煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术的应用外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术的应用
煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术的应用煤矿生产过程中产生的瓦斯是煤层气、煤炭自燃、煤尘爆炸等重大事故的主要原因。
为了保障矿工的安全以及提高煤矿生产效率，煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术应运而生。
本文将介绍常见的煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术及其应用。
瓦斯抽采煤矿井下，瓦斯主要通过煤层孔隙和裂隙逸出到井下空气中。
瓦斯抽采就是通过人工或机械设备将井下瓦斯抽出，达到安全控制和利用瓦斯的目的。
常见的瓦斯抽采技术有以下几种：负压吸采法负压吸采法是将井下空气抽出，形成在瓦斯涌出点周围的负压区，使瓦斯在压力差的作用下进入负压区，然后通过井口排出。
该方法适用于井下煤壁稳定，瓦斯涌出量较大的矿井。
正压吹采法正压吹采法是将压缩空气输送到井下，形成在瓦斯涌出点周围的正压区，使瓦斯进入正压区，然后通过管道输送到井口压缩、净化后排放。
该方法适用于抽采深度大、管道长度长的矿井。
集中采气法集中采气法是将井下的瓦斯集中到采气管道中，然后通过管道输送到井口压缩、净化后排放。
该方法适用于设备维护方便、能耗低、效益高的矿井。
瓦斯处理煤矿井下瓦斯可以用于发电、供热、煤层气开采等方面。
但是，煤矿井下的瓦斯含有大量的甲烷、乙烷等可燃气体，如果不加以处理，极易引发火灾或爆炸等事故。
因此，瓦斯处理是煤矿井下瓦斯利用的必要环节。
低浓度瓦斯的处理低浓度瓦斯可以通过吸附、吸收、压缩等方式处理。
常见的低浓度瓦斯处理技术有：•活性炭吸附法：将空气中瓦斯通过活性炭吸附，去除瓦斯中的杂质，并将瓦斯浓度提高到可燃的程度。
•化学吸收法：将瓦斯通过液态化学物质中吸收，将每个物质达到饱和后，物质中的瓦斯被从液化状态中脱除，提高其浓度。
•低温压缩法：利用低温降低瓦斯的体积，再用压缩机提高瓦斯压力和浓度。
高浓度瓦斯的处理高浓度瓦斯在处理过程中要迅速降低其浓度，并将其转换为可燃气体，以利于燃烧利用。
常见的高浓度瓦斯处理技术有：•转换燃烧法：高浓度瓦斯在空气或氧气中可燃，将其转化为CO2、H2O等物质，并利用产热发电或蒸汽供热。
煤矿瓦斯外文翻译
coalmine methane in China1. Chinese CMM distribution1.1Chinese coalminesThere are various coalmines in China. These coalmines can be roughly divided into three categories: large (with annual output of 5 million tons and above), medium (with annual output of 500,000 tons–5 million tons) and small (with annual output of 30,000–50,000 t) The shares of large, medium and small coalmines in China were 49%, 12% and 39% by 2007. There are 14 open mining coalmines with an output of over 10 million tons each per year. There are 219 high-efficiency coalmines with total output of 705 million tons. Major coal production in China (98%) was achieved by machines. China has 28 share-traded coal mining enterprises with total share value of Yuan 15.21 billion (USD 2.2 billion) . By the end of 2007, the number of coalmines with a minimum annual output of 300,000 tons each amounted to 7066, thirty-three of which had an annual production of 10 million tons each in 2007. These large coalmines produced 1.1 billion tons, or 45% of China's total output.The number of coalmines will increase in the next few years. According to the government projection , coal demand in China in 2010 will be over 3 billion tons per year. To meet this demand, China needs to develop new coalmines. The country had a production capacity of 2.5 billion in 2008. Currently, a production capacity of 1.1 billion tons is under construction. In the meantime, the government has approved 0.2 billion tons of production capacity. Taking into account the retirement of old coalmines in the future, by 2010, China will have coal production capacity of 3.1 billion tons that will balance its coal demand. If the average production capacity of a new coalmine is the same as the current one, the number of China's coalmines will increase by 24% in the next two or three years.1.2China's coal methane distributionsChina has a reserve of Coal -related methane resources at a amount of 31.5 trillion cubic meters at depth between 300 and 2000 m underground. These resources can be grouped into two parts in terms of the depth of the resources buried. Coal -related methane resources underground at a depth from 300 to 1500 m reached over 19 trillion cubic meters or over 60% of China's coal -related methane. See Table 1.1. Currently, most CMM recovery activities in China take place to recover methane in this range of depthTable 1.1 Distribution of coal-related methane resources in different depths1.2.1 North–east China region (R1)The north–east region consists of three provinces: Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. The coal strata in this region were formed primarily in Cretaceous and Tertiary system, and secondly in Carboniferous–Permian system. The early Cretaceous coal basins are well developed and can bear high concentration of methane. In the Tertiary system, only Fushun Basin in this region has higher-rank coal such as long-flame coal and gas coal with good methane-bearing properties, while all other basins contain only lignitouscoal with low methane content. The coal beds formed in Carboniferous–Permian system exist only the south part of the methane-bearing region. The thickness of coal seams in these coal beds does not change significantly, and coalmethane-bearing properties are relatively better. The methane resources distribute mainly in Heilongjiang Province and Liaoning Province. In these two provinces, there are some rich methane belts such as Sanjiang–Mulinghe belt, Hunjiang–Liaoyang belt and West Liaoning belt.1.2.2North China region (R2)North China region covers Provinces of Hebei, Shangdong, Henna and Anhui. It is located in the east side of Taihang Mountain, ranging from Qinling tectonic belt in the west, to the Jiaolu fault belt in the east, from the southern boundary of Liaoning–Jilin–Heilongjiang region in the North–East China, to the east section of Qinling–Dabieshan belt in the South. Coal strata are mainly Carboniferous–Permian system, with a little part in Middle–Lower Jurassic Petroleum system. The coal strata in the Carboniferous–Permian system in this region spread widely over a large sedimentation area, with stable coal seams and good coal methane-bearing properties. As there are many districts with favorable exploration and exploitation prospects, the methane recovery activities are very active in this region, and some outstanding progresses have been achieved in Kailuan, Dacheng, Huaibei and Huinan coalmines.1.2.3South China region (R3)The South China region is located in the vast land ranging from Qinling–Dabieshan fold belt in the North and from Wuling Mountain tectonic belt in the West, including most part of Southeast and South China. Coal strata in this region are mainly in the late Permian system. Only little part of late Permian coalfields are preserved well, with relatively stable coal seams and good methane-bearing properties. The methane resources in this region are concentrated mainly in Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces, with abundant coal methane resources, especially in Pingle and Xiangzhong belts.2Review of China's CMM recovery and utilization2.1History of Chinese coalmine methane useChina's coalmine methane recovery and utilization could be traced back over 15 years ago. The recovery and utilization activities can be divided into four phases. The first phase was before 1990 (Raymond, 2008). At that time, coalmine methane was viewed as a dangerous gas to coal mining. Both the Chinese government (the Ministry of Coal Industry then) and coalmine owners and operators concerned with much more coal mining safety than clean energy and climate change. Very few activities of recovering and utilizing coalmine methane for beneficial use were carried out. Although coalmine methane recovery and utilization in OECD countries became popular in that period, the Chinese thought that the geological and mining conditions in China were different from the West and coal-bed methane resource development and CMM recovery and utilization experiences were not applicable to China. Most coalmine methane was blown into the atmosphere via air ventilation, only small part of it was used for heating and cooking on-site some coalmines. There were a few attempts to use coalmine methane for power generation using imported equipment but not successful.The Chinese opinions in coalmine recovery and utilization began to change in the second phase: 1991–1996. In this period, the US EPA outreached a coalmine methane recovery and utilization program in China. Under this program, technical resources, financial supports and information exchange were provided to the Chinese government and other coal industrial stakeholders. International organizations such as the UNDP and the GEF helped the Chinese in coalmine bed methane drainage. The first coal -bed methane surface pre-drainage and underground directional drilling demonstration project was financed by the UNDP/GEF and hosted by Kailuan, Songzao and Tiefa coalmines (Raymond, 2008). The Chinese coalmine operators imported some technologies and equipment for coalmine methane monitoring and testing in coalmines, and began to build up resource data for coalmine methane. Magnitude of coal methane resources was recognized by international experts. In this period, no important national government policies to facilitate CMM capture and utilization were found. Rather, the international communities in CMM capture andutilization brought positive impacts on the Chinese government to change its opinions on the CMM-related issues.The third period, 1996–2004, became the Chinese era of coal-bed and coalmine methane recover and utilization. A number of significant changes have been perceived in this period. First, the national government changed its attitude, and methane was no longer simply a nuisance tomining, but an important potential clean energy resource. Second, experience with coal-bed and coalmine methane recovery and utilization in OECD countries became relevant. Exploration of large license blocks by major foreign oil and gas companies began. Third, the Chinese published its forecasts ofcoal-bed and coalmine methane production. Forth, large coalmines continued to work toward developing coalmine methane resources, although progress was slow and somewhat dependent on outside interest and investment. Sixth, an APEC mission was conducted to fund another coalmine methane recovery and utilization demonstration project in Tiefa Coalmine Co. Ltd., in Liaoling Province of China, that was leading to commercial success of coalmine methane to town gas supply in the city. Seventh, GHG-emission reductions under CDM became a new focus—sources of funding for coalmine methane recovery and utilization projects materialized.The last period, 2005–2008 (present), represents China's rushing to gold of coalmine methane. Significant features in this period include:(1) competition for large CDM projects drives renewed interest in CMM project development;(2) truly worldwide class projects, such as Shanxi Jincheng power project (120 MW), were planned and achieved;(3) many projects were proposed and financed as CDM projects;(4) a number of compressed natural gas projects using coalmine methane as primary energy were developed;(5) draining coalmine methane before coal mining became a mandatory national policy in China;(6) many coalmine owners and operators are using their equities in investing coalmine methane recovery and utilization projects and(7) a number of very important policies on CMM recovery and utilization were effective in this period. These included:①―A Notice on the Management of CMM Prices‖ published by the NDRC—National Development and Reform Commission of China (2007a);②―A Notice of Implementation on CMM to Power Generation‖ published by the NDRC in April 2007;③―A Notice on Subsidies to CMM Capture and Utilization‖, published by the Ministry of Finance of China in April 2007④―CMM Emission Standards (Temporary Implementation)‖, published by the Environment Protection Agency (Now, the Ministry of Environment) of China and the National Quality Monitoring and Quarantine Agency of China in 2008.2.2. Outstanding challenges from CMM recovery and useAlthough the Chinese government and coal industrial stakeholders have worked very hard over the past 15 years in coalmine methane recovery and utilization, there is still a long way for the Chinese to catch up the OECD in this area. The Chinese are facing at least the following outstanding challenges:Limited capacity in capturing coalmine methane: methane recovery and utilization is relatively new to most of medium and small coalmines in China. These coalmines are short of know-how and technologies in capturing coalmine methane. According to on-site surveys conducted by the author 12 coalmines in Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces, only about 30% or 40% of coalmine methane was captured and utilized. Ventilation systems were still responsible for liberating the majority of the methane to the atmosphere.Limited capacity in utilizing coalmine methane: methane drainage and capture in many Chinese coalmines were driven by a new Chinese policy: ―Coalmine Methane Drainage first and Coal Mining Second‖. This policy, mainly developed for safety production in coalmines, does not force coalmine operators use or burn drained or captured methane. As a result, most of the coalmine methane captured is of low, less than 25% CH4. In addition, methane drained and captured through pumping stations has increased with the increase of coal production; but utilization cannot match the increase of captured gas at the same rate. Many coalmines have to flare captured methane or liberate it into the atmosphere.Lack of technologies to use ventilation air methane (VAM): in most Chinese coalmines, ventilation air carries about 60% or 70% of coalmine methane to the atmosphere. Concentration of VAM in China is normally below 2%. Due to shortages of technologies and capital investment, the Chinese coalmine stakeholders have limited experience in using VAM as a clean energy resource.中国煤矿瓦斯1 中国煤矿瓦斯分布1.1 中国的煤矿介绍在中国有各种不同的煤矿。
煤矿瓦斯治理与利用[1]
![煤矿瓦斯治理与利用[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/361d368e5ebfc77da26925c52cc58bd63086936c.png)
煤矿瓦斯治理与利用引言瓦斯是煤矿开采过程中产生的一种有害气体，它不仅对矿工的生命安全构成威胁，还具有高能源含量。
因此，煤矿瓦斯治理与利用至关重要。
本文将介绍煤矿瓦斯的来源和组成，煤矿瓦斯的治理方法以及煤矿瓦斯的利用途径。
煤矿瓦斯的来源和组成煤矿瓦斯主要来源于煤的变质和长时间存储过程中产生的天然气。
在煤矿中，瓦斯主要由甲烷组成，同时含有少量的乙烷、丙烷和氮气等成分。
瓦斯含量的高低取决于煤矿的地质条件、煤种和开采方法等因素。
煤矿瓦斯的治理方法煤矿瓦斯的治理方法主要包括以下几种：1.通风法：通过增加矿井的通风量，将瓦斯稀释到安全范围内。
这是最常用的瓦斯治理方法之一。
通风法分为普通通风法和局部通风法两种。
2.抽放法：通过开采地下煤矿时，利用抽水技术将瓦斯抽放到地面，减少瓦斯的积聚。
这种方法常用于煤矿井下工作面的瓦斯治理。
3.灭爆法：在矿井中设置灭火器，以防止瓦斯爆炸。
灭爆法主要包括灭火器和灭爆装置。
4.封闭法：通过在煤矿的工作面和通风回风巷等地方设置封堵设施，封闭瓦斯的扩散路径，达到瓦斯治理的目的。
5.气体抽放利用法：将煤矿瓦斯经过净化和除湿处理后，利用瓦斯的能源价值进行发电或供热等用途。
煤矿瓦斯的利用途径煤矿瓦斯的利用途径主要有以下几种：1.热能利用：将煤矿瓦斯经过净化和除湿处理后用于供热，可以解决煤矿生产过程中的能量需求。
这种方法既可以减少能源的消耗，又可以降低空气污染物的排放。
2.发电利用：将煤矿瓦斯经过净化和除湿处理后用于发电，可以充分利用瓦斯的高能源含量。
热能利用和发电利用是目前煤矿瓦斯利用的主要途径。
3.化学利用：将煤矿瓦斯中的甲烷和其他烃类化合物分离提纯后，可以用于生产化学品，如合成氨、甲醇等。
这种方法有助于提高瓦斯资源的综合利用效率。
4.燃料利用：煤矿瓦斯经过净化和除湿处理后，可以作为燃料用于煤矿自身的生产过程中，例如用于炼铁、炼钢等工艺的燃烧。
结论煤矿瓦斯治理与利用是保障矿工生命安全和提高煤矿能源利用效率的重要工作。
煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术的应用
煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术的应用
煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术是指利用一系列的技术手段和设备，对
煤矿井下的瓦斯进行有效的排放、收集和利用。
随着煤矿井下安全
生产的要求越来越高，瓦斯治理技术得到了广泛的应用。
煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术主要包括瓦斯抽采、瓦斯利用和瓦斯破
坏三个方面。
瓦斯抽采是指通过安装瓦斯抽采设备，将井下的瓦斯
抽采至地面或其他安全区域进行排放或处理。
瓦斯利用则是指将井
下的瓦斯进行收集、清洗和利用，如利用瓦斯烧烤或发电等。
瓦斯
破坏则是通过特定的方法，使瓦斯氧化或还原，从而达到清除瓦斯
的目的。
瓦斯治理技术的应用在煤矿行业中具有重要意义。
首先，它可
以有效地减少煤矿井下的瓦斯积聚，降低煤矿事故发生的概率。
其次，瓦斯利用可以将瓦斯变废为宝，为企业创造经济效益和环保效益。
最后，瓦斯治理技术的应用还可以提高煤矿的安全生产水平，
为员工创造更加安全的工作环境。
在实际应用中，瓦斯治理技术需要根据具体的煤矿条件进行有
针对性的施工。
首先，需要对煤矿井下的瓦斯进行监测和分析，找
出瓦斯的来源和分布情况。
基于这些数据，可以制定瓦斯治理方案，包括瓦斯抽采的设备布局、瓦斯利用的方案和瓦斯破坏的方法等。
煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术是煤矿安全生产的重要组成部分，对于
提高煤矿的工作环境和经济效益都具有重要意义。
在实际应用中，
需要根据具体情况进行有针对性的治理方案，确保瓦斯的有效排放、收集和利用。
1。
矿井中长期瓦斯治理计划
矿井中长期瓦斯治理计划英文回答：Long-term gas hazard control plan in the mine.1. The main causes of gas hazard in coal mines.(1) Coal and gas outburst.(2) Coal seam gas release.(3) Gas diffusion from goaf.(4) Gas seepage from rock strata.(5) Gas inflow from abandoned tunnels.(6) Gas emission from mining equipment.2. The main measures to control gas hazard in coalmines.(1) Prevention and control of gas sources.(2) Gas drainage and ventilation.(3) Gas monitoring and early warning.(4) Emergency response and management.3. The main contents of long-term gas hazard control plan in coal mines.(1) Gas hazard assessment.(2) Gas drainage and ventilation design.(3) Gas monitoring and early warning system.(4) Emergency response plan.(5) Training and education.中文回答：矿井中长期瓦斯治理计划。
1、煤矿瓦斯灾害的主要成因。
（1）煤与瓦斯突出。
（2）煤层瓦斯放出。
（3）采空区瓦斯扩散。
（4）岩层瓦斯涌入。
低瓦斯矿井中瓦斯防治技术
编订：__________________单位：__________________时间：__________________低瓦斯矿井中瓦斯防治技术Deploy The Objectives, Requirements And Methods To Make The Personnel In The Organization Operate According To The Established Standards And Reach The Expected Level.Word格式 / 完整 / 可编辑文件编号：KG-AO-8853-93 低瓦斯矿井中瓦斯防治技术使用备注：本文档可用在日常工作场景，通过对目的、要求、方式、方法、进度等进行具体、周密的部署，从而使得组织内人员按照既定标准、规范的要求进行操作，使日常工作或活动达到预期的水平。
下载后就可自由编辑。
Abstract ：In coal mining process, the gas accidents occur frequently, it is the king of the coal disasters. Although the gas is nature of things, but it is different, earthquake, etc., the gas tsunami in mining coal release And so in a certain extent}, adopt corresponding measures to control the gas or coal gas, especially low.Keywords: Low gas mine gas accident cause misunderstanding management measures0引言：近年来，矿井“～通三防”的基础工作不断加强，瓦斯事故的发生不断减少，矿井瓦斯治理工作认真贯彻落实“先抽后采，监测监控，以风定产”的十二字方针，从而使矿井安全生产和经营管理取得了显著的经济效益，但低瓦斯矿井的瓦斯防治仍有待重视和加强。
煤矿井下瓦斯涌出控制外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
Control of gas emissions in underground coal minesKlaus Noack*DMT-Gesellschaft für Forschung und Prüfung mbH, Institut für Bewetterung, Klimatisierung und Staubbekämpfung, Franz-Fischer-Weg 61, Essen, Germany Received 2 August 1996; accepted 24 February 1997. Available online 24 November 1998.AbstractA high level of knowledge is now available in the extremely relevant field of underground gas emissions from coal mines. However, there are still tasks seeking improved solutions, such as prediction of gas emissions, choice of the most suitable panel design, extension of predrainage systems, further optimization of postdrainage systems, options for the control of gas emissions during retreat mining operations, and prevention of gas outbursts. Research results on these most important topics are presented and critically evaluated. Methods to predict gas emissions for disturbed and undisturbed longwall faces are presented. Prediction of the worked seam gas emission and the gas emission from headings are also mentioned but not examined in detail. The ventilation requirements are derived from the prediction results and in combination with gas drainage the best distribution of available air currents is planned. The drainage of the gas from the worked coal seam, also referred to as predrainage, can be performed without application of suction only by over or underworking the seam. But in cases where this simple method is not applicable or not effective enough, inseam-boreholes are needed to which suction is applied for a relatively long time. The reason for this is the low permeability of deep coal seams in Europe. The main influences on the efficiency of the different degasing methods are explained. Conventional gas drainage employing cross measure boreholes is still capable of improvement, in terms of drilling and equipment as well as the geometrical borehole parameters and the operation of the overall system. Improved control of gas emissionsat the return end of retreating faces can be achieved by installation of gas drainage systems based on drainage roadways or with long and large diameter boreholes. The back-return method can be operated safely only with great difficulty, if at all. Another method is lean-gas drainage from the goaf. The gas outburst situation in Germany is characterized by events predominantly in the form of ‘non-classical' outbursts categorized as ‘sudden liberation of significant quantities of gas'. Recent research results in this field led to a classification of these phenomena into five categories, for which suitable early detection and prevention measures are mentioned.Author Keywords: gas emission; prediction; pre-degassing; gas drainage; gas outbursts1. IntroductionCoal deposits contain mine gas (mostly methane) in quantities which are functions of the degree of coalification and permeability of the overburden rocks. This is the reason why the gas content of coal seams (and rock layers) varies from 0 m3/t in the flame coal and gas-flame coal of the northwestern Ruhr Basin to >25 m3/t in the anthracite of Ibbenbüren in Germany.When influenced by mining activities this gas is emitted into the coal mine. For better understanding of this process a distinction has been established between basic and additional gas emissions. Basic gas emission is the gas influx from the worked coal seam, which is the equivalent of a partial influx in a multi-seam deposit and of the total gas influx in a single-seam deposit. Additional gas emission represents gas influx coming from neighbouring coal seams (in the case of a multi-seam deposit) and from associated rock layers. The additional gas emission may be in excess of ten times the basic gas emission. So it is mostly the additional gas emission which determines the measures to control the gas emission.In Germany the gas emission is considered to be under control if the gas concentration of the mine air can be kept permanently at all relevant places under 1% CH4. This value is at an adequate distance to the lower explosion limit of methane-air mixtures, which under normal conditions is 4.4% CH4. In exceptional cases, thepermissible limit value can be raised to 1.5% CH4. For historical reasons, different permissible limits sometimes apply in other countries, for example 1.25% CH4 in the United Kingdom and up to 2% CH4 in France.Basically, the options for control of gas emission are as follows:(1) Total avoidance of gas release from the deposit. This is only possible with regard to the additional gas emission and only for mining procedures which do not affect stability; hence permeability of the overlying and underlying strata (e.g., room-and-pillar mining where the pillars are left standing during the development phase).(2) Removal of the gas from the deposit before working. For this purpose, all procedures for pre-degassing, either by vertical or by deflected cross measure boreholes drilled from the surface, or by inseam-holes drilled below ground, are technically suitable provided the natural or induced gas permeability permitspre-degassing.(3) Capture and drainage of the gas during mining operations before it mixes with the air flow. This is a classic procedure developed for capturing the additional gas using drainage boreholes, drainage roadways or drainage chambers.(4) Homogenize and evacuate the gas influx after diluting it with sufficient amount of air. This involves panel design, air supply, air distribution, and the prevention of gas outbursts.The following discussions concentrate on problems which are currently given priority in the European Union (EU) funded research. They also cover a significant portion of the gas emission problems worldwide. Problems from non-EU states (e.g., Australia, the Community of Independent States (CIS), South Africa and the United Stated of America (USA)) are also taken into consideration, as far as the author's knowledge permits it. This subject matter is presented in a condensed form under the following headings: prediction of gas emissions; measures taken to control gas emissions; pre-degassing of coal seams; optimization of conventional gas drainage; control of gas emissions for retreating faces; and prevention of gas outbursts.2. Prediction of gas emissionsPrediction of firedamp emission has been practized for many years in the German hardcoal industry (Winter, 1958; Schulz, 1959; Noack, 1970 and Noack, 1971; Flügge, 1971; Koppe, 1975) so that several prediction methods are now available. Among these, the following methods are mentioned:(1) the calculation of the amount of gas emission (Koppe, 1976; Noack, 1985), as used to deal with emission from both the worked coal seam and adjacent seams, which are disturbed by earlier mining activities;(2) the calculation of the reduction of gas pressure (Noack and Janas, 1984; Janas, 1985a and Janas, 1985b), as used in undisturbed parts of the deposit; and(3) prediction methods for the worked coal seam gas emission from longwall faces, for the gas emission from headings and for the gas emission from coal seams cut through during drifting.The first two methods provide a prediction of the specific gas emission from a mine working, expressed in cubic metres of gas per ton of saleable coal production. The gas influx to the mine working in cubic metres of gas per unit time, which is a relevant factor for mine planning, can be derived from multiplying the predicted result by the scheduled production volume.Both methods determine the mean gas emission from a coal face area for a nearly constant face advance rate during a sufficiently long period of time (several months). The prediction assumes that the zone from which the gas is emitted is fully developed, in other words the coal face starting phase has been passed. Furthermore, the coal face has to be above a critical length (i.e., longer than 180–190 m at 600 m working depth and longer than 220–240 m at 1000 m depth).The influx of gas to a coal face area (both into the mine air current and into the gas drainage system) is defined by the following factors: (1) the geometry and size of the zone from which gas is emitted, both in the roof and the floor of the face area, including the number and thickness of gas-bearing strata in that zone; (2) the gas content of the strata; (3) the degree of gas emission, as a function of time- andspace-related influences; and (4) the intensity of mining activities. The geometry and size of the zone from which additional gas is emitted are simplified forming a parallelepiped above and below the worked area; its extension normal to the stratification depends on the prediction method.The number and location, type, and thickness of the strata in the zone from which additional gas is emitted can be derived from existing boreholes, staple-shafts, and roadways inclined to the stratification. The gas content of the strata (Paul, 1971; Janas, 1976; Janas and Opahle, 1986) is difficult to determine. There are two alternatives for direct gas content determination available for coal seams (VerlagGlückauf GmbH, 1987). One alternative uses samples of drillings frominseam-boreholes (for developed seams) and the other alternative uses core samples from boreholes inclined to the stratification (for undeveloped seams). Since a suitable method of determining the gas content of rock is not yet available, a double prediction is made with the first prediction neglecting the rock altogether and the second prediction using the assumption of an estimated gas content of the rock strata.The methods for predicting the proportion of gas content emitted are basically divergent. On the one hand the prediction, which is based on the degree of gas emission, assumes that the emitted gas proportion is not a function of the initial gas content but rather of the geometric location of the relevant strata towards the coal face area. The other method, which relies on gas pressure, commences with a fixed residual gas pressure, hence residual gas content. Its value depends on the geometric location of the strata. This means that the emitted proportion of the gas content, representing the balance against the initial gas content, depends on the latter.2.1. Prediction for previously disturbed conditionsThe method to predict the total gas make from longwalling in a previously disturbed zone in shallow to moderately inclined deposits (dip between 0 and 40 gon) is based on the degree of gas emission (Fig. 1). It uses the degree of gas emission curve designated as PFG for the roof (considering an attenuation factor of 0.016) and the curve designated as FGK for the floor.Fig. 1. PFG/FGK method.For practical reasons the upper boundary of the zone from which gas is emitted is assumed to be at h=+165 m, whereas, the lower boundary is at h=−59 m. In the absence of empirical data a mean degree of gas emission of 75% in the worked coal seam is assumed. Above the seam, from the h=+0 m level to the h=+20 m level, and below the seam from the h=−0 m level to the h=−11 m level, the degree of gas emission is assumed to be 100%.For the purpose of prediction, the surrounding rock strata are considered as fictitious coal seams for which reduced gas contents are assumed. The reduction factors are 0.019 (for mudstone), 0.058 (for sandy shale) or 0.096 (for sandstone).2.2. Prediction for previously undisturbed conditionsThe method to predict the total gas make from longwalling in a previously undisturbed zone is based on the residual gas pressure profiles shown in Fig. 2. There are three zones visible in the roof and two in the floor, which are characterized by varying residual gas pressure gradients. The upper and lower boundaries of the zone from which gas is emitted (hlim and llim, respectively) are defined by the intersection of the residual gas pressure lines and the level of initial gas pressure pu, thus aredependent on the latter.Fig. 2. Gas pressure method: residual gas pressure lines dependent on thicknessof the worked coal seam.The breaking points of the residual gas pressure profile for 1 m of worked coal seam thickness (continuous line) are defined by the coordinates in Table 1, whereas the lines are characterized by the residual gas pressure gradients also in Table 1.Table 1. Parameters for the gas pressure methodFull-size table (<1K)View Within ArticleThe dotted line on Fig. 2 applies to 1.5 m of worked coal seam thickness and shows that the h1 and h2 ordinate levels relating to the roof increase in linear proportion to the thickness of the worked coal seam, with gradients declining correspondingly. There is no dependence on coal seam thickness in the floor, where the value of l1 remains constant at −33 m.Based on the illustrated residual gas pressure profile, the residual gas pressures are first determined layer by layer in accordance with the mean normal distance of a layer from the worked coal seam and afterwards they are converted to residual gas contents using Langmuir's sorption isotherm. The difference between the initial and residual gas contents finally represents the emitted proportion of the adsorbed gas which is the required value. To this value will then be added the free gas, the proportion of which is found by multiplying the effective porosity of the strata under review by its thickness and gas pressure difference. Empirical values have to be used for the effective porosity of coal and rock for methane. Typical values for the coal are between 1 and 10%, and for the rock they are between 0.3 and 1.3%. The values vary in a wide range and depend on chronostratigraphy. In the absence of empirical values for the proportion of gas emission from the worked coal seam a value of 40% would be assumed.2.3. Comparison of the two methodsThe gas pressure method may claim the following advantages over the prediction based on the degree of gas emission: There are no rigid delimitations of the upper and lower zones from which gas is emitted. They rather depend on the value of the initial gas pressure and on the type of strata. In the roof the effect of the thickness of the worked coal seam is considered in the profile of residual gas pressure. The prediction takes into account not only the adsorbed gas but also the free gas; this is for both, the coal seams and the surrounding strata. The total gas content rather than the desorbable proportion is used for the prediction.2.4. Other methodsThe prediction methods for the worked coal seam gas emission in longwalls and for inseam-headings as well as for coal seam cut through operations during drifting with tunneling machines cannot be explained in detail. For further information refer to the following papers: Noack, 1977; Janas and Stamer, 1987; Noack and Janas, 1988; Noack and Opahle, 1992.It should be mentioned that DMT is testing the prediction of gas emission in machine-driven headings on the base of the INERIS method. Fig. 3 shows an excellent conformity between calculated and measured values (Tauziède et al., 1992).Fig. 3. Comparison between calculated and measured values of gasemission.煤矿井下瓦斯涌出控制摘要：一种先进的方法已在与煤矿井下瓦斯涌出极其相关的领域获得。
煤矿瓦斯预防治理中英文对照外文翻译文献
煤矿瓦斯预防治理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理摘要矿井中一直控制存在不同的气体在采矿环境。
这些气体中，甲烷是最重要的，他伴随着煤的产生而存在。
尽管在技术在近几十年来的发展，瓦斯灾害尚未完全避免。
瓦斯气体随着开采深度的增加而增多，甲烷排放量高的地方，也适用于其他采矿有关的情况，如生产的增长率及其后果：难以控制的甲烷浓度增加，机械化程度提高，使用炸药和不重视气控制系统。
本文的主要目的是建立实地测量，使用一些不标准的采矿控制风险评估方法的一部分，并分析了深部煤层瓦斯矿井直立的行为，以及防止发生瓦斯事故的关键参数。
最终目标是在开采条件的改善，提高矿井的安全性。
为此，设置了两个不同的地雷仪表进行矿井控制和监测。
这两个煤矿属于Riosa-Olloniego煤田，在西班牙阿斯图里亚斯中央盆地。
仪器是通过subhorizontal能级开采的，一个约1000米的山Lusorio根据实际深度覆盖的地区。
在本研究中，一个是有利于瓦斯突出的易发煤（第八层），测定其气体压力及其变化，这将有助于提供以前的特征以完成数据，并评估第一次测量的网站潜在的爆发多发地区提供一些指导。
本文运用一个气体测量管设计了一套用于测量一段时间由于附近的运作的结果，计算低渗气压力以及其变化。
本文建立了作品的重叠效应，但它也表明了两个预防措施和适用功效，即高压注水和一个保护煤层（第七层）的开采，必须优先开采保护层以防止瓦斯气体的涌出。
这两项措施构成的开采顺序，提高矿井安全性。
因此，应该完成系统的测量控制风险：在8煤层瓦斯压力影响的其他地区，要建立最合适的时刻进行开采作业。
进一步的研究可以把重点放在确定的渗透，不仅在瓦斯爆炸危险区，而且在那些还没有受到采矿的工作和更精细的调整过载时间的影响范围和矿井第7煤层和第8煤层之间的瓦斯气体。
关键词：煤矿，煤层气，气体压力渗透率瓦斯突出1 简介近年来，煤层气体和煤矿瓦斯研究蓬勃发展。
采矿专业外文文献翻译----煤矿瓦斯预防和治理
原文Control and prevention of gas outbursts in coal mines,Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, SpainMaría B. Díaz Aguado C. González Nicieza AbstractUnderground coal mines have always had to control the presence of different gases in the mining environment. Among these gases, methane is the most important one, since it is inherent to coal. Despite of the technical developments in recent decades, methane hazards have not yet been fully avoided. This is partly due to the increasing depths of modern mines, where methane emissions are higher, and also to other mining-related circumstances, such as the increase in production rates and its consequences: difficulties in controlling the increasing methane levels, increasing mechanization, the use of explosives and not paying close attention to methane control systems.The main purposes of this paper are to establish site measurements using some critical parameters that are not part of the standard mining-control methods for risk assessment and to analyze the gas behavior of subvertical coal seams in deep mines in order to prevent gas incidents from occurring. The ultimate goal is the improvement in mining conditions and therefore in safety conditions.For this purpose, two different mines were instrumented for mine control and monitoring. Both mines belong to the Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, in the Asturias Central Basin, Spain and the areas instrumented are mined via subhorizontal sublevels at an actual depth of around 1000 m under the overburden of Mount Lusorio.During this research, a property favoring gas outbursts was site measured for the first time in an outburst-prone coal (8th Coalbed), gas pressure and its variations, which contributed to complete the data available from previous characterizations and to set some guidelines for assessing the potential outburst-prone areas. A gas-measurement-tube set has been designed for measuring gas pressure as well as its variation over time as a result of nearby workings and to calculate permeability.The paper establishes the effect of overlapping of works, but it also shows the efficacy of two preventive measures to be applied: high pressure water infusion and the exploitation of a protective coal seam (7th Coalbed), that must be mined preferably two complete sublevels before commencing the advance in the outburst-prone coalbed. Both measures constitute an improvement in the mining sequence and therefore in safety, and should be completed with a systematic measurement to control the risk: gas pressure in the 8th Coalbed in the area of influence of other workings, to establish the most suitable moment to renew the advance. Further researches could focus on ascertaining thepermeability, not only in mined areas but also in areas of the mine that are still not affected by mining work and on tuning more finely the ranges of influence of overstress time and overlap distance of the workings of the 7th Coalbed in the 8th Coalbed.1. IntroductionCoalbed and coal mine methane research is thriving due to the fact that power generation from coal mine methane will continue to be a growing industry over the coming years in certaincountries. For instance, China, where 790 Mm3 of CH4 were drained off in 1999 (Huang, 2000), has 30 Tm3 of estimated CBM potential in the developed mining areas (Zhu, 2000). The estimate by Tyler et al. (1992) of the in-place gas in the United States is about 19 Tm3, while Germany's total estimated coalbed methane resources are 3 Tm3, very similar to Polish or English resources (World Coal Institute, 1998).This increase in the CBM commerce has opened up new lines of research and has allowed the scientific community to increase its knowledge of some of the propertiesof coal and of methane gas, above all with respect to the properties that determine gas flow, which until now had not been sufficiently analyzed. Some of these parameters are the same ones that affect the occurrence of coal mining hazards, as methane has the potential to become a source of different fatal or non-fatal disastrous events.2. Description of the Asturian Central basin and of the 8th CoalbedThe 8th Coalbed of the Riosa–Olloniego unit, located in the Southwest of the Asturian Central Coal Basin (the largest coal basin in the Cantabrian Mountains, IGME, 1985), has CBM potential of about 4.81 Gm3. This is around 19.8% of the estimated resources of the Asturian Central Basin and 12.8 % of the total assessed CBM resources in Spain (Zapatero et al., 2004). 3.84 Gm3 of the CBM potential of the 8th Coalbed belongs to San Nicolás and Montsacro: 1.08 Gm3 to San Nicolás area and 2.76Gm3 to Riosa, down to the −800m level (IGME, 2002).The minable coalbeds of this unit are concentrated in Westphalian continental sediments (Suárez-Ruiz and Jiménez, 2004). The Riosa–Olloniego geological unit consists of three seams series: Esperanza, with a total thickness of 350 m, contains 3–6 coalbeds with a cumulative coal thickness of 3.5 to 6.5 m; Pudingas, which is 700 m thick, has 3–5 coalbeds with a thickness of 5–7m; whereas the Canales series, the most important one, I 800 m thick, with 8–12 coalbeds that sum up to 12–15 m thick. This series, which contains the 8th Coalbed, the coalbed of interest in this study, has a total thickness of 10.26mat SanNicolás and 15.13matMontsacro (Pendás et al., 2004). Fig. 1 shows the geological map of the two coal mines, whereas Fig. 2represents a front view of both mines and the location of the instrumented areas. In this particular study, the 8th Coalbed is situated at a depth of between 993 and 1017 m, in an area of low seismi intensity.Instantaneous outbursts pose a hazard to safe, productive extraction of coal in both mines. The mechanisms of gas outbursts are still unresolved but include the effect of stress, gas content and properties of the coal. Other factors such as geological features, mining methods, bord and pillarworkings or increase in rate of advance may combine to exacerbate the problem (Beamish and Crosdale, 1998). Some of the main properties of the 8th Coalbed favoring gas outbursts (Creedy and Garner, 2001; Díaz Aguado, 2004) had been previously studied by the mining company, in their internal reportsM.B. Díaz Aguado, C. González Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69 (2007) 253–266255Fig. 1. Geological map.as well as in the different research studies cited in Section1: the geological structure of the basin, the stress state of the coalbed and its surrounding wall rock and some properties of both coal-bearing strata and the coalbed itself. The next paragraphs summarize the state of the research when this project started.Many researchers have studied relationships between coal outbursts and geological factors. Cao et al. (2001), found that, in the four mining districts analyzed, outbursts occurred within tectonically altered zones surrounding reverse faults; this could help to delimit outburst-prone zones. In the 8th Coalbed, some minor outbursts in the past could be related to faults or changes in coal seam thickness. Hence, general geological inspections are carried out systematically, as well as daily monitoring of any possible anomalies. But, in any case, some other outbursts could be related neither to local nor general faults.Fig. 2. General location of the study area.M.B. Díaz Aguado, C. González Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69 (2007) 253–266 For some years now, the technical experts in charge of the mine have been studying the stress state of the coalbed by means of theoretical calculations of face end or residual rock mass projections that indicated potential risk areas, based on Russian standards (Safety Regulations for Coal and Oil Shale Miners, 1973).Assuming that there was an initial approach to the stress state, this parameter was therefore not included in the research study presented in this paper. In the Central Asturian Coal Basin, both the porosity and permeability of the coal-bearing strata are very low,the cleat structure is poorly developed and cleats are usually water-filled or even mineralized. Consequently, of 5.10 m3/t. In some countries, such as Australia (Beamish and Crosdale, 1998) or Germany, a gas outburst risk value has been established when methane concentration exceeds 9 m3/t (although close to areas of over-pressure, this risk value descends to 5.5 m3/t). As the average gas contents in the coalbed are comparable with those of the Ruhr Basin (which according to Freudenberg et al., 1996, vary from 0 to 15 m3/t), the values in the 8th Coalbed would be close to the risk values.Desorption rate was considered the most important parameter by Williams and Weissmann (1995), in conjunction with the gas pressure gradient ahead of the face. Gas desorption rate (V1) has been defined as the volume of methane, expressed in cm3, that is desorbed from a 10 g coal sample, with a grain size between 0.5 and 0.8 mm, during a period of time of 35 s (fromsecond 35 to 70 of the test). Desorption rates have been calculated from samples taken at 2 m, 3 m and 7 m, following the proceedings of the Technical Specification 0307-2-92 of the Spanish Ministry of Industry. The average values obtained during the research are: 0.3 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 2 m depth, 0.5 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 3 m and 1.6 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at the only paths for methane flow are open fractures. Coal gas content is one of the main parameters that had been previously analyzed. The methane concentration in the Central Asturian Basin varies between 4 and 14 m3/t of coal (Suárez Fernández,1998). Particularly, in the Riosa–Olloniego unit, the gas content varies from 3.79 to 9.89 m3/t of coal (Pendás et al., 2004). During the research, the measured values in the area of study have varied between 4.95 and 8.10 m3/t, with an average value7m.Maximumvalues were of 1.7 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 2m depth, 3.3 at 3 m and up to 4.3 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 7 m.The initial critical safety value to avoid gas outbursts in the 8th Coalbed was 2 cm3 / (10 g·35 s). Due to incidents detected during this research study, the limit value was reduced to 1.5 cm3 / (10 g·35 s).But other properties, such as coal gas pressure, the structure of the coal itself and permeability, had beeninsufficiently characterized in the Riosa Olloniego unit before this research study.Two methods had been previously employed to determine the gas pressure in the mine: the Russian theoretical calculations for the analysis of the stress state and the indirect measurements of the gas pressure obtained by applying criteria developed for the coalbeds of the Ruhr Basin (Germany), Poland and the former Soviet Union. These indirect measurements were the Jahns or borehole fines test (Braüner, 1994), which establishes a potential hazard when the fines exceed a limiting value. Although there are tabulated values for the coalbeds of the Ruhr Basin, it is not the case for the coals of the Riosa–Olloniego unit. Therefore, in this paper an improvement to the gas pressure measurement technique is proposed by developing a method and a device capable of directly measuring in situ pressures.The 8th Coalbed is a friable bituminous coal, high in vitrinite content, locally transformed into foliated fabrics which, when subjected to abutment pressure, block methane migration intoworking faces (Alpern, 1970). With low-volatile content, it was formed during the later stages of coalification and, as stated by Flores (1998) this corresponds to a large amount of methane generated. Moreover, the coal is subject to sudden variations in thickness (that result in unpredictable mining conditions) and to bed-parallel shearing within the coalbed, that has been considered an influence on gas outbursts (Li, 2001). Its permeability had never been quantified before in this mining area. Thus, during research in the 8th Coalbed it was decided to perform in situ tests to measure pressure transients, to obtain site values that will allow future calculations of site permeability, in order to verify if it is less than 5 mD, limit value which, after Lama and Bodziony (1998), makes a coalbed liable to outbursts.Therefore, in this study we attempted to characterize gas pressure and pressure transients, for their importance in the occurrence of gas outbursts or events in which a violent coal outburst occurs due to the sudden release of energy, accompanied by the release of significant amount of gas (González Nicieza et al.,2001), either in breaking or in development of the coalbed (Hardgraves, 1983).3. ConclusionsCoalbed is still a major hazard affecting safety andproductivity in some underground coal mines. This paper highlights the propensity of the 8th Coalbed to give rise to gas outbursts, due to fulfilling a series of risk factors, that have been quantified for 8th Coalbed for the first time and that are very related to mining hazards: gas pressure and its variation, with high valuesmeasured in the coalbed,obtaining lower registers at Montsacro than at San Nicolás (where 480 kPa were reached in the gas pressure measurements at the greatest depth). These parameters, together with the systematic measurement of concentration and desorption rate that were already being carried out by the mine staff, require monitoring and control. A gas-measurement-tube set was designed, for measuring gas pressure and its variations as well as the influence of nearby workings to determine outburstprone areas. The efficacy of injection as a preventative measure was shown by means of these measurement tubes. Injection decreases the gas pressure in the coalbed, althoughthe test must be conducted maximizing all the precautionary measures, because gas outbursts may occur during the process itself.The instrumentation results indicated the convenienceof mining the 7th Coalbed at least one sublevel ahead of the 8th Coalbed. This means having completed longwall caving of the corresponding sublevel both eastward and westward, and having allowed the necessary time to elapse for distention to take effect. This distention time was estimated between two and three months.The constructed instrumentation likewise allowed the effect of overlapping of workings to be measured: as the longwall caving of the coalbed situated to the roof of the instrumented coalbed approaches the area of advance of the 8th Coalbed, an increase in the pressure of the gas is produced in the 8th Coalbed. This may even triplicate the pressure of the gas and is more pronounced as the longwall caving approaches the position of the measuring equipment. A spatial range of the influence of longwall caving of some 55–60 m was estimated and a time duration of 2–3 months. The main contribution of this article resides in theproposal of measures of control and risk of gas outbursts that complement the systematic measurements in the mine itself, with the aim of improving safety in mining work. This proposal, apart from certain practical improvements in mining work, above all regarding the exploitation sequence, would involve the installation of gas measurement tubes before initiating the advance or at the overlap of workings. It would consist intemporarily detaining the advance in the 8th Coalbed when an overlap of workings may occur or prior to the commencement of an advance in the 8th Coalbed, installing measurement tubes in the face. The values and the trend of the measured gas pressures, together with the values obtained from gas concentration tests, would enable control of the conditions of the coalbed and the establishing of what moment would be appropriate to renew the advance. The gas measurement tubes would hence be a reliable, economic control and evaluation measure of the risk of gas outbursts. Furthermore, this equipment would enable the openingof other lines of research, both for calibrating the time and range of influence of mining work in each advance, as well as for calculating the permeability of the coal. By means of the designed test (gas flow between two gasmeasurement-tube sets), permeability could be estimated by numerical models calibrated with site data, both in areas of the mine that have still to be affected by mining work and in those already subject to mining works. These calibrations would also allow the variation in permeability with the depth of the coalbed itself to be analyzed.References[1] Alexeev, A.D., Revva, V.N., Alyshev, N.A., Zhitlyonok, D.M., 2004.[2] True triaxial loading apparatus and its application to coal outburst prediction. Int. J. Coal Geol. 58, 245–250.[3] Alpern, B., 1970. Tectonics and gas deposit in coalfields: a bibliographical study and examples of application. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 7, 67–76.[4] Beamish, B.B., Crosdale, J.P., 1998. Instantaneous outbursts in underground coal mines: an overview and association with coal type. Int. J. Coal Geol. 35, 27–55.[5] Braüner, G., 1994. Rockbursts in Coal Mines and Their Prevention. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 137 pp.[6] Cao, Y., He, D., Glick, D.C., 2001. Coal and gas outbursts in footwalls of reverse faults. Int. J. Coal Geol. 48, 47–63.[7] Creedy, D., Garner, K., 2001. UK-China Coalbed Technology Transfer. Report N° Coal R207 DTI/Pub URN 01/584, 24 pp.[8] Díaz Aguado, M.B., 2004. Análisis, Control y Evaluación de Riesgo de Fenómenos Gaseodinámicos en Minas de Carbón, PhD Thesis, University of Oviedo (Spain) Publishing Service,I.S.B.N.: 84-8317-434-0, 301 pp. (in Spanish, with English Abstract).[9] Durucan, S., Edwards, J.S., 1986. The effects of stress and fracturing on permeability of coal Min. Sci. Technol. 3, 205–216.[10] Flores, R.M., 1998. Coalbed methane: from hazard to resource. Int. J.Coal Geol. 35, 3–26西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理María B. Díaz Aguado C. González NiciezaAbstract Department of Mining Exploitation, University of Oviedo, School of Mines,Independencia, 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain摘要在煤矿井下开采环境中必须控制着不同气体的存在。
钻探技术在煤矿瓦斯治理中的应用研究
钻探技术在煤矿瓦斯治理中的应用研究摘要：钻探技术在煤矿瓦数治理工作中应用越来越广泛，本文就国家能源集团乌海能源公司下属各煤矿在长期进行煤矿瓦斯治理过程中对钻探技术的应用情况进行经验总结，对不同类型大的布孔方式和不同类型的钻进方式对瓦斯治理效果进行分析，为煤炭行业煤矿瓦斯治理技术提供参考依据。
Abstract: drilling technology is more and more widely used in coal mine wattage control. This paper summarizes the application ofdrilling technology in the long-term coal mine gas control process in the coal mines under Wuhai energy company of national energy group, analyzes the gas control effect of different types of large hole arrangement and different types of drilling methods, and provides a reference for coal mine gas control technology in the coal industry关键词：钻探技术瓦斯治理应用研究Key words: drilling technology and gas treatment application research0.前言乌海能源公司下属7座煤矿，主要属于内蒙古乌达煤田、卓资山煤田、鄂尔多斯煤田，近年来，随着各煤矿回采深度不断增加，普遍受瓦斯、水、火等灾害制约越来越凸显，乌海能源公司组建专业钻探队伍，针对矿井瓦斯、水害、火区等隐蔽致灾因素开展钻探工作，钻探技术作为老空区、含水层、超前探测等技术手段类中的最主要最基础的手段，长期被各煤矿广泛采用，采取的科学的钻孔布置方式、钻进方式能够极大的提高瓦斯治理效果，也能够极大的降低经营成本，为煤矿带来较为可靠的安全生产现场环境，提升煤炭回采经济效益，因此钻探技术的研究应用对煤矿隐蔽致灾因素的治理有着极大的现实意义。
矿井通风煤矿瓦斯利用论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述附录A：Status of worldwide coal mine methaneemissions and useUnderground coal mines worldwide liberate an estimated 29–41×109 m3 of methane annually, of which less than 2.3×109 m3 are used as fuel. The remaining methane is emitted to the atmosphere, representing the loss of a valuable energy resource. Methane is also a major greenhouse gas and is thus detrimental to the environment when vented to the atmosphere. Coal mine methane recovery and use represents a cost-effective means of significantly reducing methane emissions from coal mining, while increasing mine safety and improving mine economics.The world’s ten largest coal producers are responsible for 90% of global methane emissions associated with the coal fuel cycle. China is the largest emitter of coal mine methane, followed by the Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS particularly Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, the United States, Poland, Germany, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, India and the Czech Republic. Most of these countries use a portion of the methane that is liberated from their coal mines, but the utilization rate tends to be low and some countries use none at all. Coal mine methane is currently used for a variety of purposes. Methane is used for heating and cooking at many mine facilities and nearby residences. It is also used to fuel boilers, to generate electricity, directly heat air for mine ventilation systems andfor coal drying. Several mines in the United States sell high-quality mine gas to natural gas distributors. There are several barriers to decreasing methane emissions by increasing coal mine methane use. Many of the same barriers are common to a number of the subject countries. Technical barriers include low-permeability coals; variable or low gas quality, variations in gas supply an demand and lack of infrastructure.Economic and institutional barriers include lack of information pertinent to development of the resource, lack of capital and low natural gas prices. A possible option for encouraging coal mine methane recovery and use would be international adoption of a traceable permit system for methane emissions.1 IntroductionIn recent years, coalbed methane has gained attention as a saleable natural gas resource. Methane can be extracted either from coal seams which will never undergo mining, or it can be produced as a part of the coal mining process. This paper focuses on methane which is produced in conjunction with coal mining operations（coal mine methane）. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA, 1994a）, underground coal mines liberate an estimated 29 to 41×109 m 3of methane annually, of which less than 2.3×109 m3 are used as fuel. The remaining methane is vented to the atmosphere, representing the loss of a valuable energy resource. This paper examines the potential for recovering and using the methane which is currently being emitted from coal mines.There are three primary reasons for recovering coal mine methane. The first reason is to increase mine safety. Worldwide, there have beenthousands of recorded fatalities from underground mine explosions in which methane was a contributing factor. Using methane drainage systems, mines can reduce the methane concentration in their ventilation air, ultimately reducing ventilation requirements.The second reason is to improve mine economics. By reducing emissions and preventing explosions and outbursts, methane drainage systems can cost effectively reduce the amount of time that the coal mine must curtail production. Moreover, recovered methane can be used either as fuel at the mine site or sold to other users.The third reason for coalbed methane recovery and use is that it benefits the global and local environment. Methane is a major greenhouse gas and is second in global impact only to carbon dioxide; methane thus is detrimental to the environment if vented to the atmosphere. Although the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere each year is orders of magnitude larger than that of methane, each additional gram of methane released to the atmosphere is as much as 22 times more effective in potentially warming the Earth’s surface over a 100-year period than each additional gram of carbon dioxide (USEPA, 1994a) . Compared with other greenhouse gases, methane has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime. The lifetime of methane (defined as its atmospheric content divided by its rate of removal) is approximately 10 years. Due to its short lifetime, stabilizing methane emissions can have a dramatic impact on decreasing the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.Coal mine methane recovery and use represent a cost-effectivemeans of significantly reducing methane emissions from coal mines. Methane, moreover, is a remarkably clean fuel. Methane combustion produces no sulfur dioxide or particulates and only half the amount of carbon dioxide that is associated with coal combustion on an energy equivalent basis.Because of the environmental impact of coal mine methane emissions, the USEPA, the Int ernational Energy Agency’s Coal Advisory Board (CIAB), and others have investigated methane emissions from coal mining worldwide. The USEPA (1994a) estimates that the coal fuel cycle (which includes coal mining, post-mining coal transportation and handling, and coal combustion) emits 35 to 59×109 m3 of methane to the atmosphere annually. Table 1 shows methane emissions from the world’s ten largest coal producers, which are responsible for 90% of global methane emissions associated with the coal fuel cycle. Underground coal mining is the primary source of these emissions, accounting for 70 to 95% of total emissions.There are many opportunities for decreasing coal mine methane emissions by increasing recovery of this abundant fuel. Section 2 examines the status of methane recovery and use in key countries worldwide.2 Coal mine methane recovery and use in selected countries2.1 ChinaThe Peoples Republic of China (China) produces about 1.2×109 raw tons of hard coal annually (EIA, 1996). In 1990, coal mining activities in China emitted an estimated 14 to 24×109 m3 (10 to 16×106 ton) ofmethane to the atmosphere, contributing one-third of the world’s total from this source. Not only is China the largest coal producer in the world; it is unique in that underground mines produce over 95% of the nation’s coal. Because of the great depth and high rank of China’s coals, underground coal mines have higher methane emissions than surface mines.There are currently 108 Coal Mining Administrations (CMAs) in China, which manage more than 650 mines. These state-owned mines are responsible for most of China’s methane emissions, but there are numerous gassy local, township, and private mines that cumulatively produce over one-half of China’s coal. However, these non-states owned mines are not gassy (International Energy Agency or IEA, 1994).2.1.1 Methane recovery and use in ChinaChina has a long history of coal mine methane drainage, and the volume of methane drained has increased markedly during the past decade. Nationwide, coal mine methane drainage at state-run mines nearly doubled in 14 years, increasing from 294×106 m3 in 1980 to more than 561×106 m3 in 1994 .However, this is still less than 11% of the total methane liberated annually. Approximately 131 state-owned mines currently have methane drainage systems. Less than one-half of these mines are set up to distribute and use recovered methane. China’s state-run coal mining administrations use about 70% of the methane they drain (USEPA, 1996a).Most of the methane recovered from Chinese mines is used forheating and cooking at mine facilities and nearby residences. Methane is also used for industrial purposes, in the glass and plastics industries, and as a feedstock for the production of carbon black (an amorphous form of ca rbon used in pigments and printer’s ink). Methane is also being used, to a lesser extent, for power generation. In 1990, the Laohutai Mine at the Fushun Coal Mining Administration built a 1200 kW methane-fired power station, the first in China.Several barriers currently prevent China from developing economic methane recovery from coal mining to its full potential. Critical barriers include the lack of an appropriate policy framework, limited capital for project investments and equipment, the need for additional information and experience with technologies and the lack of a widespread pipeline network. Artificially regulated low gas prices and difficulty with repatriation of profits, create barriers to foreign investment in joint ventures for production of domestic energy resources (USEPA, 1993).2.1.2 The future of methane development in China Recognizing the need for a unified effort in advancing coalbed methane development, China’s highest governing body, the State Council, established the China United Coalbed Methane Company (China CBM) in May 1996. As a single, trans-sectoral agency, China CBM is responsible for developing the coalbed methane industry by commercializing the exploration, development, marketing, transportation and utilization of coalbed methane. The State Council has also granted China CBM exclusive rights to undertake theexploration, development and production of coalbed methane in coopera- tion with foreign partners (China Energy Report, 1996). More than 20 coalbed methane projects are underway or planned in China, and at least half of them are taking place at active mining areas. Some of the projects are state-sponsored, while others involve joint ventures with foreign companies. The future of the coalbed methane industry in China appears bright. The government recognizes coalbed methane’s potential for meeting the nation’s burgeoning energy needs and is generally supportive of efforts to develop this resource. With deregulation of energy prices, increased capital investment in pipeline infrastructure, and ongoing research efforts, China can likely overcome its remaining barriers to widespread coalbed methane use. 2.2 Russia, Ukraine and KazakhstanIn 1994, Russia produced more than 169×106 ton of hard coal; Kazakhstan produced nearly 104×106 ton and Ukraine more than 90×106 ton. The coal mining regions of these republics liberate approximately 5.3×109 m3 of methane annually, of which less than 3% is utilized. This amount represents about 20% of world methane emissions from underground coal mining.The energy sectors of these Republics are at a turning point. The coal mining industry, in particular, is undergoing restructuring, a process which includes decreasing or eliminating subsidies, and closing many of the most unprofitable mines. The industry is being compelled to become more efficient in order to increase profitability. Mining regions are also seeking to mitigate environmental problemsresulting from producing and using coal. Thus, there is an impetus to utilize more natural gas and decrease dependency on low grade coal. Increasing recovery and use of coalbed methane is a potential means of improving mine safety and profitability while meeting the regions’ energy and environmental goals.There are five coal basins in the Commonwealth of Independent States where hard coal is mined and which have the potential for coalbed methane development.They are: (1) the Donetsk Basin (Donbass) , located in southeastern Ukraine and western Russia, (2) the Kuznetsk Basin Kuzbass , located in western Siberia (south-central Russia) , (3)the L’vov-Volyn Basin, located in western Ukraine, which is the southeastern extension of Poland’s Lublin Basin, (4)the Pechora Basin, located in northern Russia and (5) the Karaganda Coal Basin, located in Kazakhstan.Of the five basins, the Donetsk and Kuznetsk Basins appear to have the largest near-term potential for coalbed methane development （USEPA, 1994b）. Both of these regions are heavily industrialized and present many opportunities for coalbed methane use.2.2.1 Options for methane use in the CIS2.2.1.1 Heating mine facilities. Currently, most mines use coal-fired boilers to produce steam heat for drying coal, heating mine facilities and heating ventilation air. In some cases, mine boilers also supply thermal energy to the surrounding communities. Boilers can be retrofitted to co-fire methane with coal, a relatively simple and low-cost procedure. More than 20 mines in the Donetsk and PechoraBasins use methane to fuel boilers and several mines also use it for directly heating air for the mines’ ventilation systems and for coal drying (Serov, 1995; Saprykin et al., 1995).2.2.1.2. Use in furnaces in the metallurgical industry. Another viable market for methane use is the metallurgical industry. For example, the city of Novokuznetsk, in the southern portion of the Kuznetsk Basin, contains numerous gassy mines and is one of the biggest centers of metallurgy in Russia. The region’s metallurgical industry consumes about 54 PJ of natural gas annually, which is equivalent to about1.4×109 m3 of methane (USEPA, 1996b) .2.2.1.3. Power generation at mine facilities. Most mines purchase electricity from the power grid. Co-firing coalbed methane with coal to generate electricity on-site may be a more economical option for these mines. Coalbed methane can be used, independently of or in conjunction with coal, to generate electricity using boilers, gas turbines and thermal combustion engines (USEPA, 1994b).2.2.1.4. Use as a motor vehicle fuel. The Donetskugol Coal Production Association in Ukraine is draining methane in advance of mining using surface boreholes. The recovered methane is compressed on-site and used as fuel for the Association’s vehicle fleet. The refueling station, which has been operating for more than three years, produces about 1,000 m3 of compressed gas per day. Based on estimated gas reserves it is expected to operate for a total of eight years ( Pudak, 1995 ).While many mines in the CIS are utilizing their methane resources,the majority are not. Certain barriers must be overcome before recovery and use of coal mine methane becomes widespread. These barriers and their potential solutions are discussed in greater detail in Section 3 of this paper.2.3 The United StatesThere are five major coal producing regions in the United States from which hard coal is mined and which have the potential for coalbed methane development. They are: （1）the Appalachian Basin, located in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, （2）the Warrior Basin, located in Alabama, （3）the Illinois Basin, located in Illinois, Indiana and western Kentucky, （4）the Southwestern region, including the Uinta, Piceance, Green River and San Juan Basins located in Colorado, Utah and New Mexico and （5）the Western Interior region, including the Arkoma Basin of Oklahoma and Arkansas.In 1994, an estimated 4.2×109 m3 of methane were liberated by underground mining in these regions, of which less than 0.7×109 m3 were used（USEPA, unpublished data）.Currently in the United States, at least 17 mines in six states （Alabama, Colorado,Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia）recover methane for profit, primarily through sale to gas distributors. In 1995, the total methane recovered from these mines, including vertical wells draining methane in advance of mining, exceeded 1×109 m3.By maximizing the amount of gas recovered via drainage systems, these mines have greatly reduced their ventilationcosts, improved safety conditions for miners and have collected and sold large quantities of high-quality gas. Following is a brief description of selected coal mine methane recovery activities in the United States.2.3.1 Warrior basin: AlabamaSix of the seventeen US mines with commercial methane recovery systems are located in the Warrior Basin of Alabama. Today, energy companies recover methane from the Warrior Basin by horizontal wells, gob wells（in areas being mined ）and vertical wells（in both mined and unmined areas）. Most of this gas is sold to regional natural gas distributors, although there is some on-site mine use. In 1995, four mines operated by Jim Walter Resources produced more than 380×106 m3 of methane for pipeline sale and USX’s Oak Grove Mine recovered an estimated 117×106 m3 of methane for use.2.3.2 Appalachian regionEight mines in Virginia and West Virginia have developed successful methane recovery and use projects. The Consol mines in Virginia are the most well-documented examples. Consol produces gas from a combination of vertical wells that are hydraulically stimulated, horizontal boreholes and gob wells drilled over longwall panels. In 1995, Consol produced approximately 688×106 m3 of saleable methane from three mines. Methane recovery efficiency at these mines is higher than 60%.2.3.3 Southwestern regionThe Soldier Canyon Mine in Utah recovered about 10.9×106 m3 ofmethane for sale annually until early 1994, when production was curtailed and gas sales ended due to low market prices.2.3.4 SummaryWhile methane recovery has been economically implemented at the above-described mines, safety and high coal productivity remain the impetus for their degasification efforts. Methane drainage at many gassy mines in the United States is limited or nonexistent. Section 3 of this paper discusses potential avenues for increasing methane recovery and use in the United States and other countries.2.4 GermanyGermany produced nearly 54 million tons of hard coal in 1995, all from underground mines （Schiffer, 1995）. Of this total, 43 million tons were mined from the Ruhr Basin in northwestern Germany （Von Sperber et al., 1996）and most of the remainder was mined from the Saar Basin in southwestern Germany. Until recently, hard coal mining was heavily subsidized in Germany, and the industry’s future is in question （Schiffer, 1995）. Even mines that are closed, however, can continue to liberate methane for long periods of time. An estimated 1.8×109 m3 of methane are liberated annually from underground mining activities in Germany, of which 520×106 m3, or 30%, are drained（63 IEA, 1994）. About 371×106 m, or 71% of all drained methane is used, primarily for heating or power generation. Government officials suggest that as much as 45% of the methane emitted from coal mining activities could be drained and used in a variety of applications. The primary barrier to increased methanerecovery is low methane concentrations in the gas mixture.Safety regulations in Germany prohibit any utilization if the methane content is less than 25%. If the average recovery efficiency at German mines is to be increased, it will be necessary to adopt practices that will recover methane in a more concentrated form.3 Barriers to decreasing coal mine methane emissionsThere are several barriers to decreasing methane emissions by increasing coal mine methane use. Some are technical, such as low coal permeability, while others are Institutional, such as low gas prices. In a few cases, certain barriers are country orregion specific, but most cases, many of the same barriers exist in a number of countries. This section discusses obstacles to increased coal mine methane use, and potential ways to overcome these obstacles.3.1 Technical issues3.1.1 Low-permeability coalsCoal seams that exhibit low permeability pose special problems for developingsuccessful methane drainage and recovery systems. Methane desorbs and flows through natural pores and fractures until the gas reaches the mine face or borehole. Stimulation technology that enhances the flow of gases from the seam into a recovery system has been successfully used in the past several years. Early efforts to modify fracturing techniques for application in coal seams were largely unsuccessful （IEA, 1994）. The current practice of hydraulic stimulation in coals, however, minimizes roof damage while achievingextensive fracturing. Under ideal conditions, 60 to 70% of the methane contained in the coal seam can be removed using vertical degasification wells drilled more than 10 years in advance of mining. These efforts have been successful in the United States and other industrialized countries. Transfer of this technology to other countries can help increase coal mine methane recovery.3.2 Economic and institutional issuesIn addition to the technical obstacles described above, there are a variety of other issues that have prevented coal mine methane recovery from becoming more widespread.These issues include lack of information, lack of capital, low natural gas prices and risks associated with foreign investment. Some issues are explored below.The key strategy for overcoming informational barriers in the United States has been to develop outreach programs. Outreach programs work well when companies are shown that they can profit while at the same time reducing emissions or improving mine safety. Examples of outreach prog rams include the USEPA’s Coalbed Methane Outreach Program, which is conducted in the United States, and the Coalbed Methane Clearinghouses in Poland, China and Russia. These institutions distribute information and link together interested parties, provide technical training, and in some cases perform pre-feasibility assessments for specific projects.3.2.1 Lack of informationIn the United States and other countries, one of the problems thathas slowed coal mine methane project development is that some coal mine operators do not have adequate information regarding coal mine methane projects. While much has been published on the subject, methane recovery is still seen as a relatively new concept to many coal operators. A related constraint is that some coal operators simply do not have the time or resources to investigate the potential to develop a profitable project at their own coal mine.3.2.2 Lack of capitalEven when a pre-feasibility assessment has demonstrated that the economics of a coal mine methane project are attractive, a lack of financing may prevent projects from taking place. Coal companies often do not have surplus capital available to invest in coalbed methane recovery and use projects because available capital must be invested in their primary business of coal production. Additionally, some lending organizations may be unfamiliar with the relatively new concept of coal mine methane recovery and use, and project developers may thus be unable to secure the necessary up-front financing needed to cover the large capital investments required for such projects.3.2.3 Low natural gas pricesIn some countries natural gas prices are held at artificially low rates. Even in countries whose gas prices are at market levels, prices may be low due to low demand. In such cases, special types of incentives to encourage coal mine methane recovery could be implemented. For example, legislation could be enacted requiring local distributioncompanies to purchase recovered coal mine methane if it is sold at a competitive price. China has recently established preferential policies for projects which involve gas recovery and use from coal mines. The government has also passed a law exempting coalbed methane producers from royalties and land occupation fees for production of up to 2×109 m3 of methane per year.4 ConclusionsAs discussed above, coal mines worldwide emit large volumes of methane, much of which could be recovered and used as fuel. In many instances, countries whose mines emit large quantities of methane are in critical need of a domestic energy source, particularly one which is clean-burning. In countries whose economies are in transition, such as China, the former Soviet Union and the Eastern European nations, coal mine methane recovery offers economic benefits as a new industry that can help provide jobs for displaced coal miners or other workers. In countries whose economies are established, such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, coal mine methane recovery may help increase the profit margin of mining enterprises.The reduction of methane emissions can have a significant global impact, but incentives are needed to encourage more widespread recovery of coal mine methane. An incentive program offered on an international level would probably be the most effective means of stimulating development of the coal mine methane industry. Of the various options for international-level incentives, a system of tradeable permits for methane emissions would likely be the most cost effective.Due to various technical, economic and institutional barriers, it will never be possible to completely eliminate emissions of methane from coal mines. However, a worldwide coal mine methane utilization rate of 25% may be realizable, particularly if an international incentive program is implemented. This would reduce the estimated emissions of coal mine methane to the atmosphere by 7 to 10×109 m3 annually, substantially reducing greenhouse gas emissions and curtailing the waste of a valuable energy source.附录Ｂ全球煤矿瓦斯涌出及利用现状全球煤矿每年释放瓦斯29～41×109m3，其中少于2.3×109m3的瓦斯用作燃料，其余的被直接排放到大气中，这是能源的一种浪费。
英译汉(提高矿井中的瓦斯排放)
矿井中瓦斯抽排的改进D. J. BLACK and N. I. AZIZABSTRACTEffective gas management is vital to the success of the longwall mining in the Bulli seam, in the Southern Coalfield, SydneyBasin, NSW, Australia. The evolution of gas drainage methods and practices are discussed with respect to gas type, gas drainage lead time and prevailing geological conditions. Both underground to inseam drilling and surface to inseam drilling techniques are described at both pre and post-drainage conditions. Post-drainage of gas from longwall is discussed for its effectiveness, practicability and efficiency. The long term benefit of the method selected is examined with respect to gas capture efficiency. An alternative method of surface based goaf drainage, using medium radius drilling technology to drill horizontal boreholes above and/or below the production seam into the partial caving zone prior to longwall goaf formation is proposed.摘要：瓦斯的有效管理对于能否成功的在澳大利亚布利煤层、南部煤田、悉尼盆地、新南威尔地区进行长壁开采有至关重要的作用。
矿井通风煤矿瓦斯利用中英文对照外文翻译文献
矿井通风煤矿瓦斯利用中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译弗吉尼亚州和西弗吉尼亚州的8个煤矿已经成功开发了瓦斯回收利用工程。
维吉尼亚州的康索尔煤矿最有见证的例子。
在1995年，康索尔的3个煤矿生产了大约688×106m3的可销售瓦斯。
在这些煤矿的瓦斯回收率高达60%。
2.3.3西南部地区直到1994年瓦斯市场价格走低，犹他州的士兵峡谷煤矿煤矿每年都回收大约10.9×106m3的瓦斯用于销售。
2.3.4小结以上描述的矿井已经和高效率的、经济的回收瓦斯，但为了安全地、高量地生产的目的，分离瓦斯的努力依然很有诱惑。
在美国，许多瓦斯矿井被限制抽放瓦斯甚至不允许。
2.4德国1995年，德国生产将近540万吨硬煤，全部来自地下开采。
其中的430万吨由德国西北部的鲁尔区盆地开采得到，并且其余的大部分由德国西南部的萨尔河盆地开采得到。
直到最近，在德国硬煤开采得到大量补贴，煤炭业的将来成为问题。
即使煤矿被关闭，在相当一段时间里，它们依然会释放瓦斯。
粗略估计，在德国每年由于地下采煤活动释放1.8×109m3的瓦斯。
其中的520×106m3，即其中的30%是抽放出来的。
（63IEA,1994）大约371×106m（即抽放瓦斯的71%）主要用于加热或发电。
政府部门提议：由于开采煤而涌出的瓦斯的45%都可以抽放并以各种形式利用。
目前，提高瓦斯回收利用的主要障碍是混合气体中瓦斯浓度低。
德国安全规程规定：如果瓦斯浓度低于25%，那么禁止了利用。
25中英文对照外文翻译如果想进一步提高德国的瓦斯利用效率，那么有必要采取一些措施以高浓度瓦斯形式回收利用。
3降低瓦斯释放量的障碍通过增加煤矿瓦斯利用来降低瓦斯释放的障碍重重。
有技术因素，如煤的渗透性差，还有一些传统因素，像瓦斯价格低廉。
许多年来，一些国家或地区面临特殊障碍，但大多的情况是许多国家面临着共同的困难。
这一部分将探讨增加煤矿瓦斯利用方法及克服种种障碍的可行方法。
煤矿安全外文翻译文献
煤矿安全外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于WSN的煤矿安全监控系统的研究摘要在本文中，我们使用无线传感器网络监控煤矿的经验进行了阐述。
在一个节点上的多传感器可以捕获各种各样的环境数据，包括矿山的振动，矿井温度，湿度和气体浓度，和环境参数、控制风扇运转。
网络由许多无线传感器节点组成。
煤矿安全监控方案发展从可以保存汇聚节点接收到的数据，并实时显示和分析各种的信息来供决策。
1 背景与介绍煤炭安全生产关系到国民经济的发展，如今，中国的煤矿安全信息系统是基于有线网络，随着煤炭开采的加速，有线网络在扩展，灵活性，覆盖率等方面具有严重不足。
为了解决这些问题，无线网络是最好的选择。
ZigBee是一种先进的数据通信技术，具有低速率，低功耗，协议简单，成本低，良好的扩展性，容易形成无线网络等特点。
相比现有煤矿监测设备，节点构成的无线传感器网络的更小，更轻，更易于大规模部署。
由于数据采集和传输方式是通过无线电台，节点挂钩传感器，可以打破电线电缆的约束，并可以使部署更加方便，灵活。
此外，大规模的和灵活的部署节点对于矿工来说使得更好的本地化工作。
因此，它具有重要的现实意义，将这一新技术和新方法，应用在煤矿安全信息系统的设计中。
2 系统的结构本文设计了一个煤矿安全监控系统，它是基于ZigBee2007无线通信协议，采用TI 公司生产的CC2530芯片做无线数据传输。
煤矿安全监控系统由三部分组成：控制中心，协调和终端节点。
终端节点有两种类型：全功能设备（FFD ），部分功能的移动设备（ RFD ）。
监督控制中心软件是以TI的Z -位置引擎，它显示了各监测点的位置和状态信息，它是一个在整个潜在风险区域的地理信息的图形化描述。
协调也是一个网关，它获得FFD和RFD的所有信息，然后发送到控制中心的节点上然后通过监控软件来更新状态消息。
此外，他还要广播控制中心的指示。
FFD是路由器，它SA节点组链接在一起，并提供多希望消息，它与其他路由器和终端设备相关联，而RFD仅仅是一个终端设备。
煤矿安全专业外文文献(中英文对照)
附录 A关于煤矿安全监控系统技术的研究Zhi Chang, Zhangeng Sun & Junbao GuSchool of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin 300160, China前言：无线射频的新的发展和运用使得RFID（射频识别）技术的应用越来越广泛。
同时结合矿山与RFID技术的特点，我们建立了一个地下的安全完整的、实时灵活的监测系统。
这套系统能在发生危险时自动报警并且提高搜索和救援的效率。
该系统可以管理危害气体的浓度、规划工人的安排、进出巷道通过工作的访问控制、巷道人员的分布和工人的资料，实现地下管理的信息化和可视化，提高矿业生产管理水平和矿井安全生产水平。
关键词：射频识别，安全监控系统，电子标签，读写器煤矿事故往往发生在中国近几年，除了矿业主的安全和法律意识薄弱，滞后的安全机构和采矿的人员和设备的不完善管理人员是重要原因。
通过分析近期内一些十分严重的事故，一般存在以下常见问题：（1）地面人员和地下人员之间的信息沟通不及时；（2）地面人员不能动态地掌握井下人员的分布和操作情况，并且不能掌握地下人员的确切位置；（3）一旦煤矿事故发生，救援效率低，效果较差。
因此，准确、迅速实施煤矿安全监控职能非常重要和紧迫，有效管理矿工，并确保救援高效率的运作。
文章中提出的煤炭采矿人员和车辆安全监测系统可以跟踪、监视和定位在矿井实时的有害气体，人员和车辆以及提供有关网络的矿井巷道，个人的定位，车辆的位置，危险区域的动态信息和地面人员相应线索。
如果发生意外，该系统还可以查询有关人员的分配，人员数量，人员撤离路线，以提供从事故救援监视计算机科学依据。
同时，管理人员可以利用系统的日常考勤功能实施矿工考勤管理。
一、RFID技术简介射频识别是一种非接触式自动识别技术进行排序，可以自动识别的无线电频率信号的目标，迅速跟踪货物和交换数据。
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【外文文献】2Coal mine mine shaft gas government technology applicationFirst, surveyEvil of the gas, shocking, gas government, imminent.The coal mine mine shaft gas ultra limits with the gas agglomeration occurs repeatedly, even some coal mine mine shaft also has the gas explosion, is seriously threatening jobholders' safety and the coal mine safety in production.All coal mine mine shaft all is equipped with the coal bin, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin name slides the coal shaft or “the counter-well”.The coal bin role mainly is the storage, the reprint, the cushion coal amount, is the coal mine mine shaft storage and transport coal important link, to realizes the coal output high production to play the positive role.A small mine pit mine shaft coal bin quantity is equipped with 3~8, a large-scale mine pit mine shaft coal bin quantity achieved 10~20, giant mine pit mine shaft coal bin quantity are more, therefore in the national coal mine mine pit, mine shaft coal bin quantity many may reach 1,000,000.These mine shaft coal bin in the storage, the reprint, the cushion coal amount process simultaneously is agglomerating the massive gas, in its mine shaft coal bin gas density according to the coal amount, the anthrax different may achieve 3~20 ﹪, the gas density surpasses "Coal mine safety Regulations" to stipulate greatly.The such high gas density meets friction spark, static electricity spark, stray currents, collision spark and so on kindling materials, extremely easy to cause the gas explosion.Coal mine mine shaft coal bin existence serious security hidden danger, also is the significant dangerous source, is seriously threatening jobholders' safety and the coal mine mine shaft safety in production.Since long ago the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration question continuously has not obtained the very good solution significant hidden danger and the significant dangerous source, becomes the long-term puzzle coal mine safety production a big difficult problem.In order to solve this kind of problem, the traditional solution is installs the axis in the mine shaft coal bin place above tunnel to flow the type ventilator to dilute in the coal bin the upside gas, the axis flows the type ventilator also only to be able to dilute on the coal bin the 3~5m place gas, cannot dilute regarding the 20~30m high mine shaft coal bin majority of gas, is also unable solve.Moreover the axis flows the massive gas which the type ventilator discharges in some people to work transports in the coal lane, because transports in the coal lane to have the electromechanical device and the staff, has slightly can create the gas explosion accident or the personnel carelessly suffocates the fatal accident.The axis flows the type ventilator to dilute in the coal bin the gas for to transport in the coal lane to cause the enormous harm, the dangerous harm factor still exists.Although this to solved the mine shaft coal bin gas ultra to limit certain function, but the above equipment facility government expense was expensive, also fundamentally has not solved the hidden danger which the gas agglomeration created, still existed has the gas explosion accident hidden danger, affected the coal mine mine shaft safety in production, might say these negative measures fundamentally have not solved the gas explosion problem.In order to solve the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration problem, eliminates the significant security hidden danger, eliminates the significant dangerous source, the coal profession ore advocates peace the engineers and technicians to spend and not to solve.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment mainlyaims at the solution existing coal mine mine shaft coal bin existence the gas agglomeration to exceed the allowed figure easy to create the gas explosion and the government expense expensive technology difficulty Second, mine shaft coal bin gas government installment research and designThe coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment goal is the solution existing coal mine mine shaft coal bin existence gas exceeds the allowed figure easy to create the gas explosion and the government expense expensive technology difficulty, and provides one kind to be able to govern the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration and the elimination gas also the government expense low coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment the technical plan which uses for the solution above question is: It by or a two gas separator, the gas leads the air hose, three forks a row of wind and foehn the ventilator is composed.The gas separator is located in the coal mine mine shaft coal bin coal body, three forks a row of wind to be located in above the coal bin in the air return way, foehn the ventilator is located in underneath the coal bin, leads the air hose using the gas to lead to picks the area air return way or the main air return way.It by the coal bin gas separator, the gas leads the air hose, three forks the whole synthesis installment which a row of wind and foehn the ventilator is composed.States the coal mine mine shaft coal bin foehn ventilator by foehn constitutions and so on curve body, modified line body, collection air flue, the main function forms the formidable foehn effect, forms foehn enters the gas separator loosely, leads the gas separator in gas the gas to lead the air hose, according to the direction which requests using the gas leads the air hose the gas to arrange again to the coal mine mine shaftcoal bin outside picks the area air return way or the main air return way.Foehn the ventilator is located in lower part the coal mine mine shaft coal bin.States the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas separator by the tube body, the gas release hat, the gas releases Kong He to take the constitution, the gas release hat is located in the tube body body department, the gas releases Kong He to take is located in evenly on the tube body.The gas separator leads the air hose with foehn the ventilator and the gas to connect, is located in on the coal mine mine shaft coal bin warehouse sidewall.States the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas release hole is the rectangular filtration hole, the concentric circle filters Kong He to forbid the symbol filtration hole; States takes lacks for the garden the shape eaves, takes is located the gas release hole the place above, is for the purpose of causing the coal (rock) to separate with the gas.States the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas to lead the air hose for the anti-static electricity glass fiber reinforced plastic circular pipe.The coal bin gas leads the air hose and the gas separator and three forks a row of wind to connect, is located in on in the coal mine mine shaft coal bin air return way place above side.States the coal mine mine shaft coal bin three to fork a row of wind for the flabelliform tubing cross anti-static electricity glass cylinder body.Three forks a row of wind and the gas separator leads the air hose by the tube body or the gas to connect, is located in on in the coal mine mine shaft coal bin air return way place above side.Because the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment has used or a two gas separator, the gas leads the air hose, three forks the whole synthesis installment which a row of wind and foehn the ventilator composes, can reduce the coal mine mine shaft coal bin thecomplete gas, governs the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration thoroughly the question, and the government expense is low, the economic efficiency is good, has the government gas thorough, the energy conservation environmental protection, the government expense low and the economic efficiency good and so on the merits.Pointed out specially this equipment is does not have the noise, the nonmotile, the non-pollution well ventilated structure facility, belongs to the environmental protection energy conservation product purely.Third, executes the security effectFollowing union implementation makes the further description.As shown in Figure 1, in this implementation example coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment position arrangement structure schematic drawing.It by the coal mine mine shaft coal bin foehn ventilator, the gas separator, the gas leads the air hose, three forks a row of wind, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin coal body, the coal bin tube wall, the coal bin bottom coal, the coal bin coaling, the coal bin slides on the coal mouth, the coal bin returns to lower part the wind lane, the coal bin transports the big lane constitution.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment, used a gas separator, the gas has led the air hose, three forks a row of wind and foehn the ventilator composition whole synthesis installment.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin foehn ventilator and the gas separator, the gas lead the air hose, three fork a row of wind and foehn the ventilator compose an organic whole together, has formed the whole synthesis installment, together completes the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas dilution task.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin coal body, the tube wall, the bottom coal, the coaling, on the smooth coal mouth, the coal bin returns to lower part the wind lane, the coal bin transports the big lane is the coal mine mine shaft coal bin important constituent, they are affecting the gasgovernment effect directly.Its effect is: Coal mine mine shaft coal bin coal body how many decision coal bin gas content and gas density size; The coal bin tube wall quality is deciding in the coal bin the gas separator installment quality; The coal bin bottom coal how many decision coal bin well ventilated situation is affecting the gas separator the function; Coal bin coaling model function influence gas agglomeration degree; The coal bin slides in the coal mouth size influence coal bin the gas release; On the coal bin returns to the wind lane the amount of wind and the cross section size is deciding on the coal bin the gas release rate; Lower part the coal bin transports the big lane amount of wind and the cross section size is deciding lower part the coal bin the loose speed namely pressure produced by the fan or the strength of draft.These coal bin structure is affecting the gas government effect directly, all to coal bin in gas density and gas agglomeration government direct or indirect function.A gas separator end and the gas lead the wind or three fork a row of wind to connect directly, another end connects with foehn the ventilator.The gas separator function is the gas which agglomerates in the coal mine mine shaft coal bin in coal and the coal bin separates, separates after the gas to enter the gas separator to lead the air hose to the gas to arrange to the coal bin outside the air return way, achieves in the dilution the gas goal.Three forks a row of wind for the flabelliform tubing cross anti-static electricity glass cylinder body, three forks a row of wind and the gas leads the air hose to connect, three forks a row of wind to be located in picks the area air return way or the main air return way, three forks the row of wind 3 functions is guaranteed the gas forever according to the request loose direction movement, prevented the loose direction reverses.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration governmentinstallment, it belongs to one kind to govern the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas the equipment.Mainly is the solution existing coal mine mine shaft coal bin existence gas agglomeration exceeds the allowed figure easy to create the gas explosion and the government expense expensive technology difficulty.In order to solve the technical plan which the above question uses is: The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment, it by or a two coal bin gas separator, the gas leads the air hose, three forks the whole synthesis installment which a row of wind and foehn the ventilator is composed, can reduce the coal mine mine shaft coal bin the complete gas, governs under thoroughly the mining coal mine pit the coal bin gas agglomeration question, and the government expense is low, the energy conservation environmental protection, the economic efficiency is good.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment, is located in the coal mine mine shaft coal bin and above the coal mine mine shaft coal bin returns to the wind lane direction, leads the air hose using the gas to lead to picks the area to return to the wind lane or the main air return way.Has reliable, the economy safely practical, the structure simple, the management convenient, does not need to increase the power the structure facility; Has technological advance, the science reasonable, the government gas effective, the energy conservation environmental protection, the government expense low and the economic efficiency good and so on the merits, thus achieves the coal mine mine shaft safety in production the goal.The coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment guards against pounds the problem analysis to be as follows: 1st, coal bin (counter-well) if between 10~20m, the mining coal area major part mine shaft coal bin in this altitude, this practical new coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installmentcomparison adapts highly, slides in the coal or the gangue size has the direct influence including gangue quantity how many to this equipment, the gangue gravity acceleration to this equipment impulse is G=mg=(1~20) ×9.8= (9.8~ 196) N, the gangue max impulse is 196 N, this equipment material quality uses the stress is 389~468N.Therefore, this equipment can withstand the gangue the impulse, cannot harm breaks off.If hits continuously can create the fatigue damage to affect the installment service life, the mine shaft coal bin service life most length is about a year, this equipment material quality service life may guarantee for a year including the corrosion.2nd, coal bin if between 20~90m, this practical new coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment not too adapts highly, easy to create big curving and the buckle, but in mining coal area because the geostatic pressure influence mine shaft coal bin (counter-well) very little designs this altitude.Fourth, installment characteristicSummarizes the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment, has following characteristic:1st, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment technical invention belonged to the domestic origination, the world is advanced, has technological advance, the science is reasonable, has filled our country coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government blank 2nd, coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment use effective government coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration question.It will develop successfully opens a new way to all coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government.3rd, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment will be the security, the economy, forever the solid structure facility, an installment, the permanent use, the economy will bepractical.4th, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installment structure is simple, manages conveniently, does not have to service frequently, easy to do and easy, does not need the specialist to operate, easy to promote the use.5th, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government installs this new technical the success to utilize designs general to have the profound significance to our country large-scale coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration government.Has provided the advanced new technology to the later large-scale coal mine mine shaft coal bin design.6th, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment founded our country nonmotile government gas new experience.7th, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas agglomeration governs the equipment safely reliable.This equipment will be forever is solid, the nonmotile structure facility, guarantees this system the security.8th, the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment, its economic efficiency huge, the social efficiency has, the reality significance profoundly.9th, pointed out specially this practical new coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment is: Does not have the noise, the nonmotile, the non-pollution well ventilated structure facility, belongs to the environmental protection energy conservation product purely.Fifth, uses the value and the significanceThe new installment has filled our country coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government blank, founded our country nonmotile government gas new experience and the precedent, opened a new way to all coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government, has provided the advanced new technology for later coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government design, has realized the coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government permanent gasgovernment.Because simultaneously this series equipment structure is simple, manages conveniently, does not have to service frequently, does not need the specialist to operate, has, the economy easyly to do and easy practical, safe reliable and so on the merits, for changes the coal mine image, the elimination society gets up the positive role to the coal mine safety not good impression, therefore easy in the national coal profession promotion use, has the profound practical significance.This equipment principle, may develop all needs to exhaust, the pollution discharge construction, the factory, the mine, as well as residents, kitchen nonmotile exhaust device and so on domains.Sixth, conclusionThe coal mine mine shaft coal bin gas government installment in national and even the world promotion use, founded our country gas government pioneer, guarantees this system the security.Has the promotion use value【中文翻译】2煤矿井下瓦斯治理技术的应用一、概况瓦斯之害，骇人听闻，瓦斯治理，迫在眉睫。