chapter1.ppt.Convertor
宾语从句课件pptConvertor
语法复习---The Object Clause执教人：祝先红宾语从句是主从复合句的一种。
从句在全句中充当什么成分，就叫什么从句。
从句在句中充当宾语的就叫做宾语从句。
eg. 1.We know （that）Mr Zhang teaches chinese well.2.She asked if the answer was right.宾语从句是初中英语教材中重点语法之一，也是中考一个考查热点。
eg 1.Hangzhou is famous for the West Lake. (I know…)2. Our hometown will be better. (I believe …)3. He was badly hurt in the accident. (Do you know…)I believe (that) our hometown will be better.I know (that) Hangzhou is famous for the West Lake.Do you know (that) he was badly hurt in the accident?由从属连词whether, if 引导的宾语从句当句末为or not时，引导词只能用whether而不能用ifeg: 1 Are you happy ? (I want to know…)2.Shall we go? (Please tell me…)3.Is it right or not? (I don’t know…)I want to know whether/if you are happyPlease tell me whether/if we shall go.I don’t know whether it is right or not.由疑问词what, whom, whose, which, what when, where,how, why引导的宾语从句eg: Who is his headteacher? (Can you guess…?)3. How long have you been a soldier?2. What is he looking for ?1. When will we have dinner?I don’t know…Can you guess who his headteacher is ？二、宾语从句三要素1.引导词（连接词）that 引导的宾语从句whether, if 引导的宾语从句疑问词Who ,whose,which,whatwhere,how,why,when等引导的宾语从句2.语序3.时态中考链接一：考查引导宾语从句的连接词( ) 1. He didn’t tell me ____we should meet again.(2009重庆)A WhatB whenC WhoseD which( ) 2.I’m wondering____ Liu Xiang will success in nextOlmpics or not. (2010江苏镇江）A whetherB thatC ifD how( ) 3.—We don‘t know _____ ．—It is said that he was born in Canada．（2010杭州市）BACA．What he is B．when he was bornC. Where he was born D．if he lives here.( ) 4.----Do you know ______ Danny is not at school.-----He had an accident and hurt his leg yesterday.A.whenB.whyC.how.D.where( ) 5.-Do you know___the soldiers came to Yingxiu Town .(2010.陕西) -The roads were badly broken. They had to walk there.A.whyB. whenC.how.D.where( ) 6. --Please tell me____he will come back.--In about a week.A. How hongB.how oftenC.how farD. how soonBCD宾语从句的语序宾语从句都是运用陈述句的语序，即是“主语在前，谓语在后”的顺序。
绪论 演示文稿.ppt.Convertor
绪论一．自然辩证法自然辩证法的研究对象、理论体系、主要内容、学科性质、学科特点、发展历史……自然辩证法及其知识性质、研究对象、主要内容、、基本结构、主要关系……以对自然辩证法的认识为基础，探讨对我们多方面的作用、意义、价值……自然辩证法的研究对象和结构自然辩证法的研究对象：自然辩证法的研究对象是自然界和科学技术及其研究方法的一般规律研究对象---知识性质：自然辩证法实际上是一个学科群。
它的内容丰富，有哲学的内容如自然观，也有史学的内容如科学技术史，还有社会学的内容如科学在科学中的发展。
其学科性质也是兼有哲学、史学、社会学等特征。
因此，我们可以说，自然辩证法是一个由自然哲学、科学技术哲学、科学技术史、科学技术社会学等学科综合而成的学科群。
自然辩证法与自然科学的关系联系：两者是一般与具体的关系；自然科学为自然辩证法的一般概括提供具体的素材；自然辩证法是对自然科学成果的概括和总结自然辩证法的结构自然辩证法：自然界发展的辩证法；自然科学发展的辩证法；技术发展的辩证法；科学技术研究的方法论；自然辩证法与社会辩证法的统一逻辑线索和顺序：自然界发展的辩证法---自然科学发展的辩证法----技术发展的辩证法----科学技术研究的方法论-----自然辩证法与社会辩证法的统一二、学习自然辩证法的意义和方法无用论：中国传统特色的“学以致用论”！指导论：哲学指导具体学科的工作影响论：哲学对具体学科有影响,科学工作者和技术工作者有必要自觉地学点、懂点自然辩证法,懂点自然辩证法对科技工作者作好自己的工作会有积极的影响素质论：现代人要有良好的知识结构恐吓论：必修课必须修，不修毕不了业！意义：可以帮助我们提高辨证思维的能力，进行创造性思维活动；可以指导人们正确从事科学技术工作，避免走不必要的弯路；可以使人们懂得一定要在实践中尊重自然规律，尊重科学技术发展规律；可以帮助人们提高鉴别理论是非的能力，改变思想中传统观念形式；提高素质，更好地进行社会建设学习方法：理论与实际相结合：学好马克思主义自然辩证法的原著；除了专业知识以外，要对自然科学的其他领域有所了解；必须加强各学科、各专业间的横向联系，互相学习；发扬学术民主复习思考（一）基本概念自然辩证法（定义、内容、性质、特点）（二）思考题1．说明下列概念在认识的来源、思维形式、内涵、外延、层次等方面的联系与区别：（1）自然-自然观-自然哲学-自然科学（2）哲学-科学-技术2．自然辩证法学科的来源、性质、研究对象、内容和范围是什么？3．研究和学习自然辩证法的意义是什么？。
第1章 计算机基础知识.ppt.Convertor
教师教案（2009——2010学年第一学期）课程名称：计算机文化基础授课学时：72授课班级：10建筑设备10道路桥梁10酒店管理10房地产经营任课教师：朱良学第1章计算机基础知识教学目标：了解计算机的发展简况掌握常用的软硬件知识，为计算机采购、组装与维护打下良好的基础了解计算机的工作原理，同时掌握计算机中的信息表示方法对各种计算机操作系统有一个大致了解1.1 计算机的发展1.1.1 电子计算机的问世1946年，世界上第一台电子数字计算机ENIAC（Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator）在美国宾夕法尼亚大学诞生。
ENIAC计算机共用了18000多个电子管，重达30吨，占地面积约170平方米，耗电150千瓦，每秒能计算5000次加法。
但与现代计算机相比，除了体积大、速度慢、能耗大外，它还有许多不足，如存储容量太小，要用外接线路的方法来设计计算程序等，但它却标志着计算技术已经进入了新的电子计算机时代。
在ENIAC 计算机研制的同时，另两位科学家冯•诺依曼与莫尔合作研制了EDV AC（Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer）计算机，它采用存储程序方案，即程序和数据一样都存在内存中，此种方案沿用至今，所以现在的计算机都被称为以存储程序原理为基础的冯•诺依曼型计算机。
1.1.2 现代计算机技术的发展1. 第一代电子计算机第一代电子计算机是电子管计算机，时间大约为1946年第一台计算机研制成功到20世纪50年代后期。
这一时期计算机的主要特点是：采用电子管作为基本元件，程序设计使用机器语言或汇编语言；主要用于科学和工程计算；运算速度为每秒几千次至几万次。
2. 第二代电子计算机第二代电子计算机是晶体管计算机，时间大约从20世纪50年代中期到20世纪60年代后期。
这一时期计算机主要采用晶体管为基本元件，体积缩小、功耗降低，提高了运算速度（每秒运算可达几十万次）和可靠性；用磁芯作主存储器，外存储器采用磁盘、磁带等；程序设计采用高级语言，如FORTRAN、COBOL、ALGOL等；在软件方面还出现了操作系统。
第1章 基础知识2014.ppt.Convertor
汇编语言简介：汇编语言是一种最接近计算机核心的编码语言。
不同于任何高级语言，汇编语言几乎可以完全和机器语言一一对应。
汇编语言是计算机能提供给用户的最快而又最有效的语言，也是能够利用计算机所有硬件特性并能直接控制硬件的语言。
用汇编语言编写的程序的速度通常要比高级语言和C/C++快很多--几倍，几十倍，甚至成百上千倍。
因而，对程序的空间和时间要求很高的场合，汇编语言的应用是必不可少的。
1.0 计算机语言系统1.1 数制及其相互转换1.2 符号数的表示及运算1.3 字符的表示1.4 基本的逻辑运算第1章基础知识1.0 计算机语言系统计算机语言发展1.0.1 机器语言1.机器指令：CPU能直接识别并遵照执行的指令称为机器指令，在形式上表现为二进制编码，一般由操作码和操作数两部分构成。
操作码指出要进行的操作或运算，如加减、传送等。
操作数指出参与操作或运算的对象，也指出结果存放的位置。
如CPU的寄存器、存储单元等。
CPU不同，对应的机器指令也不同。
一条机器指令控制计算机完成一个基本操作。
2.机器语言机器语言是用二进制编码的机器指令的集合及一组使用机器指令的规则；用机器语言编写的程序是计算机惟一能够直接识别并执行的程序，而用其他语言编写的程序必须经过翻译才能变换成机器语言程序，所以，机器语言程序被称为目标程序。
为了阅读方便，常用16进制形式表示二进制编码3.机器语言的特点：编程难度大，调试困难可读性、可移植性、通用性差1.0.2 汇编语言1.汇编格式指令：为了克服机器语言的缺点，人们采用便于记忆、并能描述指令功能的符号来表示机器指令的操作码。
这些符号被称为指令助记符。
用指令助记符、地址符号等符号表示的指令称为汇编格式指令2.汇编语言：汇编语言是汇编格式指令、伪指令的集合及其表示、使用这些指令的一组规则。
用汇编语言编写的程序称为汇编源程序。
例如：将前例的程序写成汇编语言程序为：MOV AL, V AR1 ; 或mov al, [2000H]ADD AL, V AR2 ；或add al, [2001H]MOV V AR3, AL ；或mov [2002H], al3.汇编程序：汇编语言是一种符号语言，比机器语言容易理解和掌握，也容易调试和维护。
chapter 1.ppt.Convertor
Chapter 1 Introduction教学目的与要求：1.Make students comprehend past, present and future of IR2.Make students familiar with data retrieval3.Make students master basic concepts and the retrieval process教学内容：1.Motivationrmation Retrieval at the Center of the Stage3.Basic Concepts4.Past,Present and Future5.The Retrieval Process重点与难点：The Retrieval Process3互联网带来的问题一方面，人们可以获得的信息的来源非常广泛。
另一方面，人们如何快速、准确、全面地获得自己所需要的信息？非常困难！信息量太大，而且信息冗余度大、质量良莠不齐、格式不一、位置分散、关联复杂、语言繁多用户需求的表达和理解非常困难信息的理解非常困难—自然语言文本、图片、视频信息检索是研究如何解决上述问题的一门学科！Chapter 1Introduction1.1 Motivation(目的、动机)What is the definition of Information Retrieval?1.1 IntroductionInformation retrieval (IR) deals with the representation（表示）, storage（存储）, organization （组织）of, and access（获取）to information items（信息项）.Focus is on the user information need即：从文档集合中返回满足用户需求的相关信息的过程。
1_第一周_汉译英概述.ppt.Convertor
汉译英翻译第一章汉译英概述第一部分：汉译英的标准；第二部分：可译性；第三部分：汉译英翻译的操作过程；第四部分：如何提高汉译英的能力第一节翻译的标准一、翻译的标准说严复的“信、达、雅”三字标准，鲁迅先生的“兼顾两面”论，钱钟书先生的“化境”说，茅盾先生的“忠实”、“通顺”准则，英国人泰特勒的三原则和美国的奈达博士的“动态对等”标准。
1．严复三字标准与三原则严复1895年在其《天演论译例言》中提出“信、达、雅”三字标准.“译事三难：信、达、雅。
求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。
……译文取明深义，故词句之间，时有所颠到附益，不斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不倍本文。
……至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前思后衬，以显其意。
凡此经营，皆以为达，为达即所以为信也。
《易》曰：修辞立诚。
子曰：辞达而己。
又曰：言之无文，行之不远。
三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。
故信、达而外，求其尔雅。
”林语堂为翻译定下了三个标准：忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准。
“这翻译的三重标准，与严氏的‘译事三难’大体上是正相比符的。
”他认为信达雅的问题实质是：第一，译者对原文方面的问题；第二，译者对译文方面的问题；第三。
是翻译与艺术文的问题。
换言之，就是译者分别对原作者、译文读者和艺术的责任问题。
三样的责任齐备者、才有真正译家的资格。
(林语堂《论翻译》，1932)英国历史学教授泰持勒(A. Tytler) 在18世纪未提出三条类似原则：(1)译文应完全复写出原作的思想。
(2)译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。
(3)译文应和原文同样流畅。
(《论翻译原则》)1979年，刘重德:“信、达、切”(1)信——保全原文意义;(2)达——译文通顺易懂；(3)切——切合原文风格。
2．“动态对等”与“感受”说美国翻译理论家奈达博士(E．A．Nida)在其《翻译理论与实践》一书中将读者(译文受众)引入翻译标准，提出了“动态对等”(dynamic equivalence，后称“功能对等”（functional equivalence）的翻译原则，指出翻译就是“用最贴切、最自然的对等的译入语从语义和文体两方面再现原文信息”的过程，动态对等的标准就是译文的读者和原文的读者在感受上基本相同。
ppt1.ppt.Convertor
课程的应用高频电子线路广泛应用于通信系统和各种设备中。
无线电通信、广播、雷达、导航等都是利用高频无线电波来传递信息。
尽管它们在传递信息形式、工作方式及设备体制等方面有很大不同，但设备中产生和接收、检测高频信号的基本电路大致相同。
所谓“高频”，广义上讲就是适于无线电传播的无线电频率，通常又称“射频”。
为什么无线电传播要用高频？单元一绪论分析方法及其课程特点1.1 线性电路与非线性电路1.2 无线电通信系统1.3 非线性单元电路的任务功能本讲导航教学内容1.1 线性电路与非线性电路1.2 无线电通信系统（一）教学目的1．了解线性电路与非线性电路的基本概念2．了解通信系统的分类3．掌握无线通信系统的组成及调制、解调的基本概念教学重点无线通信系统的组成及调制、解调的基本概念单元一绪论电子器件严格上均为非线性的，故所构成的电子线路均为非线性电子线路。
但是，依据器件的使用条件不同，所表现的非线性程度不同。
线性电路：对信号进行处理时，尽量使用器件特性的线性部分。
电路基本是线性的，但存在不希望有的失真。
非线性电路：对信号进行处理时，使用了器件特性的非线性部分，利用器件的非线性完成振荡、频率变换等功能。
§1.1 线性电路与非线性电路（一）小信号条件下，由于输入信号足够小，电路可以用线性等效电路表示，如线性电子线路部分讨论过的各种小信号放大器。
器件的特性，归属线性电子线路。
大信号条件下，由于输入信号较大，必然涉及到器件的非线性部分，例如功率放大器，这样就不能用线性等效电路表示电子器件的特征，而必须用非线性电路的分析方法。
所以功放归在非线性电子线路的范畴。
单元一绪论§1.1 线性电路与非线性电路（二）单元一绪论1. 通信（communication）一切将信息从发送者传送到接收者的过程。
其主要任务是传递信息。
自古以来，信息就如同物质和能量一样，是人类赖以生存和发展的基础资源之一。
人类通信的历史可以追溯到远古时代，文字、信标、烽火及驿站等作为主要的通信方式，曾经延续了几千年。
代词.ppt.Convertor
代词考点一 不定代词 任何一个都行。
Do you feel any better today? 今天感觉好些了吗？复合不定代词someone, somebody, something 和anyone, anybody, anything 的用法同some 与any。
every two days ＝every second day ＝every other day 每隔一天②every 与not 连用，表示部分否定；each 与not 连用，表示全部否定。
3．both, neither, either 与all, none, any提示：all, both 与not 连用时，表示部分否定。
4．none, nothing 与nobody(no one)提示：none侧重于数量，而nobody (no one)/nothing 侧重于人/物本身。
①—Who knows the answer to this question?谁知道这个问题的答案？—No one.没有人知道。
②—How many of you have been to the Three Gorges Dam?你们中有多少人去过三峡？—None.一个没有。
③—What's in the bottle?瓶子里有什么？—Nothing.什么也没有。
5．another, (the) other(s), else与the rest(1)(2)提示：①another可用于“another＋基数词＋复数名词”中，与“数词＋more/other＋复数名词”含义相同。
②else只能放在复合不定代词或疑问代词后。
I don't think we've met before. You're taking me for someone else.我认为我们以前没见过面。
你错把我当成别人了。
Whose else/Who else's can it be?那可能会是谁的呢？③the rest既可代替可数名词，也可代替不可数名词。
01 宏观经济学导论.ppt.Convertor
Macroeconomics宏观经济学课程的重要性这是一门专业基础课，是学好整个经济学和管理学的前提。
学习的目的是为了使学生形成正确的对经济现象进行深入分析的能力。
学习中的困难本课程具有是逻辑体系十分严密的特点，前后连贯性很强。
因此，需要一开始就要从理解入手。
在正确的思维和推理过程中，需要有较好的数学功底。
学习的方法预习与复习的重要性，力求达到理解。
需要有好的学风，并形成相互深入讨论的习惯。
多做并且要认真做习题。
第一讲宏观经济学导论思考题1.宏观经济学的研究对象是什么？它与微观经济学有什么区别？2.为什么说失业和通货膨胀是宏观经济学研究的一对主要矛盾？谈谈改革开放以来，中国经济运行中存在的失业和通货膨胀问题。
3.宏观经济学研究的意义是什么？4.宏观经济学的研究方法是什么？同微观经济学的研究方法相比较，有哪些联系和区别？5.你认为当前中国宏观经济运行中的主要问题是什么？1.1 宏观经济学研究的问题研究内容之一：长期经济增长（Economic Growth）增长源泉劳动人口增长人均劳动生产率增长研究内容之二：经济周期（Business Cycle）商业周期的不同特征各种对周期波动的解释1.1 宏观经济学研究的问题研究内容之三：失业（Unemployment）商业周期的不同特征基本概念：有劳动能力并寻求工作但找不到工作的现象度量方法：失业人口除以总劳动人口1.1 宏观经济学研究的问题研究内容之四：通货膨胀（Inflation）商业周期的不同特征基本概念：一个经济中大多数商品和服务的价格在一段时间内连续上涨。
产生原因：发行货币过量、投资消费需求过旺、工资等成本上升1.1 宏观经济学研究的问题研究内容之五：国际经济（International Economy）封闭经济开放经济通货膨胀在国与国之间的传导外贸盈余与赤字对一国就业与财政的影响1.1 宏观经济学研究的问题研究内容之六：宏观经济政策财政政策：由政府的税收政策和支出政策所组成货币政策：在中央银行的控制下如何决定和调整一个国家的货币供给增长速度. 宏观经济学要解决的四大问题（1）稳定物价（2）充分就业（3）平衡国际收支（4）持续经济增长宏观经济学要平衡的四个市场（1）产品市场（2）货币市场（3）劳动力市场（4）国际市场1.2 宏观经济变量宏观经济学研究的宏观经济总量，可能是个量相加得到的总和，如总消费是每个消费者消费量的总和，总投资是每个厂商投资的总和。
第1章财管.ppt.Convertor
企业财务活动（一）企业筹资引起的财务活动（二）企业投资引起的财务活动（三）企业经营引起的财务活动（四）企业分配引起的财务活动财务关系财务关系：由于财务活动而形成的相互联结的各种财务权力、责任、利益关系，其中最重要的财务关系是利益的冲突。
主要的财务关系（1）经营者与股东；（2）经营者与债权人；（3）企业与政府、社会；（4）企业与企业；（5）大股东与债权人；（6）大股东与中小股东。
3经营者与股东的矛盾及其协调财务管理的目标及内容一、企业目标及财务目标1、企业管理的目标：生存、发展、获利2、财务管理的目标：是企业理财活动所希望实现的结果，是评价企业理财活动是否合理的基本标准。
3、财务管理目标的基本特点（一）相对稳定（二）多元性（分为主导目标和辅助目标）（三）层次性（是对主导目标的进一步分解）4整体目标随着环境的变化和理论的发展，在不断变化和发展（一）产值最大化计划经济的产物重视生产、产值、数量不重视效益、质量、销售（二）利润最大化（最为简洁的目标）优点：收入-费用=产出-投入；是资本收益、国家收益、职工收益的体现；较直观、能计量、易获得缺点：没有充分考虑利润的时间性；忽略了投入和产出的关系；忽略了未来获取利润时所承担的风险（三）股东财富最大化（广为接受的目标）优点:考虑时间因素；长期利益；考虑风险；缺点：非上市公司使用该概念困难；市价受到很多因素的影响；价值评估困难；未考虑其它利益关系人的利益。
（四）企业社会价值最大化（前卫的目标）优点：以企业作为评估整体，不仅考虑股东利益，而且考虑债权人利益；价值：企业未来现金流量按投资人期望的报酬率贴现的现值。
一、财务管理的对象1、对象：资金（现金）流转及其循环三、财务管理的内容1、筹资管理（最基本、首要的职能）2、投资管理（直接创造的职能）3、营运管理（最日常琐碎的职能）4、收益分配管理（影响复杂的职能）四、财务管理的职能1、决策（项目计划）2、计划（期间计划）3、控制二、现金流转不平衡的原因: 盈亏、扩充（一）亏损企业1、亏损额＜折旧额，可短期维持现金流转，但折旧不足，到期无法重置设备。
英语说课经典课件.ppt.Convertor
1. 教学内容2. 教学目标3. 学情分析4. 教学重、难点5. 教学方法6. 教学环节7. 课前预测一. 教学内容本节课共选用四篇不同体裁的文章，通过课堂阅读，指导学生运用多种有效的阅读技巧和已有的知识积累，提高学生理解、概括和判断能力，完成相应习题，从而提高阅读理解的能力。
二. 教学目标1.知识目标通过阅读文章，帮助学生积累巩固所学词汇,了解不同体裁文章的文体结构和行文特点,拓展知识面。
2.能力目标指导学生运用学到的阅读技能来寻找、处理、储藏和提取信息。
2) 掌握自主阅读的技巧，使学生初步掌握综合运用语言的能力，并能够“用语言做事情”。
3. 情感目标四篇不同体裁的文章，既拓宽学生的视野，又对其情感有深刻的教育。
第一、二篇，通过对和平的呼唤，对城市垃圾的处理，唤起学生热爱和平、保护环境的意识。
第三篇，通过引导学生积极参加有益于身心健康和学习的娱乐活动,减轻学习压力, 增加学生体验生活的乐趣并对生活充满自信。
第四篇，是一篇关于惩处酒后驾车的新闻报道，通过阅读使学生意识到安全驾驶的重要性,更加珍惜生活,珍爱生命.三. 学情分析本节阅读课的授课对象是初四学生。
他们对英语语言知识有了一定的积累，具备了一定的阅读理解能力。
但是大部分学生缺乏系统的做题方法和技巧，甚至对阅读理解题有望而生畏的现象。
因此，给学生正确的方法技巧和理念指导是非常必要的。
四. 教学重难点1.学习重点使学生在实践中掌握以下基本的阅读技能，并能熟练运用它们获取有效信息,提高阅读速度和做题的准确率。
1）略读全文并能总结归纳文章主旨大意；2）跳读文章能准确定位相关信息；3）根据已给的语境猜测词义。
4）通过文字表面信息，推断隐含义，了解作者的写作意图。
5）总结归纳文章标题。
2. 学习难点本节课的教学难点是学生在阅读过程中对生词的处理、在解题过程中对阅读方法的灵活运用。
词汇积累是影响阅读速度的重要因素之一，教师应在阅读教学的过程中培养学生在具体的语境中体会、理解和把握生词含义的能力，并且教给学生善于捕捉文中细节，利用细节具体分析和深入挖掘文章的主旨，作者的写作意图和态度，从而正确答题。
第一章(绪论).ppt.Convertor
食品标准与法规主讲人：周然博士第一章绪论第一节法规与标准的概论第二节标准与法规的研究对象和战略地位第三节标准法规与市场经济的关系第四节我国食品标准发展存在的问题第五节国外食品技术标准发展战略的基本经验第六节我国食品标准发展现状和问题第七节我国食品标准发展的制约因素第八节推进我国食品标准发展的战略构想第九节加快我国食品标准发展的战略措施第一章绪论三流的企业卖产品，二流的企业卖技术，一流的企业卖专利，超一流的企业卖标准标准之争其实就是市场之争。
谁掌握了标准，就意味着先行拿到了进入市场的入场券，进而从中获得巨大的经济利益，甚至成为行业的定义者。
如美国高通公司，它不生产手机，但拥有ＣＤＭＡ核心技术标准，现在中国的手机厂商每生产一部ＣＤＭＡ手机，都得先向高通交一笔费用。
从某种意义上说，如果没有标准就意味着你将永远跟在别人的屁股后面学，而且还要缴纳昂贵的“学费”。
第一章绪论食品标准与法规是从事食品生产、营销和贮存以及食品资源开发必须遵守的行为准则。
起到规范市场经济秩序，实施对食品质量安全与卫生管理和监督，确保消费者合法权益。
对食品质量和安全性判定，依据就是有关国际组织和各国政府标准化部门指定的食品标准与法规。
食品标准化和法规发展的新机遇党中央、国务院重视和支持全国人大及政协推动、加速立法食品安全立法处于关键时刻第一节法规与标准的概论一、法规与标准简述法规与标准是保证市场经济正常运转和公平竞争的重要工具。
人类活动社会性，决定任何人的行为不可能孤立，人与人之间、群体与群体之间存在协同互动冠以，由于利益和价值取向产生矛盾和纠纷。
建立一定行为规范和相应的规则，使人们在一种稳定的、明确的社会关系系统与网络中从事各项生产和社会活动。
第一节法规与标准的概论秩序是一种社会现象，是社会成员遵守规范、实施规范的结果。
秩序形成需要一个长期实践的过程。
是规范实践过程中逐渐形成的。
美国法学家富勒提出八项法治原则：1.法律的一般性。
对任何人都适用。
独立主格.ppt.Convertor
独立主格结构的构成名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.This done, we went home.Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.名词(代词)+不定式His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinnerMany trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful =If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)名词(代词)+形容词He turned to me, his eyes sleepyHe stood there, his mouth wide open名词(代词)+副词School over, we all went homeHe sat at his desk, his shoes off名词(代词) +介词短语构成He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards usThe new teacher came in, a smile on her face独立主格结构的特点1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语Having studied my lessons, there was nothing else to do.（误）Having studied my lessons, I had nothing else to do.（正）It being fine, I went out for a walk.The agent being absent, the business was suspended.Weather permitting, the picnic will be held as scheduled2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
广告英语复习提纲.ppt.Convertor
Rhetoric(修辞手法)一、repetition（反复）反复就是通过重复同一单词、词组或语句使人加深印象,重复部分往往含有强烈的情感或优美的旋律。
如:Give me a good cup of coffee and I will drink for a day.Teach me a good cup of coffee and I will drink for a year(Peet‘s Coffee)如:Extra Taste. Not Extra Calories.Childho od isn’t childhood without it.When you’re sipping Lipton, you’re sipping something special.Extraordinary Cola, Extraordinary Choice.Softly, softly, softly you move to the crib to make certain that all is well with the most precious thing in your life, the most wonderful baby in the world. Softly, too, the smooth Ocean Brands welcome you when you return to your own bed. And softly these Ocean Brand Sheets meet your budget requirements. For these are the famous Ocean Brands Percales' latest products of Ocean Brand craftsmanship.Give a Timex to all, to all a good time.When you make a great beer, you d on’t have to make a great fuss.航空公司机上服务的广告A touch of elegance.A touch of fragrance.We’ve been going up and up and up and up and up and up and up and up an d up and up. The end of a decade is a good time to look back. A new decade is a good time to look forward too.Dish after dish after dish. People expect us to be better.翻译对策1、直译法(Literal Translation)所谓直译,即指在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的前提下,在译文中既保留原文内容又保留原文形式,特别要保持原文比喻、形象和民族地方色彩等。
作文范文1.ppt.Convertor
1．以约30个词概括这段短文的主要内容；2．然后以约120个词就“如何度过高中生活”这一话题发表你的看法，内容包括：(1) 读完上文后你的感想；(2)你过去是如何度过高中生活的？请举例说明。
(3)你认为如何度过高中生活才比较合理？The passage mainly discusses how to spend high school life properly, and several students share their opinions about high school life from the following aspects: study, friendship, health, relaxation and options.After reading the passage, I think I should follow the advice offered by the classmates, who managed their time wisely to prepare for college entrance examinations without being overly stressed.Take my own experience as an example. In the past year, I only knew how to finish the homework the teacher had assigned to us, without thinking about improving my lessons effectively and promoting the relationship between classmates. Therefore, I ignored my health, my friendship and even my plan for my study, which made me doubt if my high school life would succeed.Thus it is high time that I should balance my study and playtime. Being organized is the key to achieving the balance. Get a diary and put all my work deadlines and exam dates into it. Plan how much time I need to spend on each piece of homework and allocate the appropriate time for my hobbies, such as meeting friends or taking part in activities.以约30个词概括短文的要点然后以120个词写一篇英语短文谈谈某种自然灾害造成的影响，并包括如下要点1.你家乡有哪种自然灾害，常造成哪些破坏？2.描述你或朋友在此灾害时的一次经历;3.你对应对这种灾害的建议.Typhoon Usagi struck Guangdong China just after the Mid-autumn Festival and caused 25 deaths. It damaged houses, stopped traffic and transports and cut off electricity supply. It also kept fishermen onshore and students off school.As is described in the passage, typhoon is also a common natural disaster in my hometown. When it is here, there are often strong winds and heavy rains. Young trees break and water floods into low-lying houses.When Usagi hit my hometown that evening, I was on my way home. A very strong wind slapped me in the front and tried to sweep me up into the sky. I had been told typhoon was coming but never thought it would cause much damage. I became scared and sheltered myself in a shop doorway. Suddenly with an ear-splitting “bang”, an air-conditioner fell down on the ground just in front of me! I was so frightened that I ran home as fast as I could.So I suggest that we should always take the warning seriously and make good preparations. Stay at home and fasten firmly everything in the house. In this way we can minimize the loss the disaster will cause beforehand.The importance of self-confidenceCurrently, self-confidence has been the order of the day. This does demonstrate the theory --- nothing is more valuable than self-confidence. It is clear that (self-confidence means trust in one's abilities). If you (are full of self-confidence, it will bring your creative power to play, arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties), as a result, your dreams willcome true. On the contrary, if you (have no confidence in yourself, there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything). Failure will be following with you. It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that (self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed). You don't have to look very far to find out the truth, inrespect that we all know (the secret of MMe.Curie lies in preserverence and self-confidence, the latter in particular). It will exert a profound influence upon (the achievement of one's ambitions). With reference to my standpoint, I think (he that can have self-confidence can have what he will). Generation gap between parents and childrenNowadays, there are more and more misunderstanding between parents and children which is so- called generation gap. It is estimated that (75 percentages of parents often complain their children's unreasonable behavior while children usually think their parents too old fashioned).Why has there been so much misunderstanding between parents and children? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is that (the two generations, having grown up at different times, have different likes and dislikes, thus the disagreement often rises between them). Besides(due to having little in common to talk about, they are not willing to sit face to face). The third reason is (with the pace of modern life becoming faster and faster, both of them are so busy with their work or study that they don't spare enough time to exchange ideas).To sum up, the main cause of XX is due to (lake of communication and understanding each other).It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing (children should respect their parents).On the other hand, (parents also should show solicitude for their children). All these measures will certainly bridge the generation gap.Pollution of EnvironmentThese days we often hear that (our living conditions are getting more and more serious because of the destruction of our environment). It is common that (many trees and animals are near extinction, and the all-important food chain has been destroyed.).Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing, (the population of the world is increasing so rapidly that the world has been so crowded.). For another, (the overuse of natural resources has influenced the balance of natural ecology). What is more, since (the industrial revolution), it is natural that (a great number of factories have been springing up like mushrooms. The smoke and harmful chemicals released from factories also pollute the environment).To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worthying. We should do something such as (planting more trees, equipping cars with pollution-control devices and learning to recycling natural resources) to improve the present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future.Stress keeps you youngThe passage tells us that stress is not an obstacle but a power of success in your life. What’s more, it is good for us to stay young. According to the study, we know that stress is necessary in our life, which can motivate us to go ahead.Everyone is affected by stressful situations. How to manage your stress? I hold the same view with the author: stress is essential and we should be lucky to be together with it. As for me, I am keen on studying and enjoy the stress from study now. Once upon a time, I was discouraged because of too much stress from heavy study task. Later, I found the key to taking stress head-on is being relaxed. The better you relax, the better moo d you can get from study. Don’t be pessimistic when stress comes into view, maybe it’s a turning point in your life.Study hard and enjoy yourselvesThe author highlights the effect of work on people’s health, because it can rid one of loneliness, and make one feel fruitful and proud of himself, which always contributes to a good body.In common with the author, I agree that the harder you work, the happier you will be, as hard work can keep a person busy, and gives one a sense of achievement, hence he will be self-confident and feel happy.Around me, some of my classmates work very hard, hoping to fulfill their dream. However,they don’t seem unhappy. Oppositely, they try to find fun even under the pressure of the NMET. For example, they may share the joy with others when working out a problem. Sometimes they may play a trick on his partner using the newly-learned idioms, thus refresh themselves quickly. As for me, I think only when we truly experience what fun it is, can we spare no effort to study hard and meanwhile enjoy ourselves.Hard Work Creates MiraclesWith his instructor’s help and his hard work, Scoresby, a stupid military man, did better than others in the history examination and even won the first prize in the mathematics examination! This story reminds me of a similar experience of my cousin. He was nothing but a football fan. So you can imagine how angry and disappointed my uncle and aunt were every time the result of an exam came out! He had been the last in the list of the whole grade! Everybody around my cousin believed him hopeless. However, when he became a student of Senior Three, for some reason, he began to study very hard, or rather, day and night. In spite of the fact that he was quite often laughed at, he kept on stud ying. To everybody’s surprise, he was finally admitted into a famous university.From the above two stories, we can see that nothing is impossible and that hard work creates miracles!PatienceThe story is about an unforgettable lesson of the writer from an old man while fishing, through which the writer realized patience was very important and that it was the secret of success.I have a similar experience. Once I waited for the bus at the stop for 30 minutes, no bus came. I couldn’t wait any lon ger and decided to walk to school. But no sooner had I left than the bus arrived. I thought if I had waited for one more minute, I would have caught it. If I wanted to take the next bus, I would have to wait for another 30 minutes. Only then did I realize the importance of patience. Being impatient will waste all the efforts that we have made. Patience also plays an important part in our study and life. With it we can achieve greater.Now, whenever I am to lose my patience, I’ll think of the experience of waiting for a bus.A tragedy turning into a blessingThis story is about a tragedy turning into a blessing. The Clark family, who were unlucky to missing boarding Titanic because one son was bitten by a dog, were luckily saved fortunately. Jerry, my friend, once had a similar experience as the Clark family. Last year her family were to make a trip to Beijing just on the afternoon before their trip, she was knocked down by a car when crossing a road and her leg was seriously hurt. She would have to lie in bed for 3 months and their trip had to be cancelled. That evening, she couldn’t help crying the moment she saw me. I made efforts to comfort her and promised to help her with English. I spared her much time. When she was recovered, her English improved greatly.Now she often says she is thankful for the accident, which has a great influence on her study and her thought. Facing a tragedy, she can keep calm, expecting it to turn into a blessing.Pride goes before failureThe folktale mainly tells us that in a race Mr Hare proudly thought he would be sure to beat Mr Tortoise and so he lay down to have a nap. As a result, he lost the race.From the story, we learn that we must take everything seriously and keep a modest attitude towards our studies o r work. Besides, we shouldn’t be proud at any time.The day I came first in the English exam was the happiest day of my life. I had studied very diligently for many weeks and was well prepared for the exam. When the teacher announced that I was the first, I felt so proud that I thought my English was already excellent enough and I didn’t need to study English hard any longer. During the following few months, I didn’t listen to the teacher attentively in class and never did I do my homework after class. In the next exam, theresult was quite different. I fell far behind.From then on, I became modest and never proud again.(1).Good listening can really enable us to get closer to each other. 善于倾听使我们彼此走得更近。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
SPORTRS ENGLISHChapter 1The Olympic GamesUnit1-31Unit 1 The Olympic Games 奥运会Part 1 Words and Expressions 词汇注释celebration 庆祝compete 竞赛；竞争contest 争夺，竞争bid 出价，投标festival 节日，节期，喜庆日promotion 宣传；推销requirement 要求，必要条件strive 努力奋斗；力求tie up 无空闲；完全占用IOC(International Olympic Committee) 国际奥林匹克委员会（简称国际奥委会）host city 主办城市2补充词汇host country 主办国/东道主organization committee 组委会Olympic delegation 奥运会代表团Olympic village 奥运村opening ceremony 开幕式closing ceremony 闭幕式3Part 2 Model Sentences 常用句型1.The Olympics started in Greece.奥运会起源于希腊。
2.The IOC organizes the Olympic Games.国际奥委会是奥运会的组织者。
3.Many countries bid to host the Olympic Games.好些国家争着申办奥运。
4.Beijing is the host city for the 2008 Olympics.北京是2008年奥运会主办城市。
5.It’s the first t ime for China to host the Olympics.这是中国首次主办奥运会。
4Part 3 Possible Alternatives动感替换句型 1in 776 BC.The Olympics started as a festival.as a celebration of harvestand peace.始于公元前776年。
奥运会最初是一种节庆活动。
最初是欢庆国泰民安的仪式。
5句型 2organizes the Summer and Winter Olympicsevery four years.The IOC organized the first Summer Olympics inAthens, Greece, in 1896.organized the first Winter Olympics inChamonix, France, in 1924.每四年举办一次夏季奥运会和冬季奥运会。
国际奥委会1896年在希腊雅典举办第一届夏季奥运会。
1924年在法国夏蒙尼举办第一届冬季奥运会。
6句型 3competeLots of countries contest to host the Olympics Games.strive好多国家竞争申办奥运会。
7句型 4Athens 2004 Summer Vancouver is the host city for the 2010 Winter OlympicsLondon 2012 Summer雅典2004夏季温哥华是2010冬季奥运会的主办城市。
伦敦2012夏季8句型 5The US has hosted the Winter Olympics the most times.Patis has been the host city twice for the Summer GamesLondon will host the Olympics in 2012 for the third time.美国是主办冬季奥运会最多次的国家。
巴黎主办过两次夏季奥运会。
2012年将是伦敦第三次主办奥运会。
9Part 4 Dialogues 实用会话DialoguesA: When did the Olympics start, in 776 BC or 1896 ?奥运会什么时候有的啊，公元前776年还是1896年?B: The Olympic Games started in 776 BC, but the modern Olympics , 1896.The IOC organizes the modern Olympic Games.奥运会始于公元前776年，现代奥运会始自1896年。
国际奥委会组办的是现代奥运会。
10A: A lot of countries bid to host the Olympics. How does it choose the host ?好多国家都争着申办奥运，主办城市是怎么选出来的?B: First the applicants have to meet the basic requirements like space, transportation, safety and so on. They should also have great promotion plans. Then the IOC will visit and write reports on the chosen cities. Finally the committee vote to choose one city.申请城市首先得满足基本条件，像大小、交通、安全什么的，还得有很好的宣传计划。
然后国际奥委会会考察初选出来的城市，写考察报告，最后投票选出一个城市。
11A: It’s really not easy. It’s the first time for China to host the Games. I’m proud of that.真不容易。
这是中国第一次主办奥运会，我很自豪。
B: Me too. Are you going to Beijing for the Olympics ?我也是啊。
那你去北京看奥运吗?A: I wish! I’m all tied up. But I may be able to make it abroad two years later. Vancouver is the host city for the 2010 Winter Olympics and my brother lives there.我倒是想啊，可忙得离不开。
也许两年后出国看奥运呢。
温哥华要主办2010冬奥会，我哥哥在那儿。
B: Aren’t winter sports your favorite? Good for you!你不是最喜欢冬季运动吗?这下你该高兴了！12Unit 2 Olympic Spirit 奥运精神Part 1 Words and Expressions 词汇注释harmony 和睦，融洽improve 改善，改进，提高mission 使命，任务motto 箴言，格言，座右铭mutual 相互的，彼此的olive 橄榄passion 激情，热情persistence 坚持不懈swift 迅速的，速度快的symbolize 象征，作为……的象征13Part 2 Model Sentences 常用句型1.Olympic spirit is about friendship.奥运精神就是友谊。
2.The Olympic Rings represent the idea of unity.奥运五环代表了团结一致。
3.Sports build a bridge between people.体育是连接人类的桥梁。
4.The motto of the Olympics is Swifter, higher, stronger.奥运会目标是“更快、更高、更强”。
5.The important thing about Olympic spirit is taking part.奥运会精神重在参与。
14Part 3 Possible Alternatives动感替换句型 1fair play.Olympic spirit is about honor.peace.公平竞争。
奥运精神就是荣誉。
和平。
15句型 2The dove and the olive branch symbolize (s) peace.The 5 colors of the Rings are a symbol of all nations.The torch is a symbol of passion.鸽子和橄榄枝和平。
奥运五环的五种颜色象征着所有国家。
火炬激情。
16句型 3the 5 continentsSports build a bridge between nations.cultures.五大洲体育是连接各民族的桥梁。
各文化句型 4The mission to build a peaceful and better world.The aim of the Olympics is to improve the human race.The message harmony.使命构建一个和平美好的世界。
奥运会的目标是人类的进步。
信念和谐。
18句型 5The important thing about Olympic spiritis persistence.trying one’s best.mutual understanding.坚持。
奥运精神重在尽力而为。
相互理解。
19Part 4 Dialogues 实用会话A: I love the Olympic Games. The best athletes from all over the world come together and compete with each other.我喜欢奥运会，来自世界各地的最优秀的运动员汇聚一堂，一争高低。
B: Not every one can win, though.可惜不是每个人都能赢。
A: That’s not t he point.The important thing about Olympic spirit is taking part. It encourages every athlete to be the best they can be.这并不重要。
奥运精神重在参与，它激励每个选手都尽自己最大的努力。
B: I guess that’s why the motto of the Olympics is “Swifter,higher,stronger”, but not “The swifte st, the highest, the strongest.”我猜这就是为什么奥运目标是“更快、更高、更强”而不是“最快、最高、最强”吧。