华丽版Pragmatics语用学 (Angela design)
【VIP专享】Pragmatics语言学
Nice to see you all back againChapter One Introduction1. the origin of pragmatics1) about the term “pragmatics”语用学The term "Pragmatics" was first used by Charles William Morris" Foundations of the Theory of Sign"( 1938) .Semiotics syntax semantics users2) the establishmentPragmatics, as a comparatively new and independent discipline of linguistics, appeared in1970s with the publication of "Journal of Pragmatics" in Hetherlands in1977. Before that time the study of pragmatics was limited in the field of linguistic philosophy.3) The three stages in the development of pragmatics:the first stage is from the late 1930s to late 1940s----Pierce, Morris and Carnap considered pragmatics to be a branch of semiology符号学and all the studies were within the domain of philosophy;The second stage is from the beginning of 1950s to late 1960s----Austin, Searle and Grice made studied on speech act and implicature theory, and their achievements sustained the basic theory of pragmatics. The studies were still within the domain of philosophy then;The third stage is after 1970s----the biggest three events happened and pragmatics became an independent discipline.a) In 1977 Mey and Haberland started the Journal of Pragmatics in Holand.b) In 1983 Levinson and Leech published their respectiveworks Pragmatics and Principle of Pragmatics, which set up the theoretic system of pragmatics.c) the set-up of the International Pragmatics Association in 1986 in Belgium.2. What is PragmaticsSome definitions of Pragmatics:1) Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a semantic theory.2) Pragmatics is the study of the relations betweenlanguage and context that are basic to an account of lang understanding.3) Pragmatics is the study of linguistic acts and the contextsin which they are performed.4) Pragmatics is a theory which seeks to characterise howspeakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication.5) Pragmatics is the study of language use and linguistic communication.6) Pragmatics can be defined as the study of howutterances have meanings in situations.What do we find in common in the above definitions of Pragmatics？meaning contextBriefly speaking, pragmatics refers to the study language in use, or the meaning in context, or the use of language in communication, or the relationship between linguistic elements and the contexts or situations in which they are used.Language use----language systemthe distinguishing feature of language use from language system is:“One can mean more than one says”Examples:（1）只可意会，不可言传，言有尽而意无尽，词不达意，不知从何说起。
pragmatics(2)语用学资料讲解
• Maxim of Quality: Try to make your contribution one that true:
– Do not say what you believe to be false. – Do not say something if you lack adequate
• but the imperatives in the CP are descriptive rather than prescriptive.
Violation of the maxims
• However, CP, like unwritten laws, is regulative and can be violated.
conversation, in which implicated messages are frequently involved.
• In daily conversations people do not usually say things but tend to imply them. The word “implicature” is used to refer to the extra meaning that is not explicitly expressed in the utterance. In making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle : “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”
语言学Pragmatics语用学
Fresh salad refers to the customer who ordered fresh salad.
Teacher: You can borrow my Shakespeare. Waiter: the ham sandwich left without paying. Nurse: The hernia（疝气）in room 5 wants to talk to the
A: Can I look at your Chomsky?
B: Sure, it’s on the shelf over there.
Chomsky refers to the book written by Chomsky. Waiter 1: Where’s the fresh salad sitting?
Person
Person
deixis
deixis
• You’ll have to bring
it
back
tomorrow Temporal deixis
because she isn’t Person deixis
Spatial deixis
Temporal deixis
here today.
All the deictic expressions have to be interpreted in terms of which person, place or time the speaker has in mind. We make a broad distinction between what is marked as close to the speaker(this, here, now) and what is distant(that, there, then), we can also indicate whether movement is away from the speaker’s location(go) or toward the speakers location(come).
语用学 pragmatics
语用学pragmatics语用学：语用学(pragmatics)是对人类有目的的行为所作的研究(广义)，对有目的的语言活动的研究(狭义)。
源起符号学(semiotics)。
符号学：符号学是系统地研究语言符号和非语言符号的学科。
有三个分支--符号关系学、语义学、语用学。
符号关系学(syntactics)研究符号之间的形式关系。
语义学(semantics)研究符号与符号所代表的事物之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics)研究符号与符号解释者之间的关系。
语用学与语义学的联系和区别：语用学和语义学都是符号学的分支。
语义学主要指狭义的语义学，即逻辑语义学，它研究句子和词语本身的意义，研究命题的真值条件(truth conditions)。
语用学研究言语使用上的意义，研究传递语言信息的适宜条件(felicity conditions)。
语义学揭示的意义是二元关系的句子意义(sentence meaning)，解决"Whatdoes Xmean?"的问题。
语用学揭示的是三元关系的说话人意义(Speaker meaning)，解决"What did you mean by X?"的问题。
语境(context)：最狭义的语境是指语言的上下文。
语境还必须包括语言外的因素。
语境因素包括语言知识、语言外知识；语言知识包括对所使用的语言的掌握、对语言交际上文的了解；语言外知识包括背景知识、情景知识、相互知识，背景知识包括百科全书式的知识(常识)、特定文化的社会规范、特定文化的会话规则，情景知识包括交际的时间、地点、交际的主题、交际的正是程度、交际参与者的相互关系。
语境是一个动态的、发展的概念。
交际本身就是一个动态的过程，在交际过程中，语境也随之而变。
有些语境因素相对来说比较稳定，例如背景知识、交际的时间、地点等，但有些因素却会变化，特别重要的是相互知识这一因素，它在交际过程中不断扩大，原来不为双方所共有的知识完全可能在交际过程中变为相互知识，成为进一步交际的基础。
Pragmatics 语用学简介
Pragmatics
6. 2 Violation of CP and Conversational Implicature
• • • Dear Sir, Mr X’s command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours,
Lecture 8
Pragmatics
Passage 23 Pragmatics • Questions: • 1. What are the definition and purpose of pragmatics? • 2. What are the speech act principles? • 3. What is illocutionary force? And what is implicit and • explicit illocutionary force? • 4. What are the conversational principles? • 5. What decides the appropriateness of speech? • 6. Why are implicit illocutionary force, conversation • principles, and presuppositions important?
9. Over-informativeness and additional information 10. Conversation analysis 11. Pragmatics and foreign language learning 12. Literary pragmatics
pragmatics 语用学
More Introductory Examples
• • • • • • • Ex. 1 I have a paper to typewrite. Can you type this paper for me? I’m busy now. Can you lend your typewriter to me ? Ex. 2 A bull market in Dianas (U.S. News and World Report, Jan. 12, 1998 124/1) • A bull market is a market in which share prices are rising.
John met Mary yesterday.
Amazingly, he already loves her.
Linguistic context
Context
The knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer
Situational context
刘勰《文心雕龙· 章句》 “人之而言，因字而生句，积句而成章，积章而 成篇。篇之彪炳，章之无疵也；章之明靡，句 无玷也；句之精英，字无妄也。”
上下文、话语理解、话语表达
Context
Amazingly, he already loves her. Something male and animate has arrived at a state of adoration of something female and animate.
Semantics: what does X mean? Pragmatics: what does the speaker mean by X?
《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第一周
wh-trace
❖ eg. 1. Susan’s brother was killed t in the tsunami.
❖ 2. Who do you love t?
Overt NPs
❖ 1. Lexical anaphors ❖ The composers admire themselves. ❖ 2. Pronouns ❖ He is Italian enough to understand the culture, and
Eg. 1. Lance Armstrong won the centenar Tor de France. 2. Lance Armstrong the centerary Tour de France won.
Sentence-meaning
❖ Those aspectof meaning that are ascribeed to a sentence in the abstract, that is, a sentence independent of its realization in any concrete form.
❖ Eg. 1. Liszt adored chopin. ❖ 2. Chopin was adored by Liszt. ❖ 3. LISZT ADORED CHOPIN.
1.4 The advantage of studying language via pragmatics
❖ one can talk about people’s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when they speak.
Chapter 6 Pragmatics 语用学
Performatives (行事话语)
Instead of stating or describing something, the speaker, when uttering these sentences, is actually doing something, i.e. performing certain acts.
It was originated with the British philosopher John Austin. He thought that some statements were used by the speakers to do something.
He made a distinction between “constatives” aБайду номын сангаасd “performatives”
1.4 Sentence meaning & utterance meaning
(句子意义&话语意义)
Semantics is concerned with word meaning and sentence meaning, meanings predictable from the linguistic knowledge alone.
In contrast, pragmatics studies the meaning intended by the speakers, which can only be inferred with the contextual meaning.
For example, suppose a speaker said:
Another hearer, who was a native speaker might still ask for the further information: Which professor? before he could get the utterance meaning.
《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第六周
Triangular relation
• Utterer------linguistic forms------addressess
• Speak
language
interprete
• Presuppostion entailment
•
• Convey meaning • with one sentence •
b=Bill,c=Carol,L=like,M=mother, x and y are variables which may be translated as “someone”, “anyone” or “everyone”
• 1. M (a, b)
• 2. Ex (L (x,b)) • 3. L (b, c) ∧L (c, b) • 4. ～Ax (L (x, c)) • 5. L (a, b)∧～L (a, c) • 6. ～Ex (Ay (L (y,x)))
p q p ∧ q p∨ q p → q p≡ q
T TT
T
T
T
T FF
T
F
F
FT
F
T
T
F
FF
F
F
T
T
• 1.father＝PARENT (x, y) ∧MALE (x) • 2.mother＝ PARENT (x, y) ∧～ MALE (x) • 3.son＝CHILD (x, y) ∧ MALE (x) • 4.daughter＝CHILD (x, y) ∧～ MALE (x) • 5.take＝CAUSE (x, (HAVE (x, y))) • 6.give＝CAUSE (x, (～ HAVE (x, y))) • 7. die＝BECOME (x, (～ ALIVE (x))) • 8.kill＝CAUSE (x, (BECOME (y, (～ ALIVE(y)))))
《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第五周
6.2.3 Anaphora (照应、回指) (Anaphoric reference)
The process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation is called anaphora.
Examples of referential and attributive uses
a. There’s a man waiting for you.
b. He wants to marry a woman with lots of money.
a. Premier Chou met the Pope in Rome in 1949.
In technical terms, the second or subsequent expression is the anaphor and the initial expression is the antecedent.
In most of our talk and writing, we have to keep track of who or what we are talking about for more than one sentence at a time, we use anaphoric reference.
It appears between language and culture. That is, there is a convention that certain referring expressions wil be used to identify certain entities on a regular basis.
《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第四周
examples
(1)1. Debby: Go anywhere today? 2. Dan: Yes, we went down to Como. Up by bus, and back by hydrofoil.
Key points
Person deixis Spatial deixis
Difficult points
Deictic projection Non-deictic usage of the dictic expressions Psychological distance
2.1 Deixis
编码时间：(Coding time, 简称CT) 接收时间：(receiving time, 简称RT) 时间指和空间指的重要区别：CT和RT是一致
的，但在语言活动中，交际双方却永远不可能 处于同一空间位置。
Deictic center
说 ____go______take________＞there
Psychological distance
Speaker may also wish to mark somethng that is physically close (for example, a perfume being sniffed by the speaker) s psychologically distant ‘I don’t like that’.
Speakers also seem to be able to project themselves into other locations prior to actually being in those locations:
新版简明英语语言学Chapter6pragmatics语用学
新版简明英语语言学Chapter6pragmatics语用学Chapter 6 pragmatics 语用学知识点：1.*Definition: pragmatics; context2.*sentence meaning vs utterance meaning3.*Austin’s model of speech act theory4.Searle’s classification of speech acts5.*Grice’s Cooperative Principle考核目标：识记：*Definition: pragmatics; context领会：Searle’s classification of speech acts综合应用：sentence meaning vs utterance meaning；Austin’s model of speech act theory；Grice’s Cooperative Principle一、定义1. Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatic can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.语用学研究的是语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际的。
语用学也可以看作是一中意义研究。
(它不是孤立地去研究语义，而是把语义置于使用语境中去研究的一门学科。
)2. Context 语境：The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境这个概念对语言的语用研究来说是必不可少的。
生活中的语用学
生活中的语用学
生活中的语用学
语用学（Pragmatics）是语言学的一个分支，它涉及到人们如何运用语言来
实现在日常生活中的交互和沟通。
人们喜欢将语用学看作语言的“礼仪”，是一种在不同文化背景下建立友好关系和开展有效沟通的重要技能。
语用学能够帮助我们更准确地理解一个特定的对话语境，并对日常生活中的情
景和交互进行合理的特定应对。
我们在日常生活中发言时，其实有一种变通的能力，可以根据谈话环境自如变换使用语言，使其变得更有效，更灵活。
比如，当一个人在一起打牌时，他可能会用乐观、有乐趣的话语来提高大家的
热情，鼓励大家放轻松一点，例如“Fun！赶快给大家准备，我们一起开始吧！”
而当他们正在有什么事情不调和时，他可以转变思路，试图以客气委婉的话语缓解尴尬的场面“其实也不是什么大不了的，还是先把牌玩完，不要记在心里了”。
充分体现出当时对使用语言的灵活性和技巧。
我们借助语用学，能够更加清晰准确地知道当时的情况，判断当时的语言的使
用是否合理，能够更有效地开展交流。
因此，语用学也是被越来越多的人所认可的技能。
总之，在现实生活中，运用语用学是人们获得清晰有效沟通以及建立友善关系
所必备的技能，能够在多种情境中把握好使用正确的语言，帮助我们进行更加有效的沟通和处理复杂的交互效果。
语用学PRAGMATIC PRINCIPLES(2)
The maxim of Relation:
The maxim of Manner:
6
4.2.2 The Cooperative Principle
H. Paul Grice: Cooperative Principle (CP): The maxim of Quantity: The maxim of Quality: 1. avoid obscurity
Acting cooperatively, people try to build up their interlocutor’s “positive faces”, while trying to avoid posing threats to their “negative faces”.
10
4.2.3 Politeness and Virtues
11
1. 2.
Politeness Principle (PP)
Leech (1983)
3.
4. 5. 6.
Tact Maxim Generosity Maxim Approbation Maxim Modesty Maxim Agreement Maxim Sympathy Maxim
Directive & Commissive Expressive & Assertives Assertives
12
Positive face:
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Face threatening acts:
Negative comments Indifference to hearer’s positive face Apology Accepting compliment Self-mocking, negation and prevarication Confession or taking responsibility
语用学课件_Pragmatics_
Number No number category : (Piraha, Kawi) Singular-plural: (Chinese, West Dani ) Singular-dual-paucal-plural: （Yimas, Murik, Meryam Mir）
Person 1 2 3
2.1 Deictic vs non-deictic usages
Deictic usage : what the deictic expression refers to depend on the specific context it occurs. non-deictic usage: non-deictic expression is an expression for which you don’t need context to understand it since it doesn’t refer to anything in particular, on the contrary, it is used in a general sense.
a. He came here one hour ago. b. You can’t lose what you never had.= c. One can’t lose what one /he never had. a, which contains deictic expressions, is context dependent. In isolation, the sentence doesn’t convey much information because we have no idea about who came to what place at what time .He, here, and one hour ago being deictic items. While in b, the second-person pronouns are non-deictic expressions. you can be replaced with one.
pragmatics定义
pragmatics定义Pragmatics，即语用学，是语言学的一个分支领域，研究的是语言在实际使用中的意义和效果。
它关注的是人们如何根据语境和目标来理解和运用语言，以达到交际的目的。
在本文中，我们将探讨语用学的定义、重要概念和应用领域。
让我们来定义一下语用学。
语用学研究的是语言的使用，而不仅仅是语言的结构和形式。
它关注的是人们是如何根据具体的语境来理解和运用语言的。
在语用学中，我们研究的是语言的意义，即语言的含义和使用者的意图之间的关系。
在语用学中，有一些重要的概念需要我们了解。
第一个概念是"言外之意"，即指的是人们在交际中所传达的除了字面意义之外的意思。
例如，当一个人说"天气好"时，他可能的言外之意是希望对方与他一起出去玩。
这个概念在理解他人的意图和进行有效的沟通时非常重要。
第二个概念是"会话合作原则"，它由语言学家Grice提出。
会话合作原则指的是在交际过程中，人们通常会遵循一些准则，以确保交流的顺利进行。
这些准则包括：合作原则、量原则、质原则和关联原则。
合作原则要求人们相互合作，尽力使对方理解自己的意思；量原则要求提供足够的信息，既不多也不少；质原则要求提供真实和可靠的信息；关联原则要求在交际中保持话题的连贯性。
语用学在现实生活中有许多重要的应用领域。
其中之一是交际策略。
交际策略是指人们在交际过程中采取的一些技巧和方法，以实现自己的交际目的。
例如，当一个人想要请求帮助时，他可以使用委婉语言来表达请求，以增加对方的接受度。
交际策略的研究可以帮助人们更好地理解和运用语言，从而提高交际的效果。
另一个应用领域是语言教学。
语用学可以帮助教师更好地教授语言，使学生能够真正地理解和运用语言。
通过教授学生一些常见的交际策略和语用规则，学生能够更好地掌握语言的意义和使用方式。
这有助于提高他们的语言水平和交际能力。
语用学还在法律、广告和政治等领域有广泛的应用。
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• A very important theory in the pragmatic study
• British philosopher John Austin, in the 1950s
A: I have a fourteen year old son. B: Well that’s all right. A: I also have a dog. B: Oh I’m sorry
They study of ‘intended speaker meaning’ is called pragmatics.
语用学vs语义学
The publication of Saussure’s work Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century marked istics and at the same time laid down the key note for modern linguistic studies.
• This assumption was doubted in that some of the statements were not used to describe or to state, but rather they were used by the speaker to do something.
“My bag is heavy”
• Semantic analysis语义分析: BAG (BEING HEAVY)
• Pragmatic analysis语用分析: the meaning varies with the context in which it is uttered.
Overview of Chapter 6
• A philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication
• In traditional semantics, a statement functions either as a description of something or as a statement of a fact. The description or statement is either true or false – the truth value of the sentences.
• E.g. admit, declare, apologize, congratulate, promise
• Hence, the theory come to be known as the speech act theory, according to which we are performing actions when we are speaking.
i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making complaints, etc.
• The perlocutionary act refers to …
i.e. the hearer gets the speaker’s message of telling him to close the door
Harvey Sacks (1992) invisible meaning
Pragmatics can be generally defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
• If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance.
• The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized. While the meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
• Thus, he made a distinction between “con述st事a话ti语ves” and “perfor行m事a话ti语ves”.
• Constatives （述事话语）are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable.
• E.g. Can you ride a bicycle? (is used to ask a question about the ability to do something)
• A speech act in which the communicative intention is not reflected in the linguistic form of the utterance.
• Classical examples of performatives
• A performative verb is one that performs an action by speaking it. [1] Moreover, to be performative, the verb must describe an action which is under the control of the speaker. [2]
Language should be studied as a self-contained, intrinsic
system.
We should investigate the use of language and
extralinguistic factors to
study language.
• Context is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
• It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by both the speaker and the hearer.
• When a direct relationship exists between the structure and communicative function of an utterance, the speech act is referred to as direct speech act.
• All utterance not only mean whatever they literally mean but also perform specific actions. Thus an action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate is called a speech act.
• The locutionary act performed by the speaker is …
His utterance of all the words “you, have, door, open, etc”,
• The illocutionary act performed by the speakers is …
Passer-by: Oh sure, I know where it is. (and walks away)
• A speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. (1) locutionary act: the act of conveying the literal meaning （言内行为） (2) illocutionary act: the act of expressing the speaker’s intention （言外行为） (3) perlocutionary act: the change brought about by saying something （言后行为）
• (2) It is cold in here.
• (3) It was a hot Christmas day so we went down to the beach in the afternoon and had a good time swimming and surfing.
• As has been mentioned before, a sentence is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.
• Performatives （行事话语）are sentences that are not used to state a fact or describe a state, but to perform certain speech acts（言语行为）such as warning, nominating, claiming, promising, apologizing, etc. They can not be verified.