On adaptive control processes
Vacuubrand VARIO 化学泵与自适应压力控制系统说明书
F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n a t w w w .v a c uub r a n d .c o m Self-optimizing vacuum for productivity and efficiencyThe VARIO® Chemistry-pumping units with adaptive vacuum controlVacuum applications in many laboratory and industrial processes benefit from electronical control by:■avoiding sample loss by foaming and boiling over■reducing process times for distillation and evaporation processes■improving reproducibility in drying, reaction and evaporation processes ■reducing operating time with continuous, automated optimization ■protecting the environment by capturing waste solvent vaporsVARIO ® controller provides fully automatic evaporation without parameter programming!VARIO ®-diaphragm pumps and chemistry pumping units optimize the vacuum automatically and accurately by adjusting the speed of the diaphragm pump. The CVC 3000 vacuum controller in the VARIO® pumping units detects the boiling pressure and responds automatically to provide the optimum vacuum conditions.■eliminates continuous oversight and manual readjust-ment, allowing you to focus on other research work ■avoids sample loss by eliminating bumping and foaming■waste vapor recovery rates near 100% keep lab airclean and protect the environment■ensuring of vapor pressures even incomplex mixtures reduces process times by as much as 30% compared with two-point vacuum controlOptimize laboratory processeswith VACUUBRAND VARIO ® technologyFully automatic processing by the adaptive VARIO® contolCompetitive unit in automatic mode - holds at first boiling point; evaporation stops because vacuum does not adapt to additional boiling pointsVACUUBRAND VARIO ®-Control - Complete distillation within shortest process time by adaptive boiling pressure-controlUp to 90% energy savings by VARIO® controlTwo-point control vs. VARIO® control■this reduces power consumption and energy costs byup to 90%■lower rotor speeds lead to fewer strokes per minuteand significantly extended service intervalsEvaporation Ethanol-Water 1:1Unlike some competitive pumping units, which detect the first boiling point and then hold the vacuum at that level, VACUUBRAND VARIO® control detects each boiling point and continuously adapts to optimize vacuum conditions even in complex mixtures!In a conventional two-point control with solenoid valve, the vacuum pump runs continuously at 100% speed, opening and closing the valve as needed to achieve pro-grammed vacuum levels. With the VACUUBRAND VARIO® control, the speed of the pump is adjusted automatically to the vacuum requirements of the process.VACUUBRAND offers the VARIO® chemistry diaphragm pump technology for a wide range of operations. Models with pumping speeds ranging from 2 m 3/h to nearly 20 m 3/h support applications ranging from individual laboratory applica-tions such as rotary evaporators, to multi-user lab vacuum networks, to replacement of rotary vane pumps in kilo labs and pilot plants. Depending on the pump version, the reachable ultimate vacuum is between 70 mbar and even down to 0.6 mbar. Select the right pumping unit for evaporation of your low- or high-boiling-point solvents at gentle temperatures.proPumping speed graph of VACUUBRAND´s VARIO® pumping unitsNew! VARIO Technology for a wider range of applications■automatically optimizing conditions ■without operator intervention ■and with reduced process timesAll while reducing emissions and saving energy.You focus on your research work......while the PC 3001 VARIO pro takes care of the evaporation!VACUUBRAND with SafetyAll of our VARIO® pumping units, and most of our other diaphragm pumps, as well, have no ignition sources in the internal, wetted area and are approved according to ATEX category 3. This means our pumps offer a high level of security in locations in which explosive mixtures might occur “infrequently“ in a neutral environment. In installations in hazardous areas characte-rized by the “occasional“ pumping of explosive mixtures, we continue to offer the special, ATEX-approved pumps. Thus, VACUUBRAND pro-ducts are also the safety leader in lab vacuum.The PC 3001 VARIO pro at a working pressure of 20 mbar provides:about 50% higher pumping speed than994291 - C h e m i s t r y p u m p i n g u n i t s E N 05/2009F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n a t w w w .v a c u u b r a n d .c omT ec h n i c a ld a t a / o r de r i n g i nf o r m a t i o nTECHNICAL DATAVacuum controllerNumber of heads / stagesMax. pumping speedUltimate vacuum (abs.)Ultim. vac. (abs.) with gas ballast Max. back pressure (abs.)Inlet connectionOutlet connectionCoolant connectionMax. powerDegree of protectionDimensions (L x W x H), approx.Weight, approx.ORDERING INFORMATION200-230 V ~ 50-60 Hz 200-230 V ~ 50-60 Hz 200-230 V ~ 50-60 Hz 100-120 V ~ 50-60 Hz Versions, which include 230 V: ATEX: II 3G IIC T3 X, Internal Atm. only Pumping speed measured by ISO 21360* Country specific power cable, please order separately ** On request*** With NRTL certification for Canada and the USAm³/h mbar mbarbar kW mmkg PC 3003 VARIOCVC 30004 / 42.80.6 2 1.1Hose nozzle DN 10 mm Hose nozzle DN 10 mm2 x hose nozzle DN 6-8 mm 0.53 IP 40419 x 243 x 44420.6738400738401738402738403PC 3002 VARIOCVC 30002 / 22.87121.1Hose nozzle DN 10 mm Hose nozzle DN 10 mm 2 x hose nozzle DN 6-8 mm 0.53IP 40419 x 243 x 44417.4733500733501733502733503PC 3016 NT VARIOCVC 30008 / 119.3701001.1Small flange KF DN 25 Hose nozzle DN 10 mm 2 x hose nozzle DN 6-8 mm 0.53IP 40616 x 387 x 42029.7741800**741803PC 3004 VARIOCVC 30004 / 34.61.531.1Hose nozzle DN 10 mm Hose nozzle DN 10 mm2 x hose nozzle DN 6-8 mm 0.53IP 40419 x 243 x 44420.6737500737501737502737503PC 3010 NT VARIOCVC 30008 / 411.6 0.61.21.1Small flange KF DN 25 Hose nozzle DN 10 mm 2 x hose nozzle DN 6-8 mm 0.53IP 40616 x 387 x 42029.7744800744801***PC 3012 NT VARIOCVC 30008 / 312.91.531.1Small flange KF DN 25Hose nozzle DN 15 mm/10 mm 2 x hose nozzle DN 6-8 mm 0.53IP 40616 x 387 x 42029.7743800743801*743803PC 3001 VARIO proCVC 30004 / 32.0241.1Hose nozzle DN 6/10 mm Hose nozzle DN 10 mm 2 x hose nozzle DN 6-8 mm 0.16IP 20300 x 306 x 4007.7696700***696701***696702***696703***CEE CH,CN UKUS999184 - 02-1 / 2013The right VARIO®-Pump for your applicationRotary evaporators / reactorsThe PC 3001 VARIO pro is ideal for vacuum applications with high boiling solvents. The hysteresis-free vacuum control prevents superheating and foaming to protect valuable process samples. The controller enables automatic detection of vapor pressures and automatic adjustment of the vacuum level to the process requirements. The new ´pro´ version with improved pumping speed extends the range of use. Evacuation of larger vessels and process steps with high vapor volumes can be completed within shorter time. Programmed vacuum processes can be controlled by the integrated CVC 3000 controller or using an RS232C interface to your computer. The ´TE´ version of the PC 3001 VARIO pro uses a dry ice condenser to provide a cooling-water-free option for vapor capture if no cooling water connection is available or water conservation is critical. The PC 3001 VARIO pro with the Peltronic® emission condenser works without any cooling media.For exceptionally large amounts of vapor - like from parallel evaporators without condenser - the PC 3001 VARIO pro +IK with its condenser on the vacuum side is an excellent choice.Drying chambersVacuum drying chambers are used for drying very sensitive substances and when it is necessary to guarantee excellent residual drying. They generally need a very good ultimate vacuum depending upon the degree of drying, maximum acceptable temperature and the solvents used. At certain process parameters, there are large quantities of vapors that can only be handled with pump systems with a sufficiently large volume flow rate. Our product recommendations: PC 3003 VARIO or PC 3004 VARIO.Oil-free vacuum for kilo labsIn kilo labs and pilot plants, materials are produced in quantities of a few hundred gramsto several kilograms for pharmaceutical development, safety studies and early clinicaltrials for new drugs. Based on their extraordinary chemical resistance, our high perfor-mance chemistry pumping units PC 3016 VARIO, PC 3012 VARIO or PC 3010 VARIO areperfectly suited for these applications. The pumps operate without fluids such as water oroil, and thus reduce operating and maintenance costs. Variable-speed pumping systemsoffer unique control advantages in these applications, and are easily integrated intoprocess control via PC or programmable logic controllers.Operation in a local area network VACUU·LAN®VACUU·LAN® vacuum networks make it possible to supply high performance vacuum toseveral different applications from one vacuum pump (e.g., PC 3002 VARIO, PC 3003VARIO, PC 3004 VARIO). This is a money- and space-saving solution when a lot of users are working with vacuum in one laboratory and avoids the numerous drawbacks of a central (“house“) vacuum supply. For the vacuum outlets at workplaces, very versatile modules are available which can be easily upgraded. All of the components are available for new laboratory furnishings or for installation in existing or renovated laboratories. The modules are very resistant to chemicals and have built-in check valves to ensure that adjacent applications do not contaminate or interfere with one another.VACUUBRAND GMBH + CO KGAlfred-Zippe-Straße 4 · 97877 Wertheim · GermanyT +49 9342 808-0 · F +49 9342 808-5555*******************·Technical data are subject to change without notice。
仪表自动化英语
adaptive control
Adaptive control can help deliver both stability and good response. The approach changes the control algorithm coefficients in real time to compensate for variations in the environment or in the system itself. In general, the controller periodically monitors the system transfer function and then modifies the control algorithm. It does so by simultaneously learning about the process while controlling its behavior. The goal is to make the controller robust to a point where the performance of the complete system is as insensitive as possible to modeling errors and to changes in the environment.
Adaptive Control
The most recent class of control techniques to be used are collectively referred to as adaptive control. Although the basic algorithms have been known for decades, they have not been applied in many applications because they are calculation-intensive. However, the advent of special-purpose digital signal processor (DSP) chips has brought renewed interest in adaptive-control techniques. The reason is that DSP chips contain hardware that can implement adaptive algorithms directly, thus speeding up calculations.
过程装备与控制工程英语
过程装备与控制工程英语1.过程装备(Process equipment)The process equipment in the factory is responsible for manufacturing products efficiently.2.控制工程(Control engineering)Control engineering plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability and reliability of industrial processes.3.设备(Equipment)The factory invested in state-of-the-art equipment to improve production efficiency.4.流程(Process)The production process includes multiple stages, each with its own specific requirements.5.控制(Control)The control system allows operators to monitor and adjust various parameters for optimal performance.6.自动化(Automation)Automation has greatly improved efficiency in manufacturing processes.7.传感器(Sensor)Sensors are used to collect real-time data and provide feedback for control purposes.8.测量(Measurement)Accurate measurement of process variables is crucial for maintaining quality standards.9.监控(Monitoring)Continuous monitoring of process parameters is essential for early detection of issues.10.仪表(Instrumentation)Instrumentation plays a vital role in collecting and displaying data from various sensors in a process.11.采样(Sampling)Regular sampling of raw materials ensures their quality meets the required standards.12.环境监测(Environmental monitoring)Efficient control engineering systems enable real-time environmental monitoring.13.压力(Pressure)The pressure in the system is carefully controlled to ensure stable operation.14.温度(Temperature)Temperature control is crucial for maintaining the desired chemical reaction rate.15.流量(Flow rate)Monitoring and controlling the flow rate of liquid or gas is important for process efficiency.16.液位(Liquid level)Accurate measurement of liquid level ensures proper functioning of the process.17.控制阀(Control valve)Control valves regulate the flow rate or pressure offluid in a process.18. PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)PLCs are widely used in control engineering to automate and monitor industrial processes.19.数据采集(Data acquisition)Data acquisition systems collect and record data from various sensors for analysis.20.仪器仪表校准(Instrument calibration)Regular instrument calibration ensures accurate measurement and control.21.故障诊断(Fault diagnosis)Advanced control engineering systems can detect and diagnose faults in real-time.22.实时控制(Real-time control)Real-time control engineering allows for immediate adjustments to process conditions.23.可靠性(Reliability)Reliability is a key factor in choosing process equipment and control systems.24.自适应控制(Adaptive control)Adaptive control algorithms constantly adjust process parameters to optimize performance.25.能源管理(Energy management)Efficient control engineering strategies can help optimize energy consumption in industrial processes.。
魏骅硕士生导师简介
魏骅硕士生导师简介魏骅，男，1966年9月生，安徽无为县人，经济管理、中药学研究生，医学硕士，教授；安徽中医药大学医药经济管理学院院长、安徽中医药大学心理咨询中心主任，国家食品药品监督管理总局高级研修学院客座教授。
安徽中医药大学中药学硕士点导师。
主要研究方向：药事管理（药品经营质量管理与风险管理）与医药经济。
1、主要社会兼职情况现为安徽省医药商业协会副秘书长，安徽省法学会食品药品法律研究会副会长，全国医药院校繁荣哲学社会科学协作会常务理事，全国中医药文化研究会理事，安徽省哲学学会常务理事，中国中医药信息研究会中医药政策与管理分会理事，安徽省中医药学会理事，安徽省高校经管学科联盟常务理事等。
为《安徽中医药大学学报》编委，《安徽医药》等学术期刊的审稿专家。
2、近年来主持科研项目情况（限5项）（1）主持，2014年安徽省经济普查研究课题“安徽省县级医疗机构现状研究”（2）主持，2013年度安徽高校省级科学研究重点项目“安徽省药品批发企业经营质量管理研究”(SK2013A097)（3）主持，2012－2013年安徽省思想政治理论课建设工程“中国化马克思主义与中国传统文化融合研究”(20122013SZKJSGC11-4)（4）主持，2011年安徽省高校思想政治教育研究会专项课题“中医药高校中医药文化建设研究”（5）主持，2010年安徽省高校人文社科研究重点项目“新医改对安徽药品经营企业营销策略的影响研究”(2010sk251zd)3、近年主持的教研项目（1）主持，2013年度省级质量工程项目“国际经济与贸易（医药贸易）专业综合改革试点”（2013zy042）（2）主持，2012年高等学校安徽省级教学质量与教学改革工程教学研究重点项目“中医药高校医学人文教学体系构建研究”(2012jyxm293) （3）主持，安徽中医药大学2011年度校级教学研究重点项目“医学人文”(zd201101-zb)4、近5年来发表有代表性学术论文、专著或教材（限5篇）（1）The design of drug circulation quality and safety control system based on the internet of things [A]. Engineering Solutions for Manufagturing Processes，1957-1962.（2）Data-driven adaptive control paradigm of supply chain in pharmaceutical chain enterprises [J]. International Core Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Index, 2011,(06)，110-112.（3）传统伦理文化的根由――儒家文化对死亡认识的四个维度[J].学术界，2012，（11）：65-73.（4）论本性是“伦理关怀”的临终关怀及其在中国开展的伦理回应[J].中国老年学杂志，2012，（08）：1747-1750.（5）疫苗经营企业存在的问题及对策.中国药事,2011(11)：1083-1085.（6）《药品市场营销学》（卫生部“十二五”规划教材，全国高等中医药院校教材，全国高等医药教材建设研究会规划教材），2012.7人民卫生出版社（第一副主编）（7）《药品经营质量管理规范（2012年修订）检查指南》，2014.5安徽科学技术出版社（副主编）5、指导学生获奖情况（1）2014年5月指导学生参加“学创杯2014年全国大学生创业综合模拟大赛总决赛一等奖”（2）2014年4月指导学生参加“2014全国管理决策模拟大赛”安徽总决赛获特等奖，被评为“优秀指导教师”（3）2013年12月指导学生参加“2013全国商科院校商务谈判技能大赛－网络赛”获一等奖，荣获“优秀指导教师奖”6、指导研究生情况现指导硕士生2人。
先进过程控制参考书目
Control ReferencesRecent Review ArticlesBequette, B.W. “Practical Approaches to Nonlinear Control: A Review of Process Applications,”in Nonlinear Model-based Process Control, NATO ASI Series, Ser. E, Vol. 353, pp. 3-32, R.Berber and C. Kravaris (eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht (1998).Bequette, B.W., “Nonlinear Control of Chemical Processes: A Review,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 30, 1391-1413 (1991).Garcia, C.E., D.M. Prett and M. Morari, “Model Predictive Control: Theory and Practice-A Survey,” Automatica, 25, 335-348 (1989).Henson, M.A. and D.E. Seborg, “Critique of Exact Linearization Strategies for Process Control,”J. Process Control, 1(3), 122-139 (1991).Kravaris, C. and J.C. Kantor, “Geometric Methods for Nonlinear Process Control. I.Background,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29, 2295-2310 (1990a)Kravaris, C. and J.C. Kantor, “Geometric Methods for Nonlinear Process Control. II. Controller Synthesis,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29, 2310-2324 (1990b)McLellan, P.J., T.J. Harris and D.W. 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Corripio, Principles and Practice of Automatic Process Control, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York (1997).Stephanopoulos, G., Chemical Process Control, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1984).Graduate Process ControlLevine, W.S. (ed.) The Control Handbook, CRC Press (1996).Morari, M. and E. Zafiriou, Robust Process Control, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1989).Newell, R.B. and P.L. Lee, Applied Process Control - A Case Study, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1989).Prett., D. and C. Garcia, Fundamental Process Control, Butterworths, Boston (1988).Ray, W.H., Advanced Process Control, Butterworths, Boston (1989). This is a paperback reprint of the original version published by McGraw-Hill in 1981.Skogestad, S. and I. Postlethwaite Multivariable Feedback Control. Analysis and Design, Wiley, New York (1996).Specialty Process ControlBuckley, P.S., W.L. Luyben and J.P. Shunta, Design of Distillation Control Systems, ISA, Research Triangle Park (1985).Henson, M.A. and D.E. Seborg (eds.), Nonlinear Process Control, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1997).Liptak, B.G. and K.Venczel (eds.) Instrument Engineers Handbook, Process Control Volume, Chilton Book Company, Radnor, PA (1985).Luyben, W.L., B.D Tyreus and M.L. Luyben, Plantwide Process Control, McGraw Hill (1999).Schork, F.J., Deshpande, P.B. and K.W. Leffew, Control of Polymerization Reactors, Marcel Dekker, New York (1993).Shinskey, F.G. Distillation Control, McGraw Hill, New York (1977).Shunta, J.P. Achieving World Class Manufacturing Through Process Control, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1995).Nonlinear Systems and ControlIsidori, A. Nonlinear Control Systems, 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York (1989).Khalil, K. Nonlinear Systems, Macmillan, New York (1992).Mohler, R.R., Nonlinear Systems. Volume 1. Dynamics and Control, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1991).Mohler, R.R., Nonlinear Systems. Volume 2. 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Edgar, T.F. and D.E. Seborg (eds.), Chemical Process Control II, Engineering Foundation, New York (1982).Foss, A.S. and M.M. Denn (eds.), Chemical Process Control, AIChE Symp. Ser. No. 159, Vol. 72 (1976).Kantor, J.C., C.E. Garcia and B. Carnahan, Chemical Process Control - CPC V, AIChE Symp. Ser.No. 316, Vol. 93 (1997).McAvoy, T.J., Y. Arkun and E. Zafiriou, Model Based Process Control, Pergamon Press, New York (1989).Morari, M. and T.J. McAvoy (eds.), Chemical Process Control - CPC III, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1986).Prett, D.M., C.E. Garcia and B.L. Ramaker, The Second Shell Process Control Workshop, Butterworths, Boston (1990).Prett, D.M. and M. Morari (eds.), Shell Process Control Workshop, Butterworths, Boston (1986).Linear and Optimal Control and EstimationChen, C.T. Linear System Theory and Design, Holt Rinehart & Winston, New York (1984).Gelb, A. (ed.) Applied Optimal Estimation, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1974).Kailath, T. Linear Systems, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1980).Kirk, D.E. Optimal Control Theory, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1970).Ljung, L. System Identification: Theory for the User, Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle River, NJ (1987).Stengel, R.F. Optimal Control and Estimation, Dover, NY (1994). This is a paperback reprint of the original version published by McGraw-Hill in 1986.Modeling, Simulation, Design and OptimizationAris, R. Mathematical Modeling Techniques, Pitman, San Francisco (1978).Bequette, B.W. Process Dynamics. Modeling, Analysis and Simulation, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1998).Biegler, L.T., I.E. Grossmann and A.W. Westerberg, Systematic Methods of Chemical Process Design, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1997).Close, C.M. and D.K. Frederick Modeling and Analysis of Dynamic Systems, 2nd ed., Houghton Mifflin, Boston (1993).Davis, M.E. Numerical Methods and Modeling for Chemical Engineers, Wiley, New York (1984). Denn, M.M. Process Modeling, Longman, New York (1986).Edgar, T.F. and D.M. Himmelblau, Optimization of Chemical Processes, McGraw-Hill, New York (1988).Finlayson, B.A. Nonlinear Analysis in Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York (1980).Friedly, J.C. Dynamic Behavior of Processes, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1972).Holland, C.D. Fundamentals and Modeling of Separation Processes, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1975).Holland, C.D. and A.I. Liapis, Computer Methods for Solving Dynamic Separation Problems, McGraw-Hill (1983).Jenson, V.G. and G.V. Jeffreys Mathematical Methods in Chemical Engineering, Academic Press, New York (1977).Ramirez, W.F. Computational Methods for Process Simulation, Butterworths, Boston (1989).Riggs, J.B. An Introduction to Numerical Methods for Chemical Engineers, 2nd ed., Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock (1994).Seider, W.D., J.D. Seader and D.R. Lewin, Process Design Principles, Wiley (1999).Walas, S.M. Modeling with Differential Equations in Chemical Engineering, Butterworths (1989).Nonlinear Dynamics, Stability and Bifurcation TheoryAbraham, R.H. and C.D. Shaw Dynamics - The Geometry of Behavior. Part 1.Periodic Behavior (1984), Part 2. Chaotic Behavior (1984), Part 3. Global Behavior (1985), Part 4. Bifurcation Behavior (1988), Aerial Press, Santa Cruz.Arnold, V.I., Ordinary Differential Equations, MIT Press, Cambridge (1973).Boyce, W.E. and R.C. DiPrima, Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems, 5th ed., Wiley, New York (1992).Golubitsky, M. and D.G. Schaeffer, Singularities and Groups in Bifurcation Theory, Springer-Verlag, New York (1985).Guckenheimer, J. and P. Holmes, Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems, and Bifurcations of Vector Fields, Springer-Verlag, New York (1983).Hale J.K. and H. Kocak, Dynamics and Bifurcations, Springer-Verlag, New York (1991).Jackson, E.A. Perspectives of Nonlinear Dynamics, Volumes 1 and 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1991).Marek, M. and I. Schreiber Chaotic Behaviour of Deterministic Dissipative Systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1991).Moon, F.C. Chaotic and Fractal Dynamics, Wiley, New York (1992).Scheinerman, E.A. Invitation to Dynamical Systems, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1996). Strogatz, S.H. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA (1994).Thompson, J.M.T. and H.B. Stewart, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos, Wiley, New York (1986). Tufillaro, N.B., T. Abbott and J. Reilly An Experimental Approach to Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos, Addison-Wesley, Redwood City (1992).MATLAB-Based Control BooksKuo, B.C. and D.C. Hanselman MATLAB Tools for Control System Analysis and Design, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1994).Ogata, K. Designing Linear Control Systems with MATLAB, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1994).Journals - ControlAIChE JournalAmerican Control Conference (ACC) Proceedings (yearly)ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and ControlAutomatica (IFAC)Canadian Journal of Chemical EngineeringChemical Engineering CommunicationsChemical Engineering Research and DesignChemical Engineering ScienceComputers and Chemical EngineeringConference on Decision and Control (CDC) Proceedings (yearly)Control Engineering Practice (IFAC)Control Systems Magazine (IEEE)Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research (I&EC Research)IEEE Transactions on Automatic ControlIEEE Transactions on Control System TechnologyInternational Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) ProceedingsInternational Journal of ControlInternational Journal of Systems SciencesJournal of Process ControlProceedings of the IEESIAM Journal on Control and OptimizationThe following conference proceedings and magazines often provide interesting applied process control problems and solutions.Advances in Instrumentation and Control (ISA Annual Conference)Chemical Engineering Magazine (McGraw Hill)Chemical Engineering ProgressControl Systems Magazine (IEEE)Hydrocarbon Processing (petroleum refining and bulk organic chemicals)Instrumentation Technology (InTech, an instrumentation industry magazine)ISA (Instrument Society of America) TransactionsTAPPI Journal (pulp and paper industry)。
仪表自动化英语
《化工仪表及自动化》课程部分“专业英语”词汇泵Pumps变速泵variable-speed Pumps定排量泵positive-displacement Pumps计量泵metering Pumps离心泵centrifugal Pumps闭合回路Closed loop反馈～feedback ～前馈～feedforward～比例带Proportional band比例控制(调节) Proportional control液位～～of liquid 1evel比例—时间控制Proportional-time control 比值单元Ratio station比值控制Ratio control燃料—空气～～of fuel and air变量配对Pairing variables精馏过程的～～in distillation变送器误差Transmitter error变送器增益Transmitter gain标准差Standard deviation波形Waves采样正弦波sampled sine～方波square～截顶正弦波clipped sinc锯齿波saw-tooth ～三角波triangular～正弦波sinc～补偿反馈complementary feedback(see M odel-based controller)不对称调节器Asymmetric controller不稳定过程Unstated processCv：阀门流量系数flow coeffi ci ent of val ve采样环节Sampling element采样间隔Sample interval采样调节器Sampling controller残差，偏差Offset比例～proportional～串级控制的～～in cascade control积分(累积)～integral批量过程的～～in batch processes前馈系统的～～in feed forward systems 数字控制的～～in digital control死区的～～in dead zone体积～volume～选择性控制的～～in selective control测试方法Test procedures 非线性环节的～～for nonlinear elements 批量过程的～～for batch processes适应性控制的～～in adaptive control差动间隙(见“滞环") Differential gap(see D ead band)差分方程Difference equations差压测量Differential-pressure measurement s精馏过程的～～in distillation流量的～～in flow压缩机的～～in compressors产品质量控制Product-quality control超驰(也见“选择性控制") Over rides(see Se lective contro1)超调，超调量Overshoot批量过程的～～in batch processes自整定调节器的～～with self-tuning contr ollers乘法器Multipliers比值控制的～～in ratio control解耦系统的～～in decoupling systems前馈系统的～～in feedforward systems 增益补偿～～for gain compensation成分控制Composition control迟延Dead time～补偿～compensat ion～与容积～and capacity等效～：effective～除法器Dividers比值控制的～～in ratio control过程模型的～～in process model适应性控制的～in adaptive control增益补偿～～for gain compensation串级控制Cascade control串级比值控制～of ratio串级阀位控制～of valve position串级流量控制～of flow串级温度控制～of temperature传热Heat transfer～系数coefficients for～反应器的～～in reactors直接接触～direct-contact～传输线Transmission lines穿越时间Cross o ver time催化剂CatalystDDC(直接数字控制) DDC(Direct Digital C ontro1)DMC(动态矩阵控制) DMC(Dynamic Matri x Contro1)单容过程Single-capacity process导前Lead导前—滞后补偿lead-lag compensation等百分比阀Equal-percentage valves电磁流量计Magnetic flow meter定时器Timer定位器，阀门～Positioners，Valve～动态补偿Dynamic compensation干燥器的～～for dryers锅炉燃烧的～～for boiler firing解耦的～～in decoupling精馏的～for distillation汽包水位控制的～～for drum-level contro l热交换器的～～for heat exchangers热流量计算的～～for heat-flow calculatio n优化器的～in optimizers蒸发器的～～for evaporators动态补偿器Dynamic compensators动态矩阵控制(DMC) Dynamic matrix cont rol动态增益Dynamic gain抖动Dither多变量过程Multivariable processes多变量调节器Multivariable controllers多变量系统的分解Decomposing multivaria te systems多容过程Multi-capacity processes多输出系统Multiple-output systems阀门Valves电磁～solenoid～电动～electric～气动～pneumatic～三通～three-way～调节阀control～阀门的可调范围Valve range ability阀门定位器Valve positioners阀门顺序动作Valve sequencing利用定位器实现～～using positioners利用选择器实现一～using selectors阀门特性Valve characteristics阀门响应Valve response阀门增益Valve gain阀位控制Valve-position control反馈Feedback串级系统的～～in cascade systems负～negative～干燥器控制系统的～～in dryer control sy stems关联系统的～～in interacting systems解耦系统的～～in decoupling systems 正～positive～反向响应Inverse response反应器Reactors反应速度Reaction rate非线性Nonlinearity变送器的～～in transmitters传热的～～in heat transfer阀门的～～in Valve非线性环节Nonlinear elements动态～dynamic～静态～steady-state～非线性调节器Nonlinear controllers非线性PID调节器PID～开关～on-off～三位～three-state～非自衡Non-self-regulation分布式控制Distributed control分析仪Analyzers采样～sampling～峰值位置Peak location浮动压力控制Floating pressure control负反馈Negative feedback符号Symbols负荷Load零～zero～负荷分布Load distribution负荷扰动(干扰) Load disturbances～的作用点point sofentry for～供应侧～supply-side需求侧～demand—side～负荷响应Load responsePI控制下的～～with PI controlPID控制下的～～with PID control副回路Secondary loop傅里叶序列Fourior series复式控制Dual-mode control干扰灵敏度Sensitivity tO disturbances周期性～periodic～干燥器Dryers功Work功率Power电～electric～热～thermal～水～hydraulic～关联，相互作用，相互干扰Interaction回路间的～～between loops回路间的局部～partial～between loops 控制作用之间的～～between control mod es惯性Inertia过程增益Process gain锅炉控制Boiler control～的干扰disturbances to～锅炉多变量控制multiple～回路增益Loop gain闭环～closed ～串级系统的～～in cascade systems非线性系统的～～in nonlinear systems开环～open～混合Mixing混合系统Blending systems火焰温度Flametem peratureIAE(绝对误差积分) IAE( Integrated absolu te error)IE(误差积分) Integrated ErrorISE(误差平方积分) Integral Square Error ITAE(时间绝对误差积分) Integral of Time and Absolute Error积分饱和Windup积分饱和防护，抗积分饱和Windup protec tion积分反馈Integral feedback积分过程Integrating process积分控制(调节) Integral control积分器Integrator积分调节器Integral controllers极限环Limit cycle热交换器heat exchangers基于矩阵的控制Matrix-based control基于模型的调节器Model—based controlle rs监控Supervisory control减温Attemperation间歇控制Batch control搅拌(见“混") Agitation(see Mixing)解耦Decoupling通过选择变量～～by choosing variables 适应性～adaptive～～的相对增益relative gain of ～绝对误差积分(1AE) Integrated Absolute Er ror均方根误差Root-mean-square(rms)error开方器Square-root extractor开关控制On-off control抗喘振控制Antis urge control抗积分饱和Anti windup可变结构Variable structuring可调范围Range ability变速泵的～～of variable-speed pumps阀门的～～of valves孔板流量计Orifice meter空气流量控制Air flow control控制的经济效益Economics of control 控制间隔Control interval控制难度Control difficulty控制算法Control algorithm冷凝器Condensers流量比Flow ratio～的调整manipulation of～～控制controlof～流量计Flow meter流量计的精度Accuracy of flow meter流量控制Flow control流阻Resistance to flow炉Furnace鲁棒性Robustness滤波器Filter非线性～nonlinear～数字～digital～马达Motor电动～：electric ～恒速电动～constant-speed ～变速电动～variable-speed气动～pneumatic～马力Horsepower模型Models动态～dynamic～能量平衡Energy balance前馈控制中的～～in feed forward control稳态～steady-state～能量转换Energy conversion耦合Coupling频率响应分析Frequency-response analysis平衡Equilibrium汽包锅炉假水位Shrink and swell in drum boilers气动调节器Pneumatic controllers前馈控制Feed forward control燃料—空气比控制Fuel-air ratio control 燃烧Combustion扰动，干扰Disturbances负荷～load～热力学Thermodynamics热流量计算Heat-flow calculation热流量控制Heat-flow control容积Capacity单容single～多容multiple～非自衡～non self-regulating～双容double～自衡～self-regulating～冗余仪表Redundant instrumentation三冲量水位控制Three-element level contr ol三位调节器Three-state controller设定值初始化Set-point initialization设定值响应Set-point response斜坡～ramp～湿度控制Moisture control时间常数Time constant等效～effective～时间迟后Time delay时间滞后Time lag时滞Lag传输～transport～多级～multiple～二阶～second-order～分布～distributed～负～negative～手动控制Manual control数字控制Digital control数字系统的分辨率Resolution in digital sy stems衰减Damping临界～critical～衰减比Decay ratio双容过程Two-capacity process速度控制Speed control速率限制Velocity limiting调节阀Control valves调节量Manipulated variable～的选择selection of～调节器Controllers调节器的饱和Saturation of controllers调节器的跟踪Tracking in controllers调节器的误差Error in controllers调节器动作Controller action调节器调整Controlleral adjustment调节器增益Controller gain调节作用，控制方式Control mode微分Derivative流量控制的～～in flow control微分方程Differential equations微分器Differentiators稳定性裕量Stability margin温度传感器Temperature sensor涡流流量计Vortex flow meter涡轮流量计Turbine meter限幅器Limiters相对干扰增益Relative disturbance gain相位裕量Phase margin斜坡补偿Ramp compensation斜坡扰动Ramp disturbances 信号选择器Signal selectors性能准则Performance crite rion压力补偿Pressure compensation压力控制Pressure control压缩机的喘振防护Surge protection of co mpressors烟道气体成分Flue-gas composition氧气分析仪Oxygen analyzer液面控制Level control液位控制Liquid-level control引风控制Draft control预热器Pre heaters增益补偿Gain compensation增益矩阵Gain matrix增益裕量Gain margin振荡Oscillation不衰减～undamped～等幅振荡Constant-amplitude～发散～expanding～衰减～damped ～振荡周期Period of oscillation整定Tuning蒸汽Steam过热～superheated～～加热heating with～～流量计～flow meter蒸汽压力Vapor pressure中值选择器Median selector自动—手动切换Auto/manual transfer自衡Self-regulation。
品质名词中英对照
品质名词（中英对照）AABC analysis ABC 分析Abnormality 不正常性Abscissa 横坐标Absolute deviation 绝对离差Absolute dispersion 绝对离势Absolute error 绝对误差Absolute frequency 绝对次数Absolute number 绝对数Absolute reliability 绝对可靠度Absolute term 绝对项Absolute value 绝对值Absolute variation 绝对变异Abstract number 抽象数Abstract unit 抽象单位Accelerated factor 加速系数，加速因子Accelerated life test 加速寿命试验Accelerated test 加速试验Acceleration 加速度Acceptable limit 允收界限Acceptable process 允收制程水平Acceptable quality 允收品质Acceptable quality level (AQL) 允收质量水平Acceptable reliability level (ARL) 允收可靠度水平Acceptability 允收性Acceptability criterion 允收标准Acceptance 允收，验收Acceptance, probability of 允收机率Acceptance, region of 允收区域Acceptance and rejection criteria 允收与拒收准则Acceptance boundary 允收界限Acceptance coefficient 允收系数Acceptance control chart 验收管制图Acceptance cost 验收费用Acceptance criteria 允收准则Acceptance error 允收误差Acceptance inspection 验收检验Acceptance limit 允收界限Acceptance line 允收线Acceptance number 允收（不良品）数Acceptance plan 验收计划Acceptance procedure 验收程序Acceptance/rectification scheme 允收/精选方案Acceptance sampling, attribute 计数值验收抽样Acceptance sampling, variable 计量值验收抽样Acceptance sampling plan 验收抽样计划Acceptance sampling scheme 验收抽样方案Acceptance test 验收试验Acceptance value 允收值Acceptance zone 允收区域Acceptance product 允收品Accepting lot 允收批Access time 接近时间，故障诊断时间Accessibility 可接近性Accident rate 意外率Accidental error 偶误，偶然误差Accidental fluctuation 偶然波动Accidental movement 意外移动Accounting test 验算（决算）试验Accumulated operating time 累积操作时间Accuracy 准确度Accuracy of data 数据准确度Accuracy of estimation 估计准确度Accuracy of the mean 平均数准确度Achieved availability 实际可用度Action 行动，措施Action, corrective 矫正行动（措施）Action control chart 行动管制图Action limit 行动界限Active line 行动线Active maintenance time 实际维护时间Active parallel redundancy 主动并复联（置）Active preventive maintenance 现行预防维护时间Active redundancy 主动复联（置）Active repair time 实际修复时间Active standby 主动备用Active time 运用时间Actual frequency 实际次数Actual limit 实际界限Actual range 实际全距Actual value 实际值Adaptability 可适应性Adaptive control 修改管制Addition theorem 加法定理Additivity 加法性，可加性Adjusted average 修正平均数Adjusted value 修正值Adjustment factor 调整系数Administration time for a repair 修复之管理时间Administrative time 管理时间Adopted value 采用值Advisory Group on Reliability of Electronic Equipment (AGREE) 电子装备可靠度顾问团Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) 航空无线电公司After-sales service 售后服务Age 年限Age at death 死亡年限Age at failure 失效年限Age-based maintenance 年限基准维护Aggregative method 综合法Aging 老化Agreement of quality assurance 质量保证之协议Agreement on verification method 验（查）证方法之协议Alarm signals 警告（报）讯号Alert time 待命时间Algebraic sum 代数和Algorism (Algorithm) 阿拉伯数字计数法Alias 假名Alienation 余相关Alignment chart 列线图Allocation 配当Allocation of reliability 可靠度配当Allowable percent defective (Acceptable quality level, AQL) 允收不良率（允收质量水平）Allowance 允差，裕度Alternative hypothesis 对立假设American Management Association (AMA) 美国管理协会American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 美国标准协会American Society for Quality Control (ASQC) 美国质量管理学会American Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 美国机械工程师学会American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 美国材料试验学会American Standard Association (ASA) 美国标准协会American Statistical Association (ASA) 美国统计协会American War Standards (AWS) 美国战时标准Ambient condition 周遭条件Analysis, sequential 逐次分析Analysis by accumulated frequency 累积法，累积次数分析Analysis by non-accumulated frequency 次数法，非累积次数分析Analysis of correlation 相关分析Analysis of covariance 共变异数分析Analysis of means (AVON) 平均数分析Analysis of problem 问题之分析Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 变异数分析Analysis sample 分析样本Analytical error 分析误差Angular transformation 角度转（变）换Anti-logarithm 逆对数Anti-mode 逆众数AOQL Sampling Table 平均出厂质量界限抽样数Applicability 应用性Applied statistics 应用统计学Apportionment of reliability 可靠度配当Apportionment techniques 配当技术Appraisal cost 鉴定成本，评估成本Appraisal system 评估制度Appraisal of quality 质量评估Approach to sequential testing 逐次试验法Approval of processes and equipment 核准制程与设备Approximate mode 近似众数Approximate number 近似数值Approximation 近似法，概算AQL (Acceptable quality level) 允收（质量）水平Arbitrary average (Assumed average，Arbitrary mean) 假定平均数Arbitrary origin 假定原点Arbitrary scale 假定标度Area bar chart 面积条图Area chart (diagram, graph) 面积图Area sampling 地区抽样Arithmetic average 算术平均数Arithmetic cross 算术交叉Arithmetic graph 算术图Arithmetic line chart 算术线图Arithmetic mean 算术平均数Arithmetic paper 算术纸Arithmetic probability paper 算术机率纸Arithmetic progression (Arithmetic series) 算术级数，等差级数Arithmetic scale 算术标度，等差标度Arithmetic series 算术级数，等差级数Army Ordnance Table 陆军兵工署（抽样）表Army Service Forces Table 陆军（抽样）表序列Array 序列Array distribution 序列分配（布）Array of data 数据序列Assemble 装配（组立）Assembled product 装配品Assembly 装配件Assembly inspection 装配检验Assembly quality analysis report 装配质量分析报告Assessed failure rate 评估失效率Assessed mean active -maintenance time 评估时间现行维护时间Assessed mean life 评估平均寿命Assessed mean time between failures 评估平均失效间格时间Assessed mean time to failure 评估平均失效前时间Assessed reliability 评估可靠度Assessed value 评估值Assessment of subcontractor 分包商之评鉴Assignable cause (Special cause) 非机遇原因（特殊原因）Assignable variation 非机遇变异Associated dependent variable 相联因变数Associated variate 相联变量Association coefficient 相联系数Association of attribute 品性相联Association table 相联表，联合表Assumed mean (Assumed average，Arbitrary average) 假定平均数Assumed median 假定中位数Assumed origin 假定原点Assurance quality 保证质量Assurance function 保证功能Asymmetrical distribution 不对称分配（布）Asymmetry 不对称Asymptotic distribution 趋近分配（布)At random 随机Attribute 计数值，属性Attribute classification 品性分类Attribute data 计数数据Attribute inspection 计数值检验Attribute sampling 计数值抽样Attribute sampling plan 计数值抽样计划Attribute testing (Go no-go testing) 计数值试验（通过与不通过试验）Attribute value 计数值Audit 稽核Audit for reliability 可靠度稽核Audit of decision 稽核决策Audit plan 稽核计划Audit report 稽核报告Auditing report 稽核报告Auto-correlation 自动相关Automatic switch-over redundancy 自动切换复联（置）Automatic test equipment (Am) 自动试验装备Auto-regression 自动回归Availability 可用性，可用度Average (Mean) 平均数，平均值Average, grand 总平均Average, moving 移动平均数Average, sample 样本平均数Average, standard error of 标准误平均数Average, universe 群体平均数Average, weighted 加权平均数Average amount of inspection 平均检验数Average and range chart 平均数及全距（管制）图Average availability 平均可用度Average deviation (A.D.) (Mean deviation) 平均差Average error (Mean error) 平均误差Average number of defects 平均缺点数Average of ratios 比例平均数Average outgoing quality (AOQ) 平均出厂质量Average outgoing quality curve 平均出厂质量曲线Average outgoing quality level 平均出厂质量水平Average outgoing quality limit (AOQL) 平均出厂水平Average quality level 平均出厂质量界限Average quality level line 质量平均线Average quality protection 平均质量保护Average range 平均全距Average run length (ARL) 平均连串长度Average sample number (ASN) 平均样品数Average range 平均全距Average run length (ARL) 平均连串长度Average sample number(ASN) 平均样本数Average sample number curve 平均样本曲线Average sample size (ASS) 平均样本大小Average sample size curve 平均样本大小曲线Average sample 平均抽样Average total inspection (ATI) 平均总检验（件）数Average total inspection curve 平均总检验数曲线Average value 平均值Avoidable cause 可避免之原因Avoidable quality cost 可避免之质量成本Axiom 公理Axis 轴Axis of abscissa 横轴Axis of ordinate 纵轴BBad lot 坏批Balance frequency 平衡次数Balanced complete type 平衡完备型Balanced design 平衡设计Balanced experiment 平衡实验Balanced incomplete type 平衡不完备型Balanced sample 平衡样本Band chart 带形图Band curve chart 带形曲线图Bank of reliability data 可靠度数据库Bar chart (diagram) 条（形）图Bartlett's test 巴特莱特试验Base line 基线Base number 基数Base period 基期Base point 基点Basic reliability 基本可靠度Batch (Lot) 批Batch of material 材料批Batch process 分批制造方法Batch size 批量Batch testing 批试验Bathtub curve 浴缸曲线Bathtub failure curve 浴缸失效曲线Bayes' estimator 贝式估计式Bayes' theorem 贝式定理Bayesian approach 贝式法Bayesian approcah to design 贝式设计法Bayesian estimation 贝式估计Bead map 标珠图Bell-shaped curve 钟形曲线Bell-shaped distribution 钟形分配（布）Bell-shaped failure pattern 钟形失效型态JBell System 贝尔系统Bell Telephone Laboratories 贝尔电话实验室Bell Telephone Laboratories Sampling Table 贝尔（电话实验室）抽样表Benign failure 无危险的失效Bernoulli distribution 白努利分配（布）Best fit 最适配合Best fitting line 最适线Best fitting curve 最适曲线Best linear invariant estimator 最佳线型不变估计式Best linear unbiased estimator 最佳线型不偏估计式Beta coefficient β系数Beta distribution β分配（布）Beta function β函数Between-class variance 组间变异数Between-column variance 组间变异Between-column variation 行间变异Between-row variation 列间变异Between sample variation 样本间变异Bias 偏差Bias, downward 向下偏差Bias, downward type 向下型偏差Bias, upward 向上偏差Bias, upward type 向上型偏差Biased error 偏误Biased estimate 偏差估计Biased sample 偏差样本Biased test 偏差试验Bilateral 双边Bill of material (BOM) 物料清单Bimodal 双峰Bimodal curve 双峰曲线Bimodal distribution 双峰分配（布）Bimodal redundancy 双峰型复联（置）Bimodality 双峰性Binary system 二元制Binomial, skewed 偏态二项Binomial coefficient 二项系数Binomial curve 二项曲线Binomial distribution 二项分配（布）Binomial equation 二项方程式Binomial expansion 二项展开式Binomial population 二项群体Binomial probability distribution 二项机率分配（布）Binomial probability paper(BIPP) 二项机率纸Binomial series 二项级数Binomial theorem 二项定理Bi-serial 双数列Biserial correlation 双数列相关Biserial coefficient of correlation 双数列相关系数Biserial ratio of correlation 双数列相关比Bivariate 双变量Bivariate distribution 双变量分配（布）Bivariate frequency distribution 双变量次数分配（布）Bivariate normal distribution 双变量常态分配（布）Blend 混，混合Block 量块，（实验）区，方块Block design 实验区设计Block diagram 方块图Block factor 地区因素Block in series 串联方块Boundary 界Boundary, cell 组界Bowker-Goode variables plan Bowker-Goode 记量值（抽样）计划Bowl drawing 碗珠抽样Bowl experiment 碗珠实验Bowl test 碗珠试验Bowley's coefficient of skewness Bowley偏态系数Bowley's formula Bowley公式Bureau of Ordnance, U.S. Navy 美国海军兵工署Break-even chart 损益平衡图Break-even point (BEP) 损益平衡点Breakthrough 突破British Standards Institution 英国标准协会Broken curve 中断曲线Broken series 中断数列Broken trend 中断趋势Built-in test (BIT) 内含测试，自测Bureau of Commodity Inspection and Quarantine (BCIQ) 商品检验局Bulk sampling Burn-in 大宗抽样Business Process Management (BPM) 业务流程管理Buyer 买方，客户CC chart C（管制）图Calculated value (Computed value) 计算值Calculation chart 计算图Calendar time 日历时间Calibration 校正Calibration record 校正记录Camp-Meidell inequality Camp-Meidell不等式Capability 能力Capability, machine 机器能力Capability, process 制程能力Capability ratio 能力比Capacity 能量，容量Caption 纵标目Carrying out the audit 实施稽核Cartogram 统计图Case method 个案法Catastrophic failure 突然故障，崩坏失效，致命失效Category 类别Cauchy distribution Cauchy 分配（布）Causality 因果律Cause 原因Cause, assignable 非机遇原因Cause, avoidable 可避免原因Cause, chance 机遇原因Cause, common 共同原因Cause, findable 可寻找原因Cause, random 随机原因Cause, special 特殊原因Cause, substantial 本质原因Cause, unavoidable 不可避免原因Cause and effect 因果Cause and effect diagram 特性要因图Cell 组Cell boundary 组界Cell deviation (d) 组离差Cell frequency (f) 组次数Cell interval (i,h) 组距Cell limit 组限Cell method 分组法Cell mid-point (Xm) 组中点Cell value 组值Censored sample 检剔样本Censored test 检剔试验Censorship 检剔Census 普查Center line 中线Central inspection station 中央检验站Central limit theory 趋中理论，中央极限理论Central limit theorem 趋中理论，中央极限理论Central line (CL.) 中心线Central moment 中心动差Central ordinate 中纵坐标Central tendency 集中趋势Central value 中值，中心值Certainty 确定性Certified chart 验证图Certified equipment 合格设备Certified quality engineer (CQE) 合格质量工程师Certified quality technician (CQT) 合格质量技术师Certified reliability engineer (CRE) 合格可靠度工程师Certification 验证Chain model 炼结模型Chain reliability 炼结可靠度Chain sampling plan (CHSP) 炼结抽样计划Chance 机遇Chance cause 机遇原因Chance error (Probable error) 机遇误差，机误Chance factor 机遇因素Chance failure 机遇故障，机遇失效Chance failure period 机遇失效期Chance fluctuation 机遇波动Chance variable 机遇变数Chance variation 机遇变异Change control 改变（变更）管理Chaotic variation 混乱变异Characteristic （质量）特性Characteristic, qualitative 质的特性Characteristic, quantitative 量的特性Characteristic curve, operating (OC curve) 操作特性曲线，OC曲线Characteristic diagram 特性要因图Characteristic function 特性函数Characteristic life 特性寿命Characteristic operating curve (OC curve) 特性操作曲线（OC曲线）Characteristic value 特性值Chargeable failure 可计列失效，故障Charlier check Charlier 覆检法Chart 图，（管制）图Chart, acceptance control 验收管制图Chart, average and range 平均数及全距（管制）图Chart, average number of defects 平均缺点数（管制）图Chart, control 管制图Chart, cumulative sum 累积和（管制）图Chart, defects per unit 每单位内缺点数（管制）图Chart, fraction defective 不良率（管制）图Chart, group 多项（管制)图Chart, individual 个别值（管制）图Chart, median 中位数（管制）图Chart, moving and range 移动平均数及全距（管制）图Chart, moving range 移动全距（管制）图Chart, modified control limits 修正管制界限（管制）图Chart, multi-variation 变异值（管制）图Chart, multiple 复式（管制）图Chart, number defectives 不良（品）数（管制）图Chart, number of defects 缺点数（管制）图Chart, percent defective 不良率管制图Chart, range 全距（管制）图Chart, run 操作（记录）图Chart, shop 工厂（管制）图Chart, Shewhart control Shewhart 管制图Chart, two-way control 双向管制图Chebyshev's inequality Chebyshev 不等式Check inspection 复核检验Check sampling 复核检验员Check inspector 复核抽样Chi-square ，卡方Chi-square distribution 分配（布），卡方分配（布）Chi-square test 检定，卡方检定Chi-squared distribution 分配（布），卡方分配(布）Chip 小圆片Chronic defect 慢性缺点Chronological chart 时序图Chronological series 时序数列Class 组Class boundaries (True class limits)组界（真实组限）Class form 组形Class frequency (f) 组次数Class interval (i,h) 组距Class limit 组限Class mark 组标，中值Class mean 组平均数Class mid-point(Xm) 组中点Class mid-value 组中值Class of median 组中位数Class value 组值Classes, number of 组数Classification chart 分组，分类Classification frequency 分组次数Classification frequency series 分组次数数列Classification of defectives 不良品分类Classification of defects 缺点分类Classfication of failure 失效分类，故障分类Classification process 分组（方）法Clearance 间隙，余隙Cluster 集团Cluster sampling 集团抽样Cochran's test Cochran 检定Code 简化，代号Code letter 代字Coded unit 简化单位Coded value 简化值Coding 简化Coding rule 简化规则Coefficient 系数Coefficient, correlation 相关系数Coefficient of alienation 余相关系数Coefficient of association 相关系数Coefficient of binomial distribution 二项分配（布）系数Coefficient of colligation 束联系数Coefficient of contingency 列联系数Coefficient of correlation 相关系数Coefficient of determination (r2) 定限系数Coefficient of dispersion 离势系数Coefficient of kurtosis 峰度系数Coefficient of multiple correlation 复相关系数Coefficient of net correlation 净相关系数Coefficient of net regression 净回归系数Coefficient of non-determination 不定限系数Coefficient of part correlation 部份相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation 部份相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation 等级相关系数Coefficient of reliability 可靠度系数Coefficient of regression 回归系数Coefficient of skewness 偏态系数，偏斜系数Coefficient of variation (CV) 变异系数Cold standby 冷置系数Collective quality 集体品质Columbia sampling table Columbia 抽样计划Column (Column/Row) 行，纵行（行/列）Column head 标目Column diagram 直行图Combination 组合Combinational model 复合模型Combined environmental reliability test (CERT) 复合环境可靠度试验Combined failure 复合失效，复合故障Combined stress life test 复合应力寿命试验Commissioning 委制Commodity 商品Common cause (Chance cause) 共同原因（机遇原因）Company standard 公司标准Companys need 公司需要Company-wide quality control (CWQC) 全公司质量管理Comparability 可比性Comparable measure 可比量数Compensating error 补偿误差Compensating fluctuation 补偿波动Competing product 竞争产品Complete association 全相联Complete block design 完全区集法Complete confounding 完全交络Complete dissociation 全不相联Complete failure 完全故障，完全失效Completely randomized design 完全随机法Complaint 抱怨Complaint index 抱怨指标Completed product verification 成品验证Component 组件，组件Component bar chart 成份条图Component distiibution 组成份分配（布）Component part diagram 成份图Component ratio 成份比Component reliability 组件可靠度Component variance 成份变异数Components of variance 变异数成份Composite curve 复合曲线Composite design 复合法Composite hypothesis 复合假设，组合假设Composite unit 复合单位Compound distribution 复合分配（布）Compound event 复合事件Compound probability 复合机率Compounding technique 复合法Compressed limit 压缩界限Compressed limit gauging 压缩界限规则Computed value 计算值Concentric circle diagram 同心圆图Conception of limit 极限概念Conceptual design 概念设计Conceptual design review 概念设计审查Concession 特采，特认Concomitant factor 共变因素Concomitant variable 共变数Concomitant variation 共变异Concurrency 并行Condition maintenance 状态维护Condition monitoring 状态监督Condition-based maintenance 状态基准维护Conditional probability 条件机率Conditions of use 使用条件Confidence 信任，信赖Confidence coefficient 信任系数，信赖系数Confidence interval 信任区间，信赖区间Confidence in test results 试验结果的信赖度Confidence level 信任水平，信赖水平Confidence limit 信任界限，信赖界限Confidence range 信任全距，信赖全距Configuration control 型态管制Configuration items 型态件Configuration management 型态管理Confirmation 确认Conformance to the requirement 符合要求Conformation 一致Conforming article 合格品Conformity 符合Confounding 交络Confounding, complete 完全交络Confounding, partial 部份交络Connector 连接器Consignment 委托，寄售Consistency 一致性Constancy 恒久性Constancy of great numbers 大数恒久性Constant 常数Constant cause system 恒常原因系统Constant error 恒常误差Constant failure period 恒常失效期Constant failure rate dustribution 恒常失效率分配（布）Constant weight (Fixed weight) 固定权数Constraint 束缚Consultant 管理顾问师Consumer 消费者Consumer acceptance specification 消费者允收规格Consumerism 消费者主义Consumer's risk (CR) 消费者冒险率Consumer test panel 消费者试验小组Consumer preference 消费者偏好Consumer sensitivity test 消费者感官试验Contingency 列联Contingency coefficient 列联系数Contingency table 列联表Contingency theorem 列联理论Continuity correction 连续校正Continuous change 连续变更Continuous data 连续数据Continuous distribution 连续分配（布）Continuous production 连续生产Continuous sampling 连续抽样Continuous sampling plan (CSP) 连续抽样计划Continuous series 连续数列Continuous variable 连续变量Contract 合约Contract preparation 拟定合约Contract review 合约检讨Contract requirements 合约需求Contract requirements analysis 合约需求分析Contractors 合约商Contrast analysis 对照分析Control, in 在管制（状态）下Control, lack of 缺乏管制Control, out of 超出管制Control, state of 管制状态Control, under 在管制（状态）下Control chart 管制图Control chart, cumulative sum 累积和管制图Control chart, defects per unit 每单位内缺点数管制图Control chart, two-way 双向管制图Control chart factor 管制图系数Control chart for attribute 计数值管制图Control chart for variable (measurement) 计量值管制图Control chart method 管制图法Control chart pattern 管制图类型Control factor 管制因素Control gaging (gauging) 管制规测Control level 管制水平Control limit 管制界限Control limit, lower 管制下限Control limit, modified 修正管制界限Control limit, upper 管制上限Control limit factor 管制界限因子Control line 管制线Control of measuring and test equipment 量测与试验设备之管制Control of nonconforming material 不合格物料之管制Control of nonconforming product 不合格产品之管制Control of production 生产管制Control of reliability 可靠度管制Control of verification status 验证状况之管制Control plan 管制计划Control point 管制点Control station 管制站Control system 管制系统Controllability 可管制性Controlled process 管制制程Controlled state 管制状态Controlled variability 管制变异性Controlled variable 管制变数Controlling item 管制项目Convenience lot 合宜的批Convergence 收敛Cooked distribution 中断分配（布）Coordinate 坐标Coordinate axis 坐标轴Coordinate line 坐标线Coordination 协调Coordination for reliability 可靠度协调Correction 校正，修正Correction, Sheppard Sheppard 校正数Correction factor 修正因子Correction for continuity 连续校正Correction for mean 平均数校正Correction term 校正项Corrective action 矫正行动，改正措施Corrective maintenance 矫正维护，改正维护Corrective maintenance time 矫正维护时间，改正维护时间Corrective sorting 修正选别Correlated measure 相关量数Correlated samples 相关样本Correlation 相关Correlation, coefficient of 相关系数Correlation, direct 直接相关Correlation, index of 相关指数Correlation, inverse 反相关Correlation, multiple 复相关Correlation, negative 负相关Correlation, net 净相关Correlation, nonlinear 非线性相关Correlation, nonsense 无意义相关Correlation, part 部份相关，偏相关Correlation, partial 部份相关，偏相关Correlation, perfect 完全相关Correlation, rank 等级相关Correlation, serial 数序相关Correlation, simple 简相关Correlation, zero 零相关Correlation analysis 相关分析Correlation chart 相关图Correlation, coefficient 相关系数Correlation coefficient, rank 等级相关系数Correlation matrix 相关矩阵Correlation of attributes 品性相关Correlation ratio 相关比Correlation of x on y x与y的相关比Correlation ratio of y on x y与x的相关比Correlation scatter chart 相关散布图Correlation surface 相关面Correlation table 相关表Correlation theory 相关理论Correlogram 相关图Corrosive atmosphere 腐蚀性空气Cost 成本，费用Cost, acquisition 取得成本Cost, appraisal 评估（鉴定）成本Cost, external failure 外部失败成本Cost, internal failure 内部失败成本Cost, life cycle 寿命周期成本Cost, logistic 后续成本Cost, prevention 预防成本Cost, quality 质量成本Cost, quality control 质量管理成本Cost, rework 重加工成本Cost effectiveness 成本效益Cost function 成本机能Cost model for reliability optimization 可靠度最佳化成本模式Cost reduction 成本减低Count (Countable) data 点计数据Counter variation 反行变异Co-variation 共变异Covariance 共变异数，共变数Covariance analysis 共变异数分析Covariance matrix 共变异矩阵Craps, game of 掷骰游戏Credibility 信用Creep failure 潜变失效，潜变故障Crest 峰Criteria for workmanship 工作技艺准则Criterion 准则，规范Criterion, acceptance 验收准则（规范）Critical component control 重要组件管制Critical defect 严重缺点Critical defective 严重不良品Critical design review 关键设计审查Critical failure 关键故障，严重失效Critical items 关键品目，重要件Critical path 要径Critical path analysis 要径分析法Critical region 临界区域，弃却区域，判定区Critical value 临界值，判定值Criticality 严重性，关键性Cross 交叉Cross check 互校Cross classification 交叉分类Cross correlation 交叉相关Cross formula 交互公式Cross-hatch 交叉线Cross-hatched map 交叉图Cross-over design 交叉计划Crossed design 交叉法Crude mode 概括众数Crude moment 概括动差Cubic chart (diagram) 立方图Culled 检选Cumulant 累积数Cumulation, downward 向下累积Cumulation, total 全部累积Cumulation, upward 向上累积Cumulation average chart 累积平均数（管制）图Cumulative curve 累积曲线Cumulative curve chart 累积曲线图Cumulative damage 累积损坏Cumulative distribution (Ogive) 累积分配（布）Cumulative distribution function 累积分配（布）函数Cumulative error 累积误差Cumulative failure frequency 累积故障次数，累积失效次数Cumulative frequency 累积次数Cumulative frequency arrangement 累积次数排列Cumulative frequency curve 累积次数曲线Cumulative frequency 累积次数曲线图Cumulative frequency distribution 累积次数分配（布）Cumulative frequency polygon 累积（次数）多边形Cumulative frequency (probability) function 累积次数（机率）函数Cumulative frequency table 累积次数表Cumulative function 累积函数Cumulative graph 累积图Cumulative hazard function 累积冒险函数Cumulative mean 累积平均数Cumulative normal distribution 累积常态分配Cumulative number of failures 累积失效数，累积故障数Cumulative percentage of failures 累积失效百分率，累积故障百分率Cumulative probability distribution 累积机率分配（布）Cumulative sum 累积和Cumulative sum chart 累积和（管制）图Cumulative sum control chart 累积和管制图Cumulative terms 累积项Curtailed (Truncated) inspection 截略检验Curtailed (Truncated) sample inspection截略样品检验Curtailed sampling 截略抽样Curtailed sampling inspection 截略抽样检验Curtaijed sampling plan 截略抽样计划Curtailment of sampling plan 抽样计划之截略Curve 曲线Curve, frequency 次数曲线Curve, normal 常态曲线Curve chart (diagram) 曲线图Curve fitting 曲线配合Curve of error 误差曲线Curve of means 平均数曲线Curve of probability 机率曲线Curve type criterion 曲线型准则Curve shape 曲线形状Curvilinear correlation 曲线相关Curvilinear regression 曲线回归Curvilinear trend 曲线趋势Curvilinearity 曲线性Customer 客户，顾客Customer complaint 顾客抱怨Customer feedback information 顾客回馈信息Customer incurred cost 顾客引发成本Customer operation cost 顾客作业成本Customer repair cost 顾客修理成本Customer requirement 顾客要求Customer satisfaction 顾客满意度Customer's need 顾客需要Cusum chart 累积和（管制）图Cycles 周期Cycles between failures 失效间隔周期，故障间隔周期Cycle of operation 操作周期Cyclic curve 周期（循环）曲线Cyclic damage 周期性损坏Cyclic load 周期性负荷Cyclical deviation 周期（循环）离差Cyclical fluctuation 周期波动Cyclical trend 周期趋势Cyclical movement 周期移动Cyclical variation 周期变异Cycling failure rate 周期性失效率，周期性故障率DD chart d管制图Data 数据Data analysis 数据分析Data bank 资料室（库）Data exchange program 数据交换计划Data, inspection 检验数据Data item 数据项，文件项目Data processing 数据处理Death rate 死亡率Debug (debugging) 除错Decile 十分位数Decimal fraction 小数Decision function 决策函数Decision line 决定线Decision making 决策Decision variable 决策变数Decreasing failure rate distribution 递减失效率分配(布）Decrement 减量Decrement rate 减率Defect 疵病，缺点Defect, chronic 慢性缺点Defect, critical 严重缺点Defect, incidental 偶发缺点Defect, major 主要缺点Defect, minor 次要缺点Defect, sporadic 突发缺点Defect and failure analysis 缺点与失效分析Defect chart 缺点数（管制）图Defect Free 零缺点Defect prevention 缺点预防Defects, number of 缺点数Defects classification 缺点分类Defects per hundred units (dphu) 百件缺点数Defects per unit chart 每单位（内）缺点数（管制）图Defects per unit plan 每单位（内）缺点数（管制）计划Defective 不良品Defective, fraction 不良率Defective chart 不良品数（管制）图Defective material 不良材料Defective number 不良品数Defective part 不良零件Defective parts, percentage of 不良零件百分率Defective prevention 不良品预防Defective unit 不良品（单位）Defectives, number of 不良（品）数Defectives classification 不良品分类Definition(s) 定义Deflated series 调节数列Deflated value 调节值Deflating index 调节指数Degradation 劣化Degradation failure 劣化故障，劣化失效Degree of accuracy 准确度Degree of approximation 近似度Degree of association 相联度Degree of confidence 信任（赖）度Degree of contribution 贡献度Degree of freedom (DF) 自由度Degree of reliability 可靠度Delivery 交货，出厂Delivery inspection 出厂检验Delivery qulaity 出厂品质Delivery time 运送时间Demerit 减点Demerit chart 减点（数）（管制）图Demerit rating 减点评比Demerits per unit 每单位（内）减点数Demonstration 示范，验证，展现Demonstration test 验证试验，展现试验Density function 密度函数Dependability 可恃性，相依性，依赖性Dependent factor 因变因子Dependent failure 相依失效，相依故障Dependent variable 因变数Derating 降等，额降，减额定Derivation 导出Derived table 导出表Descriptive item 说明项Descriptive statistics 记述统计（学）Design 设计Design baseline 设计准则Design change 设计变更Design considerations 设计考虑Design control 设计管制Design change control 设计变更管制Design control, new 新设计管制Design criterion 设计准则Design disclosure package 设计启导文件Design effect cost 设计效应成本Design freeze 设计冻结Design in 设计进去Design input 设计输入Design matrix 设计矩阵Design output 设计输出Design of experiment 实验计划Design planning 设计规画Design profile 设计轮廓Design proving 设计认可Design qualification 设计之合格性Design release 设计发布Design requalification 设计合格之再认定Design review 设计审查Design specification 设计规格Design validation 设计确认Design verification 设计验证，查证Design verification test 设计验证试验Designation 名称Designed experiment 实验计划Destructive inspection (test) 破坏性检验（试验）Detailed design 细部设计Detailed design review 细部设计审查Detailed inspection (100% inspection) 全数检验（百分之百检验）Detect 侦测Detection of a failure unit 失效单位之检测，故障单位之检测Detection time 检测时间Deterioration 衰变，劣化Determination, coefficient of 定限系数Development 发展Development test 发展试验Deviation 离差Deviation, average 平均差Deviation, mean 平均差。
控制科学与工程英语面试问答
控制科学与工程英语面试问答一、介绍控制科学与工程控制科学与工程是一门综合性的学科，涵盖了自动控制、信息理论、系统工程、人工智能等多个领域。
它致力于研究如何设计、分析和实现能够自动控制各种系统的方法和技术。
在现代工程领域中，控制科学与工程起到了至关重要的作用，它可以应用于各个领域，如制造业、交通运输、航天航空、能源等。
二、控制科学与工程英语面试常见问题及回答1. What is control engineering?Control engineering is a multidisciplinary field that deals with the design, analysis, and implementation of systems that can automatically control various processes to achieve desired outputs. It involves applying mathematical models and control algorithms to manipulate inputs and outputs ofa system.2. How is control engineering different from other engineering fields?Control engineering focuses on the development of systems that can regulate and manipulate processes to achieve specific objectives. It differs from other engineeringfields in that it deals with the dynamic behavior of systems and the design of controllers to achieve desired performance.3. What are the key components of a control system?A control system typically consists of a plant or process, sensors, actuators, and a controller. The plant refers to the system being controlled, while sensors and actuators are used to measure and manipulate the variables of interest. The controller processes the sensor data and generates control signals to adjust the actuators.4. What are the different types of control systems?Control systems can be classified into open-loop and closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems do not have feedback, and the control action is based solely on the input. Closed-loop systems, also known as feedback control systems, use feedback from the output to adjust the control action. This allows for better regulation and compensation for disturbances.5. What are the main challenges in control engineering?One of the main challenges in control engineering is dealing with system uncertainty and variability. Real-worldsystems often have unknown or time-varying parameters, which can affect the performance of control systems. Another challenge is ensuring stability and robustness in the face of disturbances and noise.6. What are some popular control techniques?There are various control techniques used in control engineering, such as PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control, optimal control, adaptive control, and robust control. Each technique has its own advantages and is suitable for different types of systems and applications.7. How is control engineering applied in real-world systems? Control engineering is widely applied in various industries, such as manufacturing, transportation, aerospace, and energy. It is used to control processes in factories, regulate traffic flow, stabilize aircraft, and optimize energy consumption. It plays a crucial role in improving efficiency, safety, and reliability in these systems.8. What are the future trends in control engineering?With the advancement of technology, control engineering is evolving to incorporate new concepts and techniques. Some future trends include the integration of control andartificial intelligence, the development of autonomous systems, and the application of control in emerging fields such as renewable energy and healthcare.三、总结控制科学与工程是一门重要的学科，其在现代工程领域中发挥着关键作用。
自动化专业英语（王树青）3.4
⾃动化专业英语（王树青）3.43.4.1 IntroductionModel (Based) Predictive Control (MBPC or MPC), is not a specific control strategy but more of a very ample range of control methods developed around certain common ideas. These design methods lead to linear controllers which have practically the same structure and present adequate degrees of freedom. The ideas appearing in greater or lesser degree in all the predictive control family are basically：.Explicit use of a model to predict the process output at future time instants (horizon)..Calculation of a control sequence minimizing a certain objective function..Receding strategy, so that at each instant the horizon is displaced towards the future, which involves the application of the first control signal of the sequence at each step.The various MPC algorithms (also called long-range Predictive Control or LRPC) only differ amongst themselves in the model used to represent the process and the noises and the cost function to be minimized. This type of control is of an open nature within which many works have been developed, being widely received by the academic world and by industry. There are many applications of predictive control successfully in use at the present time, not only in the process industry but also applications to the control of a diversity of processes ranging from robot manipulators to clinical anesthesia. Applications in the cement industry, drying towers and in robot arms, are described, whilst developments for distillation columns, PVC plants, steam generators or servos are presented. The good performance of these applications shows the capacity of the MPC to achieve highly efficient control systems able to operate during long periods of time with hardly any intervention。
自适应控制（研究生经典教材）
自适应控制Adaptive control1.关于控制2.关于自适应控制3.模型参考自适应控制4.自校正控制5.自适应替代方案6.预测控制参考文献主要章节内容说明：第一部分：第一章自适应律的设计§1.参数最优化方法§2.基于Lyapunov稳定性理论的方法§3.超稳定性理论在自适应控制中的应用第二章误差模型§1.Narendra误差模型§2.增广矩阵§3.线性误差模型第三章MRAC的设计和实现第四章小结第二部分：第一章模型辨识及控制器设计§1.系统模型：CARMA模型§2.参数估计：LS法§3.控制器的设计方法：利用传递函数模型§4.自校正第二章最小方差自校正控制§1.最小方差自校正调节器§2.广义最小方差自校正控制第三章极点配置自校正控制§1.间接自校正§2.直接自校正1.About control engineering education1)control curriculum basic concept(1)dynamic system●The processes and plants that are controlled have responses that evolvein time with memory of past responses●The most common mathematical tool used to describe dynamic system isthe ordinary differential equation (ODE).●First approximate the equation as linear and time-invariant. Thenextensions can be made from this foundation that are nonlinear 、time-varying、sampled-data、distributed parameter and so on.●Method of building model (or equation )a)Idea of writing equations of motion based on the physics andchemistry of the situation.b)That of system identification based on experimental data.●Part of understanding the dynamical system requires understanding theperformance limitations and expectation of the system.2.stabilityWith stability, the system can at least be used●Classical control design method, are based on a stability test.Root locus 根轨迹Bode‟s frequency response 波特图Nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特判据●Optimal control, especially linear-quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control (线性二次型高斯问题) was always haunted by the fact that method did notinclude a guarantee of margin of stability.The theory and techniques of robust (鲁棒)design have been developedas alternative to LQG●In the realm of nonlinear control, including adaptive control, it iscommon practice to base the design on Lyapunov function in order to beable to guarantee stability of final result.3.feedbackMany open-loop devices such as programmable logic controllers (PLC) are in use, their design and use are not part of control engineering.●The introduction of feedback brings costs as well as benefits. Among thecosts are need for both actuators and sensors, especially sensors.●Actuator defines the control authority and set the limits of speed indynamic response.●Sensor via their inevitable noise, limit the ultimate(最终) accuracy ofcontrol within these limits, feedback affords the benefit of improveddynamic response and stability margins, improved disturbancerejection(拒绝) ，and improved robustness to parameter variability.●The trade off between costs and benefits of feedback is at the center ofcontrol design.4.Dynamic compensation●In beginning there was PID compensation, today remaining a widely usedelement of control, especially in the process control.●Other compensation approaches : lead-and-log networks (超前-滞后)observer-based compensators include : pole placement, LQG designs.●Of increasing interest are designs capable of including trade-off amongstability, dynamic response and parameter robustness.Include: Q parameterization, adaptive schemes.Such as self-tuning regulators, neural-network-based-controllers.二、historical perspectives (透视)●Most of early control manifestations appear as simple on-off (bang-bang)controllers with empirical (实验；经验性的) setting much dependent uponexperience.●The following advances such as Routhis and Hurwitz stability analysis(1877).Lyapunov‟s state model and nonlinear stability criteria(判据) (1890) .Sperry‟s early work on gyroscope and autopilots (1910), and Sikorsky‟swork on ship steering (1923)Take differential equation, Heaviside operators and Laplace transform astheir tools.●电机工程(electrical engineering)The largely changed in the late 1920s and 1930s with Black‟s developmentof the feedback electronic amplifier, Bush‟s differential analyzer, Nyquist‟sstability criterion and Bode‟s frequency response methods.The electrical engineering problems faced usually had vary complex albeitmostly linear model and had arbitrary (独立的；随机的) and wide-ringingdynamics.●过程控制(process control in chemical engineering)Most of the progress controlled were complex and highly nonlinear, butusually had relatively docile (易于处理的) dynamics.One major outcome of this type of work was Ziegler-Nichols‟PIDthres-term controller. This control approach is still in use today, worldwidewith relatively minor modifications and upgrades (including sampled dataPID controllers with feed forward control, anti-integrator-windupcontrollers :抗积分饱和，and fuzzy logic implementations).●机械工程(mechanical engineering)The application of controls in mechanical engineering dealt mostly in thebeginning with mechanism controls, such as servomechanisms, governorsand robots.Some typical control application areas now include manufacturing processcontrols, vehicle dynamic and safety control, biomedical devices and geneticprocess research.Some early methodological outcomes were the olden burger-Kahenbugerdescribing function method of equivalent linearization, and minimum-time,bang-bang control.●航空工程（aeronautical engineering ）The problems were generally a hybrid (混合) of well-modeled mechanicsplus marginally understood fluid dynamics. The models were often weaklynonlinear, and the dynamics were sometimes unstable.Major contributions to framework of controls as discipline were Evan‟s rootlocus (1948) and gain-scheduling.●Additional major contributions to growth of the discipline of control over thelast 30-40 years have tended to be independent of traditional disciplines.Examples include:Pontryagin‟s maximum principle (1956) 庞特里金Bellman‟s dynamic programming (1957)贝尔曼Kalman‟s optimal estimation (1960)And the recent advances in robust control.三、Abstract thoughts on curriculum●The possibilities for topic to teach are sufficiently great. If one tries topresent proofs of all theoretical results. One is in danger of giving thestudents many mathematical details with little physical intuition orappreciation for the purposes for which the system is designed.●Control is based on two distinct streams of thought. One stream is physicaland discipline-based. Because one must always be controlling some thing.The other stream is mathematics-based, because the basis concepts ofstability and feedback are fundamentally abstract concepts best expressedmathematically. This duality(两重性) has raised, over the years, regularcomplaints about the …gap‟ between theory and practice.●The control curriculum typically begins with one or two courses designed topresent an overview of control based on linear, constant, ODE models,s-plane and Nyquist‟s stability ideas, SISO feedback and PID, lead-lay andpole-placement compensation.These introductory courses can then be followed by courses in linear systemtheory, digital of control, optimal control, advanced theory of feedback, andsystem identification.四、Main control courses●Introduction to controlLumped system theoryNonlinear controlOptimal controlAdaptive controlRobot controlDigital controlModeling and simulationAdvanced theoryStochastic processesLarge scale multivariable systemManufacturing systemFuzzy logic Neural Networks外文期刊：《Automatic》IFAC 国际自动控制联合会Computer and control abstractsIEEE translations on Automatic controlAutomation●Specialized \ experimental courses✓Intelligent controlApplication of Artificial IntelligenceSimulation and optimization of lager scale systems robust control ✓System identification✓Microcomputer-based control systemDiscrete-event systemsParallel and Distributed computationNumerical optimization methodsNumerical system theory●Top key works from 1963-1995 in IIACAdaptive control 305Optimal control 277Identification 255Parameter estimation 244Stability 217Linear system 184Non-linear systems 168Robust control 158Discrete-time systems 143Multivariable systems 140Robustness 140Multivariable systems control systems 110Optimization 110Computer control 104Large-scale systems 103Kalman filter 102Modeling 107为什么自适应 《Astrom 》chapter 1✓ 反馈可以消除扰动。
自动化控制工程外文翻译外文文献英文文献
Team-Centered Perspective for Adaptive Automation DesignLawrence J.PrinzelLangley Research Center, Hampton, VirginiaAbstractAutomation represents a very active area of human factors research. Thejournal, Human Factors, published a special issue on automation in 1985.Since then, hundreds of scientific studies have been published examiningthe nature of automation and its interaction with human performance.However, despite a dramatic increase in research investigating humanfactors issues in aviation automation, there remain areas that need furtherexploration. This NASA Technical Memorandum describes a new area ofIt discussesautomation design and research, called “adaptive automation.” the concepts and outlines the human factors issues associated with the newmethod of adaptive function allocation. The primary focus is onhuman-centered design, and specifically on ensuring that adaptiveautomation is from a team-centered perspective. The document showsthat adaptive automation has many human factors issues common totraditional automation design. Much like the introduction of other new technologies and paradigm shifts, adaptive automation presents an opportunity to remediate current problems but poses new ones forhuman-automation interaction in aerospace operations. The review here isintended to communicate the philosophical perspective and direction ofadaptive automation research conducted under the Aerospace OperationsSystems (AOS), Physiological and Psychological Stressors and Factors (PPSF)project.Key words:Adaptive Automation; Human-Centered Design; Automation;Human FactorsIntroduction"During the 1970s and early 1980s...the concept of automating as much as possible was considered appropriate. The expected benefit was a reduction inpilot workload and increased safety...Although many of these benefits have beenrealized, serious questions have arisen and incidents/accidents that have occurredwhich question the underlying assumptions that a maximum availableautomation is ALWAYS appropriate or that we understand how to designautomated systems so that they are fully compatible with the capabilities andlimitations of the humans in the system."---- ATA, 1989The Air Transport Association of America (ATA) Flight Systems Integration Committee(1989) made the above statement in response to the proliferation of automation in aviation. They noted that technology improvements, such as the ground proximity warning system, have had dramatic benefits; others, such as the electronic library system, offer marginal benefits at best. Such observations have led many in the human factors community, most notably Charles Billings (1991; 1997) of NASA, to assert that automation should be approached from a "human-centered design" perspective.The period from 1970 to the present was marked by an increase in the use of electronic display units (EDUs); a period that Billings (1997) calls "information" and “management automation." The increased use of altitude, heading, power, and navigation displays; alerting and warning systems, such as the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) and ground proximity warning system (GPWS; E-GPWS; TAWS); flight management systems (FMS) and flight guidance (e.g., autopilots; autothrottles) have "been accompanied by certain costs, including an increased cognitive burden on pilots, new information requirements that have required additional training, and more complex, tightly coupled, less observable systems" (Billings, 1997). As a result, human factors research in aviation has focused on the effects of information and management automation. The issues of interest include over-reliance on automation, "clumsy" automation (e.g., Wiener, 1989), digital versus analog control, skill degradation, crew coordination, and data overload (e.g., Billings, 1997). Furthermore, research has also been directed toward situational awareness (mode & state awareness; Endsley, 1994; Woods & Sarter, 1991) associated with complexity, coupling, autonomy, and inadequate feedback. Finally, human factors research has introduced new automation concepts that will need to be integrated into the existing suite of aviationautomation.Clearly, the human factors issues of automation have significant implications for safetyin aviation. However, what exactly do we mean by automation? The way we choose to define automation has considerable meaning for how we see the human role in modern aerospace s ystems. The next section considers the concept of automation, followed by an examination of human factors issues of human-automation interaction in aviation. Next, a potential remedy to the problems raised is described, called adaptive automation. Finally, the human-centered design philosophy is discussed and proposals are made for how the philosophy can be applied to this advanced form of automation. The perspective is considered in terms of the Physiological /Psychological Stressors & Factors project and directions for research on adaptive automation.Automation in Modern AviationDefinition.Automation refers to "...systems or methods in which many of the processes of production are automatically performed or controlled by autonomous machines or electronic devices" (Parsons, 1985). Automation is a tool, or resource, that the human operator can use to perform some task that would be difficult or impossible without machine aiding (Billings, 1997). Therefore, automation can be thought of as a process of substituting the activity of some device or machine for some human activity; or it can be thought of as a state of technological development (Parsons, 1985). However, some people (e.g., Woods, 1996) have questioned whether automation should be viewed as a substitution of one agent for another (see "apparent simplicity, real complexity" below). Nevertheless, the presence of automation has pervaded almost every aspect of modern lives. From the wheel to the modern jet aircraft, humans have sought to improve the quality of life. We have built machines and systems that not only make work easier, more efficient, and safe, but also give us more leisure time. The advent of automation has further enabled us to achieve this end. With automation, machines can now perform many of the activities that we once had to do. Our automobile transmission will shift gears for us. Our airplanes will fly themselves for us. All we have to dois turn the machine on and off. It has even been suggested that one day there may not be aaccidents resulting from need for us to do even that. However, the increase in “cognitive” faulty human-automation interaction have led many in the human factors community to conclude that such a statement may be premature.Automation Accidents. A number of aviation accidents and incidents have been directly attributed to automation. Examples of such in aviation mishaps include (from Billings, 1997):DC-10 landing in control wheel steering A330 accident at ToulouseB-747 upset over Pacific DC-10 overrun at JFK, New YorkB-747 uncommandedroll,Nakina,Ont. A320 accident at Mulhouse-HabsheimA320 accident at Strasbourg A300 accident at NagoyaB-757 accident at Cali, Columbia A320 accident at BangaloreA320 landing at Hong Kong B-737 wet runway overrunsA320 overrun at Warsaw B-757 climbout at ManchesterA310 approach at Orly DC-9 wind shear at CharlotteBillings (1997) notes that each of these accidents has a different etiology, and that human factors investigation of causes show the matter to be complex. However, what is clear is that the percentage of accident causes has fundamentally shifted from machine-caused to human-caused (estimations of 60-80% due to human error) etiologies, and the shift is attributable to the change in types of automation that have evolved in aviation.Types of AutomationThere are a number of different types of automation and the descriptions of them vary considerably. Billings (1997) offers the following types of automation:?Open-Loop Mechanical or Electronic Control.Automation is controlled by gravity or spring motors driving gears and cams that allow continous and repetitive motion. Positioning, forcing, and timing were dictated by the mechanism and environmental factors (e.g., wind). The automation of factories during the Industrial Revolution would represent this type of automation.?Classic Linear Feedback Control.Automation is controlled as a function of differences between a reference setting of desired output and the actual output. Changes a re made to system parameters to re-set the automation to conformance. An example of this type of automation would be flyball governor on the steam engine. What engineers call conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control would also fit in this category of automation.?Optimal Control. A computer-based model of controlled processes i s driven by the same control inputs as that used to control the automated process. T he model output is used to project future states and is thus used to determine the next control input. A "Kalman filtering" approach is used to estimate the system state to determine what the best control input should be.?Adaptive Control. This type of automation actually represents a number of approaches to controlling automation, but usually stands for automation that changes dynamically in response to a change in state. Examples include the use of "crisp" and "fuzzy" controllers, neural networks, dynamic control, and many other nonlinear methods.Levels of AutomationIn addition to “types ” of automation, we can also conceptualize different “levels ” of automation control that the operator can have. A number of taxonomies have been put forth, but perhaps the best known is the one proposed by Tom Sheridan of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Sheridan (1987) listed 10 levels of automation control:1. The computer offers no assistance, the human must do it all2. The computer offers a complete set of action alternatives3. The computer narrows the selection down to a few4. The computer suggests a selection, and5. Executes that suggestion if the human approves, or6. Allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution, or7. Executes automatically, then necessarily informs the human, or8. Informs the human after execution only if he asks, or9. Informs the human after execution if it, the computer, decides to10. The computer decides everything and acts autonomously, ignoring the humanThe list covers the automation gamut from fully manual to fully automatic. Although different researchers define adaptive automation differently across these levels, the consensus is that adaptive automation can represent anything from Level 3 to Level 9. However, what makes adaptive automation different is the philosophy of the approach taken to initiate adaptive function allocation and how such an approach may address t he impact of current automation technology.Impact of Automation TechnologyAdvantages of Automation . Wiener (1980; 1989) noted a number of advantages to automating human-machine systems. These include increased capacity and productivity, reduction of small errors, reduction of manual workload and mental fatigue, relief from routine operations, more precise handling of routine operations, economical use of machines, and decrease of performance variation due to individual differences. Wiener and Curry (1980) listed eight reasons for the increase in flight-deck automation: (a) Increase in available technology, such as FMS, Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS), Traffic Alert andCollision Avoidance System (TCAS), etc.; (b) concern for safety; (c) economy, maintenance, and reliability; (d) workload reduction and two-pilot transport aircraft certification; (e) flight maneuvers and navigation precision; (f) display flexibility; (g) economy of cockpit space; and (h) special requirements for military missions.Disadvantages o f Automation. Automation also has a number of disadvantages that have been noted. Automation increases the burdens and complexities for those responsible for operating, troubleshooting, and managing systems. Woods (1996) stated that automation is "...a wrapped package -- a package that consists of many different dimensions bundled together as a hardware/software system. When new automated systems are introduced into a field of practice, change is precipitated along multiple dimensions." As Woods (1996) noted, some of these changes include: ( a) adds to or changes the task, such as device setup and initialization, configuration control, and operating sequences; (b) changes cognitive demands, such as requirements for increased situational awareness; (c) changes the roles of people in the system, often relegating people to supervisory controllers; (d) automation increases coupling and integration among parts of a system often resulting in data overload and "transparency"; and (e) the adverse impacts of automation is often not appreciated by those who advocate the technology. These changes can result in lower job satisfaction (automation seen as dehumanizing human roles), lowered vigilance, fault-intolerant systems, silent failures, an increase in cognitive workload, automation-induced failures, over-reliance, complacency, decreased trust, manual skill erosion, false alarms, and a decrease in mode awareness (Wiener, 1989).Adaptive AutomationDisadvantages of automation have resulted in increased interest in advanced automation concepts. One of these concepts is automation that is dynamic or adaptive in nature (Hancock & Chignell, 1987; Morrison, Gluckman, & Deaton, 1991; Rouse, 1977; 1988). In an aviation context, adaptive automation control of tasks can be passed back and forth between the pilot and automated systems in response to the changing task demands of modern aircraft. Consequently, this allows for the restructuring of the task environment based upon (a) what is automated, (b) when it should be automated, and (c) how it is automated (Rouse, 1988; Scerbo, 1996). Rouse(1988) described criteria for adaptive aiding systems:The level of aiding, as well as the ways in which human and aidinteract, should change as task demands vary. More specifically,the level of aiding should increase as task demands become suchthat human performance will unacceptably degrade withoutaiding. Further, the ways in which human and aid interact shouldbecome increasingly streamlined as task demands increase.Finally, it is quite likely that variations in level of aiding andmodes of interaction will have to be initiated by the aid rather thanby the human whose excess task demands have created a situationrequiring aiding. The term adaptive aiding is used to denote aidingconcepts that meet [these] requirements.Adaptive aiding attempts to optimize the allocation of tasks by creating a mechanism for determining when tasks need to be automated (Morrison, Cohen, & Gluckman, 1993). In adaptive automation, the level or mode of automation can be modified in real time. Further, unlike traditional forms of automation, both the system and the pilot share control over changes in the state of automation (Scerbo, 1994; 1996). Parasuraman, Bahri, Deaton, Morrison, and Barnes (1992) have argued that adaptive automation represents the optimal coupling of the level of pilot workload to the level of automation in the tasks. Thus, adaptive automation invokes automation only when task demands exceed the pilot's capabilities. Otherwise, the pilot retains manual control of the system functions. Although concerns have been raised about the dangers of adaptive automation (Billings & Woods, 1994; Wiener, 1989), it promises to regulate workload, bolster situational awareness, enhance vigilance, maintain manual skill levels, increase task involvement, and generally improve pilot performance.Strategies for Invoking AutomationPerhaps the most critical challenge facing system designers seeking to implement automation concerns how changes among modes or levels of automation will be accomplished (Parasuraman e t al., 1992; Scerbo, 1996). Traditional forms of automation usually start with some task or functional analysis and attempt to fit the operational tasks necessary to the abilities of the human or the system. The approach often takes the form of a functional allocation analysis (e.g., Fitt's List) in which an attempt is made to determine whether the human or the system is better suited to do each task. However, many in the field have pointed out the problem with trying to equate the two in automated systems, as each have special characteristics that impede simple classification taxonomies. Such ideas as these have led some to suggest other ways of determining human-automation mixes. Although certainly not exhaustive, some of these ideas are presented below.Dynamic Workload Assessment.One approach involves the dynamic assessment o fmeasures t hat index the operators' state of mental engagement. (Parasuraman e t al., 1992; Rouse,1988). The question, however, is what the "trigger" should be for the allocation of functions between the pilot and the automation system. Numerous researchers have suggested that adaptive systems respond to variations in operator workload (Hancock & Chignell, 1987; 1988; Hancock, Chignell & Lowenthal, 1985; Humphrey & Kramer, 1994; Reising, 1985; Riley, 1985; Rouse, 1977), and that measures o f workload be used to initiate changes in automation modes. Such measures include primary and secondary-task measures, subjective workload measures, a nd physiological measures. T he question, however, is what adaptive mechanism should be used to determine operator mental workload (Scerbo, 1996).Performance Measures. One criterion would be to monitor the performance of the operator (Hancock & Chignel, 1987). Some criteria for performance would be specified in the system parameters, and the degree to which the operator deviates from the criteria (i.e., errors), the system would invoke levels of adaptive automation. For example, Kaber, Prinzel, Clammann, & Wright (2002) used secondary task measures to invoke adaptive automation to help with information processing of air traffic controllers. As Scerbo (1996) noted, however,"...such an approach would be of limited utility because the system would be entirely reactive."Psychophysiological M easures.Another criterion would be the cognitive and attentional state of the operator as measured by psychophysiological measures (Byrne & Parasuraman, 1996). An example of such an approach is that by Pope, Bogart, and Bartolome (1996) and Prinzel, Freeman, Scerbo, Mikulka, and Pope (2000) who used a closed-loop system to dynamically regulate the level of "engagement" that the subject had with a tracking task. The system indexes engagement on the basis of EEG brainwave patterns.Human Performance Modeling.Another approach would be to model the performance of the operator. The approach would allow the system to develop a number of standards for operator performance that are derived from models of the operator. An example is Card, Moran, and Newell (1987) discussion of a "model human processor." They discussed aspects of the human processor that could be used to model various levels of human performance. Another example is Geddes (1985) and his colleagues (Rouse, Geddes, & Curry, 1987-1988) who provided a model to invoke automation based upon system information, the environment, and expected operator behaviors (Scerbo, 1996).Mission Analysis. A final strategy would be to monitor the activities of the mission or task (Morrison & Gluckman, 1994). Although this method of adaptive automation may be themost accessible at the current state of technology, Bahri et al. (1992) stated that such monitoring systems lack sophistication and are not well integrated and coupled to monitor operator workload or performance (Scerbo, 1996). An example of a mission analysis approach to adaptive automation is Barnes and Grossman (1985) who developed a system that uses critical events to allocate among automation modes. In this system, the detection of critical events, such as emergency situations or high workload periods, invoked automation.Adaptive Automation Human Factors IssuesA number of issues, however, have been raised by the use of adaptive automation, and many of these issues are the same as those raised almost 20 years ago by Curry and Wiener (1980). Therefore, these issues are applicable not only to advanced automation concepts, such as adaptive automation, but to traditional forms of automation already in place in complex systems (e.g., airplanes, trains, process control).Although certainly one can make the case that adaptive automation is "dressed up" automation and therefore has many of the same problems, it is also important to note that the trend towards such forms of automation does have unique issues that accompany it. As Billings & Woods (1994) stated, "[i]n high-risk, dynamic environments...technology-centered automation has tended to decrease human involvement in system tasks, and has thus impaired human situation awareness; both are unwanted consequences of today's system designs, but both are dangerous in high-risk systems. [At its present state of development,] adaptive ("self-adapting") automation represents a potentially serious threat ... to the authority that the human pilot must have to fulfill his or her responsibility for flight safety."The Need for Human Factors Research.Nevertheless, such concerns should not preclude us from researching the impact that such forms of advanced automation are sure to have on human performance. Consider Hancock’s (1996; 1997) examination of the "teleology for technology." He suggests that automation shall continue to impact our lives requiring humans to co-evolve with the technology; Hancock called this "techneology."What Peter Hancock attempts to communicate to the human factors community is that automation will continue to evolve whether or not human factors chooses to be part of it. As Wiener and Curry (1980) conclude: "The rapid pace of automation is outstripping one's ability to comprehend all the implications for crew performance. It is unrealistic to call for a halt to cockpit automation until the manifestations are completely understood. We do, however, call for those designing, analyzing, and installing automatic systems in the cockpit to do so carefully; to recognize the behavioral effects of automation; to avail themselves of present andfuture guidelines; and to be watchful for symptoms that might appear in training andoperational settings." The concerns they raised are as valid today as they were 23 years ago.However, this should not be taken to mean that we should capitulate. Instead, becauseobservation suggests that it may be impossible to fully research any new Wiener and Curry’ｓtechnology before implementation, we need to form a taxonomy and research plan tomaximize human factors input for concurrent engineering of adaptive automation.Classification of Human Factors Issues. Kantowitz and Campbell (1996)identified some of the key human factors issues to be considered in the design of advancedautomated systems. These include allocation of function, stimulus-response compatibility, andmental models. Scerbo (1996) further suggested the need for research on teams,communication, and training and practice in adaptive automated systems design. The impactof adaptive automation systems on monitoring behavior, situational awareness, skilldegradation, and social dynamics also needs to be investigated. Generally however, Billings(1997) stated that the problems of automation share one or more of the followingcharacteristics: Brittleness, opacity, literalism, clumsiness, monitoring requirement, and dataoverload. These characteristics should inform design guidelines for the development, analysis,and implementation of adaptive automation technologies. The characteristics are defined as: ?Brittleness refers to "...an attribute of a system that works well under normal or usual conditions but that does not have desired behavior at or close to some margin of its operating envelope."?Opacity reflects the degree of understanding of how and why automation functions as it does. The term is closely associated with "mode awareness" (Sarter & Woods, 1994), "transparency"; or "virtuality" (Schneiderman, 1992).?Literalism concern the "narrow-mindedness" of the automated system; that is, theflexibility of the system to respond to novel events.?Clumsiness was coined by Wiener (1989) to refer to automation that reduced workload demands when the demands are already low (e.g., transit flight phase), but increases them when attention and resources are needed elsewhere (e.g., descent phase of flight). An example is when the co-pilot needs to re-program the FMS, to change the plane's descent path, at a time when the co-pilot should be scanning for other planes.?Monitoring requirement refers to the behavioral and cognitive costs associated withincreased "supervisory control" (Sheridan, 1987; 1991).?Data overload points to the increase in information in modern automated contexts (Billings, 1997).These characteristics of automation have relevance for defining the scope of humanfactors issues likely to plague adaptive automation design if significant attention is notdirected toward ensuring human-centered design. The human factors research communityhas noted that these characteristics can lead to human factors issues of allocation of function(i.e., when and how should functions be allocated adaptively); stimulus-response compatibility and new error modes; how adaptive automation will affect mental models,situation models, and representational models; concerns about mode unawareness and-of-the-loop” performance problem; situation awareness decay; manual skill decay and the “outclumsy automation and task/workload management; and issues related to the design of automation. This last issue points to the significant concern in the human factors communityof how to design adaptive automation so that it reflects what has been called “team-centered”;that is, successful adaptive automation will l ikely embody the concept of the “electronic team member”. However, past research (e.g., Pilots Associate Program) has shown that designing automation to reflect such a role has significantly different requirements than those arising in traditional automation design. The field is currently focused on answering the questions,does that definition translate into“what is it that defines one as a team member?” and “howUnfortunately, the literature also shows that the designing automation to reflect that role?” answer is not transparent and, therefore, adaptive automation must first tackle its own uniqueand difficult problems before it may be considered a viable prescription to currenthuman-automation interaction problems. The next section describes the concept of the electronic team member and then discusses t he literature with regard to team dynamics, coordination, communication, shared mental models, and the implications of these foradaptive automation design.Adaptive Automation as Electronic Team MemberLayton, Smith, and McCoy (1994) stated that the design of automated systems should befrom a team-centered approach; the design should allow for the coordination betweenmachine agents and human practitioners. However, many researchers have noted that automated systems tend to fail as team players (Billings, 1991; Malin & Schreckenghost,1992; Malin et al., 1991;Sarter & Woods, 1994; Scerbo, 1994; 1996; Woods, 1996). Thereason is what Woods (1996) calls “apparent simplicity, real complexity.”Apparent Simplicity, Real Complexity.Woods (1996) stated that conventional wisdomabout automation makes technology change seem simple. Automation can be seen as simply changing the human agent for a machine agent. Automation further provides for more optionsand methods, frees up operator time to do other things, provides new computer graphics and interfaces, and reduces human error. However, the reality is that technology change has often。
ADAPTIVE CONTROLLER
专利名称：ADAPTIVE CONTROLLER发明人：HAGA KYOSUKE,IMAMURA KIMIMASA 申请号：JP14757078申请日：19781128公开号：JPS614616B2公开日：19860212专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To perform adaptive control in accordance with the state of production by exchanging the adaptive control which weighs working speed for that which processes workpieces with the small load torque which is applied to tools. CONSTITUTION:The arithmetic processing unit 4 performs its operation based on the control program stored in memory 40 and its adaptive control. It controls the feed rate of the tool T by changing the override data which is output to the numerical controller 2. When the control mode changover switch MS is connected to the Q1 end, this arithmetic processing unit 4 performs the adaptive control which weighs the reduced working time of workpieces. On the contrary, when the switch MS is set to the QO end, it performs the adaptive control which reduces the mean load torque which is applied to the tool.申请人：TOYODA MACHINE WORKS LTD更多信息请下载全文后查看。
cpg控制算法介绍
cpg控制算法介绍Control algorithm is a method that uses mathematical calculations to control a system. It is commonly used in engineering and technology to regulate the behavior of machines and systems. In the field of Control Systems, the control algorithm plays a crucial role in ensuring stability, accuracy, and efficiency of the controlled system.控制算法是一种利用数学计算方法来控制系统的方法。
它通常用于工程技术领域，用于调节机器和系统的行为。
在控制系统领域，控制算法对于确保受控系统的稳定性、准确性和效率起着至关重要的作用。
There are various types of control algorithms used in different applications, such as PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control, adaptive control, fuzzy logic control, and model predictive control. Each type of control algorithm has its own advantages and limitations, and the selection of the appropriate algorithm depends on the specific requirements of the controlled system and the desired performance.在不同的应用中使用了各种类型的控制算法，如PID（比例-积分-微分）控制、自适应控制、模糊逻辑控制和模型预测控制。
生产控制程序 英语流程
生产控制程序英语流程In the globalized economy, the importance of efficient production control processes cannot be overstated. These processes ensure the smooth flow of operations, maximize resource utilization, and minimize waste. However, when these processes are implemented across cultural boundaries, they must adapt to the unique challenges and nuances ofeach region. This article explores the intricacies of implementing a production control process in an English-speaking environment, highlighting the key elements that contribute to its success.**1. Defining the Production Control Process**The production control process is the framework that guides the manufacturing operations from the initial planning stage to the final delivery of the product. It encompasses various activities such as material procurement, scheduling, quality assurance, and inventory management. In an English-speaking context, the process must take into account the language barriers that can arise during communication between different departments and stakeholders.**2. The Role of Language in Production Control**In an English-speaking country, the use of a common language facilitates communication and coordination among various teams involved in the production process. However, it is crucial to recognize that not all English-speaking countries follow the same standards or have the same terminologies. This diversity can lead to misunderstandings and delays if not properly managed.**3. Key Elements of a Successful Production Control Process**To ensure the success of a production control process in an English-speaking environment, several key elements must be addressed:* **Clear Communication:** It is essential to establish a clear and concise communication protocol that ensures everyone involved understands their responsibilities and expectations. This includes the use of standard terminologies and the avoidance of jargon or colloquial expressions that may lead to confusion. * **Cultural Awareness:** Understanding the cultural nuances of the English-speaking country is crucial. For instance, certaincountries may have a strong work ethic that emphasizes punctuality and discipline, while others may have a more relaxed approach. Understanding these differences helps in adapting the production control process to fit the local context. * **Flexible Scheduling:** In an English-speaking environment, the need for flexibility in scheduling is paramount. Unexpected events or changes in demand may require adjustments to the production plan. A flexible scheduling system that can accommodate such changes without disrupting the overall process is essential. * **Quality Assurance:** Ensuring the quality of the final product is crucial to maintaining the reputation of the company. In an English-speaking country, this often involves adhering to strict quality standards and regulations. Implementing a robust quality assurance process that meets these standards is essential for the success of the production control process.**4. Challenges and Solutions**Despite the best-laid plans, challenges can arise during the implementation of a production control process in an English-speaking environment. Common challengesinclude language barriers, cultural differences, and varying regulations. To overcome these challenges, companies can adopt the following solutions:* **Training and Development:** Providing language and cultural training to employees helps them adapt to thelocal environment and communicate effectively with stakeholders. This training should cover not only the basics of the language but also the cultural norms and expectations. * **Collaborative Partnerships:** Forming partnerships with local companies or organizations can provide valuable insights into the local market and help navigate the nuances of the English-speaking country. These partnerships can also facilitate the procurement of materials and services, reducing the need for extensive language proficiency. * **Adaptive Planning:** Planning for flexibility and adaptability is crucial in an English-speaking environment. Companies should anticipate potential changes in demand, regulations, or other factors that may affect the production process and plan accordingly.**Conclusion**In summary, implementing a production control processin an English-speaking environment requires a careful consideration of language, cultural, and regulatory factors. By prioritizing clear communication, cultural awareness, flexible scheduling, and quality assurance, companies can ensure the smooth and efficient operation of their production processes, regardless of the language spoken. By overcoming challenges through training, collaborative partnerships, and adaptive planning, companies cancapitalize on the opportunities presented by the English-speaking market and achieve success in the global economy.**生产控制程序的跨文化视角**在全球化的经济中，高效的生产控制程序的重要性不言而喻。
介绍日本的汽车英语作文
介绍日本的汽车英语作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Japan is known for its high-quality automobiles that are popular all over the world. Japanese car manufacturers such as Toyota, Honda, and Nissan have a strong reputation for producing reliable and efficient vehicles.In terms of design, Japanese cars are often sleek and modern-looking. They are known for their attention todetail and innovative features. Many Japanese cars also prioritize fuel efficiency, making them a popular choicefor environmentally-conscious consumers.One of the reasons why Japanese cars are so popular is their reliability. Japanese manufacturers have a reputation for producing vehicles that are built to last. They are known for their rigorous quality control processes and use of advanced technology in their manufacturing processes.Japanese cars are also known for their advanced safety features. Many models come equipped with features such aslane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, and automatic emergency braking. These features help to ensure the safety of both the driver and passengers.Another advantage of Japanese cars is their affordability. While luxury models may be more expensive, there are many affordable options available as well. Japanese manufacturers offer a wide range of vehicles to suit different budgets and needs.In recent years, Japanese car manufacturers have also been at the forefront of developing electric and hybrid vehicles. Companies like Toyota have been pioneers in this field, producing popular hybrid models such as the Prius. This commitment to sustainability and innovation has further solidified Japan's position as a leader in the automotive industry.Overall, Japanese cars are known for their quality, reliability, safety, and affordability. Whether you are looking for a compact car, a family sedan, or a luxury vehicle, there is likely a Japanese car that meets yourneeds. With their innovative designs and advanced features, it's no wonder that Japanese cars continue to be popular choices for consumers around the world.。
地理专业词汇英语翻译
地理专业词汇英语翻译(A-B)a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学absolute geopotential 绝对重力势absolute gravity 绝对重力absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute instability 绝对不稳定性absolute maximum 绝对极大absolute measure 绝对尺度absolute minimum 绝对极小absolute orientation 绝对定向absolute parallax 绝对视差absolute precision 绝对精度absolute representation 绝对值表示法absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute value 绝对值absolute zero 绝对零度absorbed radiant flux 吸收辐射absorbed radiation 吸收辐射absorbent 吸收剂absorbing capacity 吸收能力absorbing complex 吸收性复合体absorptance 吸收系数absorption 吸收absorption band 吸收带absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption factor 吸收因素absorption filter 吸收滤光片absorption of energy 能量吸收absorption of light 光吸收absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorption surface 吸收面absorptive capacity 吸收本领absorptivity 吸收能力absorptivity emissivityratio 吸收发射比abstract symbol 抽象符号abundance of isotopes 同位素的丰度abundance of the elements 元素丰度abundance ratio of isotopes 同位素的相对丰度abundant rainfall 过量降雨abyss 深渊abyssal 深海的abyssal basins 深海盆地abyssal benthos 深海底栖生物abyssal deposits 深海沉积物abyssal facies 深海相abyssal hill 深海丘陵abyssal plain 深海平原abyssal region 深海区abyssal sediment 深海沉积物abyssal zone 深海带acariasis 螨病acarinosis 螨病acaustobiolite 非可燃性生物岩accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀accelerated weathering 加速风化acceleration 加速度acceptance 接收acceptor 收体acceptor atom 受体原子acceptor bond 接体合accessory element 伴随元素accessory mineral 副次要accessory species 次要种accidental ejecta 外源喷出物accidental error 偶然误差accidental species 偶见种acclimatization 气候驯化acclivity 上行坡accompaniment element 伴生元素accordance of summit levels 峰顶面等高性accordant junction 协和汇流平齐汇流交合汇流accordant junction ofstreams 协合流accretion gley 淤积潜育层accumulated temperature 积温accumulation 堆积accumulation curve 累积曲线accumulation horizon 聚积层accumulation mountains 堆积山地accumulation of assimilationproducts 同化物累积accumulation of humus 腐殖质蓄积accumulation of organicmatter 有机质堆积accumulative coast 堆积海岸accumulative relief 堆积地形accuracy 准确度accuracy of measurement 测定准确度acetic acid 醋酸acetic acid bacteria 醋酸菌acetic fermentation 醋酸发酵achromatic objective 消色差物镜achromatopsia 色盲acid alkaline barriers 酸碱障acid base balance 酸碱平衡acid base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid brown forest soils 酸性棕色森林土acid earth 酸性白土acid fast bacteria 抗酸菌acid fastness 抗酸性acid fermentation 酸性发酵acid geochemical barrier 酸性地球化学障acid group 酸根acid humus 酸性腐殖质acid igneous rock 酸性火成岩acid medium 酸性介质acid peat soil 酸性泥炭土acid rain 酸雨acid residue 酸性残余物acid rock 酸性岩acid rocks 酸性岩acid soil 酸性土acid solution 酸性溶液acid spring 酸性泉acid tolerant species 耐酸品种acid value 酸值acidic lava 酸性熔岩acidification 酸化acidite 酸性岩acidity 酸度acidity of soil 土壤酸度acidoid 酸性胶体acidophile organisms 嗜酸有机体acidophilous plant 喜酸植物acidophyte 喜酸植物acidosis 酸中毒acidotrophic lake 酸性营养湖acidulation 酸化acotyledon 无子叶植物acquired character 获得特性acric ferralsols 强淋溶铁铝土acrisols 强淋溶土acrorthox 强酸性正常氧化土acrospore 顶生孢子acrox 高风化氧化土acstivation 夏眠actinium 锕actinolite schist 阳起片岩actinometer 日光辐射计actinometry 日射测定法actinomorphic 辐射对称的actinomycetes 放线菌actinomycosis 放线菌病action center of theatmosphere 大气活动中心action potential 动诅位activated adsorption 活化吸附activated complex 活化络合物activated sludge 活性污泥activated water 活化水activation analysis 活化分析activation energy 活化能activator 活化剂active acidity 活性酸度active cave 发展中洞穴active cirque 活动冰斗active fault 活断层active front 活跃锋active glacier 活冰川active group 活性基active humus 活性腐殖质active hydrogen 活性氢active layer 活动层active mud 活性淤泥active plate 移动板块active sensor 织式遥感器active soil formers 活性成土因素active substance 活性物质active volcano 活火山activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数actual acidity 实际酸度actual size 实际尺寸acuity 敏锐acyclic compound 无环化合物adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应adaptive control 自适应控制adaptive histogramadjustment 适应性直方图蝶adaptive radiation 适应辐射addition subtractiondiagram 加减图表additional survey 补充测量additive color mixture 加色混合additive color viewer 彩色合成仪additive constant 附加常数additive primaries 加色法原色additive process 加色处理address 地址adenosine triphosphoricacid 腺苷三磷酸adhesion 粘附adhesive capacity 粘附量adhesive force 粘附力adhesive water 粘附水adhesiveness 粘合性adiabat 绝热曲线adiabatic compression 绝热压缩adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却adiabatic curve 绝热曲线adiabatic equilibrium 绝热平衡adiabatic expansion 绝热膨胀adiabatic heating 绝热增温adiabatic process 绝热过程adiabatic state 绝热状态adiabatic temperaturegradient 绝热温度梯度adion 吸附离子adjacent rock 围岩adjacent sea 边缘海adjoining rock 围岩adjoining sheet 相邻图幅adjustable crop calendar 可碉历adjustment 蝶adjustment computations 蝶计算adjustment in groups 分组蝶adjustment in one cast 整体蝶adjustment of the printingplate 上版administrative diagram 行政区划略图admixture 混合adobe 灰质粘土adobe soil 龟裂粘性土壤adret slope 向阳面山坡adsorbing capacity 吸附量adsorption 吸附adsorption barriers 吸附壁垒adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂adsorptive capacity 吸附能力advance of glacier 冰川前进advanced issue 临时版advanced microwave moisture sensor 高级微波水汽遥感器advanced surveying 高等测量学advection 平流advection fog 平另adventive crater 侧裂火山口advertising map 宣传图aeolian deposit 风成沉积层aeolian landform 风成地形aeolian processes 风成过程aeolian soil 风成土aerating root 呼吸根aeration 通风aeration porosity 通气孔隙度aeration tissue 通气组织aerenchyma 通气组织aerial arch 空鞍aerial archaeological discovery 空中考古发现aerial archaeology 航空考古学aerial film 航摄软片aerial forest survey 森林航空甸aerial mapping 航空测图aerial mapping methods 航空摄影法aerial overlap 航空摄重叠aerial photo detail transfer 航空象片细部转绘法aerial photo interpretation 航空象片判读aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影量aerial photograph 航空像片aerial photograph scale 航摄照片缩尺aerial photographic camera 航摄仪aerial photographicnavigation 航摄领航aerial photographicreconnaissance 航空摄影勘察aerial photographic survey 航空摄影aerial photography 航空测量aerial photography craft 航摄飞机aerial root 气生根aerial ropeway 架空死aerial survey 航空摄影测量aerial triangulation 航空三角测量aerobic bacteria 好气细菌aerobic decomposition 好气分解aerobic fermentation 需气发酵aerobic metabolism 需氧代谢酌aerobiology 空气生物学aerobiosis 好氧生活aerocartograph 航空测图仪aerocartography 航空地图绘制学aeroclimate 高空气候aeroclimatology 高空气候学aerodrome 机场aerogeochemical prospecting 航空地球化学勘探aerogeography 航空地理学aerolite 石陨石aerolith 石陨石aerological diagram 高空图解aerology 高空气象学aerometeorograph 航空气象仪aerometeorology 航空气象学aeronautical meteorology 航空气象学aeronomy 高层大气物理学aerophotogeological map 航空摄影地质图aerophotograhic plan 航测平面图aerophotogrammetric survey 航空摄影甸aerophotogrammetry 航空摄影测量学aerophotograph 航空像片aerophotographic map 航摄地图aerophotographic sketch 航空像片略图aerophotography 航空摄影aerophototopography 航空摄影地形测量学aerophytes 气生植物aeroplane mapping 航空制图aeroplane photography 航空摄影aerosol spectrum 气溶胶光谱aerospace survey 宇航探索aerosurvey 航空测量aerotaxis 区性aerotopography 航空地形测量aerotriangulation 空中三角测量aerotropism 向氧性aeschynite 易解石aesthetic appreciation ofmap 美学aetiology 病原学affinity 亲和力afforestation 造林african armyworm 莎草粘虫after effect 后酌after ripening 后熟afterglow 余光军afterimage 残像aftermath 再生草aftershock 余震agate mortar 玛瑙研钵age class 龄级age determination 年代测定age of lake 湖龄age of landscape 景观年齿令age of lowered sealevel 低海面时期age of relief 地形年龄age of the earth 地球年龄age of tide 潮龄agent 因子ageostropic wind 非地转风agglomerate 集块岩agglomerate lava 集块熔岩agglomeration 集块agglutination 胶着aggradated plain 加积平原aggradation 填积aggradation island 加积岛aggradation plain 加积平原aggradational soils 加积土壤aggradational terrace 加积阶地aggraded valley 冲积河谷aggrading river 淤积河aggregate 集合体aggregate analysis 团聚体分析aggregate structure 团聚结构aggregation 聚集aggregation moisture 团聚化含水量aggressive water 侵蚀性水agitation 搅拌agitator 搅拌机agnotozoic era 元古代agpaite 钠质火成岩类agric horizon 耕足agricultral climatic regionalization 农业气候区划agricultual resource information system 农业资源信息系统agricultural climatology 农业气候学agricultural environment 农业环境agricultural evaluation on ground water 地下水农业评价agricultural geochemistry 农业地球化学agricultural geology 农业地质学agricultural geomorphology 农业地貌学agricultural hydrology 农业水文学agricultural map 农业地图agricultural melioration 农业土壤改良agricultural meteorology 农业气象学agricultural natural resource 农业自然资源agricultural pollutant 农业污染物agricultural products 农产品agricultural region 农业区agriculturalregionalization 农业区划agricultural relief 农业地貌agricultural remote sensing 农业遥感agricultural resource 农业资源agricultural resourceevaluation 农业资源评价agricultural resourcemonitor 农业资源监测agricultural vegetationindex 农业植被指数agriculture 农学agro ecosystem 农业生态系统agro environmental informationsystem 农业环境信息系统agroclimate 农业气候agroclimatic maps 农业气候图agroclimatology 农业气候学agroforestrial geology 农林地质学agrogeography 农业地理学agrogeology 农业地质学agrology 农业土壤学agromelioration 农业土壤改良agrometeorological forecast 农业气象预报agrometeorological index 农业气象指标agrometeorologicalobservation 农业气象观测agrometeorology 农业气象学agronomical yieldestimation 农学估产agrostology 草本学agrudalf 耕层湿淋溶土air avalanche 空气雪崩air content 含气量air current 气流air dry 风干的air dry sample 风干样品air dry weight 风干重air drying 风干air force base 空军基地air humidity 大气湿度air mapping aeroplane 航测飞机air mass 气团air mass analysis 气团分析air mass classification 气团分类air mass climatology 气团气候学air mass influx 气团岭air mass modification 气团变性air mass trajectory 气团轨迹air permeability 透气性air photographical survey 航空摄影甸air photography 空中摄影air pollution 空气污染air pollution monitoring 大气污染观测air port 航空港air pressure 气压air route 航线air saddle 空鞍air sea interaction 海气相互酌air shrinkage 空气收缩air temperature 气温air triangulation 空中三角测量air turbulence 大气湍流大气紊流airborne geochemicalprospecting 航空地球化学勘探airborne microorganisms 大气微生物airborne radar 空中雷达airborne remote sensing 航空遥感airborne sonar 空中声呐airfield 机场airline route map 航空线图alaskite 白岗岩albaqualf 漂白潮淋溶土albedo 反射率albedo of the earth 地球反射率albedometer 反射仪albic arenosols 漂白红砂土albic horizon 漂白层albic luvisols 漂白淋溶土albinism 白化albite 钠长石albitization 钠长石化alboll 漂白软土albumin 白蛋白alcohol thermometer 酒精温度计alcoholic fermentation 乙醇发酵aldehyde 醛alder 赤杨alder grove 赤杨林alder swamp forest 赤杨沼泽林aleurite 粉沙aleuritic clay 粉砂粘土aleurolite 粉砂岩alfisol 淋溶土algae 藻类algal limestone 藻灰岩algorithmic language 算法语言alicyclic compound 脂环化合物alicyclic series 脂环系alidade 照准部alien species 外源种alimentation 饲养aliphatic compound 脂族化合物alkali alumina metasomatism 碱铝交替alkali basalt 碱性玄武岩alkali granite 碱性花岗岩alkali lime index 碱石灰质指数alkali metal 碱金属alkali olivine basalt magma 碱性橄榄玄武岩岩浆alkali rock series 碱性岩系alkalic rock 碱性岩alkalic ultrabasic rock 碱性超基性岩alkalimeter 碱量计alkalimetry 碱量滴定法alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkaline geochemical barrier 碱性地球化学障alkaline marsh 碱沼alkaline medium 碱性介质alkaline plant 适碱植物alkaline rock 碱性岩alkaline soil 碱性土alkaline solution 碱性溶液alkaline spring 碱性矿泉alkaline water 碱性水alkalinity 碱度alkalitrophic lake 碱性营养湖alkalization 碱化alkalized soil 碱化土alkaloid 生物碱alkalosis 碱中毒alkyl group 烷基allelopathy 相互影响allergen 变应原allergy 变应性allitic soil 富铝土allobar 变压区allochromatic color 假色allochthon 外来体allochthonic ground water 外源地下水allochthonous deposit 移积allochthonous fold 异地生成褶皱allochthonous peat 外来泥炭allochthonous river 外源河allochthonous soil 运生土allogenic element 他生元素allogenic succession 异发演替allopatric 在给发生的allopatry 异域性allophane 水铝英石allotriomorphic 他形的allotrope 同素异形体allotrophic lake 他养湖allotropic modification 同素异形体allotropism 同素异形allotropy 同素异形allowable error 容许误差alluvial 冲积的alluvial brown soil 棕色冲积土alluvial cone 冲积扇alluvial deposit 冲积层alluvial fan 冲积扇alluvial fan deposit 冲积扇层alluvial gold 砂金alluvial meadow soil 冲积性草甸土alluvial ore deposit 冲积矿床alluvial plains 冲积平原alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial terrace 冲积阶地alluvial valley 冲积河谷alluviation 冲积alluvium 冲积层almandine 铁铝榴石almandite 铁铝榴石alpha ray spectrometer 射线能谱仪alphitite 岩粉土alpine animal 高山动物alpine belt 高山带alpine carbonate raw soil 高山碳酸盐粗腐殖土alpine desert 高山荒漠alpine folding 阿尔卑斯褶皱alpine glacier 阿尔卑斯型高山冰川alpine glow 高山辉alpine humus soil 高山腐殖质土alpine meadow 高山草甸alpine plant 高山植物alpine silicated raw soil 高山硅酸盐粗骨土alpine soil 高山土壤alpine tundra 高山冻原alpine type of relief 高山地形alpine vegetation 高山植被alpine zone 高山带altazimuth 经纬仪alterated rocks 蚀变岩alteration 蚀变酌alteration halo 蚀变晕alteration mineral 蚀变矿物alteration of angles 角度畸变alteration zone 蚀变带alternation of beds 互层alternation of generations 世代交替alternation of strata 互层altimeter 测高计altimetric survey 高程测量altiplanation terraces 高山剥夷阶地altitude 高度altitude angle 高度角altitude datum 高程基准面altitude difference 高差altitude of the sun 太阳高度altitude traverse 高程线altitudinal belt 高度带altitudinal zonality 垂直分布带altitudinal zonality ofvegetation 高程植被带altocumulus 高积云altostratus 高层云alumina 矾土aluminite 矾石aluminium 铝aluminium deposit 铝矿床aluminium silicate 铝硅酸盐aluminosilicate 铝硅酸盐aluminum 铝alunite 茂石alunitization 茂石化alvar 矮灌木草地amazonite 天河石amazonstone 天河石amber 琥珀ambient noise 环境噪声amelioration 改进amelioration of low productive paddy soils 低产水稻土的改良amensalism 偏害酌americium 镅amesite 镁绿泥石amictic lake 永久封冻湖amide 酰胺amine 胺amino acid 氨酸amino acid geochemistry method 氨基酸地球化学法amino acid geochronology 氨基酸年代学amino acid metabolism 氨基酸代谢ammine 氨合物ammoniate 氨合物ammonification 氨化ammonifier 氨化细菌ammonisation 氨化ammonium molybdate 钼酸铵ammonium phosphate 磷酸铵ammophos 安福粉amount of evaporation 蒸发量amount of infiltrating water 入渗水量amount of information 信息量amount of precipitation 降水量amount of throw 纵距amphibian 两栖类amphibious organisms 两栖生物amphibious plant 两栖植物amphibole 角闪石amphibolite 闪岩amphidromic point 无潮点amphigenite 白榴熔岩amphiphyte 两栖植物ampholyte 两性电解质ampholytoid 两性胶体amphoteric behavior 两性行为amphoteric colloid 两性胶体amphoteric element 两性元素amphoteric ion 两性离子amphoteric oxide 两性氧化物amplifier for photocurrents 光电僚大器amplitude information 幅度信息amylase 淀粉酶anabatic wind 山谷风anabiosis 复苏anabolism 同化酌anaerobe 嫌气微生物anaerobic bacteria 嫌气细菌anaerobic conditions 嫌气条件anaerobic decomposition 嫌气分解anaerobic fermentation 嫌气发酵anaerobic metabolism 不需氧代谢anaerobic organisms 嫌气有机体anaerobion 嫌气微生物anaerobiosis 嫌气生活anafront 上滑锋anagenesis 前进演化anaglyphic map 补色立体地图anaglyphographic photomap 互补色立体影象地图analcime 方沸石analcimite 方沸岩analcitite 方沸岩anallobar 正变压中心analog 类似analog digital conversion 模数转换analog digital converter 模拟数字转换器analog information 模拟信息analogue 类似analogy 相似analysis 分析analysis by sedimentation 沉降分析analysis by titration 滴定分析analysis model 分析模型analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析analysis of weather map 天气图分析analytic character 分析特性analytic map 解析地图analytic photogrammetry 解析摄影测量analytical aerialtriangulation 解析空中三角测量analytical balance 分析天平analytical geochemistry 分析地球化学analytical method 分析方法analytical model 分析模型analytical plotter 解析测图仪analytical thematic map 解析肘地图anamesite 中粒玄武岩anatexis 深溶酌anchor ice 底冰ancient glaciation 古代冰川酌ancient lake mire 湖泊排水的沼泽ancient platform 古地台ancient sediments 古代沉积物andept 火山灰始成土andesine 中长石andesite 安山岩andesite line 安山岩线andic cambisols 暗色始成土andosols 暗色土anemia 贫血anemochores 风播植物anemochorous plants 风播植物anemochory 风播anemogram 风力自记曲线anemograph 风速计anemology 测风学anemometer 风速表anemometry 风速测定法anemophilous flower 风媒花anemophilous plant 风媒植物anemophily 风媒anemorumbograph 风向风速计anemorumbometer 凤向风速计anemothermometer 风速风温计aneroid barograph 空盒气压计aneroid barometer 空盒气压表aneroidograph 无液气压记录器angiosperms 被子植物angle equation 角方程angle of attachment 闭合角angle of bank 曲折角angle of direction 方位角angle of divergence 发散角angle of emergence 出射角angle of field 视场角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of obliquity 倾斜角angle of pitch 府仰角angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of rotation 旋转角angle resolution 角分辨率anglesite 硫酸铅矿angular blocky structure 角块状结构angular deviation 角度偏差angular difference 角度不符值angular distance 角距angular distortion 角度畸变angular error 角度误差angular fold 尖褶皱angular measurement 角度观测angular unconformity 斜交不整合angular variation 角变化angulate drainage pattern 角状水系anhydrite 硬石膏anhydrous ammonia 无水氨animal debris 动物残屑animal husbandry 畜牧业animal remains 动物残屑animal resting place vegetation 牲畜休息地植被animal sociology 动物社会学animated mapping 动画地图制作animation 动画anion exchange 阴离子交换anionogenic element 阴离子基因元素anisotropism 蛤异性anisotropy 蛤异性ankaramite 富辉橄玄岩ankaratrite 黄橄霞玄岩ankerite 铁白云石annual 一年生植物annual aberration 周年光行差annual amount ofprecipitation 年雨量annual change 年变化annual flow 年径流annual march 年变程annual mean 年平均annual parallax 周年视差annual plant 一年生植物annual range 年较差annual ring 年轮annual runoff 年径流annual storage 年蓄水量annual variation 年变化annual zone 生长轮annular pattern 环状水系anomalous field 异常场anomalous geochemicalgradient 异常地球化学梯度anomaly 异常anomaly in alluvium 冲积物异常anomaly in colluvium 塌积物异常anomaly in residual 残积异常anomaly ratio 异常比anorthite 钙长石anorthitite 钙长岩anorthoclase 歪长石anorthosite 斜长岩anosmia 嗅觉缺失antagonism 拮抗antagonist 对抗剂antarctic 南极antarctic air 南极气团antarctic anticyclone 南极反气旋antarctic belt 南极带antarctic circle 南极圈antarctic climate 南极气候antarctic continent 南极大陆antarctic faunistic region 南极动物区antarctic front 南极锋antarctic high 南极反气旋antarctic regions 南极区antarctic zone 南极带antarctica 南极大陆antecedent drainage 先成水系antecedent precipitationindex 前期降水量指数antecedent river 先成河antecedent river network 先成水系antecedent stream 早期河流antecedent valley 先成谷anteklise 台背斜anthophyte 有花植物anthracite 无烟煤anthraconite 沥青灰岩anthrax bacillus 炭疽杆菌anthraxolite 碳沥青anthraxylon 纯木煤anthropic epipedon 耕醉层anthropic soil 人为土壤anthropochores 人播草anthropochorous plants 人播草anthropochory 人为传播anthropoclimatology 人类气候学anthropogene 人类纪anthropogenesis 人类发生anthropogenic factor 人为因素anthropogenic influence 人类影响anthropogenic landscape 人为景观anthropogenic load 人为负载anthropogenic pollution 人为污染anthropogenic soil 人为土壤anthropogenic succession 人为演替anthropogeography 人类地理学anthropological remotesensing 人类学遥感anthropology 人类学anthropophyte 人为植物anthroposphere 人类圈antiaircraft weaponposition 防空兵企地antibacterial spectrum 抗细菌性光谱antiballistic missilesystem 反弹道导弹系统antibiosis 抗生antibodies 抗体anticlinal axis 背斜轴anticlinal fault 背斜断层anticlinal fold 背斜褶皱anticlinal limb 背斜翼anticlinal mountain 背斜脊anticlinal ridge 背斜脊anticlinal trap 背斜圈闭anticlinal valley 背斜谷anticlinorium 复背斜anticoagulant 抗凝剂anticyclogenesis 反气旋发生anticyclolysis 反气旋消散anticyclone 反气旋anticyclonic eddy 反气旋涡旋anticyclonic inversion 反气旋逆温anticylonic vortex 反气旋涡旋antierosion measures 防侵蚀措施antiform 背斜形态antimeridian 反面子午线antimonite 辉锑矿antimonsoon 反季风antimony deposit 锑矿床antinodes 波腹antiseptic 防腐剂antithyroid substance 抗甲状腺物质antitoxin 抗毒素antitrade wind 反信风antitrades 反信风antitriptic current 减速流antitriptic wind 摩擦风antitwilight 反曙暮光anvil cloud 砧状云apatite 磷灰石apex of anticline 背斜顶aphanitic texture 隐晶结构aphelion 远日点aphotic zone 无光带aphylactic projection 任意投影aphylly 无叶性apiculture 养蜂aplite 细晶岩aplogranite 淡云花岗岩apochromatic lens 复消色差镜头apogamy 无配生殖apogee 远地点apogee altitude 远地点高度apolar adsorption 非极性吸附apophyte 固有栽培植物apophytic plants 固有栽培植物apparatus 仪器频apparent density 表观密度apparent dip 视倾斜apparent heave 视平错apparent horizon 视地平apparent resistivity 视在电阻率apparent wind 视风appearance of maps 地图整饰apple coal 软煤applied climatology 应用气候学applied geochemistry 应用地球化学applied geomorphology 应用地形学applied hydrology 应用水文学applied meteorology 应用气象学appreciation 评价approximate analysis 近似分析approximate calculation 概算approximate coordinate 近似坐标approximate value 近似值aqualf 潮淋溶土aquatic animals 水栖动物aquatic life 水生生物aquatic organism 水生生物aquatic plants 水生植物aquatic products industry 水产业aquatic vegetation 水生植被aquent 潮新成土aqueoglacial deposits 冰水沉积物aqueous deposit 水成沉积aqueous rock 水成岩aqueous soil 水成土aqueous solution 水溶液aquept 潮始成土aquiclude 弱透水层aquifer 蓄水层aquiferous 含水的aquifuge 不透水层aquitard 半透水层aquod 潮灰土aquoll 潮软土aquox 潮氧化土aquult 潮老成土arable 可耕的arable land 耕地arable layer 耕层arable soil 可耕土壤arachnida 蛛形纲aragonite 霰石arber 乔木arbitrary projection 任意投影arbovirus 虫媒病毒arc of compression 压缩弧arc of folding 压缩弧arch dam 拱坝arch gravity dam 重力拱坝archaeocyte 原始细胞archaeohydrology 考古水文学archaeological culture 考古学文化archaeological remotesensing 考古遥感archaeological remotesensor 考古遥感器archaeological site 考古遗址archaeopteryx 始祖鸟archean 太古代的arched mountains 穹形山archeozoic 太古代的archeozoic era 太古代archipelago 群岛arctic 北极地区arctic air 北极气团arctic air mass 北极气团arctic circle 北极圈arctic climate 北极气候arctic desert 北极荒漠arctic desert zone 北极荒漠带arctic front 北极锋arctic high 北极高压arctic mire 极地沼泽arctic plants 极地植物arctic polygon desert 北极多边形荒漠arctic soil 极地土壤arctic subregion 北极亚区arctic tundra 北极冻原arctic zone 北极带arctoalpine 北极高山的arcuate delta 弧形三角洲arcuate structure 弧形构造arcuate tectonic belt 弧形构造带area 地区area aerial photography 区域航空摄影area color 背景色area computation 面积计算area distortion 面积变形area eruption 区城喷溢area measuring equipment 面积测量设备area method 区域法area of artesian flow 自霖区area of influence 影响面积area pattern 面状要素area survey 面积测量area target 地区目标area under crops 播种面积area weighted average resolution 面积加权平均分辨率areal rainfall depth 地域平均雨量areal survey 分段测量arenaceous quartz 石英砂arenaceous shale 砂质页岩arenopelitic 砂泥质的arenosols 红砂土arent 耕种混合新成土argialboll 粘化漂白软土argiaquoll 粘化潮软土argiboroll 粘化极地软土argil 白土argillaceous rock 泥质岩argillic horizon 粘化层argillite 泥板岩argillization 泥化argit 粘化旱成土argiudoll 粘化湿软土argiustoll 粘化干软土argon 氩arid climate 干燥气候arid cycle 干燥周期arid cycle of erosion 干燥侵蚀循环arid geomorphic cycle 干燥地貌旋回arid landforms 干燥地形arid region 干燥区arid soil 旱境土壤aridisol 旱成土aridity 干燥度aridity index 干燥指数arithmetic mean 算术平均arithmetical unit 运算器运算部件arkose 长石砂岩aromatic base crude oil 芳香基原油aromatic plant 芳香植物arrangement 配置array processor 阵列处理机arrow 箭头arsenic 砷arsenic pollution 砷污染arsenopyrite 毒砂arterial drainage 排水干渠系统artesian aquifer 自连水层artesian basin 自联盆地artesian ground water 自霖下水artesian head 承压水头artesian pressure 自凉力artesian water 自廉水artesian well 自廉arthritis 关节炎arthropoda 节肢动物artiad 偶价元素articular rheumatism 关节风湿病artificial climate 人工气候artificial culture media 人工培养基artificial drainage system 人工排水系统artificial earth satellite 人造卫星artificial earthquake 人为地震artificial forestregeneration 森林人工更新artificial ground target 航测地面标志artificial ground water 人工地下水artificial intelligence 人工智能artificial manure 堆肥artificial mineral 人造矿物artificial pollination 人工授粉artificial precipitation 人工降水量artificial radioactiveelement 人工放射元素artificial radioactivenuclide 人工放射性核素artificial radioactivity 人工放射性artificial rain 人造降雨artificial recharge 人工补给artificial satellite 人造卫星artificial sea water 人造海水artificial selection 人工选择artificial soil 人工土壤artificial sub irrigation 人工地下灌溉artificial waterapplication 人工供水asbestos 石棉asbestos deposit 石棉矿床asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿ascend curve 上升曲线ascending air current 上升气流ascending development 上升发展ascending node 升交点ascending water 上升水ascharite 硼镁石asexual generation 无性世代asexual reproduction 无性生殖ash cloud 尘云ash cone 凝灰火山锥ash content 灰分含量ash fall 火山灰下降ash forest 秦手ash shower 火山灰下降ashless filter 无灰滤纸asiatic schistosomiasis 日本血吸虫病aspect 季相aspect ratio 纵横比aspen 白杨aspen forest 白杨林asphalt 地沥青asphaltic pyrobitumen 焦性沥青asphaltite 沥青岩aspiration psychrometer 吸气式湿度计assemblage 集合assemble 集合assembly area 集结地域assessment of yield capacity of soil 土地评价assimilability 可同化性assimilate 同化物assimilation 同化酌assistentrenched meander 嵌入曲流深切曲流assisttrade wind desert 信风沙漠associated species 伴生种association 群丛association complex 群丛复合体association table 群丛表astatic magnetometer 无定向磁力计astatine 砹astenosphere 软力astro geodetic net adjustment 天文大地网平差astro geodetic network 天文大地网astrograph 天体摄影仪astrolabe 等高仪astrometry 天体测量学astronautics 宇宙航行学astronomic point 天文点astronomic theodolite 天文经纬仪astronomical azimuth 天文方位角astronomical coordinate system 天文坐标系astronomical coordinates 天文坐标astronomical geodesy 天文大地测量学astronomical levelling 天文水准测量astronomical longitude 天文经度astronomical meridian 天文子午线astronomical objective 天文对物镜astronomical unit 天文单位astronomy 天文学astrophotography 天体摄影学asymmetric carbon atom 不对称碳原子asymmetric fold 不对称褶皱asymmetrical anticline 不对称背斜asymmetrical ridge 不对称山脊asymmetrical valley 不对称谷asymmetry of relief 地形的不对称性asymptote 渐近线asynapsis 不联会asyndesis 不联会atavism 返祖atlantic time 大误期atlas 地图集atlas cartography 地图集制图学atlas dummy 图集装帧样本atlas grid 图集位置指示格网atlas leaf 地图集图页atlas of morbidity 发病率地图册atlas type 地图集类型atmometer 蒸发表atmophile elements 亲气元素atmosphere 大气圈atmospheric absorption 大气吸收atmospheric air 大气atmospheric attenuation 大气衰减atmospheric attenuationcorrection 大气衰减订正atmospheric circulation 大气循环atmospheric condensation 大气凝结atmospheric disturbance 大气扰动atmospheric dust 大气尘埃atmospheric electricity 大气电atmospheric factor 大气因素atmospheric front 大气锋atmospheric humidity 大气湿度atmospheric ion 大气离子atmospheric perturbations 大气扰动atmospheric phenomenon 大气现象atmospheric pollution 大气污染atmospheric pressure 气压atmospheric radiation 大气辐射atmospheric refraction 大气折射atmospheric remote sensing 大气遥感atmospheric rock 气成岩atmospheric sounding 大气探测atmospheric stability 大气稳定性atmospheric swamp 天然沼泽atmospheric transmittance 大气透过率atmospheric turbulence 湍馏气atmospheric wave 大气波atoll 环礁atoll lake 环礁湖atomic adsorptionspectrometry 原子吸收分光光度法atomic arrangement 原子排列atomic bond 原子键atomic disintegration 原子蜕变atomic energy level 原子能级atomic group 原子团atomic mass unit 原子质量单位atomic number 原子序数atomic orbital function 原子轨函数atomic radius 原子半径atomic ratio 原子比atomic size 原子大小atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic structure 原子结构atomic unit 原子单位atomic volume 原子体积atomic weight 原子量atomism 原子论atomistics 原子论atomizer 喷雾器atrio 火口原atrio lake 火口原湖attached ground water 附着地下水attached island 陆系岛attenuation coefficient 衰减系数attenuator 衰减器。
Manufacturing Process Control
Manufacturing Process Control Manufacturing process control is a critical aspect of ensuring the quality, efficiency, and consistency of products in the manufacturing industry. It encompasses a range of activities and techniques aimed at monitoring and managing the various stages of production to minimize defects, optimize resource utilization, and meet customer requirements. However, despite the advancements in technology and automation, challenges still persist in achieving effective process control. One of the key challenges in manufacturing process control is the complexity of modern production systems. With the integration of advanced machinery, robotics, and interconnected processes, the sheer volume of data generated can be overwhelming. This makes it difficult for manufacturers to effectively monitor and analyze every aspect of the production process in real time. As a result, there is a risk of overlooking critical issues that can impact product quality and consistency. Another challenge is the dynamic nature of production environments. Manufacturing processes are often subject to fluctuations in raw material quality, equipment performance, and environmental conditions. These variations can introduce uncertainties and instabilities in the production process, making it challenging to maintain consistent quality standards. Additionally, changes in customer demand and market trends further add to the complexity of process control, requiring manufacturers to be agile and adaptive in their approach. Furthermore, ensuring effective process control requires askilled workforce with the expertise to operate, monitor, and troubleshoot advanced manufacturing systems. However, there is a growing concern about the shortage of skilled workers in the manufacturing industry, particularly in the context of rapidly evolving technologies. This shortage not only hampers the implementation of effective process control measures but also poses a risk to the overall productivity and competitiveness of manufacturing operations. In response to these challenges, manufacturers are increasingly turning to advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and industrial internet of things (IIoT) to enhance process control capabilities. These technologies enable real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive control, allowing manufacturers to proactively identify and address issues beforethey impact production. By leveraging data analytics and automation, manufacturers can gain deeper insights into their production processes and make informed decisions to optimize performance. Moreover, the integration of digital twins –virtual replicas of physical assets and processes – is revolutionizing the way manufacturers approach process control. Digital twins enable simulation, visualization, and analysis of production systems, providing a holistic view of the entire manufacturing process. This not only facilitates better understanding and optimization of the production process but also enables virtual testing of control strategies and scenarios, ultimately leading to improved process control and efficiency. In addition to technological advancements, a proactive approach to quality management and continuous improvement is essential for effective process control. Implementing robust quality management systems, such as Six Sigma and Total Quality Management (TQM), can help identify root causes of defects, standardize processes, and drive continuous improvement initiatives. By fostering a culture of quality and accountability, manufacturers can instill a mindset of process control at every level of the organization, leading to better overall performance and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, collaboration and knowledge sharing within the manufacturing community can play a significant role in addressing process control challenges. Industry associations, research institutions, and government agencies can facilitate the exchange of best practices, standards, and guidelines for process control. By fostering a collaborative environment, manufacturers can learn from each other's experiences, leverage collective expertise, and drive innovation in process control techniques and technologies. In conclusion, effective manufacturing process control is crucial for ensuring product quality, consistency, and efficiency. While challenges such as complexity, dynamic environments, and skill shortages persist, advancements in technology, proactive quality management, and collaboration offer opportunities to overcome these challenges. By embracing advanced technologies, fostering a culture of quality and continuous improvement, and promoting collaboration, manufacturers can enhance their process control capabilities and drive sustainable success in the competitive manufacturing landscape.。
Double Neuron Model-free Control for pH Processes
1INTRODUCTIONIt is well known that the pH processes are quite difficult to control due to their heavy nonlinearity and big uncertainty. There has been considerable attention over the years on researches using various control approaches, such as simple PID control, adaptive control[1-2], nonlinear linearization control and various model-based control. However, it is not easy to reach satisfactory performance by using conventional control methods, because they rely on the exactly mathematical modeling of the plant, which may be tremendously difficult to obtain in many cases. Artificial neural networks may be a better way to solve nonlinear system control problems since they have the parallel processing and learning capabilities. Hence, it has received consideralbe attention in the field of chemical process control and controller design [3-6]. However, the weaknesses of neural networks, such as complex training algorithm, slow learning speed and the long weight convergence time limit their applications. In order to achieve effectiveness and high control performance of highly nonlinear processes, several schemes of neural controllers were proposed in the past. Jili Tao, et al. proposed the fuzzy neuron hybrid controller to improve the performance[7]. C.H.Wangˈet al. designed a parallel control structure with a state observer and supervisory controller to improve the performance of the adaptive fuzzy neural network controller[8]. The aim of this paper was to develop a noval simple and effective neural control method to provide high-quality control in the process of nonlinearities. In this paper, a double neuron controller consisting of the principal neuron controller and the subordinate neuron controller is designed for nonlinear plants. The proposed control algorithm is applied to a pH neutralization process and obtained satisfactory control performance.This work is supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant s nos.60874072 and 60721062. 2THE STRUCTURE OF THE DOUBLE NEURON CONTROL SYSTEM2.1The Neuron Model and its Learning StrategiesThe neuron model and its learning strategy for control areproposed in [9] and shown as in Fig.1.Fig 1. The neuron model for controlIn Fig.1, E is the surroundings of the neuron. The neuron output ()u t can be written as.1()()()i iinu t K w t x t==¦ (1) Where, 0K>is the neuron proportional coefficient,()itx(i=1,2,3,…,n) denote the neuron inputs,()itw(i=1,2,3,…n) are the connection weights of theneuron inputs ()itx and they are determined by someneuron learning rules.It is widely believed that a neuron realizes self-organization by modifying its synaptic weights. According to the well-known hypothesis proposed by D.O. Hebbian, the weight update equation is written asDouble Neuron Model-free Control for pH ProcessesLi Zhang1,2, Ning Wang11.National Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Institute of Cyber-Systems and ControlZhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, ChinaE-mail: nwang@2. College of Automation and Electrical Engineering, ZheJiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023,ChinaE-mail: linmer1026@Abstract: A double neuron model-free control method for pH processes is presented. In this control system, the principalneuron controller is designed to control pH processes, and the subordinate neuron controller is used to compensate for thenonlinear characteristic. The purpose of improving response speed and reducing errors is reached. Simulation resultsshow the efficiency, good disturbance resistibility and very strong robustness of the proposed method.Key Words: Model-free control, Double neuron controlˈNonlinear plants, pH process2867978-1-4244-5182-1/10/$26.00c 2010IEEE(1)()() .i i i w t w t dp t +=+ (2) Where,0d >is the learning rate, ()i p t denote learning strategy.The associative learning strategy is suggested for control purposes as follows [9]()()()() .i i p t z t u t x t = (3) It expresses that an adaptive neuron, which uses the learning way Hebbian learning (()()())i i p t u t x t =and Supervised learning (()()())i i p t z t x t =, makes actions and reflections to the unknown outsides with the associative search. It means that the neuron self-organizes the surrounding information under supervising of the teacher’s signal ()t z and gives the control signal. It also implies a critic on the neuron actions.According to the neuron model and its learning strategy described as above, the neuron model-free control method is proposed as follows[9]()()1()()1(1)()[()()]()() .n K w t x t i i i u t n w t i i w t w t d r t y t u t x t i i i ¦==¦=+=+−°°®°°¯ (4)Where,()t r and ()t y are the set point and output of theplant respectively, and u (t ) is the control signal produced by the neuron ..2.2The Double Neuron Model-free Control Systems The single neuron model-free control algorithm can widely be used in industrial process control because of the simplicity and satisfactory control performance[10-12]. To the plant with big uncertainties and grave nonlinearities, if the neuron model-free control method is directly used to control this process, it is difficult to obtain ideal control effects [13]. Shuang Cong, et al. designed a parallel bi-fuzzy controller used to compensate for the nonlinear friction[14]. The control strategy proposed is simple and can obtain good performance. Considering the dynamic characteristics of the nonlinear process, the double neuron model-free control system is set up and the new model-free controller is designed and shown in Fig.2.In this control system, the double neuron controller is constructed by a principal neuron controller and asubordinate parallel neuron controller. In Fig.2, The double neuron model-free control method is proposed as following formula12()()()t t t u u u =+ (5)Where ()u t is the control signal produced by the double neuron controller. 1()u t is the control action produced bythe principal neuron, which is used to enhance responsespeed and guarantee steady-state accuracy .2()u t is the control action of the subordinate neuron controller. Thesubordinate controller paralleled with the principal one isused to compensate for the nonlinear characteristic and to reduce further system’s tracking error. It is used to act onthe low-order approximate linear model of the nonlinear process which is obtained by the recursive least squaremethod.n I )()u t x Fig 2. The double neuron model-free control systemThe control strategy is realized the purpose of enhancing steady-state accuracy and improving control quality.From the description as above, the double neuron model-free control method is proposed as follows:(1)()()()() 1(())4()()11()14()1()()exp 1()() 2w t w t d e t u t x t ii i e t K w t x t i i i u t w t i i x t r t x t e t α+=+−¦==¦==+= .()()(1)322()()(1) . 442x t x t x t x t x t x t β=−−=+−°°°°°®°°°°°¯ (6) 3()()21()23()1()[()()]()()222()() 1()()()22()()(1)322(1)K w t I t j j j u t w t j j w w t d e t y t u t I t j j j I t e t I t e t y t I t y t y t t ¦==¦==+−==−=−−+°°°°®°°°°¯ (7) Where,()r t is the set point, ()y t is the system output, 2()y t is the output of the low-order linear model. ()()()e t r t y t =− is the error of the system.() (1,2,3,4)i t i x = and j () (1,2,3)t j I = are the neuroninputs which can be selected according to the design demands of the control system. ()w t i and ()w t j are the28682010Chinese Control and Decision Conferenceconnection weights of ()i x t and ()j t I respectively. 1d and 2d are the learning rates. 10K > and 20K >are the neuron proportional coefficient. ˞and βare the constants to be chosen .3pH NEUTRALIZATION PROCESSConsider a pH neutralization process as shown in Fig. 3.Fig.3. pH neutralization processThe flow rates of acid, buffer, base and effluent streams aredenoted by q 1,q 2,q 3and q 4respectively. The output of theprocess is the pH value of the effluent stream (pH 4),and the flow rate of the base stream q 3is the control input ˊThe pH of the effluent stream is measured at a distance from the plant , while introduces a measurement time delay ´.(Define pH 4m =pH 4(t-´)).The process model is derived by defining reaction invariants as2[][][]2[] . (8)332[][][] . (9)2333W H OH HCO CO a W H CO HCO CO b +−−−=−−−−−=++W ai and W bi (i=1,2,Ă,4)represent a charge balance and the balance on the carbonate ion respectively.The normal operation parameters of the system are given in table 1 [15].Table1. Normal Operation Parameters of the Systempara. value para. value A 207/cm 2h 14.0/cm C v 8.75/(ml·cm -0.5·s) W b10W a13×10-3/(mol·L -1)W b23×10-2(mol·L -1)W a2-3×10-2/(mol·L -1)W b35×10-5/(mol·L -1)W a3-3.06×10-3/(mol·L -1)pK 1 6.35q 116.6/(ml·s -1)PK 210.25q 20.55/(ml·s -)IJ0.5q 315.6/(ml·s -)pH 47The dynamic process model consists of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations and a nonlinear output equation for the pH [15]:10.5() . (10)1231[()()()] . (11)41412423431[()()(41412423h q q q c h v A W W W q W W q W W q a a a a a a a AhW W W q W W q W W b b b b b b b Ah⋅=++−⋅=−+−+−⋅=−+−+−)] . (12)43212101410100 . (13)4414211010q pH pK pH pHW W a b pK pH pH pK −+×−−+⋅+−=−−++From the step response curve at the point pH=7.0, It can be seen that the pH process can be described by transmit function of the first order inertia plus pure lag [15] .Therefore, the time constant of the control plant 1.65min T =ˈthe static gain 0.88/P K s ml =, the sample period is chosen as 0.25min S T =ˈthe linear model in the neighborhood of pH=7.0 can be expressed as(1)7.00.8594[()7.0]44 0.1237[(2) 5.6] (14)3pHk pH k m mq k +=+−+−−The titration curve of the system is presented in Fig. 4. It clearly shows that the system is strong highly nonlinear around the neutral point. There, the static gain varies in a large range, even the smallest amount of reagent can change the pH value obviously. If using the approximate linear model of pH=7.0 to design controller, the change of the operating point will affect the control effectiveness.Fig.4. The titration curve4SIMULATION TESTS AND RESULTSTo verify the efficiency of the proposed approach above,the simulation tests are made applying control method of Eqs. (5), (6) and (7) to control the pH neutralization process described in Eqs.(10)-(13).The double neuron controller parameters are selected as: 10.5K =,210K =, 0.2α=,0.3β=,14d =,25d =respectively . The sample period is 15sec T =. When pH value changes from 8 to 6, the simulation result is shown as in Fig.5.2010Chinese Control and Decision Conference 2869Fig.5.The control result of double neuron model-free control methodFig.5 illustrates the control result of tracking setpoint. The control system responds quickly, smoothly and almost without overshoot.In order to examine the performance of the proposed double neuron model-free control method, the robust test is also made under different pH value. When pH value changes from 10 to 8, the response curve is shown in Fig.6. The simulation result demonstrates that when the dynamic characteristics of the nonlinear plant changes greatly, without adjusting the controller parameters, the model-free controller still has a satisfying performance. It illustrates that the proposed control method has strong robustness andadaptability.Fig.6. The control result of the robustness testThe neuron model-free control algorithm in [1] is applied totake an example for the simulation contrast tests. The controller parameters are: 6.2;[25,10,10]K d ==. Fig.7 demonstrates the simulation result of tracking the setpoint. It shows that the neuron model-free control algorithm cannot efficiently control the pH process.Fig.7. The control result of the neuron control5CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, the double neuron control method is proposed for pH processes. In this control system, the double neuron controller is constructed by a principal neuron controller and a subordinate neuron controller. 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