2010 Chapter 1
(完整版)大学英语泛读教程第一册参考答案
大学英语泛读教程第一册参考答案（高等教育出版社，2010年3月版）Unit 1Chapter 1 A family sees America Together (P. 2—17)G. Blank Filling (P 11)1. describing2. journal3. sign4. websites5. missH. Translation (P. 12)1. By using computers and the Internet2. if we are friendly and helpful to others3. learn about our country and (our) people4. enjoyed his trip in Europe5. on the day that/when they leftChapter twoF. Word forms (p. 27)1. a. solves (v.) b. solutions (n.)2. a. education (n.) b. educate (v. )3. a. locate (v.) b. locations (n.)4. a. construction (n.) b. construct (v.)5. a. organization (n.) b. organizes (v.)G. Blank Filling (p. 28)1. habitat2. community3. endangered4. solution5. For instanceH. Translation (p 28)1. but also give them a chance to learn about cultures of other countries2. still others got angry3. construct homes for the poor and homeless all over the world4. but the work depends on your patience and sense of responsibilities5. who want to be helpful to those in needCNN video report: volunteer vacations1.answers will vary2.1. c 2. d3. e4. b5. a3.Working together to build a house is similar to the tradition ofharvesting. This tradition is important because it helps build a better community.Reading Strategy (P. 34-36)1.孤儿院2. 象鼻3. 七胞胎4. 语义学5. 家禽6. 消失7. 摘要8. 困境Chapter 3G. Blank Filling (P. 50)1. tell…apart2. inherited3. similarities4. be curious5. coincidenceH. Translation1. Out of every two children in the United States2. Tom and John are twin brothers3. Though the twins were separated when they were only two months old.4. when people in the earthquake zone are in pain and in trouble5. be open to each other’s thoughts.Chapter 4G. Blank Filling (P. 70)1. search for2. worthwhile3. confidential4. is scared of5. interfere withH. Translation (P. 70)1. Regulations alone doesn’t work2. whether to search for birth parents is a difficult decision to make3. even though twins grow up in different families4. what influences a person’s personality5. he still had mixed feelings toward herFollow-up Activities (PP 73-75)1.a 3 b. 1 c. 3 d. Answers will vary2.and3. Answers will varyCNN Video Report: Raising Triplets。
2010年考研英语阅读理解第一篇全文翻译及分析
忠告：想要把考研英语考好，不在考场上⼼理崩盘，只有详细研究真题和精读外刊，否则绝⼤部分考⽣对⽂章的理解注定是只⾔⽚语和模糊不清的，⽽考研英语强调的是精细、精确地理解。
很多学⽣反映看不懂外刊，但是如果我们不在平时崩盘，那么就会在考试时崩溃。
请⼤家仔细体会我们的忠告! (1)①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. ②Not only have many newspapers done away with their book-review sections, but several major papers, including the Chicago Sun-Times and the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, no longer employ full-time classical-music critics. ③Even those papers that continue to review fine-arts events are devoting less space to them, while the “think pieces” on cultural subjects that once graced the pages of big-city Sunday papers are becoming a thing of the past。
[译⽂] 过去的25年，在英⽂报纸发⽣的所有变化中，或许有深远意义的变化就是这些报纸⽂艺报道的范围在缩⼩，严肃性在减弱，势头不可阻挡。
2010年考研英语(一)阅读 text 2 精读精讲
2010年考研英语(一)阅读text 2 精读精讲Title: Analysis and Explanation of 2010 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination English Test (Paper One) Reading Comprehension Text 2In the 2010 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination English Test (Paper One), Text 2 is a reading comprehension passage that requires candidates to carefully read and analyze a scientific article on Prions. Prions are an important topic in the field of biology and are linked to serious diseases such as "mad cow disease" in livestock and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.The passage starts by introducing the discovery of Prions and their role in causing diseases. It explains how normal proteins can transform into abnormal prions and wreak havoc in the body. The text also discusses the various methods used to study prions and their molecular structures, including X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance.One of the key points of the text is the discussion of the "protein-only" theory of prion disease transmission. The theory proposes that prions are composed only of protein, contrary to the traditional belief that disease transmission requires geneticmaterial like DNA or RNA. This is an important concept that challenges our understanding of disease mechanisms.The passage also addresses the issue of prion diseases being transmissible between species, such as from animals to humans. This has raised concerns about food safety and the potential for prion diseases to spread through the food chain.Overall, Text 2 is a dense and technical passage that requires candidates to have a solid foundation in biology and biochemistry to fully comprehend. It challenges readers to think critically about disease transmission mechanisms and the complexities of protein folding.In conclusion, the 2010 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination English Test (Paper One) Text 2 provides anin-depth look at prions and their role in causing diseases. Candidates who are able to understand and analyze the passage demonstrate a high level of scientific literacy and critical thinking skills.。
2010年英语二阅读理解第一篇
2010年英语二阅读理解第一篇英文回答：The passage explores the evolving role of digital media in shaping political discourse and the challenges it presents to traditional notions of truth and authority. It argues that the internet has democratized access to information, empowering individuals to share their perspectives and challenge mainstream narratives. However, it also acknowledges the potential for misinformation and echo chambers to distort public understanding and undermine trust in institutions.The author offers a nuanced analysis of the interplay between digital media and political power. On the one hand, the internet has enabled grassroots movements to mobilize support, amplify marginalized voices, and hold those in power accountable. On the other hand, it has also provided a platform for demagogues and extremist groups to spread their messages, often without regard for factual accuracyor ethical considerations.The author advocates for a critical approach to digital media consumption, emphasizing the need for individuals to evaluate information critically, seek out multiple perspectives, and be mindful of their own biases. They also call for greater efforts to promote media literacy and to counter the spread of false information online.中文回答：文章大意：这篇文章探讨了数字媒体在塑造政治话语中不断演变的角色，以及它对传统真理和权威观念所带来的挑战。
2010年英语一第一篇阅读
2010年英语一第一篇阅读英文回答：In the 2010 English Paper I, the first reading text discusses the role of human capital in economic growth.The text argues that human capital, which refers to the knowledge, skills, and abilities of a workforce, is a key determinant of economic growth. It does so by increasing productivity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. For example, a workforce with higher levels of education and skills is more likely to be able to adopt new technologies anddevelop new products and services. This can lead to increased productivity and economic growth.The text also discusses the importance of investing in human capital. It argues that governments and businesses should invest in education, training, and other programsthat can help to develop the skills and knowledge of the workforce. This investment can lead to long-term economicgrowth.Overall, the text provides a strong argument for the importance of human capital in economic growth. It showsthat investing in human capital can lead to increased productivity, innovation, and entrepreneurship, all ofwhich can contribute to economic growth.中文回答：2010年英语一第一篇阅读文章讨论了人力资本在经济增长中的作用。
大学英语写作课件1 chapter 1
1. Some Requirements on This Course
• 1) Attend every writing lesson; • 2) Devote your efforts to meeting the requirements of this course; • 3) Be active in class (Volunteers are always welcome & will be given more); • 4) Finish assignments in time; • 5) Prepare two exercise books, one for in-class exercises; the other for afterclass exercises;
具体的学习内容
第一章 文稿格式和标点符号 (Manuscript Form and Punctuation) 第二章 用词(Using Proper Words) 第三章 造句 (Making Correct and Effective Sentences) 第四章 段落(Developing Paragraphs) 第五章 摘要(Summarizing) 第六章 完整的作文(Composing Essays) 第七章 应用文(Writing for Practical Purposes) 第八章 学术论文写作(Preparing Research Papers)
• 5) Your teacher will not correct your compositions word by word, but judge them as a whole.
• 6) You can know how to write good articles not through your teacher‟s correcting the grammar mistakes in your exercises, but through your daily practice. • 7) Writing cannot be simplified to a set of rules or guideline, and people can never learn to write once and for all, because works change according to the people, purposes, and places involved.
2010目录索引
心理氧吧 ２ ０ 天能做 多少事 ６１０ ２ 期待 ． 予合理的 时间和空 间 ８ 给 ３ 找出心 中那根等长 线 ０
３ 心灵 Ｓ Ａ １ Ｐ
４ ６试 （ ） 班 ： 一 样的 专 业 实 验 不 ４ ９熟 悉的 陌生 人 就业前穗 ５ ０给我—个市场 ， 我可以营销整个世界 ５ ２房 产镱 划 ： 的是 一 种生 活 卖
３ 心灵ＳＡ ５ Ｐ
专业大观 ４ 最 。 务员 专 业 ８ 公 ５ ｏ老树 新 。 花 ： 一样 的 法学 不 ５ 电 子 姐 妹花 １ 就业前瞻 ５ 工科女生： ３ 颠覆 － 以稀为贵 牢 身 ５ ５新新 职 业 ， 。 一 霹 打 尽
主任彝林红 招 考资讯 １ ０ ９年全 国普通 高校 招生 省级 招办 ５２０ 主任 联席 会议 在长沙 召开 等
３ 当“ １ 羊人 ． 打造 寒假Ａ计划
３ 心 灵 ， ３ Ａ
５ ６掀 起校 名 。 盖头 来 解 析特 色蕴 台于 曾用校 名的 大学
— —
离割删 粘３ 谢理想辨． ５ 议论窝榭檄
３ 撑—支长蓠， ７ 于灌丈丰ｌ ｌ 嗍 叶 ３ 离割捞 ９ 之道 １ 请 问国 民经 济 管理 专 业是 经 济 类专 业 ２ 位 ４匡 卿 力学‘ 精解 宝 还 是 管理 类 专业 等 １ ０９ ４ ２０ 年全国各地录取前２ 名专业排行 （ 我的大学 ４ 西望 长 安 东 探佥 陵 ０ 下） ７ 走 进西 安 、 南京 的大 学 心理氧吧玛 戏前 戏后的角 考 前考后的 心 ５ 衣 、 、 、 中的高 校乾 坤 ２ 食 住 行 ３ 乐起 ， ０ 心静
— —
４１ 家 长 易陷 的 十大 志 慝 误 区 志愿 方略 ２ 新课改形势下的志愿填报方法 ４
４ ５机械
2010考研英语一阅读及答案
Text 1(2010)Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that thecritics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journa lism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enj oy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that __________.[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by __________.[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryOver the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. Amazon com received one for its “one-click” online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal prot ection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lying a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready toscale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversialever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known,is “a very big deal,”says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pints to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despitethe fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly,some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual o rder stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in t he wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme. Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to theanti-patent trend at the supreme court” says Harol d C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern becauseof __________.[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means __________.[A] loss of good will [B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of disunity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents __________.[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patentsIn his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Aladuell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”:Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the ideathat only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like OprahWinfrey — whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence — even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”— the widespread propagation of influence through networks — is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to__________.[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”__________.[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that__________.[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who __________.[A] stay outside the network of social influence [B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted [B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced [D] The inclination to rely on othersBankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. Thedetails may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group poli tely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “notlive in a political vacuum” but“in the real wor l d” and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they Largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be kn own for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized anddealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to __________.[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in __________.[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the bank’s long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s att empt to __________.[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in rule-setting[D] take gradual measures in reform39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they __________.[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of __________.[A] satisfaction [B] skepticism [C] objectiveness [D] sympathy。
2010-Chapter 1-2
杨朝燕©
Lexicology
“heart”
• • • • • • • • • • • at heart by heart a change of heart a heart of gold lose one’s heart to steal one’s heart break one’s heart cross one’s heart cry one’s heart out eat one’s heart out heart and hand heart and soul with half a heart with all (one’s) heart from the depth of one’s heart have one’s heart in one’s mouth wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve One’s heart sinks within one.
9
杨朝燕©
Lexicology
1.1 Basic Word Stock 1.1.1 Features of basic word stock:
A. All national character 全民性— denote the most common things and phenomena B. Stability 稳定性— be likely to remain unchanged C. Productivity 能产性– form compounds D. Polysemy多义性— possess over one meaning. E. Collocability 搭配能力强 – form idioms, proverbs etc.
13
杨朝燕©
chapter1习题答案
chapter1习题答案一、名词解释1、芽孢：某些细菌在其生长发育后期, 在细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形、壁厚抗逆性强的休眠构造。
2、糖被：包被于某些细菌细胞壁外的一层厚度不定的透明胶状物质, 成分是多糖或多肽。
3、菌落：将单个细菌细胞或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，当它占有一定的发展空间并处于适宜的培养条件时，该细胞就会迅速生长繁殖并形成细胞堆，此即菌落。
4、基内菌丝：当孢子落在固体基质表面并发芽后，就不断伸长、分枝并以放射状向基质表面和内层扩展，形成大量色浅、较细的具有吸收营养和排泄代谢废物功能的基内菌丝5、孢囊：指固氮菌尤其是棕色固氮菌等少数细菌在缺乏营养的条件下，由营养细胞的外壁加厚、细胞失水而形成的一种抗干旱但不抗热的圆形休眠体，一个营养细胞仅形成一个孢囊。
6、质粒：指细菌细胞质内存在于染色体外或附加于染色体上的遗传物质，绝大多数由共价闭合环状双螺旋DNA分子构成。
7、微生物：是指肉眼看不见或看不清楚的微小生物的总称。
包括细菌、放线菌、霉菌、酵母菌和病毒等大类群。
8、鞭毛：是从细菌质膜和细胞壁伸出细胞外面的蛋白质组成的丝状结构，使细胞具有运动性。
9、菌落：将单个或一小堆同种细胞接种到固体培养基表面，经培养后会形成以母细胞为中心的一堆肉眼可见的、有一定形态构造的子细胞集团称菌落。
10、放线菌：一类呈丝状生长、以孢子繁殖、陆生性较强的原核微生物。
11、荚膜：有些细菌在生命过程中在其表面分泌一层松散透明的粘液物质，这些粘液物质具有一定外形，相对稳定地附于细胞壁外面，称为荚膜。
二. 填空1、芽孢的结构一般可分为孢外壁、芽孢衣、皮层和核心四部分。
2、细菌的繁殖方式主要是裂殖，少数种类进行芽殖。
3、放线菌产生的孢子有有性孢子和无性孢子两种。
4、细菌的核糖体的沉降系数是70s 。
5、细菌的鞭毛有三个基本部分，分别为基体，钩形鞘，和鞭毛丝。
6、微生物修复受损DNA的作用有__光复活作用__和_切除修复。
2010年考研英语一真题与参考答案解析
2010年考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.andmark[A] ，[B] ，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise aseries of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant nearChicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers“ Hawthorne productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to theeffect” the e melyxtr influential idea the very__3__to being experimented uponchanged subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in theplant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lightingwas increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that theywere being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__itselfAfter several decades， the same data were __11__to econometric theanalysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions onrecord，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related tochanges in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__14__interpretation of what happened.__15__， lighting was always changed on aSunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with theprevious Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__，acomparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed thatoutput always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few daysof the week in any case， before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. Thissuggests that the alleged“ Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A]affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2.[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3.[A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5.[A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6.[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7.[A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8.[A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11.[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiarto 13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing[A] ，[B] ，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers duringthe past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been theinexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age offorty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticismpublished in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To readsuch books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were oncedeemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews publishedin England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at atime when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered anornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was takenfor granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length aboutthe events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers whowore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could betrusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling,and were proud to be published in the daily press. “ So few authors have brains enoug or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ” Newman wrote, I am tempted to define‘ journalism ’ as ‘ a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are. ’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote forthe Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is nowknown solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though,he was also one of England ’ s foremost -classicalmusiccritics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus ’ s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A]arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B]English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C]high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D]young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterizedby [A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23.Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. [C]Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24.What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25.What would be the best title for the text?[A]Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B]The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C]Mournful Decline of Journalism[D]Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its -click “”on line payment systemMerrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.Oneinventor patented a technique for lying a box。
跨文化交际1 (1)
Chapter One:Culture and Communication1.The Importance of Learning about CulturesCase 1. Read the following case and try to explain the underlying reason.Case 1. The following case involves an American businesswoman and a British Businessman.“We seeme d to get along great on the telephone. It was a relief after several years in Eastern Europe to actually be doing business with the British. At least we spoke the same language,” says the American businesswoman. “We thought alike. I trusted him.”All went well until the American traveled to London to meet face-to-face with her British colleague to sign a research and development contract. The first meeting did not go well. “ There was something that didn‟t seem right,” she says. “Throughout the presentation none of the Brits, not even the guy I had developed a phone relationship with, would look us in the eye. It was like they were hiding something.After a lot of internal discussion, we decided to sign the contract, but many of us still felt uneasy. Even wh en we talked on the phone later I just couldn‟t get the failure of them to look me in the eye out of my head. It almost ruined the relationship and sunk the deal.”2.Understanding Culture2.1 The Definition of Culture(p2-p4)What’s culture?2.1 Larry A. Samovar and Richard E. Porter’s Definition of Culture (p4):The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.文化的定义：文化是一个大群体在代代相传中，通过本人和集体的努力获得的知识、经验、信念、价值、态度、角色、空间关系、宇宙关系的积淀，以及他们获得的全部物质的东西。
2010_Chapter_1
vowels undergone changes OLD English Modern English stan ? fot ? fyr ? represented the sound of th by p and Ǿ wip ? Ǿa ? the basic elements remained mann(man), wif(wife), cild(child), hus(house), benc(bench), mete(meet, food)
nuclear bomb:
chain reaction, radioactivity, fall-out, clean bomb, overkill, megadeath, neuron bomb, medium-range ballistic missiles
exploration of space:
Three Historical Periods
Old English (450-1150)
-The pronunciation of old English somewhat differs from that of modern English. -It is a highly inflected language (synthetic not analytic). -The Norman Conquest caused the changes in the English language. -English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language in terms of grammar. -A lot of words were borrowed from French (beef, pork, bacon, air, beauty, music, brown, paintincularly dominant in the fields of
2010阅读解析第1篇阅读全文翻译
(1)①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. ②Not only have many newspapers done away with their book-review sections, but several major papers, including the Chicago Sun-Times and the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, no longer employ full-time classical-music critics. ③Even those papers that continue to review fine-arts events are devoti ng less space to them, while the “think pieces” on cultural subjects that once graced the pages of big-city Sunday papers are becoming a thing of the past。
[译文]过去的25年，在英文报纸发生的所有变化中，或许最具有深远意义的变化就是这些报纸文艺报道的范围在缩小，严肃性在减弱，势头不可阻挡。
不仅许多报纸都撤掉了其书评版面，而且一些主要报纸，包括《芝加哥太阳时报》和《明尼阿波利斯星坛报》也都不再雇佣全职的古典音乐评论家了。
纵然是那些继续评论美术方面的事件的报纸留给这些评论也比以往要少。
2010年文章总目录
２ １年第２ ０ ０ 期
２ ■ 技术动态 ０
ＣＸ９ ５ ０低 功耗 视 频 编 码 器 … … … … … … … … … …～ 一 ２１ ３ １：
Ｆ ６ ４ ：通 道 集 成视 频 滤 波 器 … 一 …… … 一 一 … … … 一 ２ ＭＳ ６ ６６ ２ Ｐ ０ ２ ｌ ｏ ｌ 通 信 处 理 器 … … … … … … … … 一 … …… 一 ３ １ １／ ： ｒ ２ Ｑ Ｑ ２
飞思卡 尔电表 参考设计推进 智能计量发展步伐…………一 ６ 月度 新 品总汇 ５
● 精英专访
半 导 体 产 业走 出阴 霾… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 一 ２ ｌ
一 一
Ｌ Ｍ８ ２ ： ／ Ｃ 型 模 块 稳压 器 …… … … … … … … … … ２ Ｔ ０７ＤＣ Ｄ 微 ４ Ｓ Ｐ ６Ｐ ０／０ ： Ｔ １ｘ Ｐ ５Ｓ ５高精度 Ｌ Ｄ 动 器 … 一……… ……一 ．…一５ Ｅ驱 ． ２ ．
● 解决方案精选
Ｔ ３ ０ ５ ０ ： 字听 诊 器解 决 方案 … … … … … … … 一 一６ ＭＳ ２ ＶＣ ５５数 ｌ ＭＡＸ ０ ７／ 路 超 声 波 前 端 解 决 方 案… … … … … ． … … … １ ２ ７： ＼ ． ． ８
９ ０ Ｊ ６血糖 监视 仪 解 决 方 案… … … … 一 … … … … 一０ ２ Ｔ ３ １７带 电池 充 电功 能 的 无 源低 频接 口（ａ Ｆ） ＭＳ ７ ５ ： ＰＬ Ｉ 器件 一８ Ｍ Ｃ Ｓ ８Ｍ ｌ ： ２
ＨＭＣ ７ Ｌ ３ ：０ ｐ ￣ 钟 比较 方案 … … … … … … … …… １ ８ ６ Ｃ Ｃ ２ Ｇｂ ｓ， ｊ － ６
销魂的2010(一)2010那些“人”
首所 谓 的李 白诗 ： 山五岳 何为 峰 ， 三
有 李 白的藏 头预 言诗 四处 流传 ， 以示命 中注 定 ， 理 天
昭 然 。 而 ， 日本 版 ， 然 从 到法 国 家 乐福 版 ， 到 奥 运 再 版……， 除了最早 的 日 本版 尚算 文辞通 顺之 外， 后者 皆
见一斑 。
的确 ， 了 近 流 传 的那 张 芙 蓉姐 姐 长 发披 肩 、 看 最
文兮
写这一期 Ｂｏ 的时候 ， 翻 ｌ ｇ 我
笑容 恬 静 的 照 片， 西也 不 得不 感慨 ： 为 网络 红人 小 作
的一 代 教 母 ， 芙蓉 姐姐 已经修 成 正 果 ！
有 时候 想 想 ， 个 风 云 变幻的 互联 网真像 一 个 巨 这
些销魂的人、 销魂 的事、 销魂 的
话 语， 让它们 成为这一年我们
界人 民都 喊他 一声 “ ” 我们也 就 暂且 当 哥 ，
它是 “ 吧 ！ 哥” 章 鱼哥全 名保罗 ・ 伦， ０ ８ 出生于 爱 ２０年 英 国的多塞 特 ， 英 国护照 ， 年生 活在德 持 常 国 的奥 博豪 森 海 洋馆 。由于他 在 ２ １年 南 ００
非 世界 杯上 多次 成 功预 测 赛事 而受 到世 界
的集体 印记 记录下销魂 的 ，
２ １ 年 ００
网友 追捧 ， 甚至登上 了 《 时代周刊 》 封面 。 在 今 年 的 世界 杯 期 间 ， 族 馆 的工 作 水 人 员在 保罗生 活 的水 族箱 中放 置了两 个 玻 璃缸 ， 内有参赛 双方 的国旗 ， 缸 根据 保 罗对 玻璃 缸的选 择来 预言 比赛 胜负 。
2010text1英语二 -回复
2010text1英语二-回复1. What is the author's suggestion to companies facing an economic downturn? [30]In times of economic downturn, the author suggests that companies should focus on their core competencies and invest in innovation. According to the author, in order to come out successful during tough economic times, companies should prioritize their strengths and find ways to do things more efficiently. This means investing in R&D and developing new products or services that can help to differentiate the business from its competitors.2. How can companies prevent themselves from being a victim of financial turmoil? [30]In order to prevent themselves from being a victim of financial turmoil, companies should take a proactive approach to managing their finances. This means creating a strong balance sheet, maintaining adequate cash reserves and managing their debt levels. It is also important for companies to be able to adapt to changing market conditions and remain flexible in their approach.3. What kind of leadership is needed to navigate through aneconomic crisis? [20]During an economic crisis, strong leadership is critical to a company's success. Leaders should be able to inspire confidence and rally their employees around a shared vision for the future. This means communicating effectively with all stakeholders, making difficult decisions when necessary and prioritizing the needs of the business. Additionally, leaders should be able to remain calm under pressure and focus on the long-term goals of the organization.4. What impact can government policies have on the economy during a crisis? [20]During a crisis, government policies can have a significant impact on the economy. For example, government stimulus packages can help to stimulate demand and encourage businesses to invest in new projects. Additionally, tax policies can help to incentivize innovation and encourage companies to develop new products or services. However, it is important for government policies to be balanced and not create unintended consequences, such as inflation or excessive borrowing. Ultimately, effective government policies can help to stabilize the economy and support the growthof businesses.。
2010年英语一第二篇和第三篇
2010年英语一第二篇和第三篇The 2010 English Language Arts Exam, specifically the second and third passages, presented a challenge for many students. The passages required a deep understanding of the English language and the ability to critically analyze and interpret complex texts. The second passage, in particular, was a narrative that explored the theme of perseverance and determination. It followed the story of a young girl who overcame obstacles to achieve her dreams. This passage tested students' comprehension and their ability toidentify and analyze character development and plot structure.The third passage, on the other hand, was a non-fiction piece that focused on the impact of technology on human interaction. It delved into the ways in which technology has both connected and disconnected people, and it raised thought-provoking questions about the role of technology in modern society. This passage required students to think critically about the implications of technologicaladvancements and to articulate their own opinions on the subject.From a student's perspective, the 2010 English Language Arts Exam was a test of not only their language skills but also their ability to think critically and express their thoughts coherently. The passages challenged students to engage with complex themes and to analyze and interpret texts in a meaningful way. This required a deep understanding of the English language and the ability to effectively communicate ideas.Teachers and educators may have found the 2010 English Language Arts Exam to be a valuable tool for assessing students' reading comprehension and critical thinking skills. The exam provided an opportunity for students to demonstrate their understanding of complex texts and to articulate their thoughts and opinions in a clear and organized manner. It also allowed teachers to gauge students' ability to analyze and interpret different types of texts, from narratives to non-fiction pieces.From a broader perspective, the 2010 English Language Arts Exam reflected the increasing emphasis on critical thinking and analysis in education. The passages challenged students to engage with complex themes and to think deeply about the implications of the texts they were reading. This aligns with the broader goal of education to fostercritical thinking skills and to encourage students to think deeply about the world around them.In conclusion, the 2010 English Language Arts Exam, specifically the second and third passages, presented students with a challenging but valuable opportunity to engage with complex texts and to demonstrate their reading comprehension and critical thinking skills. The exam tested students' ability to analyze and interpret narratives and non-fiction pieces, and it provided a platform for them to express their thoughts and opinions in a coherent and organized manner. This reflects the broader goal of education to foster critical thinking skills and to encourage students to engage with complex themes and ideas.。
2010年考研英语(一)阅读 text2精读精讲
2010年考研英语(一)阅读 text2精读精讲标题：2010年考研英语(一)阅读 text2精读精讲引言概述：2010年的考研英语(一)阅读部分是考研英语中的重要一环，其中text2是重点内容之一。
本文将对2010年考研英语(一)阅读 text2进行精读精讲，帮助考生更好地理解和应对考试。
正文内容：1. 阅读理解题型1.1 主旨题1.1.1 主旨题是阅读理解题型中的常见题型之一，要求考生从文章中找出最能概括全文主题的选项。
1.1.2 解题技巧：通常主旨题答案会出现在文章的开头或结尾，考生可以通过对文章的整体把握来确定答案。
1.2 细节题1.2.1 细节题要求考生从文章中找出特定的信息或细节。
1.2.2 解题技巧：考生可以通过扫读文章，寻找与题目相关的关键词，然后在相关句子中找到答案。
1.3 推理题1.3.1 推理题要求考生根据文章中的信息进行逻辑推理，判断陈述是否正确。
1.3.2 解题技巧：考生需要仔细阅读文章，并根据文章中的线索进行推理，注意排除干扰选项。
2. 文章结构分析2.1 开头段落2.1.1 开头段落通常会引出文章的主题或背景信息。
2.1.2 解题技巧：考生可以通过阅读开头段落来了解文章的整体结构和主题。
2.2 主体段落2.2.1 主体段落是文章的核心部分，包含了文章的主要内容和观点。
2.2.2 解题技巧：考生需要仔细阅读主体段落，理解作者的观点和论证过程。
2.3 结尾段落2.3.1 结尾段落通常会总结文章的主要观点或提出作者的建议。
2.3.2 解题技巧：考生可以通过阅读结尾段落来了解文章的结论或作者的态度。
3. 阅读技巧3.1 阅读速度3.1.1 快速阅读可以帮助考生抓住文章的大意和主要观点。
3.1.2 解题技巧：考生可以通过快速阅读整篇文章，了解文章的结构和主题，然后再进行细读。
3.2 关键词3.2.1 关键词是文章中的重要信息，可以帮助考生理解文章的主题和细节。
3.2.2 解题技巧：考生可以通过寻找关键词，快速定位文章中的相关信息。
2010金牌经理人的主角王哲要被狠狠地修理一顿
2010金牌经理人的主角王哲要被狠狠地修理一顿2010金牌经理人的主角是王哲，文徒小说原创齐大力在泰国登机的时候，心里是充满了怒气的。
他发誓回到香江之后，要把那个叫王哲的小子狠狠地修理一顿。
但是下了飞机，他就接到了自己亲弟弟打给自己的电话。
听完电话之后，他一颗心直接凉到了屁眼。
原来刚才欢送自己回来的汇丰国际副总裁，已经准备和佳恳资产联起手来搞自己了。
不是他不明白，实在是资本市场变化太快。
刚才不还好兄弟么？怎么只过了几个小时，就变成要吃自己肉的魔鬼了呢？齐大力是真的感觉到害怕了。
他很清楚，这些年来，汇丰国际已经用资本不知道折腾散架了多少企业。
今胜国际在他们的手底下，绝对撑不过两个月！自己这是偷鸡不成蚀把米，本来想算计佳恳资产的，结果自己倒成了被算计的对象了。
“现在该怎么办啊？”紧急关头，齐二强一点主意都拿不了。
还得是齐大力，在刚开始的慌乱之后，慢慢稳住了心神。
“佳恳不是给了我二十四小时么？我现在已经回来了，到明天谈判，咱们就死咬一点，汇丰的事情，全不知情，拿出和佳恳的合同来，以此要求他们，无论如何，稳定股价！”第二天一早，今胜国际的中高层又一次来到了二楼的会议室。
齐大力频频的看表，不是问自己的老弟：“还没到二十四小时么？”他此时内心只有这一根救命稻草。
如果今天早上王哲不来，而是直接和汇丰联手在股市上搞风搞雨，那今胜国际就彻底崩盘了。
所以此时的他，无比紧张。
八点。
“咔哒。
”一声门响。
所有在座的人都看向门口。
王哲一身休闲西装，身旁左右各站了一位娉婷袅娜的美女。
齐大力“腾”的站起身。
“王总，可把你盼来了！”说着，把自己的主座让了出来。
王哲大马金刀的坐上主座，似笑非笑的对齐大力说：“想见齐总一面，可真难啊。
”齐大力一听这话，汗都下来了。
“哪里哪里，俗务缠身，俗务缠身。
老弟今天既然来了，咱们就好好亲近亲近。
”王哲往身旁引见了一下，“这位，我们佳恳资产的大股东，郭可盈，同时也是红山资本的副总裁。
”齐大力这才发现跟在王哲身后的郭可盈，顿时大喜过望。
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Greek loan words: mostly literary, technical and scientific
Three Historical Periods
Old English (450-1150)
-The pronunciation of old English somewhat differs from that of modern English. -It is a highly inflected language (synthetic not analytic). -The Norman Conquest caused the changes in the English language. -English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language in terms of grammar. -A lot of words were borrowed from French (beef, pork, bacon, air, beauty, music, brown, painting, color, etc.).
Modern English (1776-) English borrowed words form an increasing number of languages, the major ones being the three Romance languages: French: attaché charge d’affaires, café ,
Modern English Lexicology
Wang Min
zjdxwm@ Spring, 2010
grammar
Social rules in language use.
How words are arranged to form a sentence.
pragmatics
semantics
The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary
Reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms :
Marked progress of science and technology Socio-economic, political and cultural changes The influences of other cultures and languages
The Development of English Vocabulary
Three historical periods of the development of English vocabulary
Rapid growth of the vocabulary of the present-day English
Middle English (1150-1500)
Modern English (1500-present)
-emphasis on Latin and Greek as a result of the renaissance (1500-1700) -A time of stabilizing and purifying English language - A period of expansion of English vocabulary
Italian: particularly dominant in the fields of
music, art and architecture concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome, balcony, piazza Spanish: armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigar
drama, comedy, tragedy, lexicon, criterion, botany, physics.
attaché charge ,
d’affaires, café concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome, balcony, piazza armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigar
English has adopted words from almost every known language in the course of its historical development. As summed up in The Encyclopedia Americana: “…The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed” English is supposed to have the most copious vocabulary of all the language in the world, estimated at more than a million words.
Military affairs
Religion Clothing
conquer, sergeant, victory
baptism, confess, divine, sermon…… coat, dress, gown, robe
Art
beauty, image, design
Early Modern English (1476-1776) Latin loan words: mostly connected with science and abstract ideas
English vocabulary viewed from the historical perspective The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary
3. Classification of English words according to different criteria 4. Other related issues
Portuguese: caste and pagoda German: bismuth, cobalt, nickel and zinc Dutch: dock, freight and keel Russian: vodka, troika, ruble and tsar
Australian: boomerang, kangaroo and dingo; Arabic: sugar, sultan and alcohol; Indian: coolie, cashmere and khaki; Hebrew: schmozzo and schmalts; Chinese: tea, typhoon and yamen; Japanese: kimono and tycoon; African: gorilla and zebra.
What is a word?
a minimum free form (Bloomfield,1933:177178) the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use (Antoine Meillet) one of the fundamental units of speech and a minimum free form. It is a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic function
nuclear bomb:
chain reaction, radioactivity, fall-out, clean bomb, overkill, megadeath, neuron bomb, medium-range ballistic missiles
exploration of space:
vowels undergone changes OLD English Modern English stan ? fot ? fyr ? represented the sound of th by p and Ǿ wip ? Ǿa ? the basic elements remained mann(man), wif(wife), cild(child), hus(house), benc(bench), mete(meet, food)
Lexicology
Meanings of words and sentences. Language sound systems
phonology
Unit One A General Survey of English Vocabulary
Overview of the unit
1. The definition of word 2. The development of English vocabulary