阅读8
剑桥雅思阅读解析8（test2）
剑桥雅思阅读解析8(test2)店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题解析：test2阅读原文解析，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Sheet glass manufacture:the float processGlass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (℃) this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a 'fire finish'. However, the process took a long time and was labour intensive.Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600℃), but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500℃). The best meta l for the job was tin.The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604℃ or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers. The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six-millimetre glass.Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company ￡100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finallysucceeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes —melting, refining, homogenising —take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.Questions 1-8Complete the table and diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.Early methods of producing flat glassMethod Advantages Disadvantages1............Glass remained2........... ? Slow3.............RibbonCould produce glass sheets of varying 4.............non-stop process ? Glass was 5...........20% of glass rubbed awayMachines were expensive图片11Questions 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9 The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.10 Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.11 Pilkington’s first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.12 The process invented by Pilkington has now beenimproved.13 Computers are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Question 14-17Reading passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Predicting climatic changesii The relevance of the Little Ice Age todayiii How cities contribute to climate change.iv Human impact on the climatev How past climatic conditions can be determinedvi A growing need for weather recordsvii A study covering a thousand yearsviii People have always responded to climate changeix Enough food at lastExample AnswerParagraph A Viii14 Paragraph BExample AnswerParagraph C V15 Paragraph D16 Paragraph E17 Paragraph FTHE LITTLE ICE AGEA This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate — as opposed to weather — as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionised human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters,and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations, we are close to a knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weatherdescended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since theearly 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.Questions 18-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.Weather during the Little Ice AgeDocumentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of conditions in the distant past are 18...........and 19.................. We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20.............. , rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, other of 21...............and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22................with no rain at all.A climatic shiftsB ice coresC tree ringsD glaciersE interactionsF weather observationsG heat waves H storms I written accountsQuestions 23-26Classify the following events as occurring during theA Medieval Warm PeriodB Little Ice AgeC Modern Warm PeriodWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23 Many Europeans started farming abroad.24 The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.25 Europeans discovered other lands.26 Changes took place in fishing patterns.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi The difficulties of talking about smellsii The role of smell in personal relationshipsiii Future studies into smelliv The relationship between the brain and the nosev The interpretation of smells as a factor in defining groups vi Why our sense of smell is not appreciatedvii Smell is our superior senseviii The relationship between smell and feelings27 paragraph A28 paragraph B29 paragraph C30 paragraph D31 paragraph E32 paragraph FThe meaning and power of smellThe sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin torealise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-beingA A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.B Odours are also essential cues in social bonding. One respondent to the survey believed that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register.C In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensorylives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognise thousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities.D Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist. ‘It smells like…,’ we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory research.E Most of the research on smell undertaken to date has been of a physical scientific nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two — one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the non-physical components. Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.F However, smell is not simply a biological and psychologicalphenomenon. Smell is cultural, hence it is a social and historical phenomenon. Odours are invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of, and model for, interacting with the world. Different smells can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way. Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures. The study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation into the essence of human culture.Questions 33-36Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.33 According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell whenA we discover a new smell.B we experience a powerful smell.C our ability to smell is damaged.D we are surrounded by odours.34 The experiment described in paragraph BA shows how we make use of smell without realising it.B demonstrates that family members have a similar smell.C proves that a sense of smell is learnt.D compares the sense of smell in males and females.35 What is the write doing in paragraph C?A supporting other researchB making a proposalC rejecting a common beliefD describing limitations36 What does the write suggest about the study of smell in the atmosphere in paragraph E?A The measurement of smell is becoming more accurate.B Researchers believe smell is a purely physical reaction.C Most smells are inoffensive.D Smell is yet to be defined.Questions 37-40Complete the sentences below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37 Tests have shown that odours can help people recognise the.......... belonging to their husbands and wives.38 Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the appropriate ................ .39 The sense of smell may involve response to................ which do not smell, in addition to obvious odours.40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain.................are not regarded as unpleasant in others.剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文(test2)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：玻璃板制造：浮法工艺早在美索不达米亚时期和古埃及时期人们就开始制造玻璃，当时制作出的玻璃只不过是沙子、碳酸钠和石灰的混合物而已。
托福阅读真题第8套
第8套Attempts at Determining Earth's AgeSince the dawn of civilization,people have been curious about the age of Earth.In addition,we have not been satisfied in being able to state merely the relative geologic age of a rock or fossil.Human curiosity demands that we know actual age in years. Geologists working during the nineteenth century understood that if they were to discover the actual age of Earth or of particular rock bodies,they would have to concentrate on natural processes that continue at a constant rate and that also leave some sort of tangible record in the rocks.Evolution is one such process,and geologist Charles Lyell(1797-1875)recognized this.By comparing the amount of evolution exhibited by marine mollusks during the Tertiary Period with the amount that had occurred since then,Lyell estimated that80million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period.He came astonishingly close to the mark,since it was actually about65million years.However,for older sequences of evolutionary development,estimates based on rates of evolution were difficult,and not only because of missing parts in the fossil record.Rates of evolution for many orders of plants and animals were not well understood.1.The word tangible in the passage is closest in meaning toA.physicalB.relatedC.significantD.helpful2..It can be inferred from paragraph2that Charles Lyell based his study of the marine mollusk fossils on which of the following assumptionsA.The Tertiary Period was separated into divisions of time that were equal in length.B.Mollusks lived under rocks in the sea during the Tertiary period.C.Evolution of mollusks proceeded at a uniform rate over time.D.Mollusks have evolved less rapidly with the passing of time.3..The word sequences in the passage is closest in meaning toA.observationsB.sensesC.seriesD.categories4..According to paragraph2,Lyell's strategy for estimating geologic dates was not very accurate for periods before the Tertiary Period partly becauseA.marine mollusks did not evolve until the Tertiary PeriodB.fossil records of the very distant past are incompleteC.there was not much agreement about how to identify or categorize earlier erasD.the duration of previous geologic periods was difficult to determineIn another【attempt】,geologists reasoned that if rates of deposition could be determined for sedimentary rocks,they might be able to estimate the time required for deposition of a given thickness of strata,or rock layers.Similar reasoning suggested that one could estimate total elapsed geologic time by dividing the average thickness of sediment transported annually to the oceans into the total thickness of sedimentary rock that had ever been deposited in the past.Unfortunately,such estimates did not adequately account for past differences in rates of sedimentation or losses to the total section of strata during episodes of erosion.Also,some very ancient sediments were no longer recognizable,having been converted to igneous and metamorphic rocks in the course of mountain building.Estimates of Earth's total age based on sedimentation rates ranged from as little as a million to over a billion years.5..The phrase another attempt in the passage refers toA.trying to understand the fossil recordB.trying to determine the evolutionary rate of marine mollusksC.trying to understand natural processesD.trying to determine Earth's actual age6..The word converted in the passage is closest in meaning toA.addedB.changedC.restoredD.reduced7..According to paragraph3,all of the following were problems with the calculation of Earth's age using the study of sedimentary rocks EXCEPTA.the inconsistency of sedimentation rates over timeB.the effect of geologic processes on sedimentary rockC.the expansion of some sedimentary rocks due to Earth's internal heatD.the loss of an unknown number of sedimentary layers due to erosionYet another scheme for approximating Earth's age had been proposed in1715by Sir Edmund Halley(1656-1742),whose name we associate with the famous comet. Halley surmised that the ocean formed soon after the origin of the planet and therefore would be only slightly younger than the age of the solid Earth.He reasoned that the original ocean was not salty and that subsequently salt derived from the weathering of rocks was brought to the sea by streams.Thus,if one knew the total amount of salt dissolved in the ocean and the amount added each year,it might be possible to calculate the ocean's age.In1899,Irish geologist John Joly(1857-1933)attempted the calculation.From information provided by gauges placed at the mouths of streams, Joly was able to estimate the annual increment of salt to the oceans.Then,knowingthe salinity of ocean water and the approximate volume of water,he calculated the amount of salt already held in solution in the oceans.An estimate of the age of the ocean was obtained by dividing the total salt in the ocean by the rate of salt added each year.Beginning with essentially nonsaline oceans,it would have taken about90 million years for the oceans to reach their present salinity,according to Joly.The figure,however,was off the currently accepted mark of4.54billion by a factor of50, largely because there was no way to account accurately for recycled salt and salt incorporated into clay minerals deposited on the sea floors.Even though in error, Joly's calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years.The belief in Earth's immense antiquity was also supported by Darwin,Huxley,and other evolutionary biologists,who saw the need for time in the hundreds of millions of years to accomplish the organic evolution apparent in the fossil record.8..The word approximating in the passage is closest in meaning toA.thinking aboutB.researchingC.estimatingD.demonstrating9..The word subsequently in the passage is closest in meaning toterB.furthermoreC.evidentlyD.accidentally10..According to paragraph4,John Joly's calculations were founded on all of the following EXCEPTA.knowing how salty the ocean water isB.estimating how much salt enters the ocean each yearC.accounting for the amount of salt that is recycledD.figuring the volume of water contained in the ocean11..According to paragraph4,in which of the following ways could Joly's estimate of Earth's age be considered significantA.It proved that Halley's idea about the age of the ocean was fairly accurate.B.It indicated that Earth was much older than some scientists had claimed.C.It was favored by the majority of scientists at the end of the nineteenth century.D.It was the basis for much modern research into the salinity of the ocean.12..The author mentions Darwin,Huxley,and other evolutionary biologists in order toA.provide evidence that Joly's calculations inspired scientists working on other lines of scientific inquiryB.support the claim that all of the leading scientists of the time believed that Earthwas just over90million years oldC.argue that Joly's calculations would have been more exact if he had collaborated with experts in other fieldsD.provide examples of scientists who believed the age of Earth to be greater than justa few million years,like Joly,in order to account for their findings13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.More fundamentally,Lyell's evolutionary approach is intrinsically limited because Earth existed long before life and evolution began.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Geologists working during the nineteenth century understood that if they were to discover the actual age of Earth or of particular rock bodies,they would have to concentrate on natural processes that continue at a constant rate and that also leave some sort of tangible record in the rocks.Evolution is one such process,and geologist Charles Lyell(1797-1875)recognized this.【】By comparing the amount of evolution exhibited by marine mollusks during the Tertiary Period with the amount that had occurred since then,Lyell estimated that80million years had elapsed since the beginning of the Tertiary Period.He came astonishingly close to the mark,since it was actually about65million years.【】However,for older sequences of evolutionary development,estimates based on rates of evolution were difficult,and not only because of missing parts in the fossil record.【】Rates of evolution for many orders of plants and animals were not well understood.【】14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.It was not until the nineteenth century that attempts were made to determine the relative geologic age of rocks and fossils.B.In the nineteenth century,scientists made a number of important,but unsuccessful, attempts to calculate Earth's age from the record of various natural processes.C.Charles Lyell made a good estimate of the age of the Tertiary Period from the fossil record,but his method could not be extended to earlier geological periods.D.Darwin and Huxley supported the accuracy of John Joly's calculation of Earth's age because it agreed with their view of how long evolution had been in progress.E.Attempts were made to calculate Earth's age from the thickness of surviving sedimentary rock and from the current level of the oceans'salinity.F.Earth's true age,4.54billion years,was determined by combining data from the geological and fossil records.The Upper Paleolithic RevolutionThe transition from the historical period known as the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic around40to35thousand years ago(kya)represents one of the major developments in the prehistory of humankind.【A】The basic features of this transition include more versatile stone implements and the use of antler,bone,and ivory for tools,figurative art,music,and personal decoration.【B】So striking were the strides in human achievement during this period that it is sometimes referred to as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution.【C】【D】Until recently it had been argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon found only in Eurasia.The apparent lack of equivalent evidence in other regions suggested that a fundamental change had occurred in human intellectual development around40kya in Europe.The recent discovery in the Blombos Cave in South Africa of a block of decorated ochre and then sets of shell beads,dated to around77kya,opened up the debate.This supports other evidence of more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa from the same period. Now the Upper Paleolithic Revolution is being seen as simply the most visible example of the evolving process of modern human behavior that had been developing over a much longer timescale.1..Why does the author mention a a block of decorated ochre and sets of shell beadsA.To help make the point that archaeologists regard artistic creations as the highest kind of human achievementB.To illustrate how the discovery of certain objects makes the discovery of certain other objects more likelyC.To give some of the evidence that has changed archaeologists'thinking about human intellectual developmentTo help explain why archaeologists have been slow to recognize the importance of certain evidence available to them2..How far back in time do the origins of the more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa goA.To around40kyaB.To around77kyaC.To the time of the Upper Paleolithic RevolutionD.To a time before modern human behavior had begun to evolveThis raises two further questions.First,what was happening to the human cognitive process during the40,000years or so between the creations in the Blombos Cave and the flourishing of human creativity in Europe around35kya,and second,was climate change a component Climate change is associated with the sudden occurrence of creative activity in Europe at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic.3..The word equivalent in the passage is closest in meaning toprehensibleB.concreteparableD.widely debated4..According to paragraph3,what do archaeologists want to know about the climate during the40,000years between around75kya and35kyaA.Whether it was a reason that humans lived in cavesB.Whether it was stable throughout that periodC.Whether it changed in similar ways in Africa and in EuropeD.Whether it was a factor in how the human cognitive process developedThe question of whether the sudden transition seen in Europe was built on earlier developments in Africa has been addressed at length by anthropologists Sally McBrearty and Alison Brooks.They argue that the whole issue of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution stems from a profound Eurocentric bias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record.In fact,many of the components of this revolution are found earlier in the African Middle Paleolithic tens of thousands of years before they appeared in Europe.These features include blade and microlithic technology,bone tools,increased geographic range,specialized hunting,exploitation of aquatic resources,long-distance exchange networks, systematic processing and use of pigment,and art and decoration.These items do not occur suddenly together as predicted by the revolutionary model,but at sites that are widely separated in space and time.This suggests a gradual assembling of the package of modern human behaviors in Africa and its later export to other regions of the Old World.5..According to paragraph4,anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks argue that archaeologists'traditional understanding of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was flawed becauseA.they underestimated available African archaeological evidenceB.the archaeological evidence available to them contained errorsC.they could not distinguish artistic creations from objects meant for practical useD.they based their judgments on the limited archaeological record available at that time6..Anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks consider such components of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution as blade and microlithic technology to haveA.first emerged in the Middle Paleolithic Period,in Africa rather than in EuropeB.emerged in Europe independently in many different places at different timesC.first emerged in Europe,then to have been further developed in AfricaD.been part of a similarly sudden,but earlier,cultural revolution in AfricaThe extraordinary range of rock art in Australia adds great weight to the idea thatartistic creativity was part and parcel of the intellectual capacity of modern humans that migrated out of Africa around70kya.【The fact that these people almost certainly arrived in Australia before60kya and were,in any case,completely isolated from any evolutionary events that may have occurred in Europe around40kya makes this argument compelling.】7.The word exploitation in the passage is closest in meaning toA.maintenanceB.discoveryC.transferencee8..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The idea that in modern humans creativity and intellect developed together is supported by ancient rock art ranging from Australia to Africa.B.Australian rock art strongly suggests that modern humans that migrated out of Africa around70kya already possessed artistic creativity.C.Since Australian rock art dated to around70kya shows that Australians possessed artistic creativity,Africans of that period probably possessed it,too.D.The wide range of Australian rock art strongly suggests that intellectual capacity and artistic creativity were connected as early as70kya.9..What role does paragraph5play in relation to paragraph4A.It accepts the arguments made in paragraph4but asserts that the supporting examples given are not the best ones available.B.It shows that the conclusion reached in paragraph4is almost certainly false.C.It presents additional reasons for accepting the position argued for in paragraph4.D.It describes a possible alternative to the position developed in paragraph4.The consequence of this analysis is that the question of the sudden emergence of creative activity that appears to constitute the Upper Paleolithic Revolution falls to the ground.The obvious explanation is that the gap between African developments and the subsequent better-known European events is a matter of the limitations of the archaeological record.This does not altogether cover the question of why there was the sudden flowering of creativity at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. It may be that earlier creative efforts have either been lost in or have yet to emerge from the mists of time.Recent finds of decorative pierced shells dating from43kya or even earlier in caves in parts of western Asia near Europe may be examples of a process extending the evidence back in time.The creative flowering may also be a result of the climatic conditions at the time that governed the movement of modern humans into Europe.Following a period of extreme cold around39kya,a period of warming around35kya rendered the region more hospitable.As the ancestors oftoday's Europeans moved into a largely depopulated region,their presence in the archaeological record appeared revolutionary.10..The word altogether in the passage is closest in meaning toA.evenB.necessarilyC.merelyD.fully11..The fact that decorative pierced shells were recently found in caves in parts of western Asia near Europe suggests thatA.there may be evidence of earlier creative activity in Europe that has not yet been discoveredB.the creative flowering may have originated in Asia,not in AfricaC.there was really an Upper Paleolithic Revolution but it did not happen in EuropeD.the people who used the decorative shells were unrelated to the people who inhabited Europe during the Upper Paleolithic12..According to paragraph6,the apparent sudden flowering of creativity in Europe might be related to a change of climate in which of the following waysA.People became very creative in order to survive climatic extremes.B.As the climate became warmer,ancient European populations moved around much less.C.Improving climatic conditions drew substantial human migration into Europe.D.Climatic conditions became more favorable to preserving the archaeological record.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The adoption of these new materials and practices moved early human culture forward at a rapid pace.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.The transition from the historical period known as the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic around40to35thousand years ago(kya)represents one of the major developments in the prehistory of humankind.【A】The basic features of this transition include more versatile stone implements and the use of antler,bone,and ivory for tools,figurative art,music,and personal decoration.【B】So striking were the strides in human achievement during this period that it is sometimes referred to as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution.【C】【D】Until recently it had been argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon found only in Eurasia.....14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA.Recent evidence that in Africa the transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic was also marked by enormous progress strengthens the European evidence.B.The idea that events in Europe around40kya mark an advance in basic human capabilities has been discredited by African and Australian evidence that points to a much earlier date.C.Evidence suggests that the striking set of human accomplishments that emerged in Europe around40kya was built on earlier development in Africa.D.Europe was the center of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution not so much because individual innovations originated there,but because these innovations were creatively fitted together there.E.The people who settled Australia were,without a doubt,modern humans whose origins were in Africa,but whether they reached Australia before60kya has not been definitively established.F.It is still unclear why the entire package of modern human behaviors seems to show up in the European archaeological record so suddenly,although various answers have been proposed.Two Kinds of LizardsLizards can be divided into two types according to the way they look for food: sit-and-wait foragers and active foragers.Sit-and-wait lizards normally remain in one spot from which they can survey a broad area.These motionless lizards detect the movement of an insect visually and capture it with a quick run from their observation site.Sit-and-wait lizards may be most successful in detecting and capturing relatively large insects like beetles and grasshoppers.Active foragers,on the other hand,spend most of their time on the ground surface,moving steadily and poking their heads under fallen leaves and into crevices in the ground.These lizards apparently rely largely on chemical cues to detect insects,and they probably seek out local concentrations of prey such as termites.Active foragers appear to eat more insects than do lizards that are sit-and-wait predators.Thus,the different foraging behaviors of lizards lead to differences in their diets,even when the two kinds of lizards occur in the same habitat.1..The word steadily in the passage is closest in meaning toA.slowlyB.at an unvarying rateC.cautiouslyD.without making noise2..The word concentrations in the passage is closest in meaning toA.varietiesB.dense groupingsC.hidden tracesD.shelters3..According to paragraph1,sit-and-wait foragers and active foragers are different in all of the following EXCEPTA.the methods that they primarily use to detect insectsB.the number of insects they typically eatC.the habitats in which they can be foundD.the amount of time they spend moving4..According to paragraph1,compared to the insects typically consumed by sit-and-wait lizards,insects typically consumed by active lizardsA.move more quicklyB.are generally found in smaller groupsC.are often hidden from viewD.spend more time on the surface of the groundThe different foraging modes also have different consequences for lizards regarding their exposure to predators.A lizard that spends99percent of its time resting motionless is relatively inconspicuous,whereas a lizard that spends most of its time moving is easily seen.Sit-and-wait lizards are probably most likely to be discovered and captured by predators that are active searchers,whereas widely foraging lizards are likely to be caught by sit-and-wait predators.Because of this difference,foraging modes may alternate at successive levels in the food chain:insects that move about may be captured by lizards that are sit-and-wait foragers,and those lizards may be eaten by active predators,whereas insects that are sedentary are more likely to be discovered by lizards that are active foragers,and those lizards may be caught by sit-and-wait predators.5..In paragraph2,why does the author contrast the visibility of lizards that remain motionless most of the time with the visibility of lizards that move most of the timeA.To show that it is possible for lizards to alternate their foraging modes at successive levels in the food chainB.To suggest that sit-and-wait lizards are more likely than active lizards to be attacked by predatorsC.To explain why sit-and-wait lizards are more successful than active lizards at preying on insectsD.To explain how a lizard's foraging strategy affects the type of predator likely to attack itThe body forms of sit-and-wait foragers may reflect selective pressures different from those that act on active foragers.【A】Sit-and-wait lizards are often stout bodied,short tailed,and colored to match their background.【B】Many of these species have patterns of different-colored blotches that probably obscure the outlines of the lizard's body as it rests motionless on a rock or a tree trunk.【C】Active foragers are usually slim and elongated with long tails,and they often have patterns of stripes that may produce optical illusions as they move.【D】However,one predator-avoidance mechanism,the ability to break off their tails when they are seized by predators,does not differ among lizards with different foraging modes.6..The word reflect in the passage is closest in meaning toA.indicateB.createC.resistD.require7..The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning toA.changeB.hideC.fillD.expand8..Paragraph3supports which of the following ideas about active-forager lizardsA.They are less likely to break off their tails when seized by predators than sit-and-wait lizards are.B.They tend to vary widely in their individual colors.C.They lack well-developed mechanisms for avoiding predators.D.They may be easier to identify when they are not moving than when they are moving.What physiological characteristics are necessary to support different foraging modes The energy requirements of a quick motion that lasts for only a second or two are quite different from those of locomotion that is sustained nearly continuously for several hours.Sit-and-wait lizards and active foragers differ in their relative emphasis on the two ways that most animals use adenosine triphosphate(ATP)a molecule that transports energy within cellsfor activity and in how long that activity can be sustained.Sit-and-wait lizards move in brief spurts,and they rely largely on anaerobic metabolism to sustain their movements,namely the kind of metabolism that does not use oxygen.Anaerobic metabolism uses glycogen stored in the muscles and produces lactic acid as its end product.It is a way to synthesize ATP quickly(because the glycogen is already in the muscles),but it is not good for sustained activity because the glycogen is quickly exhausted and lactic acid inhibits cellular metabolism.Lizards that rely on anaerobic metabolism can make brief sprints but become exhausted whenthey are forced to run continuously.In contrast,aerobic metabolism uses glucose that is carried to the muscles by the circulatory system,and it produces carbon dioxide and water as end products.Aerobic exercise can continue for long periods because the circulatory system brings more glucose and carries carbon dioxide away.As a result, active foragers can sustain activity for long periods without exhaustion.Active species of lizards have larger hearts and more red blood cells in their blood than do sit-and-wait species.As a result,each beat of the heart pumps more blood,and that blood carries more oxygen to the tissues of an active species than a sit-and-wait species.9..According to paragraph4,compared with active lizards,the movements of sit-and-wait lizards areA.more suddenB.more sustainedC.more predictableD.more frequent10..According to paragraph4,all of the following are true about anaerobic metabolism in lizards EXCEPT:A.It uses the glycogen in the muscles of lizards.B.It produces lactic acid that interferes with metabolism within the cells of lizards.C.It allows lizards to maintain their foraging activity over a long period of time.D.It allows lizards to run fast for short periods of time.11..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph4about sit-and-wait lizardsA.They have less glycogen than active-forager lizards.B.They have highly variable heart rates.C.They have metabolic systems that do not depend on the efficient removal of carbon dioxide.D.They synthesize adenosine triphosphate continuously.12..According to paragraph4,how are active-foraging lizards and sit-and-wait lizards different from each otherA.Sit-and-wait lizards tend to have more red blood cells in their blood than active-foraging lizards do.B.Active-foraging lizards'blood carries less oxygen to the tissues than sit-and-wait foraging lizards'blood does.C.Sit-and-wait lizards carry out cellular metabolism more efficiently than active-foraging lizards do.D.Active-foraging lizards tend to have larger hearts than sit-and-wait lizards do.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.。
(最新部编版)三年级语文上册类文阅读附答案-8 去年的树
类文阅读-8 去年的树孤独的苹果树最后一场秋风刮（guā guǎ）过，苹果树就光秃秃地站在那儿了，没了果实也没了叶子，它好寂寞好孤单，几乎流下了泪来。
它想起先前的日子，那时节可不是现在这个样子的——春天里有花儿吵吵嚷嚷，接着就是那些可爱的叶子为它唱歌。
再后来就更有意思，那些果娃娃个个活泼可爱，让它享尽了天伦之乐。
到了夏天，果娃娃渐渐地大了，它们常和叶子争吵，有时为了一缕（lǚ lǔ）阳光，有时为了一滴雨露。
做妈妈的劝了这个又说那个，待孩子们和好如初，又在一起唱歌跳舞，它的心里就像喝了蜜似的舒服。
可到了秋天，日子就难过了。
先是苹果向妈妈告别，之后就是叶子们陆续地走光。
剩下最后一片的时候，它想把它们留住，可当又一个早晨到来时，它睁开眼睛看到的只是自己的影子。
一群鸟儿在天空中看到孤单的苹果树，就飞过来。
它们落在枝杈（chā chà）上对它说：“您不要难过，我们在这儿陪您，您就把我们当成您的叶子吧！”苹果树十分感动，于是，它和这些鸟儿一起度过了一个快乐的冬天。
（选自《小树叶儿童文学精品丛书：月牙船》北京少年儿童出版社）1.在文中括号正确的拼音下面画“√”。
2.“天伦之乐”的意思是。
用这个词语造句：。
3.下面全是描写大树心情的一组词是（）。
A.难过孤单寂寞B.舒服感动吵吵嚷嚷C.可爱孤单感动4.秋天苹果树为什么难过？后来又为什么快乐了呢？【参考答案】1.guā lǚchà2.指家庭中亲人团聚的快乐造句示例：除夕之夜,家家都团团圆圆，共享天伦之乐3.A4.秋天苹果被摘完了，树叶也落完了，只剩下光秃秃孤零零的苹果树，所以它感到难过。
后来小鸟飞过来，陪伴苹果树，所以苹果树快乐了。
蚕豆花儿（节选）春天，一朵淡紫色的蚕豆花儿绽开了。
豆叶说：“她真漂亮!”豆茎说：“她真可爱!”一只粉蝶飞来了，问：“蚕豆花儿，你有什么愿望?”蚕豆花儿小声答道：“我希望能做一个妈妈，希望有四个圆圆胖胖的儿子。
”“你的愿望能实现。
新托福TPO8阅读原文及译文
新托福TPO8阅读原文(一):The Rise of TeotihuacánTPO-8-1：The Rise of TeotihuacánThe city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 peopleand covered at least 20 square kilometers. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern ofstreets and buildings. Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of thisgreat metropolis. Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica(modern Central America and Mexico).How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among themain factors are Teotihuacán’s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico,the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valle y’s potential for extensive irrigation. The exact role of other factors is much more ifficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán’s religious significance as a shrine, the historicalsituation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity andforesightedness of Teotihuacán’s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihu acán’s rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, thatTeotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D.It seems likely that Teotihuacán’s natural resources, along with the city elite’s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its neighbors. The valley, like many other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in obsidian. The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 B.C.), and it apparently had a secure market. Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city arose.Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous life. Such success may have attracted immigrants to Teotihuacán. In addition, Teotihuacán’s elite may have consciously attempted to attract new inhabitants. It is also probable that as early as 200 B.C. Teotihuacán may have achieved some religious significance and its shrine (or shrines) may have served as an additional population magnet. Finally, the growing population was probably fed by increasing the number and size ofirrigated fields.The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious tourism. The thriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets. All this led to increased wealth, which in turn would attract more immigrants to Teotihuacán. The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force. More irrigation workswould have to be built to feed the growing population, and this resulted in more power and wealth for the elite.译文：TPO-8-1 特奥蒂瓦坎的崛起起源于公元前200到100年前的特奥蒂瓦坎城位于现在的墨西哥城东北约50公里处。
四年级上册语文试题：阅读理解专项训练8(含答案)全国通用
在柏林一列火车缓慢地驶出柏林，车届里尽是妇女和孩子，几乎看不到一个健壮的男子。
在一节车厢里，坐着一位头发灰白的战时后备役老兵，坐在他身旁的是个身体虚弱而多病的老妇人。
显然她在独自沉思，旅客们听到她在数着：“一、二、三…”声音盖过了车轮的“咔察咔察”声。
停顿了一会儿，她又不时重复数起来。
两个小姑娘看到这种奇特的举动，指手画脚，不假思索地笑起来。
一个老头狠狠扫了她们一眼，随即车厢里平静了。
“一、二、三……”神志不清的老妇人重复数着。
两个小姑娘再次偷笑起来。
这时，那位灰白头发的后备役老兵挺了挺身板，开口了。
“小姐，”他说，“当我告诉你们这位可怜的人就是我妻子的时候，你们大概不会再笑了。
我们刚刚失去了三个儿子，他们是在战争中死去的。
现在轮到我自己上前线了。
在走之前，我总得把他们的母亲送进疯人院啊。
”车厢里一片寂静，静得可怕。
1.短文中，老妇人总是在数“一、二、三……”的原因是什么？_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2.写出描写后备役老兵和老妇人外貌的词语。
从这些词语，我们可以体会到什么？_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________3.短文中两次写到小姑娘的笑，其作用是（）A. 反映小姑娘缺少教养，没有同情心。
B. 老兵感觉被冒犯了，所以才引出了后面的一番话。
C. 表现小姑娘的天真烂漫，与周围人形成鲜明的对比。
4.“年和里一片亲静，静得可怕。
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案（test4）
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test4)为了帮助大家备考，店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题：test4阅读原文，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test4)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has six sections, A-F.Choose the correct heading for sections B-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsI The influence of Monbushoii Helping less successful studentsiii The success of compulsory educationiv Research findings concerning achievements in mathsv The typical format of a maths lessonvi Comparative expenditure on maths educationvii The key to Japanese successes in maths educationix The role of homework correctionExample AnswerSection A iv1 Section B2 Section C3 Section D4 Section E5 Section FLAND OF THE RISING SUMA Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils’ attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was alsoa larger proportion of ‘low’ attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?B Lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 15). Virtually all pupils at this stage attend state schools: only 3 per cent are in the private sector. Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside. Classrooms are large and pupils sit at single desks in rows. Lessons last for a standardised 50 minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam. Teachers begin with a formal address and mutual bowing, and then concentrate on whole-class teaching.Classes are large — usually about 40 — and are unstreamed. Pupils stay in the same class for all lessons throughout the school and develop considerable class identity and loyalty. Pupils attend the school in their own neighbourhood, which in theory removes ranking by school. In practice in T okyo, because of the relative concentration of schools, there is some competition to get into the ‘better’ school in a particular area.C Traditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lessonand the remarkably quiet classes take their own notes of the points made and the examples demonstrated. Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho, as part of the concept of free compulsory education up to the age of 15. These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed. (One teacher was particularly keen to introduce colour and pictures into maths textbooks: he felt this would make them more accessible to pupils brought up in a cartoon culture.) Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralised national curriculum and how it is to be delivered.D Lessons all follow the same pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that these can be avoided in future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them.After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class, and then the class is set questions from the textbook to do individually. Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets unnecessary. Atthis point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were coping well.E It is remarkable that large, mixed-ability classes could be kept together for maths throughout all their compulsory schooling from 6 to 15. Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour. Carefully fostered class identity makes pupils keen to help each other — anyway, it is in their interests since the class progresses together.This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up. However, the Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines of ‘if you work hard enough, you can do almost anything’. Parents are kept closely informed of their children’s progress and will play a part in helping their children to keep up with class, s ending them to ‘Juku’ (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encouraging them to work harder. It seems to work, at least for 95 per cent of the school population.F So what are the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important. Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.Other relevant points relate to the supportive attitude of a class towards slower pupils, the lack of competition within a class, and the positive emphasis on learning for oneself and improving one’s own standard. And the view of repetitively boring lessons and learning the facts by heart, which is sometimes quoted in relation to Japanese classes, may be unfair and unjustified. Nopoor maths lessons were observed. They were mainly good and one or two were inspirational.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this6 There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.7 The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education generally reflects the level of attainment in mathematics.8 Private schools in Japan are more modern and spacious than state-run lower secondary schools.9 Teachers mark homework in Japanese schools.Questions 10-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.10 Maths textbooks in Japanese schools areA cheap for pupils to buyB well organized and adapted to the needs of the pupils.C written to be used in conjunction with TV programmes.D not very popular with many Japanese teachers.11 When a new maths topic is introduced，A students answer questions on the board.B students rely entirely on the textbook.C it is carefully and patiently explained to the students.D it is usual for students to use extra worksheets.12 How do schools deal with students who experience difficulties?A They are given appropriate supplementary tuition.B They are encouraged to copy from other pupils.C They are forced to explain their slow progress.D They are placed in a mixed-ability class.13 Why do Japanese students tend to achieve relatively high rates of success in maths?A It is a compulsory subject in Japan.B They are used to working without help from others.C Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasized.D there is a strong emphasis on repetitive learning.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Biological control of pestsThe continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive. Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.One glaring disadvantage of pesticides’ application is that,while destroying harmful pests, they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms, which keep the growth of the pest population in check. This results in what agroecologists call the ‘treadmill syndrome’. Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.The havoc that the ‘treadmill syndrome’ can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America. In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical-based intensive agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield. The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s, following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides. In the early 1970s, the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, says a study by United States environmental agencies. The United States National Resource Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more effective and ecologicallysound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity — though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential. The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low-cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects. When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing.The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global network of research laboratories and field stations, is one of the most active, non-commercial research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites. CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia. Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world. According to Mrs Kaiser Jamil of RRL, ‘The Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.’ CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on ‘disapene scale’ insects — notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples. In the late 1960s, when Sri Lanka’s flouri shing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mininghispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control. A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US. By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometre-long canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta, popularly called ‘African Payal’ in Kerala. About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.Questions 14-17Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 The use of pesticides has contributed toA a change in the way ecologies are classified by agroecologists.B an imbalance in many ecologies around the world .C the prevention of ecological disasters in some parts of the the world .D an increase in the range of ecologies which can be usefully farmed.15 The Food and Agriculture Organisation has counted more than 300 agricultural pests whichA are no longer responding to most pesticides in use.B can be easily controlled through the use of pesticides.C continue to spread disease in a wide range of crops.D may be used as part of bio-control’s replacement of pesticides.16 Cotton farmers in Central America began to use pesticidesA because of an intensive government advertising campaign.B in response to the appearance of new varieties of pest.C as a result of changes in the seasons and the climate.D to ensure more cotton was harvested from each crop.17 By the mid-1960s, cotton farmers in Central America found that pesticidesA were wiping out 50% of the pests plaguing the crops.B were destroying 50% of the crop they were meant to protect.C were causing a 50% increase in the number of new pests reported.D were costing 50% of the total amount they spent on their crops.Questions 18-21Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNo if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it impossible to say what the write thinks about this18 Disease-spreading pests respond more quickly to pesticides than agricultural pests do.19 A number of pests are now born with an innate immunity to some pesticides.20 Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests’ offspring.21 Bio-control is free from danger under certain circumstances.Questions 22-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 22-26 on your answersheet.22 Disapene scale insects feed on23 Neodumetia sangawani ate24 Leaf-mining hispides blighted25 An Argentinian weevil may be successful in wiping out26 Salvinia molesta plaguesA forage grass.B rice fields.C coconut trees.D fruit trees.E water hyacinth.F parthenium weed.G Brazilian beetles.H grass-scale insects.I larval parasites.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Collecting Ant SpecimensCollecting ants can be as simple as picking up stray ones and placing them in a glass jar, or as complicated as completing an exhaustive survey of all species present in an area and estimating their relative abundances. The exact method used will depend on the final purpose of the collections. For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes (workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation within species. For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible. Unfortunately, thesemethods are not always compatible. The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing their value for taxonomic investigations.To collect as wide a range of species as possible, several methods must be used. These include hand collecting, using baits to attract the ants, ground litter sampling, and the use of pitfall traps. Hand collecting consists of searching for ants everywhere they are likely to occur. This includes on the ground, under rocks, logs or other objects on the ground, in rotten wood on the ground or on trees, in vegetation, on tree trunks and under bark. When possible, collections should be made from nests or foraging columns and at least 20 to 25 individuals collected. This will ensure that all individuals are of the same species, and so increase their value for detailed studies. Since some species are largely nocturnal, collecting should not be confined to daytime. Specimens are collected using an aspirator (often called a pooter), forceps, a fine, moistened paint brush, or fingers, if the ants are known not to sting. Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass tubes (1.5-3.0 ml capacity for small ants, 5-8 ml for larger ants) containing 75% to 95% ethanol. Plastic tubes with secure tops are better than glass because they are lighter, and do not break as easily if mishandled.Baits can be used to attract and concentrate foragers. This often increases the number of individuals collected and attracts species that are otherwise elusive. Sugars and meats or oils will attract different species and a range should be utilised. These baits can be placed either on the ground or on the trunks of trees or large shrubs. When placed on the ground, baits should besituated on small paper cards or other flat, light-coloured surfaces, or in test-tubes or vials. This makes it easier to spot ants and to capture them before they can escape into the surrounding leaf litter.Many ants are small and forage primarily in the layer of leaves and other debris on the ground. Collecting these species by hand can be difficult. One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel. This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas. A method of improving the catch when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen before placing it above the funnel. This will concentrate the litter and remove larger leaves and twigs. It will also allow more litter to be sampled when using a limited number of funnels.The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants. A pitfall trap can be any small container placed in the ground with the top level with the surrounding surface and filled with a preservative. Ants are collected when they fall into the trap while foraging. The diameter of the traps can vary from about 18 mm to 10 cm and the number used can vary- from a few to several hundred. The size of the traps used is influenced largely by personal preference (although larger sizes are generally better), while the number will be determined by the study being undertaken. The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the trapswill dry out. One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention. One disadvantage is that some species are not collected as they either avoid the traps or do not commonly encounter them while foraging.Questions 27-30Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27 Taxonomic research involves comparing members of one group of ants.28 New species of ants are frequently identified by taxonomists.29 Range is the key criterion for ecological collections.30 A single collection of ants can generally be used for both taxonomic and ecological purposes.Questions 31-36Classify the following statements as referring toA hand collectingB using baitC sampling ground litterD using a pitfall trapWrite the correct letter, A,B,C or D, in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.31 It is preferable to take specimens from groups of ants.32 It is particularly effective for wet habitats.33 It is a good method for species which are hard to find.34 Little time and effort is required.35 Separate containers are used for individual specimens.36 Non-alcoholic preservative should be used.Questions 37-40Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文(test4)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：数学崛起之地A.就数学的平均成绩而言，日本的纪录要比英格兰和威尔士好得多。
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案解析（test1）
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剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test1)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A Chronicle of TimekeepingOur conception of time depends on the way we measure itA According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.B Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.C Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.D In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.E The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although itcould be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.F The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.G To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once asecond and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.H Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendarin farming communities3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time usinguniform hoursQuestions 5-8Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities below.Match each event with the correct nationality, A-F.sheet.5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length.6 They divided the day into two equal halves.7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper.8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules.List of NationalitiesA BabyloniansB EgyptiansC GreeksD EnglishE GermansF FrenchQuestions 9-13Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.图片10READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on ReadingPassage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below.sheet.List of Headingsi Disobeying FAA regulationsii Aviation disaster prompts actioniii Two coincidental developmentsiv Setting altitude zonesv An oversimplified viewvi Controlling pilots’ licencesvii Defining airspace categoriesviii Setting rules to weather conditionsix Taking off safelyx First steps towards ATC14 Paragraph AExample AnswerParagraph B x15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph E18 Paragraph F19 Paragraph GAIR TRAFFIC CONTROLIN THE USAA An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are alsoin place over much of the rest of the world.B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. The first region to have something approximating today's ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America's airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots' margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire UnitedStates. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for thedivision of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.Questions 20-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC today.23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR.26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.TELEPATHYCan human beings communicate by thought alone? For more than a century the issue of telepathy has divided the scientific community, and even today it still sparks bitter controversy among top academicsSince the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific studies. The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered them.Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine. Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried to produce definitive scientific proof and failed. Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called 'ganzfeld'experiments, a German term that means 'whole field'. Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity. In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation — like tranquillity in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound and warmth.The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in only soft pink light. In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank. The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the 'receiver' relaxing in the sealed room. Once the session was over, this person was asked to identify which of the four images had been used. Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be higher. In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the American parapsychologist Charles Honorton. They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent — a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance.The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy. But there was a crucial flaw in this argument —one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of science. Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were manyother ways of getting positive results. These ranged from 'sensory leakage' — where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver —to outright fraud. In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant evidence. However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests — an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of images. By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results. In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta-analysis', a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies. Though less compelling than before, the outcome was still impressive.Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld studies. Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples to detect small effects. If, as current results suggest, telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 per cent expected by chance, it's unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people: the group is just not big enough. Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become apparent. And that is what researchers do seem to be finding.What they are certainly not finding, however, is any changein attitude of mainstream scientists: most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy. The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy.Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical physics. They include 'quantum entanglement', in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter how far apart they may be. While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms making up human minds. Answering such questions would transform parapsychology. This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible mechanisms. Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld trials. Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average: in one study at the University of Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per cent. Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy.Questions 27-30Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on28 Reports of experiences during meditation indicated29 Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with30 Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve withA the discovery of a mechanism for telepathyB the need to create a suitable environment for telepathy.C their claims of a high success rate.D a solution to the problem posed by random guessing.E the significance of the ganzfeld experiments.F a more careful selection of subjects.G a need to keep altering conditions.Questions 31-40Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer sheet.Telepathy ExperimentsName/DateDescription Result FlawGanzfeldStudies1982 Involved a personacting as a31..............who picked out one32............froma random selectionof four, and a33..............,who then tried toidentify it. Hit-rates werehigher than withrandom guessing. Positive resultscould be producedby factors such as34..............or35.............. .Autoganzfeldstudies1987 36.............were used for keytasks to limit theamount of37..............in carrying out thetest. The results werethen subjected toa 38............. The 39..........between differenttest results wasput down to thefact that samplegroups were not40...................(aswith most ganzfeldStudies).剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文test1PASSAGE 1参考译文：时间记录的历史我们对时间的概念取决于我们测量时间的方式有考古证据表明，至少5000年前，早在罗马帝国尚未出现之时，巴比伦人就开始测量时间，他们引进日历来统筹公共活动，计划货物装运，特别是管控作物种植和收割。
统编九年级语文上册类文阅读 8 论教养
８ 论教养«‹善与美书简›二则»利哈乔夫跃出误区的艺术我这个人不大喜欢看电视ꎬ但是有些节目如冰上舞蹈却从不放过ꎬ甚至百看不厌ꎮ有些选手实力较弱ꎬ或是尚未达到公认的水准ꎬ如果他们的表演获得成功ꎬ我就会感到格外欢喜ꎮ有的新手初次参赛脱颖而出ꎬ有的选手屡遭挫折终于获胜ꎬ这两者与那些一帆风顺的名手连战告捷比较起来ꎬ总是给我更多的振奋与喜悦ꎮ然而ꎬ这还不是我爱看冰上舞蹈的主要原因ꎮ我之所以受冰舞的吸引ꎬ是因为从中受到过启迪ꎮ冰上舞蹈演员一旦登上冰场ꎬ立刻投入风驰电掣的表演ꎬ自然ꎬ流畅:偶有失误ꎬ跌倒了ꎬ立刻站起来ꎬ疾速起步ꎬ继续滑行ꎬ旋转ꎬ跳跃ꎬ保持优美的舞姿ꎬ仿佛从来没有出现过闪失一样ꎮ他们纠正失误的这种风度令我赞赏不已ꎮ我觉得这是一种跃出误区的艺术ꎬ真正高超的艺术ꎮ与冰场相比ꎬ生活中出现偏差或失误的时候自然更多ꎮ重要的是怎么样迅速地走出失误的困境:纠正错误要毫不拖延迟疑ꎬ而且应当 应当干脆漂亮ꎮ是的ꎬ需要的恰恰是干脆漂亮ꎬ就像冰上舞蹈演员做的那样ꎮ一个人做错了一件事ꎬ假如他固执己见ꎬ就会错上加错ꎻ反之由于过失而自责ꎬ过分痛苦伤心ꎬ总是想: 这下全完了ꎬ生活没了奔头! 这种态度不仅使自己萎靡不振ꎬ而且使周围的人感到难堪ꎮ亲属㊁朋友和同学或同事之所以尴尬ꎬ并非由于失误者的错误本身所致ꎬ而是因为他对于纠正错误缺乏勇气和能力ꎬ这使得他们深深地感到不快ꎮ要自己正视自己的过失ꎬ不是轻而易举的事情ꎬ这里往往需要处世的经验ꎮ一般说来ꎬ不一定非得当众检讨不可ꎬ那种做法常常使失误者觉得难为情ꎬ并容易导致敷衍搪塞㊁文过饰非ꎮ可取的态度是ꎬ做错了某件事以后ꎬ一旦发觉ꎬ立刻纠正ꎬ尽可能迅速ꎬ尽可能轻松地投入工作ꎬ继续把该做的事情做好ꎮ周围的人没有必要迫使失误者承认错误ꎬ需要的是激发他的勇气ꎬ促使他以行动纠正过失ꎬ这就像观看体育竞赛的观众那样ꎬ对于那些在运动场上偶尔跌跤却即刻爬起来继续比赛的选手ꎬ要不失时机地热烈鼓掌ꎬ以资鼓励ꎮ择善而从人生最重大的目的是什么?我以为ꎬ是让善在我们的周围日益增长ꎮ而所谓善 首先指的是所有人的幸福ꎮ构成幸福的因素很多ꎬ生活不断地向人们提出任务ꎬ每次都必须妥善解决ꎮ可以通过细小的事情施惠于人ꎬ可以思考重大的善行义举ꎬ但大事小事不可分割ꎮ我曾经说过ꎬ许多事情是从小处做起ꎬ是从孩提时代开始的ꎬ是在亲人们中间萌生的ꎮ儿童爱自己的父母ꎬ爱兄弟姊妹ꎬ爱自己的家庭房舍ꎮ爱的范围不断扩大ꎬ依恋之情逐渐扩展到学校㊁村庄㊁城市直到自己的祖国ꎬ这已经完全是一种丰富深厚的情感了ꎬ虽然这情感不能就此止步ꎬ还应当继续发扬光大ꎮ出自善良愿望的远大志向从小事开始 愿自己的亲人幸福ꎬ这一愿望逐步扩大ꎬ就包括了范围更加广阔的内容ꎮ这有点像水面上的涟漪ꎮ水面的圆形波纹一圈一圈向外荡漾ꎬ波及越远渐次微弱ꎮ而爱与友谊逐渐增长ꎬ扩展到许多方面ꎬ却能不断获得新的力量ꎬ变得更加崇高ꎬ作为爱与友谊的中心的人 则变得更加明智ꎮ爱不应该是无意识的ꎻ爱需要理智ꎮ这意味着ꎬ爱必须结合一种能力ꎬ那就是善于发现缺陷ꎬ善于向缺陷斗争ꎬ对待一个人是这样ꎬ对待身边所有的人也应该如此ꎮ爱ꎬ必须同智慧结合ꎬ必须ꎮ善于明辨什么是必要的应酬ꎬ什么是无聊和虚伪ꎮ爱ꎬ不能是盲目的ꎮ盲目的亢奋(不能叫做爱)可能导致可怕的后果ꎮ凡是总爱激动的母亲ꎬ一味夸奖她的孩子ꎬ可能造就出一个精神不健全的畸形儿ꎮ对于日耳曼的盲目亢奋ꎬ导致了纳粹主义( 日耳曼高于一切 是德国沙文主义歌曲的一句歌词)ꎻ对于意大利的盲目亢奋 导致了法西斯的诞生ꎮ智慧ꎬ是融合了善良的聪明ꎮ缺乏善良因素的精明是圆滑ꎮ圆滑难以持久地支撑局面ꎬ或迟或早会转过身来反对圆滑者本人ꎮ要知道圆滑时时需要掩饰ꎬ而智慧却是坦诚可靠的ꎮ智慧ꎬ从不欺骗别人ꎬ首先不欺骗智慧者本人ꎬ智慧带给智慧者的是好名声和长久的幸福ꎬ可靠的幸福ꎬ还有良心的平静ꎮ这种良心的平静在一个人的晚年比什么东西都更加珍贵ꎮ«细微处见高远»«青春与毕生»«择善而从»是我谈过的三个命题ꎮ能否用一个词对三个命题加以概括呢?能ꎮ这个词就是:忠实!忠实于重大原则ꎬ事无巨细都有所遵循ꎮ忠实于纯洁无瑕的青春ꎬ忠实于祖国ꎬ忠实于故乡ꎬ忠实于自己的家庭㊁朋友㊁城市和人民ꎮ忠实ꎬ归根结底ꎬ是忠实于真理 没有矫饰的真理ꎬ符合正义与民心的真理ꎮ(有删改)习惯成自然叶圣陶习惯成自然 ꎬ这句老话很有意思ꎮ我们走路ꎬ为什么总是一脚往前ꎬ一脚在后ꎬ相互交替ꎬ两条胳膊跟着摆动ꎬ保持身体的均衡ꎬ不会跌倒在地上?我们说话为什么总是依照心里的意思ꎬ先一句ꎬ后一句ꎬ一直连贯下去ꎬ把要说的都说明白了?㊀㊀因为我们从小习惯了走路ꎬ习惯了说话ꎬ而且 成自然 了ꎮ什么叫作 成自然 ?就是不必故意费什么心ꎬ仿佛本来就是那样的意思ꎮ走路和说话是我们最需要的两种基本能力ꎮ推广开来ꎬ无论哪一种能力ꎬ要达到了习惯成自然的地步ꎬ才算我们有了那种能力ꎮ不达到习惯成自然的地步ꎬ勉勉强强地做一做ꎬ那就算不得我们有了那种能力ꎮ如果连勉勉强强做一做也不干ꎬ当然更说不上我们有了那种能力了ꎮ听人家说对于样样事物要仔细观察ꎬ才能懂得明白ꎬ心里相信这个话很有道理ꎮ这当儿ꎬ我们还不是已经有了劳动的能力ꎮ听人家说读书是充实自己的一个重要法门ꎬ书本里包含着古人今人的经验ꎬ读书就是向许多古人今人学习ꎬ心里相信这个话很有道理ꎮ这当儿ꎬ我们还不是已经有了读书的能力ꎮ听人家说人必须做个好公民ꎬ现在是民主的时代ꎬ各个公民尽责守分ꎬ才能有个好秩序ꎬ成个好局面ꎬ自己幸福ꎬ大家幸福ꎬ心里相信这个话很有道理ꎮ这当儿ꎬ我们还不是已经有了做好公民的能力ꎮ这样说下去是说不完的ꎬ就此打住ꎬ不再举例ꎮ要有观察的能力ꎬ必须真个用心去观察ꎮ要有劳动的能力ꎬ必须真个动手去劳动ꎮ要有读书的能力ꎬ必须真个把书本打开ꎮ认认真真去读ꎮ要有做好公民的能力ꎬ必须真个把公民应做的一切事认认真真去做ꎮ在相信人家的话很有道理的时候ꎬ只是个 知 罢了ꎬ 知 比 不知 似乎好些ꎬ但仅仅是 知 ꎬ实际上与 不知 并无两样ꎮ到了真个去观察去劳动 的时候ꎬ 知 才渐渐化为我们的习惯ꎬ习惯成自然ꎬ才是我们的能力ꎮ通常说某人能力不强ꎬ就是某人没有养成多少习惯的意思ꎮ譬如说张三记忆力不强ꎬ就是张三没有把看见的听见的一些事物好好记住的习惯ꎮ譬如说李四发表力不强ꎬ就是李四没有把自己的思想和感情说出来写出来的习惯ꎮ习惯养成得越多ꎬ那个人的能力越强ꎮ我们做人做事ꎬ需要种种的能力ꎬ所以最要紧的是养成种种的习惯ꎮ养成习惯ꎬ换个说法ꎬ就是教育ꎮ教育不限于学校ꎬ也不限于读书ꎮ学校教育只是教育的一部分ꎬ读书这件事也只是教育的一部分ꎮ我们在学校里受教育ꎬ目的在养成习惯ꎬ增强能力ꎮ我们离开了学校ꎬ仍然要从种种方面受教育ꎬ目的在养成习惯ꎬ增强能力ꎮ我们离开了学校ꎬ仍然要从种种方面受教育ꎬ并且要自我教育ꎬ目的还是在养成习惯ꎬ增强能力ꎮ习惯越自然越好ꎬ能力越增强越好ꎬ孔子一生 学而不厌 ꎬ就为他看透了这个道理ꎮ１９４５年４月２６日作ꎬ刊«开明少年»创刊号(７月１６日)ꎬ署名翰先ꎮ。
部编版语文二年级下册期末专项复习：现代文阅读(8)有答案
部编版语文二年级下册期末专项复习：现代文阅读（8）一、现代文阅读1. 读书时间到。
仔细阅读下面的短文，然后回答问题。
白云瓦蓝瓦蓝的天空漂浮着朵朵白云，这些白云千姿百态：有的像羊儿在低头吃草，有的像小兔在赛跑，有的像一群小猪在争吃食物……你瞧，那边来了一匹野马，马头昂起，四蹄腾空，仿佛正在草原上奔驰；而它脚下的云朵就像一只温顺的小狗，低着头，两耳下垂，四脚趴在地面上，似乎在看守主人的家门……（1）照样子写一写。
瓦蓝瓦蓝 ________ ________（2）用“________”画出这段话中写白云像什么的句子，再模仿着写一两句。
天上的白云像________，像________ 。
（3）你能将这些美丽有趣的白云画一画吗？2. 阅读下面短文，回答问题。
一天，张老师带同学们到江边去看船。
回校后，张老师问大家看到了哪些船。
小芳说：“江上都是大轮船。
”小英说：“江上有大轮船、有军舰，还有小木船。
”小军说：“江上有木船、帆船、舢板，这些都是木船。
江上还有各种各样的舰艇，有大军舰，还有小炮艇。
江上最多的是轮船，轮船中有渡轮、客轮、货轮、油轮……种类可多啦！”（1）你认为谁回答得好？为什么？________（2）你觉得回答问题时要注意什么？________3. 阅读理解我家乡有一个美丽的湖，名叫天鹅湖。
据说许多年以前，曾经有一群天鹅在这里栖息生活。
因此而___（dé de）名。
湖呈圆形，湖水清可见底，碧绿发亮。
湖的四周有茂密的树木。
其中最引人注目的是垂（chuí）柳，在微风的___（cuīchuī）动下，柳条迎风起舞。
湖水映衬出柳姑娘的身影十分秀美。
树下是一片___（nèn nùn）绿的草地，草地上开着红的、黄的、蓝的小花。
湖面上有一座美丽的小桥，把天鹅湖打扮得更加美丽。
哦，天鹅湖，故乡的湖，我爱你！（1）划去短文中画线字不正确读音（2）填上合适的词（）的湖水（）的树木（）的小桥（3）段2中哪个词语________能说明湖水很清？（4）根据短文填空：第二自然段先写了湖水________、________；再写湖的四周有________；接着写树下有________和________，最后写湖上有________。
中英文双语阅读8—狙击手
中英文双语阅读8—狙击手The SniperLiam O‟Flaherty狙击手连姆 ·欧弗拉赫提The long June twilight faded into night. Dublinlay enveloped in darkness but for the dim light of the moon that shone through fleecy clouds, casting a pale light as of approaching dawn over the streets and the dark waters of the Liffey. Around the beleagueredFour Courts the heavy guns roared. Here and there through the city, machine-guns and rifles, broke the silence of the night, spasmodically like dogs barking on lone farms. Republicans and Free Staters were waging civil war.On a rooftop near O‟Connell Bridge, a Republican sniper lay watching. Beside him lay his rifle and over his shoulders were sl ung a pair of field glasses. His face was the face o f a student, thin and ascetic, but his eyes had the cold gleam o f the fanatic. They were deep and thoughtful, the eyes of a man who is used to look at death.He was eating a sandwich hungrily. He had eaten nothing since morning. He had been too excited to eat. He finished the sandwi ch, and, taking a flask of whiskey fro m his pocket, he took a short draught. Then he returned the flask to his pocket. He paused for a mo ment, considering whether he should risk a smoke. It was dangerous. The flash might be seen in the darkness and there were enemies watching. He decided to take the risk. Placing a cigarette between his lips, he struck a match, inhaled the smoke hurriedly and put out the light. Almost immediatel y, a bullet flattened itself against the parapet of the roof. The sniper took another whiff and put out the cigarette. Then he s wore softly and crawled away to the left. Cautiously he raised himself and peered over the parapet. There was a flash and a bullet whizzed over his head. He dropped im mediately. He had seen the flash. It came fro m the opposite side of the street.He rolled over the roof to a chimney stack in the rear, and slowly drew himself up behind it, until his eyes were level with the top of the parapet.There was nothing to be seen -- just the dim outline of the opposite housetop against the blue sky. His enemy was u nder cover.Just then an armoured car came across the bridge and advanced slowly up the street. It stopped on the opposite side of the st reet, fifty yards ahead. The sniper could hear the dull panting of the motor. His heart beat faster. It was an enemy car. He want ed to fire, but he knew it was useless. His bullets would never piercethe steel that covered the grey monster.Then round the corner of a side street came an old woman, her head covered by a tatteredshawl. She began to talk to the man i n the turret of the car. She was pointing to the roof where the sniper lay. An informer.The turret opened. A man‟s head and shoulders appeared, looking toward the sniper. The sniper raised his rifle and fired. The head fell heavily on the turret wall. The woman darted toward the side street. The sniper fired again. The wo man whirled around and fell with a shriek into the gutter.Suddenly from the opposite roof a shot rang out and the sniper dropped his rifle with a curse. The ri fle clatteredto the roof. The sniper thought the noise would wake the dead. He stopped to pick the rifle up. He couldn‟t lift it. His forearm was dead.…Christ,‟ he muttered, …I‟m hit.‟Dropping flat onto the roof, he crawled back to the parapet.With his left hand he felt the injured right forearm. There was no pain -- just a deadened sensation, as if the arm had been cut off.Quickly he drew his knife fro m his pocket, opened it on the breastworkof the parapet, and ripped open the sleeve. There was a s mall hole where the bullet had entered. On the other side there was no hole. The bullet had lodged in the bone. It must have fracturedit. He bent the arm below the wound. The arm bent back easily. He ground his teeth to overcome the pain.Then taking out the field dressing, he rippedopen the packet with his knife. He broke the neck of the iodinebottle and let the bitter fluid drip into the wound.A paroxysmof pain swept through him. He placed the cotton wadding over the wound and wrapped the dressing over it. He tied the ends with his teeth. Then he lay against the parapet, and, closing his eyes, he made an effort o f will to overcome the pain.In the street beneath all was still. The armoured car had retired speedily over the bridge, with the machine-gunner‟s head hanging lifelessly over the turret. The woman‟s corpse lay still in the gutter.The sniper lay still for a long time nursing his wounded arm and planning his escape. He must kill that enemy and he could not use his rifle. He had only a revolver to do it. Then he thought of a plan.Taking off his cap, he placed it over the muzzle o f his rifle. Then he pushed the rifle slowly over t he parapet, until the cap was visible from the opposite side of the street. Almost immediately there was a report, and a bullet pierced the centre of the cap. The sniper sl antedhis rifle forward. The cap slippeddown into the street. Then catching the rifle in the middle, the sniper dropped his left hand over the roof and let it hang, lifelessly. After a few mo ments he let the rifle drop to the street. Then he sank to the roof, dragging his hand with him.Crawling quickly to the left, he peered up at the corner of the roof. His ruse had succeeded. The other sniper, seeing the ca p and rifle fall, thought he had killed his man. He was now standing before a row of chimney pots, looking across, with his head clearly silhouetted against the western sky.The Republican sniper smiled and lifted his revolver above the edge of the parapet. The distance was about fifty yards -- a hard shot in the dim light, and his right arm was paining him like a thousand devils. He took a steady aim. His hand trembled with eagerness. Pressing his lips together, he took a deep breath through his nostrils and fired. He was al most deafened with the reportand his arm shook with the recoil.Then when the smoke cleared he peered across and uttered a cry of joy. His enemy had been hit. He was reeling over the parapet in his death agony. He struggled to keep his feet, but he was slowly falling forward, as i f in a dream. The ri fle fell fro m his grasp, hit the parapet, fell over, bounded off the pole of a barber‟s shop beneath and then clattered on the pavement.Then the dying man on the roof crumpledup and fell forward. The body turned over and over in space and hit the ground with a dull thud. Then it lay still. The sniper looked at his enemy falling and he shuddered. The lustof battle died in him. He became b itten by remorse. The sweat stood out in beads on his forehead.Weakened by his wound and the long summer day o f fasting and watching on the roof, he revo lted fro m the sight of the shattered mass o f his dead enemy. His teeth chattered, he began to gibberto himself, cursingthe war, cursing himself, cursing everybody.He looked at the smoking revolver in his hand, and with an oath he hurled it to the roof at his feet. The revolver went off, with the concussionand the bullet whizzedpast the sniper‟s head. He was frightened back to his senses by the shock. His nerves steadied. The cloud of fear scattered fro m his mind and he laughed.Taking the whiskey flask fro m his pocket, he emptied it at a draught. He felt recklessunder the influence of the spirit. He d ecided to leave the roof now and look for his company commander, to report.Everywhere around was quiet. There was not much danger in going through the streets. He picked up his revolver and put it in his pocket. Then he crawled down through the sky-light to the house underneath.When the sniper reached the laneway on the street level, he felt a sudden curiosity as to the identity of this enemy sniper w hom he had killed. He decided that he was a good shot, whoever he was. He wondered did he know him. Perhaps he had been in his own company before the split in the army. He decided to risk going over to have a look at him. He peered round the corner into O‟Connell Street. In the upper part of the street there was heavy fighting, but around here all was quiet.The sniper dartedacross the street. A machine-gun tore up the ground around him with a hailof bullets, but he escaped. He threw himself face downward beside the corpse. The machine-gun stopped.Then the sniper turned over the dead body and looked into hi s brother‟s face.七月，漫长的黄昏渐渐溶入夜色中，都伯林虽然被黑暗所笼罩，但微弱的月光还是透过稀薄的云层把一种朦胧洒在了街面上，洒在了利菲河幽暗的水面上。
8、9课外文言文 阅读与练习 第八(含答案)
八、九年级课外文言文练习与阅读81阳城，字亢宗，定州北平人。
远近慕其行．，来学者迹接于道①。
闾里有争讼，不诣官而诣城决之。
山东节度府闻城义者，发使遗五百缣②，戒③使者不令返。
城固辞，使者委④而去，城置之未尝发。
会．里人邹俶欲葬亲，贷于人无得，城知其然，举缣与之。
【注】①迹接于道：络绎不绝。
②缣jiān：细绢，可用作货币。
③戒：命令。
④委：放下。
1.解释下列句中加点的词语（4分）（1）远近慕其行．（）（2）会．里人邹俶欲葬亲（）2.用现代汉语翻译文中句子，注意加点词的含义（3分）城知其然，举缣与之。
_______________________________________________3.不能体现阳城在当时颇有声望的一项是（）（2分）A、远近慕其行，来学者迹接于道B、闾里有争讼，不诣官而诣城决之C、山东节度府闻城义者，发使遗五百缣D、使者委而去，城置之未尝发4.选文详写的这件事展现了阳城为人的一些特点，以下概括最恰当的一项是（）（3分）A、博学多才B、处事公正C、不畏权贵D、扶危济困2宋濂①好学余幼时即嗜学。
家贫，无从致书以观，每假借于藏书之家,手自笔录,计日以还。
天大寒，砚冰坚，手指不可屈伸，弗之怠。
录毕，走送之，不敢稍逾约。
以是人多以书假余，余因得遍观群书。
【注】①宋濂：字景濂，元末明初文学家。
曾被明太祖朱元璋誉为“开国文臣之首”。
1.解释加点字（2分）（1）无从致．书以观（）（2）以．是人多以书假余（）2.对文中画线句翻译正确的一项是（）（2分）A、抄录完了，走着去送回书，不敢稍微超过约期B、抄录完了，跑着去送回书，不敢稍微超过约期C、抄录完了，走着去送回书，稍微越过约期就不敢了D、抄录完了，跑着去送回书，稍微超过约期就不敢了3、文中能够表现宋濂在学习时候有坚强毅力的句子是____________________ __________________________________（请用原文的话作答）（2分）4、读了上文后，你学到的道理是________________________________（2分）3长庆中，元微之、刘梦得①、韦楚客同会白乐天之居，论南朝兴废之事。
初一语文记叙文阅读理解8篇(含答案及解析)
初一语文记叙文阅读理解8篇（含答案及解析）一、阅读《驿路梨花》选段，完成下面小题：山，好大的山啊！起伏的青山一座挨一座，延伸到远方，消失在迷茫的暮色中。
这是哀牢山南段的最高处。
这么陡峭的山，这么茂密的树林，走上一天，路上也难得遇见几个人。
夕阳西下，我们有点着急了，今天要是赶不到山那边的太阳寨，只有在这深山中露宿了。
同行老余是在边境地区生活过多年的人。
正走着，他突然指着前面叫了起来：“看，梨花！”白色梨花开满枝头，多么美丽的一片梨树林啊！老余说：“这里有梨树，前边就会有人家。
”一弯新月升起了，我们借助淡淡的月光，在忽明忽暗的梨树林里走着。
山间的夜风吹得人脸上凉凉的，梨花的白色花瓣轻轻飘落在我们身上。
“快看，有人家了。
”一座草顶、竹篾、泥墙的小屋出现在梨树林边。
屋里漆黑，没有灯也没有人声。
这是什么人的房子呢？老余打着电筒走过去，发现门是从外扣着的。
白木门板上用黑炭写着两个字：“请进！”我们推开门进去。
火塘里的灰是冷的，显然，好多天没人住过了。
一张简陋的大竹床铺着厚厚的稻草。
倚在墙边的大竹筒里装满了水，我尝了一口，水清凉可口。
我们走累了，决定在这里过夜。
老余用电筒在屋里上上下下扫射了一圈，又发现墙上写着几行粗大的字：“屋后边有干柴，梁上竹筒里有米，有盐巴，有辣子。
”我们开始烧火做饭。
温暖的火、喷香的米饭和滚热的洗脚水，把我们身上的疲劳、饥饿都撵走了。
我们躺在软软的干草铺上，对小茅屋的主人有说不尽的感激。
我问老余：“你猜这家主人是干什么的？”老余说：“可能是一位守山护林的老人。
”正说着，门被推开了。
一个须眉花白的瑶族老人站在门前，手里提着一杆明火枪，肩上扛着一袋米。
“主人”回来了。
我和老余同时抓住老人的手，抢着说感谢的话；老人眼晴瞪得大大的，几次想说话插不上嘴。
直到我们不做声了，老人才笑道：“我不是主人，也是过路人呢！”1、概括选文设置的一处悬念和一处误会，并说明这样设置情节的好处。
①悬念②误会③好处2、文中画线句中三个加粗的短语有何表达效果？它们都是什么结构的短语？3、下列对选文景物描写的作用分析不正确的一项是：（）A. 开头由近及远描写哀牢山的高大和连绵，暗示“我们”被这雄伟的景色深深震撼了。
【2019最新】五年级语文上册类文阅读-8 冀中的地道战练习及答案(阅读能力巩固拓展,可打印)-部编人教版
国之歌者——聂耳
1932年4月，聂耳认识了左翼剧作家兼诗人田汉，通过田汉与中国共产党党组织取得了(联系 关系)，参加了“左翼戏剧家联盟”组织的各种活动。1933年初，在白色恐怖最严重的日子里，聂耳正式加入了中国共产党，介绍人田汉和监誓人夏衍在联华影业公司的一个摄影棚里，为他秘密举行了入党宣誓。1933年6月他在日记中写道：“音乐与其他艺术（诗、小说、戏剧）一样，它是代替大众在呐喊，大众必然会要求音乐新的内容和演奏，并要求作曲家的新态度。”随后，聂耳为电影《母性之光》创作了插曲《开矿歌》，以民间劳动号子的节奏来表现劳苦大众的斗争生活，向靡靡之音开了第一炮。
由山门（纪念馆大门）进入廊院，两侧分别是长80米的本草碑廊。碑廊内壁嵌有李时珍画像、《李时珍传》、《本草纲目原序》和128种本草标本图碑。
廊院之后，是纪念馆，系一四合院。这里安排了明代蕲州城模型展览、李时珍纪念展览、李时珍行医塑像展。展览以大量的文物、照片、文献资料全面系统地介绍了李时珍的生平及《本草纲目》的伟大成就。
聂耳在创作时“完全被义勇军救亡感情(感激 激励)着，创作的冲动就像潮水一样从思想里涌出来，简直来不及写。”他后Байду номын сангаас对影片导演许幸之说：“为创作《义勇军进行曲》，我几乎废寝忘食，夜以继日，一会儿在桌子上打拍子，一会儿坐在钢琴面前弹琴，一会儿在楼板上不停走动，一会儿又高声地唱起来。房东老太太可不答应了，以为我发了疯，并向我下逐客令，我只好再三向她表示对不起，最后她才息了怒。”经过两个多月的酝酿，聂耳完成了《义勇军进行曲》的初稿。
人教爱阅读8电子版
人教爱阅读8电子版
1.内容丰富，紧扣课标
小学阶段系列有声读物共八册，122个精选故事。
话题紧扣义务教育课程标准，从日常生活到童话寓言，从童谣诗歌到科普知识，极大拓展了学生的阅读范围和视野。
2.采用国际分级阅读体系
采用国际认可的Lexile和GRL分级阅读体系，按阅读能力划分，难易适宜，循序渐进。
配有不同层次的阅读思考问题，满足儿童低阶与高阶思维能力平衡发展的要求。
3.高品质英文原声朗读
聆听纯正英语，指导阅读发音，培养英语语感。
将阅读与朗读相结合，从读到听再到说，全面提升英语能力。
4.与儿童成长有关的情感融合
鼓励儿童了解自己与他人，增强人际交往能力，从阅读中体验接纳自己、关爱家人、学会合作、乐于分享、勤于思考等丰富情感，有助于儿童心理健康发展，增强社会认知。
5.为英语阅读提供专业指导
中外联合打造专业阅读教学培训，提供教学指南及家长指导，“老师说”板块提供精选注释，为教师教学及亲子阅读提供专业指导。
[讲解]阅读理解8.雨珠露珠泪珠
![[讲解]阅读理解8.雨珠露珠泪珠](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/10500077cbaedd3383c4bb4cf7ec4afe04a1b1bd.png)
8.雨珠·露珠·泪珠阅读提示什么是珍贵？是晶莹的珍珠，是碧绿的翡翠，是闪光的金子……细细品味短文，也许你能从中感悟出珍贵的真谛。
东方破晓，晨光熹微。
黎明女神飘然下凡，从娇艳欲滴的红玫瑰近旁走过，看见花瓣上有三滴晶莹的水珠在向她招手，请她留步。
“熠熠闪光的水珠，你们有何贵干？”女神驻足问道。
“有劳大驾，请你为我们当裁判。
”“噢，什么事啊？”“我们同属于水珠，可是来源出身各异。
请问哪颗水珠更珍贵呢？”女神指着其中的一颗水珠说：“那你就先自我介绍一下吧！”雨珠听到要她先说，十分得意地晃了晃身子说：“我呀，来自高空的云层，是大海的女儿，象征波涛汹涌的海洋。
”“我是黎明之前凝成的露珠。
”另一颗急不可待地抢着说，“人们称赞我为五彩朝霞的伴娘，奇花异草的美容师。
”第三颗水珠迟迟不肯开口，黎明女神和颜悦色地问道：“那么，你呢，我亲爱的小姑娘？”“我不算什么。
”她忸怩地回答，“我来自一位姑娘的明眸。
起初像是微笑，而后又称友情，现在被叫做眼泪。
”头两颗水珠听她这么说，不约而同地撇撇嘴，露出轻蔑的笑容。
黎明女神小心翼翼地将泪珠置于手中，连声称赞道：“还是你有自知自明，丝毫也不炫耀，显然比她们俩更纯洁，也更珍贵！”“可我是大海的女儿呀！”雨珠急得叫了起来。
“我是辽阔苍穹的女儿！”露珠很不服气。
“是的，一点也不错。
”黎明女神郑重地说，“而她呢，是人类内心纯真感情的升华，而后凝结成夺眶而出的泪珠。
”言罢，女神吮吸了泪珠，顿时消失得无影无踪。
1、组词。
瓣（）驾（）涌（）霞（）辩（）架（）通（）瑕（）辨（）茄（）勇（）暇（）辫（）枷（）桶（）遐（）2、填上合适的词。
（）（）（）（）的玫瑰的水珠的海洋的笑容（）（）（）（）3、查字典认识带点的字。
熠熠闪光：读音意思。
凝成：读音意思。
明眸：读音意思。
轻蔑：读音意思。
4、写出下列词语的近义词。
晶莹（）起初（）纯洁（）辽阔（）5、望文生义。
娇艳欲滴：急不可待：奇花异草：和颜悦色：不约而同：6、“和颜悦色”这个词是形容神态的，你还知道哪些描写神态的成语（至少四个）7、把下列句子分别改成“把”字句和“被”字句。
多维阅读第8级—Tilly's Tantrum 爱发脾气的蒂莉
Act in groups:
Tilly had two different attitudes in the story when her tantrum was coming.
Discuss in groups:
List the right way to deal with the terrible tantrum. When I feel mad, I could … When my tantrum is coming, I could …
(1) Who came to their home? (2) What games did they play? (3) What happened to Ben? (4) What did Tilly think of Ben’s tantrum?
What’s the rule of the game? tag ball
1. Act or retell the story. 2. Make a list: How to control your tantrum.
Tilly was a good kid, most of the time. But sometimes she had a terrible tantrum. … One day, …
1. Read pages 6-13 by yourself
2. Answer the questions in groups
爱发脾气的蒂莉
选自 《多维阅读第8级》
Title Author
What do you think the meaning of the title is?
Tilly very angry
When do you often have a tantrum?
统编版语文三年级上册类文阅读-8 卖火柴的小女孩
类文阅读-8 卖火柴的小女孩知人者智，自知者明。
《老子》棋辰学校陈慧兰安妮日记（节选）[德]安妮·弗兰克亲爱的凯蒂：只要妈妈一烦(燥躁)，就预示着我又要遭殃了。
昨天晚上，玛格特正在读一本配有很漂亮插图的书，后来她起身上楼时顺手把书放在了一边。
我当时正闲着没事儿，就顺手捧起那本书看那些图画。
谁知没多会儿玛格特就回来了，看见书竟在我的手上，皱了皱眉头就朝我要书。
我只是想再多看一小会儿，玛格特却越来越气。
接着妈妈过来了：“把书给玛格特，人家正读着哩。
”她说。
爸爸听到我们的吵闹声也走了进来。
他甚至连怎么回事儿都不知道，只看到玛格特那张委屈的脸便立刻冲（chōng chòng）着我说：“我倒是想看看要是玛格特拿了你正在看的书你会说什么？！”我立刻就蔫（niān yān）儿了，放下书离开了房间。
他们肯定会以为我生气了。
其实我没有，但内心里感到无比难过。
我又不是不还给玛格特，要是爸妈不干涉，我会把书还给她的。
为什么爸妈要这么护着玛格特，就好像她受了天大的委屈？很显然，妈妈是玛格特的靠山，她和玛格特总是相互袒护。
我已经习惯了，所以我对妈妈的唠叨和玛格特的情绪毫不在乎。
爸爸就不同了，我一向敬爱和信赖他，他在我心目中的位置胜过任何人。
我知道他很（宠庞）爱玛格特，因为她漂亮、聪明、可爱，每次她想做什么，爸爸都会同意。
其实这些我都不在乎。
我从来没有嫉妒过玛格特。
我只是渴望爸爸对我真实的爱，不仅包含对我的关爱，更重要的是对我的肯定。
有时候，我相信上帝是存心要考验我，无论现在还是将来，我一定要。
你的安妮1.用“/”画去括号里不正确的读音或汉字。
2.“为什么爸妈要这么护着玛格特，就好像她受了天大的委屈？”对这句话理解有误的是（）A.这句话表达了安妮内心对爸爸妈妈的不满。
B.安妮认为真正受委屈的不是玛格特而是自己。
C.安妮认为玛格特受的委屈并没有天那么大。
3.通过阅读，你可以知道安妮的家里有哪些人？他们相互的关系是怎样的？4.结尾安妮说自己一定要怎样呢？想一想，写在文中的横线上吧。
英语阅读8(带答案)
三、阅读理解阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
Brian was a funny student loved watching comedies best and hoped to become a comedy actor one day.When he heard about the talent show to be held at this school, Brian decided to take part in. He had never acted on stage before, and he was very excited. But some students laughed at him. You are not funny but silly. " Ken, one of his classmates, said to his face. "No one will like what you do, "another boy also said to him, loudly.she Brian couldn’t understand why they were so unkind to him. For a moment, he thought about giving up the show. But he remembered how much his friends liked his jokes, and also his teachers said he was very funny. So he decided to prepare for the showBrian did a great job at the talent show. Everyone loved his performance, and he won the first prize! His teachers and friends were proud him. Even so.Ken told Brian that he was not funny, and that he would never be successful. Brian didn’t understand why Ken said so but he realized that it had nothing to do with him. He confidently continued to work towards his goal.As the years went on, Brian met more people like Ken. You’ll do a terrible job, "they said to him. Luckily,most people encouraged him and some helped him to become even funnier. He got a lot of opportunities to perform in movies. He was even invited to appear on television. His fans thanked him because his comedies made them feelgood when they were unhappy.Now Brian is a big comedy star! He is doing what he loves best. He never feels stressed like those unkind people, and he laughs all day long!( )1. What did Brian love best when he was a student?A. Going to school.B. Helping classmates.C. Watching comedies.D. Meeting new friends( )2. Brian decided to prepare for the show because .A. his friends liked his jokesB. he was invited by a TV stationC. he wasn't busy acting in moviesD. Ken was expecting his performance( )3. After winning the first prize, Brian .A.began to understand KenB. became a teacher of actingC. encouraged others to join himD. continued to work towards his goal( )4. Brian's fans thanked him because his comedies brought themA.successB. happinessC. luckD. pride1.C2. A3. D4. BYour schooldays should be some of the best and happiest days of your life. How can you get the most from them, and make sure you do not waste this excellent chance to learn?Be active at schoolDon’t say things are difficult or boring. Be interested in school life and your school subjects, Join in lots of activities. ①(hands, quickly, your, class, in, up, put). Go around the school with a big smile. If you are not working, you are wasting your time at school. Teachers can not make everything enjoyable.Keep fitIf you do not eat a good breakfast, you will be thinking about food in class. If you go to bed late and do not have enough sleep, you will be sleepy in class. ① Play enough sports every day inorder to keep your body strong.Face the problemDo not say you will do things tomorrow. If you get behind the class, it is very difficult to get back in front. ①You can not finish the race, if you rest all the time. Everyone fails some exams, loses some matches and has bad days. Don't let small problems seem very big and important. Don't forget to ask for help. You are young, and no one thinks you must do everything quite well! ____①_____Don't waste time lying in bed on Saturday or Sunday morning. Go and play a sport, get together with friends in the park to relax, learn the piano, or help someone with problems. If you don't want to go out, there are also a lot of things to do. You may read a book, practice English or help mother with housework.Do as I say, and have a happy school life1.根据短文完成句子Having a good breakfast and having enough sleep can keep you_______________.2.请把文中①处括号内的词组成一个句子。
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曹冠龙
夏日的傍晚，院子里的梧桐树下，浓荫婆娑。
我的两个孩子，一人一把竹椅，凑着幽幽晃晃的月光，还在嘀嘀咕咕地叨念着什么，快高考了。
①白昼那动荡不安的热流，在这夜与静之中，渐渐地凝结成了一块暗绿而透明的冻糕，凉而微甜。
我躺在藤榻上，②那光和影在树叶的琴键上奏鸣着无声的旋律，我赏玩着，任其一片朦胧，无需费力聚焦。
四肢似乎很重，又似乎很轻，仿佛浮在水中。
耳边嘤嘤地回绕着孩子们的苦读，他们将去搏击，而我却已疲惫。
“啪！”细微而清晰地一声爆裂。
我那个多愁善感的女儿，捧在手里块树皮，呆呆地凝视着，果然又想入非非了：“呵，”她发出了一声悠长的叹息，“这衰亡的树皮该有多么的崇高！它们含辛茹苦，忠守职责，兢兢业业地奉献了毕生的精力。
然而，一旦衰老了，僵化了，它们便又心甘情愿地龟裂剥落，欣然隐退，把空气和阳光无私地让给那些鲜粉嫩绿的后代！”
“不！”我的儿子却还是那样地犟头倔脑，“应该说，那新生的树皮该有多么勇敢！它们埋头生息，潜心发育，默默无声地汲取着一切营养。
然而，一旦成熟了，强壮了，它们便又毫无畏惧地一举胀裂那些束缚它们施展青春的僵皮死壳，脱颖而出，崭露头角，让翠绿的生命向着新的高度，更广的空间挺进！”
寂静。
熠熠闪烁，在深黛的阴暗中，仿佛是两对幼兽的瞳孔，孩子们盯着我，那是他们渴求真理的目光。
呵，是的，很久很久以前，我也曾这样地盯着，盯着姥姥那干瘪的嘴唇，苦苦地探索着隐藏在那些古老的寓言中的神秘。
或许我也唠唠叨叨地问过很多，或许也是问得这样的聪明，古怪，奇特？
枝叶青黄、人世沧桑，无休无止的重复，然而更是无休无止的进化！一个新的循环又在幽暗中悄悄地萌发了。
我顿时感到了一种异样的庄严。
我深情地抚摸着那两颗即将在生活的激流中翻滚沉浮、颠扑撞击的、饱孕着幻想的脑袋，缓缓地倾诉着作为一个父亲、作为一个落伍者的祝愿：
“我希望，世上的一切，都像你姐姐所说的那样，那样的崇高；我更希望，世上的一切，都像你弟弟所说的那样，那样的勇敢！”
1、写出五个文中出现的成语。
2、在文中有两句划线的句子，请分别谈谈你对这两个句子的理解。
3、新的诞生，老的死亡，这就是“新陈代谢”，这是自然规律。
女儿觉得老树皮______________, 因为它奉献一生，一旦衰老就____________地退出；儿子觉得新树皮_______________，因为它一旦成熟就___________地挣脱束缚，向新高度挺进。
4、女儿和儿子的话对我的启示是___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________
这是一个真实的故事。
故事发生在青海省一个极度缺水的沙漠地区。
这里，每人每天的
用水量严格地限定为1.5公斤，这还得靠驻军从很远的地方运来。
日常饮用、洗漱、洗菜、洗衣，包括喂牲口，全都依赖这1.5公斤珍贵的水。
人缺水不行，牲畜也一样，渴啊!终于有一天，一头母牛渴极了，挣脱了缰绳，强行闯入沙漠里唯一的也是运水车必经的公路。
终于，运水的军车来了，母牛以不可思议
．．．．的识别力，迅速地冲上公路，军车一个紧急刹车嘎然而止。
母牛沉默地立在车前，任凭驾驶员呵叱驱赶，不肯挪动半步。
5分钟过去了，双方依然僵持着，运水的战士以前也碰过牲口拦路索水的情形，但它们都不像这头牛这般倔犟。
人和牛就这样耗着，最后造成了堵车，后面的司机开始骂骂咧咧，性急的甚至试图点火驱赶，可老牛不为所动。
后来，牛的主人寻来了，恼羞成怒的主人扬起长鞭狠狠地抽打在瘦骨嶙峋的牛背上，牛
被打得皮开肉绽
．．．．、哀哀叫唤，但还是不肯让开。
鲜血沁了出来，染红了鞭子，母牛的凄厉哞叫，和着沙漠中阴冷的酷风，显得分外的悲壮。
一旁的运水战士哭了，骂骂咧咧的司机也哭了，最后，运水的战士说："就让我违反一次规定吧，我愿意接受一次处分。
"他从水车上取出半盆水--1.5公斤左右，放在牛面前。
出人意料的是，母牛没有喝以死抗争得来的水，而是对着夕阳，仰天长哞，似乎在呼唤
什么。
不远的沙堆背后跑来一头小牛，受伤的母牛慈爱地看着小牛贪婪
．．地喝完水，伸出舌头舔舔小牛的眼睛，小牛也舔舔老牛的眼睛，静默中，人们看到了母子眼中的泪水。
在一片寂静无语中，它们掉转头，慢慢往回走。
20世纪末的一个晚上，当我从电视里看到这让人揪心
．．的一幕，我想起了幼时家里的贫穷困窘，想起了我那至今在乡下劳作的苦难的母亲，我和电视机前的许多观众一样，流下了滚滚热泪
1、联系上下文解释文中加点的词语。
不可思议：
皮开肉绽：
贪婪：
揪心：
2、为什么“一直被人们认为憨厚、忠实的母牛”却“挣脱了缰绳”，强行闯入沙漠里运水车必经的公路？
3、“但它们都不像这头牛这样倔强”中的“它们”指_______，“这样”指________________。
4、文章第三自然段中，从描写角度看，“鲜血沁了出来……显得分外的悲壮”是对老牛的_____________描写，表现了老牛_____________；“战士哭了”，“司机也哭了”，运水的战士违规取水，这是对老牛的_________描写，有力地表现出____________________________。
早安，自然的婴儿
林闻
距离我不远的一只松鼠正在柔和的光线下伸出前爪来洗脸。
如果不是亲眼所见，真难以想像松鼠洗脸的动作跟小猫相似。
在这个静谧．的峡谷中，似乎只有它能够嗅．到香甜的阳光味道，揽起那橘黄的光芒若掬水一般，轻涤．着面颊和脖颈。
阳光移位了，它也向前跑两步，然后蹿．到更加向阳的一块山石上，两颗黑豆一样的眼珠左一转右一转。
它时而叫唤一声，时而又把远远大它身躯的一束尾巴翘起来竖得很高。
在刚刚走出冬季的早春，我每天清晨都遇见它。
当我沿着一条蜿蜒小路攀上这面坡地时，它已经蹲坐在那里了。
随即我们便一同面向太阳，迎接那从渤海上空照射过来的第一缕霞光。
在温泉堡这个村子的山峡中，每天清晨，似乎我都和这只松鼠有一个美丽的约会。
其实只要站在这面坡地上细细观察，无论是在灌木丛中还是在低矮的橡树旁边，无论是在崖缝之间还是在茅草的掩映之下，都会发现一只又一只它的同伴。
它们个个都非常机敏，跑起来十分迅捷。
而我总是毫不声张地走上山岗，它们能窥见我，我也能瞥见它们。
像这样，一只松鼠和我，一起跟早晨相约、跟太阳相约，一大清早我们便在大自然的怀抱里净面净心，我们都属于自然。
落脚于自然界、每个生命都是自然的宠儿，都有一个清纯而真诚的灵魂来领略大自然赋予我们的宁静。
每当九点钟过后，阳光的金线就会从对面的山顶上编织过来，两山之间便会架起一座明亮的桥梁，而在“桥”上尽兴游眷的行人竟是那些在北方过冬的鸟雀飞禽。
看那环状起伏的褐色山脊多像一把凝固的竖琴。
每天早晨阳光都要在两山之间拉上金色琴弦。
那飞行的鸟儿时而穿过，就化做琴弦上荡来荡去自由起落的音符。
它们把畅快的乐曲跌落在峡谷之中。
而这时捡拾到乐音的，定是一颗没有纷扰，没有忧愁，在漩涡里保持平衡而又静止的心。
在北方的早春，在绿色尚未铺地之前，一切生命都是躁动的，火热的，然而它们又总是含蓄的。
寄身于温泉堡的山峡，每个早晨都这样开始。
当我踏上山坡见太阳升起，天地间的那颗心就会由衷充满热爱：爱自然，爱那陌生的人群，爱我的爱人。
此时会有一个无言的声音让你忘记那些愁苦的境遇、人生中的不幸。
1、给文中加点字注音。
静谧．（）嗅．到（）轻涤．（）蹿．到（）
2、读一读，体会下列加点动词的精妙。
⑴……它也向前跑两步，然后蹿．到更加向阳的一块山石上。
⑵时而又把远远大它身躯的一束尾巴翘起来竖．得很高。
⑶每当九点钟过后，阳光的金线就会从对面的山顶上编织
．．过来。
3、仿照下列句子的修辞方法造句。
看那环状起伏的褐色山脊多像一把凝固的竖琴。
每天早晨阳光都要在两山之间拉上金色琴弦。
那飞行的鸟儿时而穿过，就化做琴弦上荡来荡去自由起落的音符。