学术英语写作 (7)
英语学术论文写作PPTunit7
The above example consists of three paragraphs and is made up of 280 words. It includes such information as purpose, method, scope of the paper (problems addressed), and conclusion. Passive voice (It is argued that ...) is used to downplay the author and emphasize the conclusion.
学术英语写作的结构
学术英语写作的结构
学术英语写作的结构通常遵循一定的模式，以下是一种常见的结构：1.引言（Introduction）：在引言部分，作者简要介绍论文的主题、
研究背景、研究目的和研究问题。
此外，还可以提供一些相关的文献综述，以帮助读者更好地理解论文的背景和重要性。
2.文献综述（Literature Review）：文献综述部分对已有的相关研究
进行总结和分析，为论文的研究问题提供理论支持和背景信息。
这一部分应该包括对相关研究的批判性评价，以及当前研究的空白和需要进一步探讨的问题。
3.研究方法（Research Methodology）：在研究方法部分，作者详细
介绍研究设计、数据采集和分析方法、样本和抽样方法等。
这一部分应该清楚地说明研究是如何实施的，以及如何收集和分析数据的。
4.结果与讨论（Results and Discussion）：结果与讨论部分呈现研究
结果，并对结果进行解释和讨论。
这一部分应该包括对数据的描述性分析、推断性分析和解释性分析，以及对结果的讨论和意义。
5.结论（Conclusion）：结论部分总结论文的主要发现和贡献，并对
未来研究提出建议。
这一部分应该强调研究的局限性、对理论和实践的贡献，以及对未来研究的启示。
6.参考文献（References）：参考文献部分列出文中引用的各篇文献，
按照规定的格式编排，如APA、MLA等。
这一部分应该包括所有引用的文献，以便读者查阅和核实。
以上是一种常见的学术英语写作结构，但具体的结构安排可能因学科领域、论文类型和个人偏好而有所不同。
在写作时，作者应该根据论文的具体要求和规范进行适当的调整。
学术英语写作作文
学术英语写作作文英文回答：In this era of breakneck technological advancements and skyrocketing information proliferation, the imperative for effective academic English writing has become paramount. While many stumble upon the hurdle of expressing complex ideas in clear and concise prose, mastering this skill can be an empowering gateway to unlocking a world of opportunities.Allow me to elucidate the significance of academic English writing. Firstly, it is the language of scholarly discourse, the medium through which groundbreaking research and novel theories are disseminated. By honing your writing abilities, you become an active participant in the global intellectual dialogue, contributing to the advancement of knowledge and human understanding.Furthermore, academic English writing is a prized assetin any professional setting. Whether you aspire to excel in academia, industry, or the corporate world, the ability to communicate your ideas effectively in writing is indispensable. A well-crafted academic paper showcases your critical thinking, analytical abilities, and capacity for research. It serves as a potent tool for persuasion, negotiation, and problem-solving.Moreover, academic English writing also fosters personal growth and intellectual development. By grappling with abstract concepts and presenting them in a logical and structured manner, you cultivate your cognitive skills, enhance your vocabulary, and sharpen your precision of thought. The process of writing itself becomes an exercise in self-reflection and critical introspection.中文回答：在这个技术飞速发展、信息爆炸的时代，有效学术英语写作的必要性已变得至关重要。
英语学术论文写作范文 学术英语写作 范文17篇
英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans? ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages1words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas,Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native Americaninfluence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with NativeAmericans. Art if another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured2part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area inwhich Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and croprotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”,had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nationshad joined together in a confederation3called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under th e league, eachnation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had wontheir independence from Britain,someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆happened. As a result, the presentfrom of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native4Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________ II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB._____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3.5______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb._____________________________________________________c._____________________________________________________c.______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2._____________________________________________________a._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________6D. _1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches (“nations”) Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa._________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b.______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 2:At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!71 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on theaisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are “detached observers”-people who like to have their own space, who are observers and tend to be quieter. “That?s funny, because I?m a writer,” Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. atthe CineplexOdeon at Universal CityWalk. “So that?s what I do (observe people).” One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson?s Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The “front row film fanatic”: Extroverted, assertive, and8competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others,not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers?s Austin Powers or Julia Roberts?s ErinBrockovich.5 The”middle-of-the-roaders”: These are the people wholike to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who areflexible and try to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow?s Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. “We like the middle because it?s not too far back and not too close to the front,” Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the “middle-of-the-roader” label seems to fit them because “we?re easygoing.”6 The “invisible rebels”: Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don?t necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is ClintEastwood?s Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver?s Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. “The back row is,where things happen; it?s an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching,” Dawson said in the Odeon report. “It tends to attract people who are rebellious.”97 For some people, though, sometimes a chair i s just a chair. “I don?t knowwherever there?s an empty seat,” said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. “That works for me.”Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer?s opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网10,您的在线图书馆pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 3Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a newenvironment, you somehow feel more alive: seeing new11sights, eating new food, hearing theforeign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressful rather than stimulating, and delight turns intodiscomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a newculture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs12of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make “small talk,” so it ishard to carry on a casual, get-acquaintedconversation. One day in the schoolcafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Arethey laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren?t always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you wait for a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, can you exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn?t been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock13when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, thatyour landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have somesuccess in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You areable to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you cansuccessfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Yourself-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dress or behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.14Concluding Paragraph A百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆To sum up, culture shock is a veryreal phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologist$. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negativefeelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land. Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the15difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesisstatement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 4: Cause and Effect百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 5: Cause and Effect16百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 6: Comparison百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASEDTEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this17essay sets out to examine the arguments on both sides and attemptsto draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and18encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reasonfor this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sittingat home working on a computer may be economical, but clearly cannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments,or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used tosupport taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similarto ,universities of the air?, such as Britain?s OpenUniversity, which have developed distance learning so successfullyin the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are19generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact ofthe classroom highly, despite its cost andinconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgentneed for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximise its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 8: Argument百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Now complete the outline of the model essay:Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement:20_______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____b. Boys____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________21Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parent百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆C. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a._______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls___________________________________________________22_____________________________________________________________________________ ______ b.Girl________________________________________________________________ _____ c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.____________________________________________________________________ __3.____________________________________________________________________ _____百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce;23nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society,is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the …divorce phenomenon? and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do notnecessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married24couples with …access to a legal solution to pre-existentmarital problems? (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place.It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart?s explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur25in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy,especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also beingdetermined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this riseis to make them less obtainable. This approach, oneimagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes.Furthermore, the百度搜索”就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网26,您的在线图书馆experience of social workers,working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple?s access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable inthe present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families27(McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause foroptimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of。
英语作业的写作体裁
英语作业的写作体裁在英语作业中，写作体裁（genre）通常是指写作的类型或风格。
以下是几种常见的英语作业写作体裁：1. Narrative Writing（叙述性写作）:- 叙述性写作通常用于讲述故事或经历。
它侧重于描述事件的顺序和人物的情感。
- 例子："I remember the day I first learned to ride a bike. It was a sunny afternoon when my father took me to the park..."2. Expository Writing（说明性写作）:- 说明性写作用于解释概念、定义或过程。
它旨在提供信息和知识。
- 例子："The process of photosynthesis involves the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy by plants..."3. Descriptive Writing（描述性写作）:- 描述性写作专注于详细描述事物的外观、感觉、声音、气味和味道。
- 例子："The old house stood alone at the end of the street, its peeling paint and broken windows a testament tothe passage of time..."4. Persuasive Writing（说服性写作）:- 说服性写作的目的是影响读者的观点或行为。
它通常包含论点、证据和结论。
- 例子："Eating a balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health and preventing diseases..."5. Argumentative Writing（辩论性写作）:- 辩论性写作类似于说服性写作，但它更侧重于提出一个立场，并反驳可能的反对意见。
(完整版)学术英语写作P73--76练习答案
[Original Source] (A totalitarian) society…can never permit either the truthful recording of facts, or the emotional sincerity, that literary creation demands….Totalitarianism demands… the continuous alteration of the past, and in the long run…a disbelief in the very existence of objective truth. (written by George Orwell)[Version C] Orwell believed that totalitarian societies must suppress literature and free expression because they cannot survive the truth, and thus they claim it does not exist.(1) Deep waters that were once off limits to oil explores are suddenly accessible, partly because of advances in floating rigs.Deep water exploring oil had once been impossible before, but now it becomes practicable in part because the floating rigs have developed much.(2) A liver cell has a different job from a blood cell and proteins to match.肝细胞与血液细胞分工不同，而且与之匹配的蛋白质也不同。
研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 7 Concluding Research
Unit Seven Concluding ResearchObjectives:─ Be clear about t he significance of this section─ Try to understand the importance of summarizing in academic writing─ Learn to be skilled in p araphrasing in academic writing─ Learn to restate your thesis statement─ L earn to draw a conclusionContents:─ Brief introduction to this section─ Reading & Discussion: What information elements are usually involved in writing a Conclusion section?─ Language Focus: How to su mmarize and paraphrase─ Writing Practice: How to r estate your research objectives─ Writing Project: How to outline your conclusion1. Reading ActivityThe conclusion of a research paper reaffirms the thesis statement, discusses the issues, and reaches a final judgment. It is a belief based on your reasoning and on the evidence you have accumulated. This is the place for sharing with readers the conclusions you have reached because of your research. A conclusions is usually a shorter section of an academic text. It manifests the value of your research as well as your understanding of the material that you have presented. It should be a strong recapitulation of your major ideas.1.1 Pre-reading TaskThe following is the concluding section of a research article in the field of applied linguistics. Think about the following questions before reading the text and then have a discussion with your classmates:1)What is the function of the concluding section in a research paper?2)What information elements does a concluding section normally include?1.2 Reading PassageOur experiment indicated that learners better comprehended English idioms sharing the same metaphoric themes as Chinese than those sharing different metaphoric themes, conforming to Boers & Demecheleer's (2001) study result with French-speaking subjects. NL (native language) played an important role, in that positive transfer appeared in most subjects' understanding of idioms with identical expressions and meanings in NL and TL (target language), and negative transfer appeared in the understanding of those with similar expressions and meanings or those with identical expressions but different meanings in NL and TL; besides, negative transfer occurred in the understanding of every kind of English idioms. Finally, though the idioms in the experiment were rated as having an intermediate level of semantic transparency and were listed without any contextual clues, 37% of the subjects’ responses were completely or partially correct, giving support to the point that a cognitive semantic view can facilitate the learning of idioms for non-native speakers.This study has several implications for teaching idioms. Firstly, it is important to inform learners of the different metaphoric themes in the target culture. Secondly, more attention should be given to idioms without NL equivalents. Thirdly, overt comparisons can be made to show learners which idioms can be transferred from their NLs and which idioms are likely to cause interference, thus taking advantage of positive transfer while avoiding the occurrence of negative transfer. Fourthly, while helping learners realize the absurdity of the literal meanings of some English idioms, encourage them to tackle the semantics of the idiom as a problem-solving task, andteach them strategies for dealing with figurative language to take advantage of the semantic transparency of some idioms.However, there was an obvious limitation in this study: the number of the idioms selected was too small. We expect more studies to be carried out in more aspects including the strategies used in idiom comprehension and production, EFL learners', EFL teachers' and English-speaking people's attitude towards English idiom learning and the treatment of them in the existing teaching materials.( Liu, 2008 )1.3 Reading Comprehension1. Read the text carefully and decide what information elements a concluding section includes and how they function.2. What are the major findings of the experiment?3. What verb tenses are mainly used in the text? What is the proportion of active voice verbs to passive voice verbs in this conclusion section?nguage Focus2.1 SummarizingThere are three ways to include source material in your research paper writing: summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting. Each of these strategies capitalizes on different types of information that can be useful. To summarize is to put in your own words a shortened version of written or spoken material, stating the main points and leaving out anything that is not essential. Summarizing is more than retelling; it involves analyzing information, distinguishing important elements from unimportant elements and transforming large chunks of information into a few short cohesive sentences.Look at the following example.OriginalThis effort to communicate--first through spoken messages, then throughpictographs, then through the written word, and finally through printed words --- demonstrates people’s innate desire to share information with one another. Storability, portability an d accessibility of information are essential to today’s c oncept of mass communication. (Source: Shirley Biagi, Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, 2nd edition, p. 24 )SummaryIn Media Impact, Shirley Biagi explains that people have always had an inherent need to communicate. The ability to store, carry and have access to information is necessary in modern mass communication.How to Summarize?There are several techniques to be used while summarizing a text and they all stress full understanding of a text and require the reader to spot the main ideas in it. Here are some useful tips about summarizing:∙Start by reading a short text and highlight the main points as you read.∙Reread the text and make notes of the main points, leaving out examples, evidence, etc.∙Restate or repeat the ideas of the source in different words and phrases.∙Do not add your own ideas, opinions or judgment of the arguments.∙Make it shorter than the source.Read the following text and write a summary.Original TextI come from Taiwan, but I have lived in Canada for several years now. I am surprised at how Canadian society respects the rights of women, both at work and home. Personally I believe women in Canada are better off than women in Taiwan. However, some of my female friends in Canada miss the good old days when women were treated in a different way. You see, in the past, gentlemen followed different rules of behavior. They would open the doors for ladies, pull out chairs for ladies to sit down, stand up when a lady left the table, and offer to pay the bill at restaurants. Now, however, most Canadian believe that men and women should be considered equal. For example, women now generally have to pay for their own meals.2.2 ParaphrasingThe Oxford English Dictionar y defines a paraphrase as “an expression in other words, usually fuller and clearer, of the sense of any passage or text; a free rendering or amplification of a passage. . . . [Paraphrasing is] to express the meaning of (a word, phrase, passage) in other words, usually with the object of fuller and clearerexposition so as to bring out the sense” (XI: 204). To paraphrase means to completely reproduce the original meaning in our own words (but never include our own opinion ).Look at the following example.Source materialAggressiveness, present in many male teenagers, has often been characterized as having a biological base. However, social study theorists Bandura and Walters (1959) did a study which indicated that aggressiveness might be a product of environment factors and especially, social reinforcement. In this study, they found that aggressive boys had encouragement from their parents to be aggressive outside their home. Since their fathers experienced indirect pleasure from hearing about their son’s aggressive behavior, this provided reinforcement for the boys.Acceptable paraphrase:Social scientists have often described aggressiveness, which is evident in many adolescent boys, as having a biological component. However, research completed by social study theorists Bandura and Walters (1959) showed that aggressiveness might result from factors in the environment and, in particular, social reinforcement. It was found in the study that young males who were aggressive had been encouraged by their parents to be aggressive away from their home. Their fathers received vicarious gratification from learning of their son’s aggressive behavior. Consequently, the boys’ behavior was reinforced by their fathers’ experience. ( Cong, 2009 )There are basically two ways to paraphrase this: by making word-level transformations (and maintaining the original syntax) or by considering its “deep structure” and making more significant changes. Note how these paraphrases differ: Source sentence:The temperature in many parts of the world is gradually rising.Paraphrase:(1)The temperature in lots of places around the earth is slowly increasing.(2)Most parts of the world are getting hotter steadily.Example (1) represents a word-level paraphrase and example (2) is a deep-level transformation. It is usually believed that making word-level paraphrases is easier than deep-level transformations.Here are some guidelines for paraphrasing:● U se synonyms.● Change word forms.● Make necessary structural adjustments.● Change between the affirmative and the negative.● Include reference to the original source.Read the following text carefully and try to rewrite an acceptable paraphrase. OriginalStarting in the 15th century, the reality and the idea of the family were to change: a slow and profound revolution, scarcely distinguished by either contemporary observers or later historians, and difficult to recognize. And yet the essential event is quite obvious: the extension of school education. We have seen how in the middle ages children’s education was ensured by apprenticeship in adults, and that after the age of seven, children lived in families other than their own. Henceforth, on the contrary, education became increasingly a matter for the school. The school ceased to be confined to clerics and became the normal instrument of social initiation, of progress from childhood to manhood. ( Source: Aries, P. 1962. Contemporary Childhood: A Social History of Family Life )3. Writing Practice3.1 Reorder sentencesRead the following jumbled conclusion from a thesis in computer science and engineering: the topic is: The Steiner Tree Problem. Please rearrange the following sentences so that they make more sense and follow the logical order of a conclusion.A.An advantage of this algorithm is that the computations of the bead's movementcan be done in parallel, provided that there is a synchronization barrier to update their new positions.B.This can take advantage of some parallel computers, for example, mapping eachbead to a (virtual) processor.C.It is possible that these techniques can also be applied to solve the SMT if a goodmapping of the problem to an appropriate network architecture is found.D. The Steiner tree has been shown to be an optimization problem. Neural networkhas been successfully applied to solve many optimization problems, for example, TSP. Some of these techniques have been discussed. This could be an interesting area for research in the future.E. The Steiner minimal tree problem has been studied in the above discussion. Anode-splitting algorithm that finds a good heuristic solution to the problem has been developed. In some cases, it is better, for instance, than Korhonen's algorithm.F. Comparison shows that the node-splitting method is comparable to other heuristicmethods.( adapted from Zhou, 2009: 312)3.2 Restatement of research objectiveLook at your thesis statement again and rework it in a new way. Avoid repeating key words and phrases from the thesis statement because you don't want the summary statement to sound boring or repetitive. Using a thesaurus is a good way to find new, interesting words.This study set out to determine ...The present study was designed to determine the effect of ...In this investigation, the aim was to assess ...The purpose of the current study was to determine ...This project was undertaken to design ... and evaluate …Returning to the hypothesis/question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that …Here are some examples of research questions and summary statements:Research question: What is more important, competitive price, fuel economy, or high resale value when Chinese people buy cars.Summary Statement: The research was to determine what factors contribute more to Chinese people purchasing cars, competitive price, fuel economy, and high resale value.Rewrite the following thesis statements:1) What in San Francisco attracts visitors more, its magnificent location, its theaters and art galleries, or its fine restaurants?2) Do employees have to be trained for working in the Australian multicultural workplace? But managers also need to be trained. (It is clear, therefore, that both..)3) What is the 1994 rate of juvenile delinquency in the U.S.?4) Does education play a role in reducing juvenile delinquents' return to crime?5) What marketing strategies does the Coca-Cola company currently apply?6) Do children sent to day care or preschool start kindergarten with more highly developed language skills?7) How might the discovery of a genetic basis for obesity change the way in which we treat obese persons, both medically and socially?3.3 Summarizing the findingsRead the following text and identify major points and write a summary.Global Implications of Patent Law VariationA patent is an exclusive right to use an invention for a certain period of time, which is given to an inventor as compensation for disclosure of an invention.Although it would be beneficial for the world economy to have uniform patent laws, each country has its own laws designed to protect domestic inventions and safeguard technology. Despite widespread variation, patent laws generally fall under one of two principles: the first-to-file and first-to-invent. The first-to-file principle awards a patent to the person or institution that applies for a patent first, while the first-to-invent principle grants the patent to the person or institution that was first to invent –and can prove it. Most countries have adopted the first-to-file system. However, the United States maintains a first-to-invent system, despite obvious shortcomings. Patent ownership is not recognized globally. On the contrary, ownership may change depending on the country. It is not uncommon for an invention to have two patent owners – one in the United States and one in the rest of the world. This unclear ownership often has economic consequences. If a company is interested in using a patented invention, it may be unable to receive permission from both patent owners, which in turn may prevent manufacture of a particular product. Even if permission is received from both owners, pay royalties to both may be quite costly. In this case, if the invention is useful enough, a company may proceed and pass on the added cost to consumers. International economic tension has also been increasing as a result of differing policies. Many foreign individuals and companies believe that they are at a serious disadvantage in the United States with regard to patent ownership because of the logistical difficulties in establishing first-to-invent status. Further, failure of the United States to recognize patent ownership in other countries is in violation of the Paris Conventions on Industrial Properties, which requires all member nations to treat all patents equally. The conflict surrounding patents has prompted the World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to lobby for universality in patent laws. WIPO maintains that the first necessary step involves compelling the United States to reexamine its patent principle, taking into account the reality of a global economy. This push may indeed result in more global economic cooperation.3.4 Write a concluding sectionThe following is a research on the effectiveness of structured development lessons in English using 4 macro-skills intended for public science high school students. Read the following paper and write a concluding section for it.The teacher-researcher found out that the students' difficulties in oral and written English were speaking or conversational English, including correct usage, listening and answering questions. The causes for these difficulties were: students have poor background at the elementary level; English is not heard at home; teachers prefer to speak the dialect often; there might be lack or absence of English books.The main thrust of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of structured development lessons in English using the 4 macro-skills intended for the public science high school students. Specifically, the study answered questions on the level of language proficiency of the freshmen science high school students with referenceto pronunciation and correct usage; mean pretest and posttest scores of the students based on the structured lessons of macro-skills' learning performance; significant difference in the mean pretest and posttest scores of the students in listening, speaking, reading, and writing; mean gain in the posttest; and module which can be proposed based on the findings of the study.The study used the Descriptive Survey Method and the main tool used was the research-made or self-made type of examination (questionnaire), including the record sheet as instrumentally utilized for the 75 students as selected freshmen in the first year. The data gathered in this study were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 14--a computer program used for statistical analysis.FINDINGS1) Level of Language Proficiency of the Students’ PronunciationThe majority (81.9333) of the students got the highest rating scale of 80-89 which was rated Very Good. None of the students as counted individually obtained the rating scale of 50-59 (far below from the passing percentage).2) Correct UsageNone of the students was rated Excellent with the rating scale of 90 and above.The majority (77.5867) of the students got the average rating scale of 70-79 which was rated Good.3) English Difficulties of the Freshmen Students Based on the Macro-Skills ofEnglish Language TeachingThe teacher-researcher found out that the students' difficulties in oral and written English were speaking or conversational English, including correct usage, listening and answering questions. The causes for these difficulties were: students have poor background at the elementary level; English is not heard at home; teachers prefer to speak the dialect often; there is lack or absence of English books; there is lack or absence of instructional materials; there is absence of printed materials at home; there are no television sets at home; teachers have faulty pronunciation; there is little emphasis on written communications and there are no cultural shows and public speaking activities.The teacher-researcher found out that the students experience the following difficulties in written English: writing dictation, taking down notes, outlining, theme writing, punctuating, quoting, and obtaining coherence and unity in paragraph writing. The causes for these difficulties were: no appreciation for reading materials; lack of exposure to writing; inadequate writing activities; no ear training; no patience to analyze the mistakes in writing; absence of contents that can harness their potentials in essays, letters, etc.; poor spelling; and useless board work.4) Mean Pretest and Posttest Scores of the StudentsIt is found in this study, based on the macro-skills, that the posttest mean of the group in the listening area which is 83.1067 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 75.5333. In standard deviation, the result of pretest is 10.95980 while the result of the posttest is 6.07959. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is 1.26553 while the result of the posttest is .70201; the posttest mean of the group in the speaking area which is 87.1200 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 80.5467. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 4.92455 while the result of the posttest is 3.42471.Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .56864 while the result of the posttest is .39545; the posttest mean of the group in the reading area which is 86.7333 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 84.4133. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 3.28425 while the result of the posttest is 3.17649. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .37923 while the result of the posttest is .36679; the posttest mean of the group in the writing area which is 85.4400 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 76.3333. In standard deviation, the result of the pretest is 6.26732 while the result of posttest is 5.29467. Unlike the standard error mean, the result of the pretest is .72369 while the result of the posttest is .61138.It is found further that the posttest score in the speaking area got the 1st rank which is 87.1200 while the pretest is 80.5467 of which the difference is 6.5733; the posttest score in the reading area got the 2nd rank which is 86.7333 while the pretest is 84.4133 with the difference of 2.3200; the posttest score in the writing area got the 3rd rank which is 85.4400 while the pretest is 76.3333 with the difference of 9.1067.5) Paired Samples' Test/Paired Differences: the difference between the two means wassubjected to a paired t-test.5.1 Listening skill: the listening area was -7.57333, standard deviation was 10.63291,standard error mean was 1.22778, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -10.0974, the difference (upper limit) was -5.12692, and the c.v.result was -6.168 which was greater than the t.v. result which was -10.01974.Therefore, the macro-skill in the listening area was not significant.5.2 Speaking skill: the speaking area was -6.57333, standard deviation was 5.31742,standard error mean was .61400, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -7.79676, the difference (upper limit) was -5.34991, and the c.v. result was -10.706 which was lower than the t.v. result which was -7.79676. Therefore, the macro-skill in the speaking area was significant.5.3 Reading skill: the reading area was -2.32000, standard deviation was 2.98265,standard error mean was .34441, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -3.00625, the difference (upper limit) was -1.63375, and the c.v. result was -6.736 which was lower than the t.v. result which was -3.00625. Therefore, the macro-skill in the reading area was significant.5.4 Writing skill: the writing area was -9.10667, standard deviation was 7.38621,standard error mean was .85289, 95% confidence interval of the difference (lower limit) was -10.80608, the difference (upper limit) was -7.40726, and thec.v. result was -10.677 which was greater than the t.v. result which was-10.80608. Therefore, the macro-skill in the writing area was not significant.6) Mean Gain of the Pretest and Posttest Scores of the Students: mean gain is based on the macro-skills of language teaching, such as listening, speaking, reading and writing. Mean gain of singled-out freshmen students based on the macro-skills, such as listening, speaking, reading and writing as structured in the lessons, was used as a result in statistical analysis and computation of the mean pretest and mean posttest. It was disclosed upon interpretation of data that the mean gain in the listening area was obtained as the result of the subtraction of number from the mean pretest which was 75.5333 from the mean posttest which was 83.1067. The findings revealed that only the areas in speaking and reading got the highest posttest percentages. In the writing area, the mean gain was obtained as the result of the subtraction from the pretest which was 76.3333 from the mean posttest which was 85.4400.In the final results of the listening area, the posttest mean was 83.1067 while the mean gain was -7.57333 which had the lowest mean pretest and posttest percentages as compared to the other areas; in the speaking area, the posttest mean was 87.1200 while the mean gain was -6.57333 which got the 1st rank posttest percentage; in the reading area, the mean gain was -2.32000 which got the 2nd rank posttest percentage and also got the 1st rank pretest percentage among them; and in the writing area, the mean gain was -9.10667 which got the 3rd rank posttest percentage, next to the speaking and reading areas.It is also found that the posttest mean of the group in the listening area which is 83.1067 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 75.5333; the posttest mean of the group in the speaking area which is 87.1200 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 80.5467; the posttest mean of the group in the reading area which is 86.7333 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 84.4133; and the posttest mean of the group in the writing area which is 85.4400 is higher than the pretest mean of the group which is 76.3333.4.Writing Project4.1Getting information for writing a conclusionCreate a SWOT table summarizing your research findings of an environmental analysis.Strength OpportunityWeakness Threat4.2Outlining your conclusion1) State the research question and explain why it is interesting.2) Briefly describe the methods of research and data analysis.3) Describe the results.4) Explain the key implications of the results. Avoidoverstating the importance ofthe findings.5) The results and the interpretation of the results shouldrelate directly to theresearch questions, purposes or hypothesis.4.3Drafting your conclusion1) Begin with your research questions, purposes or hypothesis.2) Combine the thesis statement and your one-sentence segment summaries into aone-to-two-paragraph summary.3) Eliminate all unnecessary words and repetitions.4) Eliminate all personal ideas and inferences.5) Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.6) Use summary expressions.4.4Final checklist。
学术英语作文万能模板范文
学术英语作文万能模板范文Title: A Universal Template for Academic English Writing。
Academic writing is an essential skill for students and scholars in various fields of study. Whether it is for a research paper, a thesis, or a journal article, having a solid understanding of academic English writing is crucial for effectively communicating ideas and findings. In this article, we will discuss a universal template for academic English writing that can be applied to different types of academic papers.Introduction。
The introduction is the opening section of an academic paper where the writer introduces the topic, provides background information, and presents the research question or thesis statement. It is important to grab the reader's attention and provide a clear roadmap for the rest of the paper. The introduction should be concise, engaging, and informative.Literature Review。
学术英语写作academic language
学术英语写作（Academic Language）是一种用于学术和专业领域的英语写作风格。
它具有以下特点：
- **准确性**：使用准确的词汇和语法，避免模糊或歧义。
- **专业性**：运用特定领域的专业术语和词汇，体现学术的专业性。
- **逻辑性**：结构清晰，段落之间有明确的逻辑关系。
- **客观性**：以客观的态度表达观点，避免主观情感和个人偏见。
- **正式性**：语言风格较为正式，避免口语化和随意的表达。
- **引用和参考**：正确引用他人的研究成果，以支持自己的观点并提供参考依据。
- **论证性**：通过论证和证据来支持观点，使文章具有说服力。
要提高学术英语写作水平，可以多阅读相关领域的学术文献，学习其写作风格和表达方式。
同时，注重语法和词汇的积累，不断练习写作，接受老师或同行的反馈，都有助于提升学术英语写作能力。
研究生学术英语读写教程unit7
研究生学术英语读写教程unit7研究生学术英语读写教程 Unit7 的内容如下:主题：学术论文的结构和写作技巧本单元重点:- 了解学术论文的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 掌握正确的学术论文写作技巧和风格- 学会如何优化学术论文的结构和排版本单元拓展:- 学术论文的阅读和撰写对于研究生来说是非常重要的技能。
通过本单元的学习，学生将学会如何有效地阅读和撰写学术论文，从而提高学术能力。
- 学术论文的结构和写作技巧是研究生学术英语读写教程中的重要部分。
通过学习本单元的内容，学生将能够更好地理解学术论文的结构和组织方式，从而更好地撰写学术论文。
具体内容:1. Introduction- 介绍学术论文的背景和目的- 阐述学术论文的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 举例说明如何有效地组织 Introduction 部分2. Literature Review- 介绍文献综述的作用和意义- 阐述文献综述的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 举例说明如何有效地组织 Literature Review 部分3. Methods- 介绍研究方法的重要性- 阐述研究方法的基本组成部分以及各自的作用 - 举例说明如何有效地组织 Methods 部分4. Results- 介绍研究结果的重要性- 阐述研究结果的基本组成部分以及各自的作用 - 举例说明如何有效地组织 Results 部分5. Discussion- 介绍讨论部分的作用和意义- 阐述讨论部分的基本组成部分以及各自的作用 - 举例说明如何有效地组织 Discussion 部分 6. Conclusion- 总结学术论文的主要内容- 强调学术论文的结论和贡献- 举例说明如何有效地撰写 Conclusion 部分 7. References- 列举学术论文中所引用的文献- 注意文献引用的准确性和完整性8. Format and 排版- 了解学术论文的排版格式- 学会如何优化学术论文的结构和排版本单元重点:- 了解学术论文的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 掌握正确的学术论文写作技巧和风格- 学会如何有效地阅读和撰写学术论文，从而提高学术能力总结:研究生学术英语读写教程 Unit7 主要介绍了学术论文的结构和写作技巧。
学术综合英语作文模板
学术综合英语作文模板英文回答：Introduction。
The advent of globalization has spurred the interconnectedness of the world, leading to an unprecedented rise in cross-cultural interactions. Consequently, the need for effective communication across linguistic and cultural boundaries has become paramount. Academic Comprehensive English (ACE) serves as a crucial tool in facilitating this communication, enabling individuals to navigate the complexities of academic discourse in a globalized world.ACE is an amalgamation of linguistic proficiency, critical thinking skills, and cultural awareness that equips individuals with the necessary competencies to engage in academic discourse. It encompasses a broad spectrum of skills, including the ability to:Read, comprehend, and analyze academic texts。
Effectively convey complex ideas in written and spoken form。
学术英语写作包含的框架
学术英语写作框架在撰写学术英语论文时，通常包含以下几个主要部分，这些部分将帮助您组织和呈现您的研究内容。
以下是每个部分的简要概述和如何将其纳入您的写作过程。
1.引言部分（Introduction）在引言部分，您将为您的研究主题提供背景信息，包括对研究领域的简要介绍，研究问题的阐述，以及该问题的重要性。
此外，您还需明确提出您的研究目的、主题和论文的结构。
2.研究背景（Background）在这部分，您将更深入地探讨您的研究领域，提供更多的上下文信息。
这可能包括对过去相关研究的回顾，相关理论或模型的解释，以及您研究问题的理论基础。
3.研究目的和意义（Research Purpose and Significance）在这一部分，您需要清晰地阐述您的研究目的，并解释其重要性。
这可能涉及到您希望解决的具体问题，以及您的研究将如何对特定领域或更大的社会、经济或政治问题产生影响。
4.研究方法（Research Methodology）此部分将描述您用来解答研究问题的方法。
这可能包括您的实证研究设计、数据收集和分析方法、所使用的工具（如问卷、观察表等），以及您如何确保研究的可靠性和有效性。
5.研究结果（Research Results）在这一部分，您将呈现您的研究结果。
这可能是数据表格、图表、图形等形式的呈现，用于解释和阐述您的研究发现。
根据您的研究类型，您可能还需要进行适当的统计分析。
6.讨论部分（Discussion）在讨论部分，您将根据您的结果进行解释和讨论。
这可能涉及到您对结果的深入理解，与已有研究的对比，以及您的研究结果可能带来的影响和意义。
此部分应充分展示您对研究领域的理解以及您的批判性思维。
7.结论部分（Conclusion）在结论部分，您将概括您的研究发现，重申您研究的重要性，并指出未来可能的研究方向。
此外，还可以讨论这些发现的可能应用和实践意义。
每个部分都有其特定的目的和内容，需要仔细考虑和精心撰写。
学术专著英语作文模板
学术专著英语作文模板英文回答：Chapter 1: Introduction。
Background and significance of the research。
Statement of the problem。
Research questions。
Scope and limitations of the study。
Chapter 2: Literature Review。
Review of existing literature on the topic。
Identification of gaps in the research。
Development of theoretical framework。
Chapter 3: Methodology。
Description of the research design。
Sampling strategy and sample characteristics。
Data collection methods。
Data analysis techniques。
Chapter 4: Results。
Presentation and analysis of the research findings。
Discussion of the key findings。
Chapter 5: Discussion。
Interpretation of the research findings。
Implications for theory and practice。
Recommendations for future research。
Chapter 6: Conclusion。
Summary of the research findings。
Restatement of the research questions。
Concluding remarks。
英语学术论文写作：致谢（Acknowledgements）
大多数学术论文都包含有致谢部分（acknowledgements），在这部分我们对在研究过程给予我们指导和帮助的人员和机构表示感谢。
另外，致谢还能让我们有机会展示自己是某科研团队或协会的一员，而如果能够提到我们所在科研团队的某“大牛”，对论文质量是一种潜在的保障。
归根结底，学术需要得到认可。
致谢一般在期刊论文第一页的底部以脚注的形式出现，或者在正文末尾以尾注的形式出现。
如果是毕业论文，一般用单独的一个章节（一、两页）来致谢。
在大多数情况下，致谢应该以第一人称来写——用I代表单个作者，用we代表多个作者。
有时候也有人用“the present authors”，不过这个短语一般被认为过于正式。
致谢的常见内容和结构如果是期刊论文，在这一部分，经费支持往往排在第一位，其次是感谢。
免责声明可有可无。
如果有其他版本可以放在最开头或结尾。
但是在学位论文或毕业论文中，一般是把对导师、老师以及相关委员会成员等的感谢放在开头。
例如：【例1】W.M. and Z.Z. are supported by grant LM05110 from the national Library of Medicine. We thank Dr. Warren Gish for helpful conversations, Dr. Eugene Koomingfor assistance with samples, and Dr. Gregory Schuler for producing several of the figures.（W、 M.和Z.Z.由国家医学图书馆的经费资助（LM05110）。
我们感谢与WarrenGish博士的建设性谈话，Eugene Kooming博士提供的样本帮助，以及GregorySchuler博士提供的数据。
）【例2】Our research was partly financed by the Swedish Council for research in the Social Sciences and by the Norwegian Council for Applied Sciences. We are grateful to Paul Dufenberg, George Moore, Eva Prendergast and two anonymous referees for helpful comments on earlierdrafts. Thanks also to seminar participants at TSMAQ, theDanish School of Business Administration and the University of Stockholm. Any errors are our own.（我们的研究得到了瑞典社会科学研究理事会和挪威应用科学理事会的部分资助。
学术教育类研究生英语作文
学术教育类研究生英语作文Higher education plays a vital role in shaping the future of individuals and society. As an essential component of academic education, postgraduate studies have become increasingly popular among students who strive for intellectual and professional development. In this essay, I will discuss the significance and benefits of pursuing a postgraduate degree, along with the challenges that come with it.One of the primary reasons why many individuals choose to pursue postgraduate studies is to deepen their knowledge in a specific field. Undergraduate education provides a foundational understanding of various subjects, but postgraduate studies allow students to specialize in their area of interest. By delving deeper into a particular subject, students can develop expertise and gain a comprehensive understanding of the latest research and advancements in their chosen field.Moreover, pursuing a postgraduate degree opens doors to numerous career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often seek candidates with advanced qualifications and specialized skills. A postgraduate degree not only enhances one's employability but also increases the chances of earning a higher salary. Additionally, postgraduates are often entrusted with more responsibilities and challenging roles, contributing to their personal and professional growth.Furthermore, postgraduate studies provide ample opportunities for research and exploration. As part of their degree requirements, postgraduate students are usually required to undertakeindependent research and produce a thesis or dissertation. Such research endeavors allow students to contribute new knowledge to their chosen field, making a significant impact on academia and society. This research experience also hones critical thinking, analytical, and problem-solving skills, which are transferable to various professions.Nevertheless, pursuing postgraduate studies can pose several challenges. Firstly, the workload can be overwhelming as students are expected to undertake rigorous coursework, conduct research, and meet deadlines. Additionally, financial constraints may deter some individuals from pursuing higher education due to the high cost of tuition fees and other expenses. Balancing academic commitments with personal and professional responsibilities can also be demanding, requiring strong time management and organizational skills.In conclusion, postgraduate studies offer numerous benefits, such as specialized knowledge, enhanced career prospects, and opportunities for research. Despite the challenges that come with it, pursuing a postgraduate degree can lead to personal and professional growth and make a significant contribution to society. Therefore, it is important to consider the advantages and challenges carefully before making a decision to pursue higher education at the postgraduate level.。
学术英语写作作文
学术英语写作作文Introduction:Academic English writing is a critical skill for students and scholars alike. It involves the ability to express complex ideas in a clear, concise, and structured manner. This essay will explore the essential components of effective academic writing, including the importance of research, organization, citation, and critical thinking.Research:The foundation of any academic paper lies in thorough research. It is essential to gather a wide range of sources to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the topic. Students should learn to evaluate the credibility of sources and synthesize information from multiple perspectives to form a well-rounded argument.Organization:A well-organized essay is easier to follow and understand. Academic papers typically follow a standard structure, which includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each section should have a clear purpose and contribute to the overall argument of the paper. Outlining before writing can help in maintaining a logical flow of ideas.Citation:Proper citation is crucial in academic writing to acknowledge the work of others and to avoid plagiarism. Students must familiarize themselves with citation styles such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, depending on their field of study. It isimportant to cite both direct quotes and paraphrased material accurately.Critical Thinking:Critical thinking is the ability to analyze and evaluate information objectively. In academic writing, this involves questioning assumptions, considering alternative viewpoints, and making reasoned arguments. Developing critical thinking skills can enhance the depth and quality of an academic paper.Writing Style:The writing style in academic essays should be formal and objective. Avoid colloquialisms and overly personal language. Use of the third person perspective is common, and passive voice can be used appropriately to emphasize the research or findings.Conclusion:In conclusion, mastering academic English writing skills is essential for success in higher education and professional development. By focusing on research, organization, citation, critical thinking, and writing style, students can producehigh-quality academic papers that contribute meaningfully to their field of study.Recommendations for Improvement:To further improve academic writing skills, students should:1. Engage in peer review sessions to receive constructive feedback.2. Attend workshops or seminars on academic writing.3. Practice writing regularly to refine their skills.4. Seek guidance from tutors or professors on specificwriting challenges.By incorporating these strategies, students can enhance their academic writing abilities and excel in their scholarly pursuits.。
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另外，提纲中各级标题中英文单词的首字母 大小写的要求与上面提到的论文题目中词汇 大小写的要求是一致的。 下面举一个英语教育类的论文题目和提纲 (该提纲除了包含论文的各个组成部分外， 还包括了一些具体的写作要点) A Study of the Effects of Public English Speaking on Senior High School Students’ Writing 英语演讲对高中生英语写作能力影响的研究
contents的contents)是在提纲的基础上形成的。 它由introduction, outline, conclusion acknowledgements, bibliography（有的论 文还包括附录appendix）以及页码构成。 注：中英文摘要不要列入目录。 例如： A Psychological Analysis of Holden in The Catcher in the Rye Contents
2.2 The American Women in the 1920s Society 2.3 The Female Characters:Fitzgerald’s Symbolism Reflecting the Real World
3 Behind Fitzgerald’s Portraits of Women: His Tragic Sense of Life 3.1 Tragic Sense of Life 3.2 The Reasons for Fitzgerald’s Tragic Sense of Life
又例 title A Research on the Translation of Chinese and English Idioms from the Perspective of Relevance Theory outline 1 An Introduction to Idioms 1.1 Definition of Idioms 1.2 Sources of Idioms 1.2.1 Idioms Originating from the Specific Geographic Environment
Outline 1. Literature Review（文献回顾） 1.1 Conceptual Definition of Key Terms (其中可以写: Input; Output; Public Speaking; Process Approach; Cooperative Learning) 1.2Theoretical Background (其中可以写:The Output Hypothesis; The Balanced Activities Approach and Public Speaking-Writing Method to English Writing; Flower and Hayes' Cognitive Process Theory) 1.3 A Critical Review of Research Designs Including Instruments Related to the Study (其中可以写: Research Questions; Experiment Design; Instrument)
提纲中的1，2，3，4代表一级标题，也就 是各个章节。1.1，1.2，2.1, 2.2 等代表二 级标题，学生也可以用到三级标题，即 1.1.1， 1.1.2 等。但不能再有四级标题了， 否则过于复杂了 . 值得注意的是，一级标题下的二级标题不能 单独存在，必须有两个以上。例如，有1.1， 就得至少有1.2，当然可以有1.3, 1.4了，不 能只有1.1，否则就不用分部分了。
3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Presenting Results (其中可以写The Results of the Tests; The Results of the Questionnaire) 3.2 Discussion of the Results 3.3Evaluations of the Significance of the Results
2. Essentials of Relevance Theory 2.1 Researches Abroad and at Home 2.2 Overview on Relevance Theory 2.2.1 Definition of Relevance 2.2.2Two Principles of Relevanc 2.2.3 Contextual Effect and Optimal Relevance 3. The Explanatory Power of Relevance Theory to Translation 3.1 Traditional Notions of Translation
学术英语写作
title, outline, and contents
1. On… 型。 例如：On the Linguistic Features of Cyber Language 2. An Analysis of…… 型。 例如：An Analysis of the Existentialism Reflected in Hairy Ape A Study of … 3. 主副标题型。 例如： The Reality in the Absurdity -----An Analysis of the Theme in Waiting for Godat The Reality in the Absurdity: An Analysis of the Theme in Waiting for Godat 4. 比较、对比型。 例如：A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Compliments The Similarities and Differences Between English and Chinese Taboos
5. 直接型。 例如：The Awakening of the Female Consciousness as Reflected in The Thorn Birds 论文题目多是词组式，且大多是名词词组，很少 有句子式。题目中的词汇首字母除了介词、连词、 冠词等（注意不包括代词）外都要大写，但当介 词、连词、冠词是在题目的首位或末位时，它们 也要大写，如On the Linguistic Features of Cyber Language中的On，而且，当有的介词较 长时也要首字母大写，如Between ，Within等。 有连字符的英文单词，如Student-Centered 其中 s,c都要大写。
1.2.2 Idioms Stemming from Religion Belief 1.2.3 Idioms Coming from the Custom of an Ethnic 1.2.4 Idioms Deriving from Historical Stories 1.2.5 Idioms Springing from Literary and Artistic Works 1.3 Characteristics of Idioms
题目 On Understanding F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Female Characters in The Great Gatsby 提纲: 1 Character Analyses of Daisy, Jordan, and Myrtle in The Great Gatsby 1.1 Daisy, Jordan, and Myrtle’s Personalities 1.2 Three Female Characters’ materialistic Attitudes 1.3 Three Female Characters’ Tragic Ends 2 Behind Fitzgerald’s Portraits of Women: Reflecting the Real World 2.1 Two Women in Fitzgerald’s Life
Practice in class
Write a title for your summary of a novel Translation exercise: 近些年由于全球交往的密切，文化异同现象 被广泛研究，也随之出现了文化学的一些理论 来研究文化异同、跨文化等现象。
论文提纲(outline)有两种格式：词组式提纲 (topic outline)和句子式提纲(sentence outline)。 词组式提纲(topic outline)就是提纲全部是 由词组写成的。这些词组要尽量保持语法 性的一致，即或者都是名词性词组，或者 都是形容词词组、介词词组等。学生在提 纲中用到较多的是名词性词组（包括动名 词词组）。
3.2 The Advantage of Relevance Theory over Traditional Translation Theories 3.3 Theoretical Essence of Relevance Theory 4. Application of Relevance Theory to the Translation of Chinese and English Idioms 4.1 Untranslatability and Translatability 4.2 Translatability of English and Chinese idioms Observed from Relevance Theory 4.3 Approaches for the Translation of Idioms from the Perspective of Relevance Theory