting current励磁电流software editor软件编辑器Hydraulic cylinder液压缸log files记录文件/日志文件Profilograph 轮廓曲线仪纵断面测绘仪表面光度仪Unloading problems卸货问题trolly货车/推车Communication protocol(计算机)通讯协议vacuum plate真空板Sucker吸盘torque force扭力vacuum pumps真空泵Bending machine 折床warranty guarantee授权保证Meeting minutes会议纪要rectangular/sinusoidal wave矩形波/正弦波magnetizing current励磁电流amplitude stability 放大稳定性The integral of the secondary voltage 次级电压的积分measuring gauge(n. 计量器;)测量仪Function generator信号发生器Using Wattmeter-Ammeter-V oltmeter Method用功率表/电流表/电压表ARCNET interface-card ARCNET网络接口卡等NO material无取向试样Magnetic displacement磁位移PO是指采购订单生产计划是依据客户的采购订单(客户PO)Ambit 范围/周围gauge测量器mechanical lifters机械升起装置connection screws螺钉连接solenoidn. [电] 螺线管;螺线形电导管control loop控制回路Higher Harmonics高次谐波DC Bias直流偏磁Higher centrifugal force高离心力control algorithm控制算法Ceramic陶瓷的strain gauge变形测量器Load cell称重传感器/测力传感器sample clamp样品夹G-clamp螺旋夹钳OD/ID(outside/inside diameter)外直径/内直径Sintered magnet烧结磁铁slot ripple线槽脉冲thermal demagnetization热退磁setup, commissioning (acceptance test)设定、命令(接收测试)operation of machine, Trouble shooting, calibration and adjustment and maintenance机器操作、问题处理、校正与调试维护radium半径Magnetic moment磁矩helmholtz coil 亥姆霍兹线圈。
电机行业不可不知的专业术语中英文对照
电机行业不可不知的专业术语中英文对照为了广大客户及电机维修人员方便理解,整理以下电机专业中英对照术语,供大家参考。
induction machine 感应式电机horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁magnetic field 磁场eddy current 涡流right-hand rule 右手定则left-hand rule 左手定则slip 转差率induction motor 感应电动机rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场winding 绕组stator 定子rotor 转子induced current 感生电流time-phase 时间相位exciting voltage 励磁电压solt 槽lamination 叠片laminated core 叠片铁芯short-circuiting ring 短路环squirrel cage 鼠笼rotor core 转子铁芯cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子bronze 青铜horsepower 马力random-wound 散绕insulation 绝缘ac motor 交流环电动机end ring 端环alloy 合金coil winding 线圈绕组form-wound 模绕performance characteristic 工作特性frequency 频率revolutions per minute 转/分motoring 电动机驱动generating 发电per-unit value 标么值breakdown torque 极限转矩breakaway force 起步阻力overhauling 检修wind-driven generator 风动发电机revolutions per second 转/秒number of poles 极数speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线plugging 反向制动synchronous speed 同步转速percentage 百分数locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩full-load torque 满载转矩prime mover 原动机inrush current 涌流magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的staor winding 定子绕组leakage reactance 漏磁电抗no-load 空载full load 满载Polyphase 多相(的)iron-loss 铁损complex impedance 复数阻抗rotor resistance 转子电阻leakage flux 漏磁通locked-rotor 锁定转子chopper circuit 斩波电路separately excited 他励的compounded 复励dc motor 直流电动机de machine 直流电机speed regulation 速度调节shunt 并励series 串励armature circuit 电枢电路optical fiber 光纤interoffice 局间的waveguide 波导波导管bandwidth 带宽light emitting diode 发光二极管silica 硅石二氧化硅regeneration 再生, 后反馈放大coaxial 共轴的,同轴的high-performance 高性能的carrier 载波mature 成熟的Single Side Band(SSB) 单边带coupling capacitor 结合电容propagate 传导传播modulator 调制器demodulator 解调器line trap 限波器shunt 分路器Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅Frequency Shift Keying(FSK) 移频键控tuner 调谐器attenuate 衰减incident 入射的two-way configuration 二线制generator voltage 发电机电压dc generator 直流发电机polyphase rectifier 多相整流器boost 增压time constant 时间常数forward transfer function 正向传递函数error signal 误差信号regulator 调节器stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器time delay 延时direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬维修网变时间常数transient response 瞬态响应solid state 固体buck 补偿operational calculus 算符演算gain 增益pole 极点feedback signal 反馈信号dynamic response 动态响应voltage control system 电压控制系统mismatch 失配error detector 误差检测器excitation system 励磁系统field current 励磁电流transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益boost-buck 升压去磁feedback system 反馈系统reactive power 无功功率feedback loop 反馈回路automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)自动电压调整器reference Voltage 基准电压magnetic amplifier 磁放大器amplidyne 微场扩流维修网发电机self-exciting 自励的limiter 限幅器manual control 手动控制block diagram 方框图linear zone 线性区power amplifier 功率放大器compound generator 复励发电机rheostat 变阻器self – excitation process 自励过程commutation condition 换向状况cumulatively compounded motor 积复励电动机operating condition 运行状态equivalent T – circuit T型等值电路rotor (stator) winding 转子(定子绕组)winding loss 绕组(铜)损耗prime motor 原动机active component 有功分量reactive component 无功分量electromagnetic torque 电磁转矩retarding torque 制动转矩inductive component 感性(无功)分量abscissa axis 横坐标induction generator 感应发电机synchronous generator 同步发电机automatic station 无人值守电站hydropower station 水电站process of self – excitation 自励过程auxiliary motor 辅助电动机technical specifications 技术条件voltage across the terminals 端电压steady – state condition 瞬态暂态reactive in respect to 相对….呈感性active in respect to 相对….呈阻性synchronous condenser 同步进相(调相)机coincide in phase with 与….同相synchronous reactance 同步电抗algebraic 代数的algorithmic 算法的biphase 双相的bilateral circuit 双向电路bimotored 双马达的corridor 通路shunt displacement current 旁路位移电流leakage 泄漏lightning shielding 避雷harmonic 谐波的potential transformer 电压互感器stabilization network 稳定网络stabilizer 稳定器air-gap flux 气隙磁通saturation effect 饱和效应saturation curve 饱和曲线flux linkage 磁链per unit value 标么值shunt field 并励磁场magnetic circuit 磁路load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线air-gap line 气隙磁化线polyphase rectifier 多相整流器circuit components 电路元件circuit parameters 电路参数electrical device 电气设备electric energy 电能primary cell 原生电池energy converter 电能转换器conductor 导体heating appliance 电热器direct-current 直流time invariant 时不变的self-inductor 自感mutual-inductor 互感the dielectric 电介质storage battery 蓄电池e.m.f = electromotive fore 电动势unidirectional current 单方向性电流circuit diagram 电路图load characteristic 负载特性terminal voltage 端电压external characteristic 外特性conductance 电导volt-ampere characteristics 伏安特性carbon-filament lamp 碳丝灯泡ideal source 理想电源internal resistance 内阻active (passive) circuit elements 有(无)源电路元件leakage current 漏电流circuit branch 支路P.D. = potential drop 电压降potential distribution 电位分布r.m.s values = root mean square values 均方根值effective values 有效值steady direct current 恒稳直流电sinusoidal time function 正弦时间函数complex number 复数Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标系modulus 模real part 实部imaginary part 虚部displacement current 位移电流trigonometric transformations 瞬时值epoch angle 初相角phase displacement 相位差signal amplifier 小信号放大器mid-frequency band 中频带bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 双极性晶体管field effect transistor (FET) 场效应管electrode 电极电焊条polarity 极性gain 增益isolation 隔离分离绝缘隔振emitter 发射管放射器发射极collector 集电极base 基极self-bias resistor 自偏置电阻triangular symbol 三角符号phase reversal 反相infinite voltage gain 无穷大电压增益feedback component 反馈元件differentiation 微分integration 积分下限impedance 阻抗fidelity 保真度summing circuit 总和线路反馈系统中的比较环节Oscillation 振荡inverse 倒数admittance 导纳transformer 变压器turns ratio 变比匝比ampere-turns 安匝(数)mutual flux 交互(主)磁通vector equation 向(相)量方程power frequency 工频capacitance effect 电容效应induction machine 感应电机shunt excited 并励series excited 串励separately excited 他励self excited 自励field winding 磁场绕组励磁绕组speed-torque characteristic 速度转矩特性dynamic-state operation 动态运行salient poles 凸极excited by 励磁field coils 励磁线圈air-gap flux distribution 气隙磁通分布direct axis 直轴armature coil 电枢线圈rotating commutator 旋转(整流子)换向器commutator-brush combination 换向器-电刷总线mechanical rectifier 机械式整流器armature m.m.f. wave 电枢磁势波Geometrical position 几何位置magnetic torque 电磁转矩spatial waveform 空间波形sinusoidal – density wave 正弦磁密度external armature circuit 电枢外电路instantaneous electric power 瞬时电功率instantaneous mechanical power 瞬时机械功率effects of saturation 饱和效应reluctance 磁阻-------------------------------------------。
肿瘤磁纳米递送与诊疗技术的关键:深入敌营 ——血管与组织双靶向联合磁力驱动
磁纳米诊疗技术是基于磁性纳米材料的生物相容性和多功能理化与生物特性,如超顺磁性、磁响应性、磁热效应、纳米酶效应等,通过控制纳米材料的尺寸、表面、成分、组装等纳米特征参数并利用all in one的思路,将成像、治疗、载药与磁控制进行有机整合,同时还可以引入生物、光学、声学等协同功能的其他组件,从而构建多靶标、多模态、多功能、可操控的纳米诊疗平台,为肿瘤、心脑血管等疾病的诊断和治疗提供强有力的新方法和新技术。
基于氧化铁纳米颗粒的磁感应热疗已被用于临床复发性胶质瘤的辅助治疗,但是这种治疗仅局限于瘤内注射,经静脉注射的肿瘤靶向磁感应热疗仍然面临大的挑战。
为了达到肿瘤的治疗温度,氧化铁纳米颗粒需要产生足够的热量:首先,要有足够数量的纳米颗粒聚集到靶向部位;其次,要在安全的交变磁场下进行热疗。
依赖于肿瘤EPR效应的被动靶向是目前体内药物递送的主要方式,但是由于EPR效应的异质性,纳米治疗剂在瘤内的分布差异巨大,且瘤内的累积量有限。
双靶向纳米探针的构建在被动靶向基础上,针对血管内皮和肿瘤细胞表面的广谱靶点,可以进一步的增加成像的敏感性,且在肿瘤内具有更强的渗透能力。
磁靶向是另一种有效的靶向策略,可以驱动血管内的磁性颗粒深入靶向到肿瘤内部。
图1. 在被动靶向(EPR效应)基础上主动靶向联合磁驱动实现磁性纳米探针深入肿瘤内部为此,来自东南大学生物科学与医学工程学院的研究者构建了一种具有广谱性的双特异磁性纳米探针,并采用主动靶向和磁靶向联合的靶向策略,从而实现有效的肿瘤磁共振成像和磁感应热疗。
这种带有双配体(环RGD与葡萄糖)的磁性氧化铁纳米探针(Fe3O4@RGD@GLU)可以同时靶向到肿瘤血管内皮特异性表达的αvβ3整合素和肿瘤细胞表面高表达的葡萄糖转运蛋白。
我们比较了三种不同靶向策略下的肿瘤磁共振对比成像效果和肿瘤磁热治疗效果,分别是被动靶向、主动靶向、主动靶向联合磁靶向,成像和抑瘤效果一致显示主动靶向结合磁靶向的联合靶向策略获得了最佳的肿瘤成像和治疗效果。
一文读懂磁传感器
一文读懂磁传感器文 | 传感器技术(WW_CGQJS)我们伟大中华祖先的四大发明之一——指南针,可谓是无人不知啊,对于现代传感器技术来讲,它可算得上是磁传感器的鼻祖了。
而在当今的电子时代,磁传感器在电机、电力电子技术、汽车工业、工业自动控制、机器人、办公自动化、家用电器及各种安全系统等方面都有着广泛的应用。
磁传感器磁传感器是一种把磁场、电流、应力应变、温度、光等外界因素引起的敏感元件磁性能变化转换成电信号,以这种方式来检测相应物理量的器件。
用于感测速度、运动和方向,应用领域包括汽车、无线和消费电子、军事、能源、医疗和数据处理等。
磁传感器市场按照技术进步的发展,主要分为四大类:霍尔效应(Hall Effect)传感器、各向异性磁阻(AMR)传感器、巨磁阻(GMR)传感器隧道磁阻(TMR)传感器其中,霍尔效应传感器的历史最悠久,获得广泛应用。
随着持续的技术研发,各种磁传感器诞生,并拥有更优异的性能、更高的可靠性。
霍尔效应(Hall Effect)传感器1879年,美国物理学家霍尔在研究金属导电机制时发现了霍尔效应。
但因金属的霍尔效应很弱而一直没有实际应用案例,直到发现半导体的霍尔效应比金属强很多,利用这种现象才制作了霍尔元件。
在半导体薄膜两端通以控制电流I,并在薄膜的垂直方向施加磁感应强度为B的匀强磁场,半导体中的电子与空穴受到不同方向的洛伦兹力而在不同方向上聚集,在聚集起来的电子与空穴之间会产生电场,电场强度与洛伦兹力产生平衡之后,不再聚集,这个现象叫做霍尔效应。
在垂直于电流和磁场的方向上,将产生的内建电势差,称为霍尔电压U。
霍尔电压U与半导体薄膜厚度d,电场B和电流I的关系为U=k(IB/d)。
这里k为霍尔系数,与半导体磁性材料有关。
霍尔效应示意图霍尔传感器利用霍尔效应的原理制作,主要有霍尔线性传感器、霍尔开关和磁力计三种。
1. 线性型霍尔传感器由霍尔元件、线性放大器和射极跟随器组成,它输出模拟量。
电气专业英汉词汇对照M
电气专业英汉词汇对照MMA-scope MA型显示Mach number 马赫数machine code 机器代码machine intelligence 机器智能machine language 机器语言machine type rock ore densimeter 机械式岩矿密度仪macro analysis 常量分析macro instruction 宏指令macro-economic model 宏观经济模型macro-economic system 宏观经济系统macroassembly language 宏汇编语言magnet 磁铁magnet assembly 磁体magnet dynamic instrument 磁式动态仪器magnetic analyzer 磁分析器magnetic balance 磁秤magnetic card 磁卡magnetic core 磁心magnetic damper 磁性阻尼器magnetic deflection 磁偏转magnetic detector for lightning currents 闪电电流磁检示器magnetic disc 磁盘magnetic domain attachment 磁畴附件magnetic drum 磁鼓magnetic field 磁场magnetic field meter 磁场计magnetic field strength transducer[sensor] 磁场强度传感器magnetic flaw detection ink 磁悬液magnetic flow transducer 磁性流量传感器magnetic flux transducer[sensor] 磁通传感器magnetic grating displacement transducer 磁栅式位移传感器magnetic induced polariaxtion instrument 磁激电仪magnetic locator 磁定位器magnetic logger 磁测井仪magnetic oxygen transducer[sensor] 磁式氧传感器magnetic particle 磁粉magnetic particle inspection 磁粉探伤机magnetic potentiometer 磁位计magnetic prospecting instrument 磁法勘探仪器magnetic(quantity)transducer[sensor] 磁(学量)传感器magnetic resistivity instrument 磁电阻率仪magnetic resistor 磁敏电阻器magnetic rotaion comparison 磁旋比magnetic scale width meter[gauge] 磁栅式宽度计magnetic screen[shield] 磁屏蔽magnetic sensor 磁传感器magnetic separator 磁性分选仪magnetic storage 磁存储器magnetic susceptibility logger 磁化率测井仪magnetic tape 磁带magnetic tape unit 磁带机magnetic widn 磁风magnetization method 磁化方法magnetizer 充磁机magnetizing 磁化magnetizing assembly 磁化装置magnetizing coil 磁化线圈magnetizing current 磁化电流magnetizing time 磁化时间magneto electric balance 电磁天平magneto sensor 磁敏元件magnetoelastic effect 压磁效应magnetoelastic force transducer 磁弹性式力传感器magnetoelastic rolling force measuring instrument 磁弹性式轧制力测量仪magnetoelastic tensiometer 磁弹性式张力计magnetoelastic torque measuring instrument 磁弹性式转矩测量仪magnetoelastic torque transducer 磁弹性式转矩传感器magnetoelastic weighing cell 磁弹性式称重传感器magnetoelectric phase difference torque measuring instrument 磁电相位差式转矩测量仪magnetoelectric phase difference torque transducer 磁电相位差林转矩传感器magnetoelectric tachometer 磁电式转速表magnetoelectric tachometric transducer 磁电式转速传感器magnetoelectric velocity measuring instrument 磁电工速度测量仪magnetoelectric velocity transducer 磁电式速度传感器magnetometer 磁强计;磁力仪magneto-optical effect magnetometer 磁阻磁强计magnetoresistive magentomenter 磁致伸缩磁力仪magnetostriction testing meter 磁致伸缩测试仪magnetostrictive transducer 磁致伸缩振动器magnetreater 磁处理机magentrol 磁放大器magnification 放大倍率magnitude-frequency characteristics 幅频特性magnitude margin 幅值裕度;幅值裕量magnitude-phase characteristics 幅相特性main axle of penetrator 压头主轴main storage 主存储器main valve 主阀maintainalbility 可维修性;可维护性;维修性;维修度maintenance 维修;维护maintenance test 维护试验major loop 主回路management decision 管理决策management information system(MIS) 管理信息系统management level 管理级management science 管理科学manager 管理站Manchester encoding 曼彻斯特编码mandatory standard 强制性标准manipulated variable 操纵变量man-machice communication 人机通信man-machine coordination 人机控制man-machine coordination 人机协调man-machine interaction 人机交互man-machine interface 人机界面man-machine system 人机系统manned submersible 载人潜水器manometer 压力计manual control 手动控制manual data input programming 手动数据输入编程;人工数据输入编程manual operating device 手动装置manual operating mode 手动运转方式manual scanning 手动扫查manual station 手动操作器manufacturing automation protocol(MAP) 制造自动化协议;生产自动化协议manufacturing message service(MMS) 加工制造报文服务mapping 页面寻址;面分布图marine barometer 船用气压表marine digital seismic apparatus 海洋数字地震仪marine flux-gate magnetometer 海洋地球物理勘探marine gravimeter 海洋重力仪marine gravimeteric survey 海洋重力测量marine instrument 船用仪器仪表marine optical pumping magnetometer 海洋光泵磁力仪marine proton gradiometer 海洋质子梯度仪marine proton magnetometer 海洋质子磁力仪marine proton precession magnetometer 海洋质子磁力仪marine seismic prospectiong 海洋地震勘探marine seismic streamer 海洋地夺电缆;拖缆;漂浮电缆marine vibrating-string gravimeter 海洋振弦重力仪mark 标志mark of conformity 合格标志marking 标志marking of an instrument for explosive atmosphere 防爆仪表标志mass 质量mass absorption coefficient 质量吸收系数mass analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometer(MIKES) 质量分析离子动能谱仪mass analyzer 质量分析器mass centering 质量定心mass centering machine 质量定心机mass chromatography(MC) 质量色谱法mass decade range 十倍质量程mass discrimination effect 质量歧视效应mass dispersion 质量色散mass flow computer 质量流量计算机mass flow-rate 质量流量mass flow rate senstive detector 质量流量敏感型检测器mass fragmentography(MF) 质量碎片谱法mass indicator 质量指示器mass number 质量数mass peak 质量峰mass range 质量范围mass scanning 质量扫描mass spectrograph 质谱仪mass spectrometer 质谱计mass spectometric analysis 质谱法mass spectrometry(MS) 质谱学;质谱法mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry(MS-MS) 质谱-质谱法mass spectroscope 质谱仪器mass spectroscopy 质谱学mass spectrum 质谱mass-spring system 质量弹簧系统mass stability 质量稳定性mass storage 大容量存储器;海量存储器mass-to-charge ratio 质荷比master file 主文卷master/slave discrimination 主从鉴别;主副鉴别master station 主站master viscometer 标准粘度计material measure 实体量器material processibility 材料工艺性能material tesing machine 材料试验机mathematical model 数学模型mathematical similarity 数学相似mathematical simulation 数字仿真matrix correction 基本修正matrix effect 基体效应matrix printer 点阵印刷机;点阵打印机Mattauch-Herzog geometry(mass spectrograph) 马-赫型双聚焦质谱法max allowable continuous working current 最大允许连续工作电流max deflection of linearity 最大线性偏转maximum acceleration 最大加速度maximum allowde deviation 最大允许扁差maximum ballistic scanning 最大冲击拂掠maximum capacity 最大称量maximum cyclic load 最大循环负荷maximum cyclic stress 最大循环应力maximum displacement 最大位移maximum excitation 最大激励maximum floating voltage 最大浮置电压maximum flow-rate 最大流量maximum load of the test 最大试验负荷maximum load of the testing machine 试验机最大负荷maximum operating pressure differential 最大工作压差maximum operationg water depth 最大工作(水)深度maximum output inductance 最大输出电感maximum output resistance 最大输出电阻maximum overshoot 最大超调量maximum peneration power 最大穿透力maximum power supply voltage 最高电源电压maximum principle 极大值原理;最大值原理maximum profit programming 最大利润规划maximum rated circumferential magnetizing current 额定周向磁化电流;最大周向磁化电流maximum rated force under sinusoidal conditions 正弦态最大激振力maximum revolutions of output shaft 输出轴最大转数maximum scale value 标度终点值maximum sound pressure level of microphone 传声器最高声压级maximum strain 最大应变maximum temperature 最高温度maximum thermometer 最高温度计;最高温度表maximum transverse load 最大横向负荷maximum velocity 最大速度maximum wind speed 最大风速maximum working pressure(MWP) 最大工作压力McLeod vacuum gauge 麦氏真空计mean availability 平均轴就流体速度mean dynamic pressure in a cross-section 横截面内的平均动压(mean) effective mavelength (平均)有效波长mean flow-rate 平均流量mean life 平均寿命mean linear velocity of mobile phase 流动相平均线速mean load 平均负荷mean repair time(MRT) 平均修理时间mean squared spectral density 均方谱密度mean strain 平均应变mean stress 平均应力mean time between failures(MTBF) 平均失效间隔时间mean time to failure(MTTF) 平均失效前时间mean time to restoration 平均体膨胀系数meantime auto-spectrometer 同时式自动光谱仪(measurable)quantity (可测的)量measurand 被测量measured object 被测对象measured quantiry 被测量(measure)target (被测)目标measured value 被测值measured variable 被测变量measurement 测量measurement hardware 测量硬件measurement of directional response pattern 指向性响应图案测量measurement of exciting force 激振力的测量measurement of vibration quantity 振动量的测量measurement procedure 测量步骤measurement signal 测量信号measurement standand 测量标准(器)measurement time 测量时间measuring amplifier 测量放大器measuring bridge 测量电桥measuring current transformer 测量用电流互感器measuring distance 测量距离measuring element(of an electro-mechanical measuring instrument) (电-机械测量仪表的)测量机构measuring equipment 测量装置;测量设备measuring hole 测量孔measuring indication system 测量指示装置measuring instrument 测量(仪器)仪表;测量器具measuring instrument with circuit control device 带有电路控制器件的测量仪表measuring junction 测量端区measuring microphone 测试传声器measuring plane 测量平面measuring point for the humidity 湿度测定点measuring point for the temperature 温度测定点(measuring)potentiometer (测量)电位差计measuring range 测量范围measuring range higher limit 测量范围上限值measuring range lower limit 测量范围下限值measuring section 测量段measuring spark gap 测量球隙measuring system 测量系统measuring terminal 测量端measuring time 测量时间(measuring)transducer (测量)传感器measuring transducer(with electrical output) (电量输出)测量变换器measuring voltage transformer 测量用电压互感器mechanical bathythermograph(MBT) 机械式深温计mechanical hygrometer 机械湿度计mechanical impedance 机械阻抗mechanical properties 机械性能mechanical quantity 机械量mechanical quantity transducer[sensor] 力学量传感器mechanical regulator 机械稳速器mechanical resonance 机械共振mechanical resonance frequency of the moving element 运动部件机械共振频率mechanical resonance frequency of the moving element suspension 运动部件悬挂机械共振频率mechanical runout 机械脱出mechanical sensor 力敏元件mechanical shock 机械冲击mechanical strain 机械应变mechanical structure type transducer[sensor] 结构型传感器mechanical test 机械性能试验mechanical testing machine 机械式试验机mechanical top-loading balance 机械式上皿天平mechanical vibration (机械)振动mechanical vibrator 机械振动器mechanical vibraometer 机械测振仪mechanical zero 机械零位mechanical zero adjuxter 机械零位调节器mechanism model 机理模型medium temperature strain gauge 中温应变计(片)mel 美(音调的单位)melted quartz cqpacitor 熔融石英电容器melting heat 熔解热melting point 熔解点melting point type disposable fever thermeometer 熔点型消耗式温度计memory 存储器memory protection 存储保护Mendeleev weighing 门捷列夫称量法meniscus 弯月面menu selection mode 选单选择式;菜单选择式meroury barometer 水银气压表mercury drop amplitude 汞滴振幅mercury motor meter 水银电机式仪表mercury pool electrode 示池电极mercury thermoneter 水银温度表message 报文message mode 报文方式message switching 报文交换messenger 使锤metal base indicated electrode 金属基指示电极metal-ceramic X-ray tube 金属陶瓷X射线管metal-insoluble salt indicated electrode 金属-难溶盐指示电极metal-oxide gas transducer[sensor] 金属氧化物气体传感器metal-oxide humidity transducer[sensor] 金属氧化物湿度传感器metal-spring gravimeter 金属弹簧重力仪metallic material testing machine 金属材料试验机metallurgical automation 冶金自动化metastable dceomposition 亚稳分解metastable defocussing 亚稳去聚焦metastable ion 亚稳离子metastable scanning 亚稳扫描meteorograph 气象计meteorological instrument 气象仪器meteorological observation 气象观测meteorological radar 气象雷达meteorological rocket 气象火箭meteorological satellite 气象卫星meteorological tower 气象塔meter 计;表meter electrodes 测量电极meter flow-rate 仪表流量meter for testing constant current fluxreset curve 恒流磁通回归曲线测试仪meter tube(of an electromagnetic flowmeter) (电磁流量计的)测量管meter wheel 绳索记数器meter with maximum demand indicator 最大需量电度表meters(for the measurement of the volume of fluids) (测量流体体积的)仪表meters for measuring amplitude by a reading microscope 读数显微镜测振幅法method for measuring amplitude by a wedge gauge 量楔测振幅法method of coreection 校正方法method of electron diffraction 电子衍射法method of field emission microscope(FEM) 场发射显微镜法method of field parameter measurement 场参数测量法meteod of instability 不稳定法method of least squqres 最小二乘方法method of measurement 测量方法method of modal balancing 振型平衡法method of spot parameter measurement 点参数测量法method standard 方法标准metrological performance 计量性能mica capacitor 云母电容器imcro adsorption detector 微量吸附检测器micro analysis 微量分析micro balance 微量天平micro coulometric detector 微库仑检测器microbarograph 微(气)压计microbarometer 微压表microcomputer 微(型)计算机microcomputer alternating current resistivity instrument 微机化交流电阻率仪器micro-computer field measuring system 微电脑野外检测系统microcomputer induced polarization instrument 微机激电仪micro-densitometer 微密度计micro-economic model 微观经济模型micro-economic system 微观经济系统micro-heat of adsorption detector 微量吸附热检测器micro-packed column 微填充柱microhardness number 显微硬度值micrometer 测微器micrometer checker 千分表检查仪microphone 传声器microphone calibration apparatus 传声器械校准仪microphone protection grid 传声器保护罩microphone response frequency 传声器共振频率microphone stand 传声器架microphone temperature coefficient 传声器温度系数microphotometer 测微光度计micropluviometer 微雨量器microtome 超薄切片机microwave 微波microwave detecton apparatus 微波检测仪microwave distance method 微波探伤法microwave distance meter 微波测距仪microwave hygroscope 微波测湿仪microwave plasma detector 微波等离子体检测器microwave radar 微波雷达microwave radiometer 微波辐射计microwave remote sensing 微波遥感micro-wave scatterometer 微波散射计microwave thickness meter 微波厚度计mid infrared range(MIR) remote sensing 中红外遥感minimum achievable residual unbalance 最小可达剩余不平衡量minimum cyclic load 最小循环应力minimum detectable leak 最小可检漏量minimum detectable partial pressure 最小可检分压强minimum flow-rate 最小流量minmum load of the testing machine 试验机最小负荷minimum operationg pressure differential 最小工作压差minimum phase system 最小相位系统minimum positioning time 最小定位时间minimum power supply voltage 最低电源电压minimum rate of benefit 最低收益率minimum reserve 最低储备iminmum risk estimation 最小风险估计minimum scale value 标度始点值minimum strain 最小应变minimum temperature 最低温度minimum thermometer 最低温度计;最低温度表minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计mining compass 矿山罗盘仪mirror dial 镜大幅度盘mirror telescope 反射望远镜mixing length 混合长度mixing ratio 混合比mobile phase 流动相mobile weather station 流动气象站mobile X-ray detection apparatus 移动式X射探伤机modal aggregation 模态集结modal control 模态控制modal matrix 模态矩阵modal transformation 模态变换mode of vibration 振型;振动模态mode shape 振形model 模型;型号model accuracy 模型精确度model analysis 模型分析model base(MB) 模型库model base management system(MBMS) 模型库管理系统model checking 模型置信度model coordination method 模型协调法model decomposition 模型分解model design 模型设计model evaluation 模型评价model experiment 模型实验model fidelity 模型逼真度model following control system 模型跟踪控制系统model following controller 模型跟踪控制器model loading 模型装载model modification 模型修改model of strain gauge 应变计[片]型式model reduction 模型降价model reduction method 模型降价法model reference adaptive control system 模型参考适应控制系统model reference control system 模型参考控制系统model simplification 模型简化model transformation 模型变换model validation 模型确认model variable 模型变量model verification 模型验证modeling 建模modern control theory 现代控制理论modern polarography 近代极谱法modifiability 可修改性modular programming 模块化程序设计modularity 组合性modularization 模块化modulation 调制modulation analysis 调制分析modulation sideband 调制边带modulator 调制器modulator-demodulator;modem 调制解调器module 模块modulus of elasticity 弹性模量moire fringe 莫尔条纹moire frenge grating 莫尔条纹光栅moisture content 含湿量;水汽含量moisture sensor 湿敏元件molecular absorption spectrometry 分子吸收光谱法molecular beam mass spectrometer 调制分子束质谱计molecular spectrum 分子光谱molecule ion 分子离子moment 分矩moment of pendulum 摆锤力矩monitoring 监视monitoring hardware 监视硬件monitoring program 监督程序monochromatic radiation 单色辐射monochromator 单色仪monocolour radiation 单色辐射monopole mass spectrometer 单极质谱计most economic control(MEC) 最经济控制most economic observing(MEO) 最经济观测mould growth test 长霉试验mould test chamber 霉菌试验箱mouldproof packaging 防霉包装mountain barometer 高山气压表mouse 鼠标器movable cross-beam 移动横梁movement 传动机构moving band interface 传送带接口moving coil 动圈moving ciol galvanometer 动圈式[磁电系]检流计moving-coil microphone 动圈传声器moving-conductor microphone 电动传声器moving element 运动部件;可动部分moiving-iron instrument 动铁式[电磁系)仪表moving-megnet galvanometer 动磁系振动子moving-magnet instrument 动磁式仪表moving point device 移点器moving-scale instrument 动标度尺式仪表moving table 滑台MS-MS scanning 质谱—质谱法扫描mud flow meter 泥浆流量计mud hydrometer 泥浆比重计mud logger 泥浆电阻仪mud lubrification meter 泥浆润滑性测定仪mud resistance meter 泥浆电阻仪mud sand content meter 泥浆含砂量测定仪mud wavter loss meter 泥浆失水量测定仪multi-axial strain gauge 多轴应变计multi band seismograph 多频带地震仪multichannel analyzer 多道分析器multichannel cross correlation 多通道互相关multi-channel logging truck 多线式自动测井仪;测井站multi-channel photo-recorder 多线照相记录仪multi-channel pulse height analyzer 多道脉冲高度分析仪multi-channel X-ray spectrometer 多道X射线光谱仪multi collectors mass spectrometer 多接收器质谱计multi-colour radiation thermometer 多色辐射温度计multi-colour thermometry 多色测温法multi-core type current transformer 多铁心型电流互感器multi crystal thermistor 多昌热敏电阻器multi-frequeny channel ground detector 多频道地电仪multi-runction(measuring)instrument 多功能(测量)仪表multi-function transducer[sensor] 多功能传感器multi-idler belt conveyor scale 多托辊电子皮带秤multi-input multi-output control system;MIMO control system 多输入多输出控制系统multi-path diagonal-beam ultrasonic flowmeter 多声道斜束式超声流量计multi-plane balancing 多面平衡multi-objective decision 多目标决策multi-plate trim 多层叠板工节流组件multi-range(measuring)instrument 多范围(测量)仪表multi-rate meter 复费率电度表mulit-scale(measuring)instrument 多标度尺(测量)仪表mulit-stage accelerating electron gun 多极加速电子枪multistage flash distillation method for desalination 多级闪急蒸馏淡化法multi-step action 多位作用multi-step controller 多位控制器multi-turn electric actuator 多转电动执行机构multi-user simulation 多用户仿真multidimensional gas chromatograph 多维气相色谱仪multidimensional gas chromatography 多维气相色谱法multilayer control 多层控制multilayer system 多层系统multilevel computer control system 多级计算机控制系统multilevel control 多级控制multievel coordination 多级协调multilevel decision 多级决策multievel process 多级过程multilevel system 多级系统multilink 多链路multiloop control 多回路控制multiloop control system 多回路控制系统multiloop controller 多回路控制器multimeter 万用电表multiple channel recorder 多通道记录仪multiple echo method 多次反射法multiple-jet water meter 多注束水表multiple scattering event 多重散射过程multiple-sensor cross correlation 多传感器互相关multiple-speed floationg action 多速无定位作用multiple-speed floation controller 多速无定位控制器multiple step plug 多级阀芯multiple tide staff 群验潮杆;水尺组multiplex link 复用链路multiplexer 多路转换器;多路转接器multiplexing 多路复用multipoint connection 多点连接multipoint network 多点网络multipoint recorder 多点记录仪multiprocessing 多道处理;多处理机multiprogramming 多道程序设计multiprojecting plotter 多位投影测图仪multisegment model 多段模型multispectral camera 多光谱照相机multispectral scanner(MSS) 多光谱扫描仪multistage decision process 多段决策过程multistate logic 多态逻辑multistratum control 多段控制multistratum system 多段系统multivariable control system 多变量控制系统。
核磁共振中常用的英文缩写和中文名称
NMR中常用的英文缩写和中文名称收集了一些NMR中常用的英文缩写,译出其中文名称,供初学者参考,不妥之处请指出,也请继续添加.相关附件NMR中常用的英文缩写和中文名称APT Attached Proton Test 质子连接实验ASIS Aromatic Solvent Induced Shift 芳香溶剂诱导位移BBDR Broad Band Double Resonance 宽带双共振BIRD Bilinear Rotation Decoupling 双线性旋转去偶(脉冲)COLOC Correlated Spectroscopy for Long Range Coupling 远程偶合相关谱COSY ( Homonuclear chemical shift ) COrrelation SpectroscopY (同核化学位移)相关谱CP Cross Polarization 交叉极化CP/MAS Cross Polarization / Magic Angle Spinning 交叉极化魔角自旋CSA Chemical Shift Anisotropy 化学位移各向异性CSCM Chemical Shift Correlation Map 化学位移相关图CW continuous wave 连续波DD Dipole-Dipole 偶极-偶极DECSY Double-quantum Echo Correlated Spectroscopy 双量子回波相关谱DEPT Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer 无畸变极化转移增强2DFTS two Dimensional FT Spectroscopy 二维傅立叶变换谱DNMR Dynamic NMR 动态NMRDNP Dynamic Nuclear Polarization 动态核极化DQ(C) Double Quantum (Coherence) 双量子(相干)DQD Digital Quadrature Detection 数字正交检测DQF Double Quantum Filter 双量子滤波DQF-COSY Double Quantum Filtered COSY 双量子滤波COSYDRDS Double Resonance Difference Spectroscopy 双共振差谱EXSY Exchange Spectroscopy 交换谱FFT Fast Fourier Transformation 快速傅立叶变换FID Free Induction Decay 自由诱导衰减H,C-COSY 1H,13C chemical-shift COrrelation SpectroscopY 1H,13C化学位移相关谱H,X-COSY 1H,X-nucleus chemical-shift COrrelation SpectroscopY 1H,X-核化学位移相关谱HETCOR Heteronuclear Correlation Spectroscopy 异核相关谱HMBC Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation 异核多键相关HMQC Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence异核多量子相干HOESY Heteronuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 异核Overhause效应谱HOHAHA Homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy 同核Hartmann-Hahn谱HR High Resolution 高分辨HSQC Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence 异核单量子相干INADEQUATE Incredible Natural Abundance Double Quantum Transfer Experiment 稀核双量子转移实验(简称双量子实验,或双量子谱)INDOR Internuclear Double Resonance 核间双共振INEPT Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization 非灵敏核极化转移增强INVERSE H,X correlation via 1H detection 检测1H的H,X核相关IR Inversion-Recovery 反(翻)转回复JRES J-resolved spectroscopy J-分解谱LIS Lanthanide (chemical shift reagent ) Induced Shift 镧系(化学位移试剂)诱导位移LSR Lanthanide Shift Reagent 镧系位移试剂MAS Magic-Angle Spinning 魔角自旋MQ(C) Multiple-Quantum ( Coherence ) 多量子(相干)MQF Multiple-Quantum Filter 多量子滤波MQMAS Multiple-Quantum Magic-Angle Spinning 多量子魔角自旋MQS Multi Quantum Spectroscopy 多量子谱NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 核磁共振NOE Nuclear Overhauser Effect 核Overhauser效应(NOE)NOESY Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 二维NOE谱NQR Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance 核四极共振PFG Pulsed Gradient Field 脉冲梯度场PGSE Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo 脉冲梯度自旋回波PRFT Partially Relaxed Fourier Transform 部分弛豫傅立叶变换PSD Phase-sensitive Detection 相敏检测PW Pulse Width 脉宽RCT Relayed Coherence Transfer 接力相干转移RECSY Multistep Relayed Coherence Spectroscopy 多步接力相干谱REDOR Rotational Echo Double Resonance 旋转回波双共振RELAY Relayed Correlation Spectroscopy 接力相关谱RF Radio Frequency 射频ROESY Rotating Frame Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 旋转坐标系NOE谱ROTO ROESY-TOCSY Relay ROESY-TOCSY 接力谱SC Scalar Coupling 标量偶合SDDS Spin Decoupling Difference Spectroscopy 自旋去偶差谱SE Spin Echo 自旋回波SECSY Spin-Echo Correlated Spectroscopy自旋回波相关谱SEDOR Spin Echo Double Resonance 自旋回波双共振SEFT Spin-Echo Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (with J modulation) (J-调制)自旋回波傅立叶变换谱SELINCOR Selective Inverse Correlation 选择性反相关SELINQUATE Selective INADEQUA TE 选择性双量子(实验)SFORD Single Frequency Off-Resonance Decoupling 单频偏共振去偶SNR or S/N Signal-to-noise Ratio 信/ 燥比SQF Single-Quantum Filter 单量子滤波SR Saturation-Recovery 饱和恢复TCF Time Correlation Function 时间相关涵数TOCSY Total Correlation Spectroscopy 全(总)相关谱TORO TOCSY-ROESY Relay TOCSY-ROESY接力TQF Triple-Quantum Filter 三量子滤波WALTZ-16 A broadband decoupling sequence 宽带去偶序列WATERGATE Water suppression pulse sequence 水峰压制脉冲序列WEFT Water Eliminated Fourier Transform 水峰消除傅立叶变换ZQ(C) Zero-Quantum (Coherence) 零量子相干ZQF Zero-Quantum Filter 零量子滤波T1 Longitudinal (spin-lattice) relaxation time for MZ 纵向(自旋-晶格)弛豫时间T2 Transverse (spin-spin) relaxation time for Mxy 横向(自旋-自旋)弛豫时间tm mixing time 混合时间τ c rotational correlation time 旋转相关时间。
电磁场与电磁波第13讲磁化强度磁场强度和相对导磁率
2 b2 z
0 Ib2
2 3/ 2
(T)
6
EXAMPLE 6-7 Find the magnetic flux density at a distant point of a small circular loop of radius b that carries current I (a magnetic dipole).
ˆ J ms M an J m M
磁 偶 极 子
m IS
电磁对偶性
12
2. Magnetization and Equivalent Current Densities
dF Idl B
an
F
d B S a b F c F a d S b B
4
Main topic
Steady Magnetic Fields
1. The Magnetic Dipole 2. Magnetization and Equivalent Current Densities 3. Magnetic Field Intensity and Relative Permeability
2 ˆ J m M (A/m ) Jms M an
A/m
17
3. Magnetic Field Intensity and Relative Permeability
Fundamental equation of magnetostatics in free space
' Fdv ' F ds '
S'
0 ˆ M an ' ' M ' 0 A V ' R dv 4π S ' R ds 4π
科技英语 电磁理论及磁路
Words and Expressionselectromagnetism n. 电磁,电磁学electrical apparatus 电器,电器设备motor n.电动机generator n. 发电机fractional adj. 分数的,几分之一magnetic field n. 磁场coupling device 连接设备static transformer 静态变压器electrical power distribution circuits 送变电电路circuit breakers 电路断路器automatic switches 自动闸relay 继电器quantity n. 变量,数量magnetic flux n.磁通量simplify the computations 估算Ampere's Circuital Law安培环路定律horizontal plane 水平面right-hand rule 右手(螺旋)法则flux density 磁密度tesla n. 特斯拉,磁通密度的单位permeability n. 磁导率,磁导系数henries 亨利(电感单位)henries/meter 亨利/米(磁导率的单位)absolute permeability 绝对磁导率relative permeability 相对磁导率Deltamax 克镍铁磁性合金ferromagnetic material 铁磁性材料effective area n.有效面积normal component n.法线方向分量weber n. 韦伯,磁通的单位common flux 共有磁通Magnetic Field Intensity H 磁场强度electrical machinery 电机ampere-turns/meter 安培·圈/米Ampere's circuit law 安培回路定律magnetomotive force 磁势magnetization curve 磁化曲线demagnetization n. 退磁residual flux density 剩余磁通密度剩磁retentivity 记忆力saturation 饱和hysteresis 磁滞现象hysteresis loop 磁滞环coercive force 矫顽磁力coercivity 矫顽力矫顽性magnetic circuit 磁路mask v. 补偿clearance n.间隙,空隙equivalent circuit 等效电路reluctance n. 磁阻examination n.观察dimension n.量纲cross-sectional area 横截面proportional to 与……成正比inversely proportional to 与……成电磁理论及磁路了解电磁学是对电气工程研究的基础,因为电磁学是工业及家用电器操作的关键问题。
翻译文献-磁传感器回顾
磁传感器回顾JAMES E. LENZ(MEMBER, IEEE)用于生产磁传感器的技术包含了物理学和电子学的许多方面,本文对用于磁场传感的11个最常用技术做了描述和比较,它们是探测线圈、磁通门、光泵、核子自旋进动、超导量子干涉装置(SQUID)、霍尔效应、磁阻、磁敏二极管、磁敏晶体管、光纤技术和磁光学。
这些传感器在地磁场及相关领域的应用也有提及。
Ⅰ.磁传感器技术磁传感器已经在分析和控制方面的成千上万中功能上帮助人类几个世纪,通过在磁储存碟片和磁带中使用磁传感器电脑拥有了无限的存储,因为带有磁传感器的无触点转换的高可靠性使飞机飞行时有了更高的安全等级,因为磁传感器的精确稳定性和低成本使工厂有了更高的生产力。
有很多方法可以检测磁场,它们中的大部分基于电磁现象间的密切联系,在本文的第一半部分,较多的流行传感器将以产品的例子被介绍,在第二半部分,磁传感器的应用将从相关的三类进行讨论:强于地磁场的测量场,地磁场中的测量扰动,及在产生的或感应的磁场中的测量梯度。
与其他传感器技术相比,在所有应用中的一个常见主题就是磁传感器提供一个更坚固、可靠和无需维护的技术。
磁传感技术开发出了物理学和化学领域的诸多定律,比较常用的磁传感器技术中的11个已经列于图1中,并且比较了大致了灵敏度范围,其中一些计划中基于将来提高的范围用破折号表示。
很重要的一点是要注意到对于每个概念的灵敏度范围会受到读出电子的影响。
还有很多其他因素,具体的有频率响应、型号和能源等,这影响到什么传感器是最适合一个应用的,紧接着是对这些概念的说明。
A.探测线圈磁测图2例中的探测线圈是基于法拉第感应原理的,如果通过圈状导体的磁通发生变化,线圈中会有感应电流产生,在它的两端间还会产生一个与磁通变化率成比例的电压。
如果线圈放置于一个时变场或者在一个非均匀场中移动,通过线圈的磁通就会变化,有代表性的例子如把高磁导率的磁铁棒插入线圈中来“聚集”周围的磁场并增加磁通密度(物质的磁导率是当磁通量通过它所掌控的区域时改变的程度)。
磁镊 单个力敏感蛋白
磁镊单个力敏感蛋白磁镊是一种常见的实验工具,用于在实验过程中操作微小的物体。
而单个力敏感蛋白是一种神经元内膜蛋白,它能够感知和转导机械刺激,参与细胞的生理过程。
本文将探讨磁镊和单个力敏感蛋白的相关性及其在科学研究和生物医学领域的应用。
磁镊是一种由磁性材料制成的小型工具,常用于实验室中的微操作。
它的头部通常呈夹子状,可以夹住微小物体进行操作。
磁镊在生物医学研究中被广泛使用,特别是在细胞实验和基因操作中。
通过使用磁镊,研究人员可以精确地操作细胞、分子和其他微小物体,以便进行实验和观察。
而单个力敏感蛋白是一类存在于神经元细胞膜上的蛋白质分子。
它们能够感知和转导机械刺激,将外界的力量转化为细胞内的信号传递。
单个力敏感蛋白的发现和研究为我们理解机械感知和细胞生理过程提供了重要的线索。
通过研究单个力敏感蛋白,科学家们可以深入了解细胞对外界刺激的响应机制。
磁镊和单个力敏感蛋白之间的联系在于它们在科学研究和生物医学领域的应用。
磁镊可以用来操作细胞和分子,而单个力敏感蛋白可以帮助我们了解细胞对力的感知和响应机制。
通过结合磁镊和单个力敏感蛋白的应用,科学家们可以更加深入地研究细胞的机械感知过程。
在生物医学研究中,磁镊和单个力敏感蛋白的应用可以帮助我们研究细胞的力学特性和机械信号传导的机制。
例如,科学家们可以使用磁镊操控细胞,然后观察单个力敏感蛋白的活动,以了解细胞在受力时的响应过程。
这种研究有助于揭示细胞内部力学调控的基本原理,并为疾病的治疗提供新的思路。
除了在基础科学研究中的应用,磁镊和单个力敏感蛋白还被广泛应用于生物医学领域。
例如,在细胞治疗和组织工程方面,科学家们可以使用磁镊操控细胞和生物材料,从而实现精确的组织修复和再生。
此外,磁镊和单个力敏感蛋白还可以用于药物筛选和靶向治疗,帮助科学家们开发更有效的药物和治疗方法。
磁镊和单个力敏感蛋白在科学研究和生物医学领域扮演着重要的角色。
磁镊作为一种实验工具,可以用于精确操控微小物体;而单个力敏感蛋白则帮助我们理解细胞的机械感知和信号传导机制。
MR梯度磁场的工作原理
MR梯度磁场的工作原理
MR梯度磁场是一种用于磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)的重要组成部分。
它在MRI中起到了定位和
成像的作用,能够为医生提供详细的人体组织结构和功能信息。
MR梯度磁场的工作原理基于磁感应定律和磁共振现象。
当一
个梯度磁场施加在一个有旋转偏振磁矩的物体(如人体组织)上时,会在物体内产生一个梯度磁场。
梯度磁场是指在空间中逐渐变化的磁场,通常用于在MRI中
获取位置信息。
MR梯度磁场由三个正交的线圈组成,分别负
责在X、Y和Z方向上产生梯度磁场。
这些线圈可以通过调节通电电流的方向和强度来控制梯度磁场的空间分布。
当MR梯度磁场作用在物体上时,不同位置的原子核会受到
不同的磁场影响,从而产生不同的磁共振频率。
利用这一点,可以通过测量样品中不同位置的磁共振信号的频率来确定其空间位置。
具体工作过程如下:首先,MR梯度磁场线圈被激活,产生沿X、Y和Z方向的磁场梯度。
然后,给样本施加一个射频脉冲,以激发样本中的核自旋。
核自旋会在MR梯度磁场的作用下
开始进动,并发送出一个特定频率的信号。
通过调节MR梯
度磁场的强度和方向,可以控制这个频率。
接着,探测线圈接收到这些信号并将其放大,传输给计算机进行处理。
计算机利用这些信号的频率信息,结合MR梯度磁场的空间分布和相
应的物理模型,可以形成一幅人体组织的图像。
总之,MR梯度磁场通过在空间中产生不同方向和强度的磁场梯度,能够实现对样品的准确定位和成像。
这为MRI技术提供了丰富的空间分辨率和高度准确的成像结果。
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arXiv:0709.2361v2 [astro-ph] 1 Octute the properties of a geometrically thin, steady accretion disk surrounding a central rotating, magnetized star. The magnetosphere is assumed to entrain the disk over a wide range of radii. The model is simplified in that we adopt two (alternate) ad hoc, but plausible, expressions for the azimuthal component of the magnetic field as a function of radial distance. We find a solution for the angular velocity profile tending to corotation close to the central star, and smoothly matching a Keplerian curve at a radius where the viscous stress vanishes. The value of this “transition” radius is nearly the same for both of our adopted B -field models. We then solve analytically for the torques on the central star and for the disk luminosity due to gravity and magnetic torques. When expressed in a dimensionless form, the resulting quantities depend on one parameter alone, the ratio of the transition radius to the corotation radius. For rapid rotators, the accretion disk may be powered mostly by spin-down of the central star. These results are independent of the viscosity prescription in the disk. We also solve for the disk structure for the special case of an optically thick alpha disk. Our results are applicable to a range of astrophysical systems including accreting neutron stars, intermediate polar cataclysmic variables, and T Tauri systems. Subject headings: accretion disks — magnetic fields — neutron stars — pulsars: X-ray — X-rays: binaries — stars: individual ( T-Tauri, FU Orionis)
1. INTRODUCTION
In a wide class of objects, from proto-stars to neutron stars, the central accreting object is expected to be endowed with a magnetic field of dipole strength sufficient to influence the motion of matter in the inner parts of the accretion disk. The degree of this influence depends on the (unknown) details of the interaction of the dipole field with the accreting fluid. It is not clear a priori whether the magnetosphere penetrates the disk, or whether it is capable of transmitting significant torques if it does. In the most commonly accepted model, the stellar magnetic field entrains the inner accretion disk as a result of Rayleigh-Taylor and other instabilities and exerts a torque on the disk, whose sign depends on the relative angular velocity of the disk and the star. This can result in a spin-up or spin-down torque on the star, depending on the value of the inner radius of the disk and on the accretion rate. In this work, following the formulations of Wang (1987, 1995), Livio & Pringle (1992), and others, we adopt a simple model of distributed magnetic torques on the disk, in which their magnitude depends on the ratio of the local orbital angular velocity to the stellar rotation rate. The underlying assumption is that the external magnetic dipole penetrates the (thin) accretion disk for a wide range of radii (Livio & Pringle 1992, Wang 1996). The adopted model allows us to compute the spin-up/spin-down torques on the central star, as well as the luminosity of the disk, with no reference to the viscosity law or to the actual value of the pressure and other disk variables. If, additionally, one adopts a specific prescription for the viscosity, e.g., as in an alpha disk, it is also possible to compute the detailed radial profile of the thermodynamic variables of the disk. The inner termination radius of an accretion disk is of considerable astrophysical interest, as it affects the flow of energy and angular momentum in the accretion process. In the early literature, the termination radius of the disk was thought to increase smoothly across the corotation radius as the mass accretion rate drops, with matter being ejected from the system by the super-Keplerian magnetosphere as soon as the disk is pushed out beyond the corotation radius (e.g., Davidson & Ostriker 1973, Illarionov & Sunayev 1975). More recently, it has been argued that the termination radius does not necessarily become larger than the corotation radius for the so-called “fast pulsars” (Wang 1987), but that accretion may be stopped when “the stellar magnetic field imparts more angular momentum to the disk plasma than is removed by internal viscous forces in an unperturbed Keplerian disk” (Wang 1995). Other authors agree that the disk terminates within the corotation radius, but argue that accretion will proceed even for “fast pulsars,” because no matter is actually ejected from the disk by the rotating magnetosphere3 (Spruit & Taam 1993; Rappaport, Fregeau & Spruit 2004). Our results support the latter viewpoint. The plan of the paper is straightforward. After briefly reviewing some of the more relevant observations, we write