自考英语阅读一(00595)试题及答案解析评分标准

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2004年4月全国自考《英语阅读(一)》真题及答案(圣才出品)

2004年4月全国自考《英语阅读（一）》真题及答案课程代码：00595PART ONE （70 POINTS）I. TEXT COMPREHENSIONThe following comprehension questions are based on the texts you have learned, and each of them is provided with 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to each question and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points, 1 point each)1. In Gifts of the Magi, the two possessions Mr. and Mrs. Young took great pride in are _____ .A. Jim’s watch and Della’s hairB. Jim’s watch and Dell’s combsC. Della’s combs and Jim’s watch-chainD. Della’s hair and Jim’s watch-chain【答案】A2. In No Marriage, No Apologies, Mrs. Frishberg said, “I’m not against the institution of marriage. We just never get around to it.”The underlined sentence means _____ .A. we never have the courage to face the problem directlyB. we never go so far as to consider the matterC. we never overcome the obstacles of marriageD. we never finish discussing the problem with each other【答案】B3. Lisabetta’s brothers decided to put an end to her secret love affair by killing Lorenzo because they _____ .A. thought that he would snatch their beautiful sister away from themB. considered the secret love affair a shame to the familyC. worried that Lorenzo would inherit the family fortuneD. looked upon Lorenzo as inferior to them in social rank【答案】B4. The Wife of Bath intends to show with her tale that _____ .A. men should be obedient to their wivesB. knights should be loyal to the King and the QueenC. women should be obedient to their husbandsD. husbands should be young and loving【答案】A5. In Mark Twain’s The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, Simon Wheeler is _____.A. a good-natured and extremely talkative old manB. fond of making fun of people with his long talesC. most curious about betting and dog fightD. a well-trained frog and the best jumper in Calaveras County【答案】A6. According to The value of Education, our purpose of educating children is to .A. choose a proper system of educationB. educate them only for the aim of educating themC. accustom them to varied lifeD. make them intelligent citizens【答案】C7. The child in A Day’s Wait kept tight control over himself throughout the day because he .A. was afraid that he would die if he lost control over himselfB. thought he was going to die and he must show courage in the face of deathC. wanted to recover quickly so that he could go hunting with his fatherD. did not want to be a bother to and a burden on others【答案】B8. Rip Van Winkle is taken from The Sketch Book, a collection of essays, sketches,and tales written by _____.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC. Washington IrvingD. O. Henry【答案】C9. According to the passage English World-wide, many Third World people opposethe use of English in their countries because _____.A. they consider it a form of cultural imperialismB. the English language has produced racismC. other languages are easier to learnD. they are against modernization in general【答案】A10. Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, summed up the four chief qualities of money some 2,000 years ago as being durable, distinct, _____ and portable.A. divisibleB. definiteC. deficientD. decisive【答案】A11. In New Applications, the illegal plan first came to Miriam when she discovered by accident that _____.A. Al Cropin’s grand scheme was not practicalB .the home-type computer improved the market conditionsC. the latest version of home-type computers was actually compatible with the one in her officeD. everyone could use the terms to refer to the computer and its application software【答案】C12. According to The Story of the Bible, Noah’s drunkenness and behavior most probably reflect that _____.A. people easily forgot their past mistakesB. people tended to enjoy a peaceful lifeC. Noah wanted to escape from his lonelinessD. Noah lacked the companionship of his children【答案】A13. The Statue of Liberty reminds people of all the following EXCEPT .A. American democracyB. friendship between America and FranceC. the support of FranceD. the journey of pilgrims【答案】D14. According to the information in Gateway to the USA, New Y ork City was a bitter disillusionment to some immigrants in that .A. it turned out to be a wretched placeB. there was no gold in the cityC. the competition was severe in the cityD. there was the language problem【答案】A15. It can be concluded from the story The Perfect Match that .A. computers can be used to make every decision in people’s livesB. natural interactions are essential for human beingsC. marriage brings unexpected changes in people’s livesD. people tend to hide their true feeling before marriage【答案】B16. From about the 5th century through the 15th century, Latin was regarded as all of the following EXCEPT .A. the most suitable language in the world。

英语自考 00595英语阅读(一)201504 真题试卷

全国2015年4月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595第一部分选择题I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The average population density of the world is 47 persons per square mile. Continental densities range from no permanent inhabitants in Antarctica to 211 per square mile in Europe. In the western hemisphere, population densities range from 4 per square mile in Canada to 675 per square mile in Puerto Rico. In Europe the range is from 4 per square mile in Iceland to 831 per square mile in the Netherlands. Within countries there are wide variations of population densities. For example，in Egypt，the average is 55 persons per square mile,but 1, 300 persons inhabit each square mile in settled portions where the land is arable (可耕种的).High population densities generally occur in regions of developed industrialization, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Great Britain, or where lands are intensively used for agriculture, as in Puerto Rico and Java.Low average population densities，which are characteristic of most underdeveloped countries, are generally associated with a relatively low percentage of cultivated land. This generally results from poor quality lands. It may also be due to natural obstacles to cultivation, such as deserts, mountains or malaria-infested jungles; to land uses other than cultivation, as pasture and forested land; to primitive methods that limit cultivation; to social obstacles; and to land ownership systems which keep land out of production.More economically advanced countries of low population density have, as a rule, large proportions of their populations living in urban areas. Their rural population densities are usually very low. Poorer developed countries of correspondingly low general population density, on the other hand, often have a concentration of rural population living on arable land, which is as great as the rural concentration found in the most densely populated industrial countries.1.Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. World PopulationB. Population DensitiesC. Population MigrationD. Economics and Population2.In the cultivated areas of Egypt, we may expect to find_____.A.few inhabitantsB.densely populated settlementsC.l,300persons living in one settlementD.55 persons inhabiting one square mile3.The most densely populated community in Europe is_____ .A.IcelandB. BelgiumC.the NetherlandsD. Great Britain4.This passage indicates that Puerto Rico is_____.A.agriculture-orientedB. malaria-infestedC.highly industrializedD. poverty-stricken5.This passage has probably been taken from a/an _____.A.tourist guideB. business journalC.world geography bookD. economic reportPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Engaging in a hobby like reading a book, making a patchwork quilt or even playing computer games can delay the onset of dementia, a US study suggests. Watching TV, however, does not count—and indeed, spending significant periods of time in front of the box may speed up memory loss, researchers found. Nearly 200 people aged 70 to 89 with mild memory problems were compared with a group who had no impairment. The researchers from the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota asked the volunteers about their daily activities within the past year and how mentally active they had been between the age of 50 to 65. Those who had? during middle age, been busy reading, playing games or engaging in craft hobbies like patchworking or knitting were found to have a 40% reduced risk of memory impairment. In later life，those same activities reduced the risk by a rate between 30% and 50%. Those who watched TV for less than 7 hours a day were also 50% less likely to develop memory loss than those who spend longer staring at the screen.“This study is exciting because it demonstrates that ageing does not need to be a passive process，”said neuroscientist Dr. Yonas Geda. “By simply engaging in cognitive exercise, you can protect against future memory loss. Of course, the challenge with this type of research is that we are relying on past memories of the subjects (实验对象)，therefore we need to confirm these findings with additional research.”Sarah Day，head of public health at the Alzheimer’s Society，said，“One million people will develop dementia in the next 10 years so there is a desperate need to find ways to prevent dementia. Exercising and challenging your brain~by learning new skills, doing puzzles such as crosswords, and even learning a new language—can be fun. However, more research, where people are followed up over time, is needed to understand whether these sorts of activities can reduce the risk of dementia.”6.If one suffers from dementia, he would be unable to_____.A. move his limbsB. speak correctlyC. recall past eventsD. sit in upright posture7.The subjects of the research mentioned in the passage were_____.A. people watching TV programs several hours a dayB. the middle-aged with lots of daily mental activitiesC. people actively engaged in their hobbies at an early ageD. two groups of seniors either with or without memory problems8.It was found in the research that_____.A.cognitive exercise helps people prevent future memory lossB.cure for dementia will soon be available in 10 years or soC.mentally challenging hobbies usually lead to mental fatigueD.nothing can deter the gradual loss of memory9.The research was based on the data of the_____.A.brain makeup of the subjectsB.past memories of the subjectses of language of the subjectsD.physical exercises of the subjects10. More research should be conducted in which .A.people of different age groups should be investigatedB.the relationship between dementia and genes will be investigatedC.more subjects will be included so as to verify the current findingsD.effects of cognitive exercise on subjects should be traced over timePassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The complex topic “social class”is difficult to avoid when discussing British society，which is often seen as a society in which “social class”is more important than in other countries. This is true to a certain extent, but should probably not be exaggerated. Most countries have some kind of class structure. There exist broad groups within society which share types of employment, income levels, and certain cultural characteristics. But important in the idea of “class” is that it makes a difference to an in dividual’s “life-chances” which group or class he or she is bom into. So if a middle-class couple, perhaps a doctor and a teacher, have a child, it is more likely that that child will also acquire middle-class education, employment and income levels than will the child of working-class factory workers. This is certainly the case in the UK, though it should be stressed that it is far from impossible for the working-class child to acquire middle-class status: it is simply statistically much more unlikely than for his middle-class school-friend.If asked, about half the British population would describe themselves as middle-class, and half as working-class. Employment would be the main guide they would use: manual (or “blue-collar”）workers would usually call themselves working-class，and office (or “white-collar”）workers would usually call themselves middle-class. However, there is a hazy area around unskilled office-work and skilled well-paid manual work which leads to sub-divisions such as “lower middle class”being used; and the term “upper middl e class” might be used to describe doctors and lawyers and so on who have relatively high incomes and high status professions—especially in families with long traditions of such employment. This would differentiate them from the majority of middle-class people today, most of whom have working-class parents orgrandparents. This reflects the huge expansion of the middle class over the twentieth century，and especially since 1945, when more equal social policies were adopted by the government.11.The author discusses British society from the perspective of_____.A. educationB. social classC. employmentD. income levels12.“Class” is important because it____.A.determines an individual’s personalityB.makes a difference to a n individual’s marriageC.makes a difference to the opportunities available to an individualD. gives an individual equal chances for education and employment13.The British would distinguish their social classes mainly by____.A. employmentB. income levelsC. family traditionsD. education backgrounds14.British doctors and lawyers belong to the____.A. upper middle classB. lower middle classC. upper classD. working class15.The middle-class expanded considerably over the twentieth century mainly because____.A. the British earned more money than beforeB. more people received higher education than beforeC.the number of doctors and lawyers increased sharplyD.the British government introduced more equal social policiesPassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.“But I can’t save any money.” It’s an excuse I hear a lot from which I detect a note of defiance. In the past few years, it has become increasingly frequent, as more and more Americans make less than we spend, eating up the savings in our homes. The national savings rate is declining. And the situation seems to be getting worse.We certainly know that saving money is good for us. Yet saving for tomorrow is still a largely ignored and unappreciated skill. The question tha t naturally follows is: Why? Why don’t Americans make saving a priority?To start with, saving today is much harder. The typical household income has held largely steady for a good half decade, while prices have continued to rise. If you’re having to spend a disproportionate amount of income on food and gas,it’s hard to save. Besides, credit became too accessible. For years it was simply too easy to get your hands on money to spend. While banks at one time would not let you spend more than 36 percent of your total income on debt, they stretched that number to 55 percent during the housing boom. Why save when you could get that big flat-screen TV today and pay for it with mortgage debt that was both cheap and deductible? Last but not least, saving is, was, and always will be no fun. Think about it this way: Choosing to save almost always means opting for delayed gratification instead of immediate gratification. Thepleasure of getting something good today is much greater than that in the future—even if the reward in the future is bigger.Recently, neuroeconomists, a relatively new breed of experts in economics and neuroscience，have started using MRIs (核磁共振成像）to view the brain as it is making money choices. When something we want to buy comes into view, they see the pleasure center firing up. Similarly, getting a few dollars today is more thrilling than getting a slightly larger profit tomorrow. And if you have to wait a few months for that gain, it will have to be much bigger in order to arouse the same interest in your brain. Things way off in the future---like retirement—don’t jostle the pleasure center much at all.16.In the author’s eyes，Americans say they can’t save any money because they_____.A. want to win sympathyB. are well prepared for retirementC.will make more money in the futureD.are probably unwilling to be economical17.According to the passage, during the housing boom the banks _____.A. raised the saving interest rateB. issued fewer credit cardsC. made it easier to borrow moneyD. initiated credit risk management18. How many reasons are given in Paragraph 3?A. 2.B. 3.C. 4.D. 5.19. The neuroeconomists' research is cited to prove_____.A.saving will be more thrilling as time goes byB.MRIs help customers make purchase decisionsC.if s a complex process to stimulate the pleasure centerD.immediate gratification is more appealing than delayed gratification20.What suggestion do you think the author is most likely to give in the following paragraphs?A. Saving up money.B. Applying for credit cards.C. Stimulating consumption.D. Studying the pleasure center.II. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Many editors and writers today define flash fiction as a story ranging from a few words to not usually over 1,500 to 2,000 words (but more often less than 1,000 words). A traditional short story ranges from 3,000 to 20,000 words, so flash fiction is considerably shorter. However, while length can help identify flash fiction, it is of little use in actually defining it.The amorphous and variable quality of flash fiction allows for the constant changing of shapes as these stories draw anddevelop from various genres and traditions to create stand-alone stories that often work on their own terms. Countless writers are involved in writing flash fiction in various ways. Many are involved in following the form’s long tradition，and many others are reinventing the form as they continue to experiment with the boundaries and methods of fiction. These shortest of stories are not always diversions for the moment but are often stories that are profound and memorable—as good fiction of longer lengths can be.Charles Baxter notes in the introduction to Sudden Fiction International: 60 Short Short Stories, 'This form is not about to be summarized by anyone's ideas about it. The stories are on so many various thresholds: they are between poetry and fiction, the story and the sketch, prophecy and reminiscence, the personal and the crowd As a form，they are open，and exist in a state of potential.”Some names for flash fiction are chosen to stress brevity, suggesting that such stories can be read or even written in a flash. Other names are chosen to emphasize the way in which the stories affect and enlighten readers. And still other names are chosen for the way in which they cause readers to perform the act of reading, many times forcing them to slow down and read such pieces as slowly and carefully as they would read good poetry.Even though this type of writing travels by several names, flash fiction has become the most popular label, likely because of its snappy poetic consonance, which makes it easy to hold in memory, and because of its distance from the older, less descriptive term “short-shorts”. More and more writers，editors, and readers use “flash fiction”to refer to very short stories.21.Flash fiction usually refers to a story ranging from a few words to____.A.less than 1，000 wordsB. more than 2,000 wordsC.more than 3,000 wordsD. less than 20,000 words22.The form of flash fiction can be best described as____.A.variableB. unifiedC.traditionalD. complete23.How many ways of naming flash fiction are mentioned in Paragraph 4?A. 2.B. 3.C. 4.D. 5.24.Among all the labels referring to very short stories, the most popular one is____.A.short-shortsB. short storyC.flash fictionD. poetic story25.The passage mainly focuses on flash fiction in terms of its____.A.popularityB. namesC.readersD. poetic qualityPassage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Most of the work that most people have to do is not in itself interesting, but even such work has certain great advantages. To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people, when theyare left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decide on, they are troubled by the feeling that something else would have been more pleasant.The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition. In most work success is measured by income, and while the capitalistic society continues, this is inevitable. It is only where the best work is concerned that this measure ceases to be the natural one to apply. The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for the extra comforts that a higher income can procure (获取). However dull work may be，it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation，whether in the world at large or only in one’s own circle. Continuity of purpose is one of the most essential ingredients of happiness in the long run, and for most men this comes chiefly through their work. In this respect those women whose lives are occupied with housework are much less fortunate than men, or than women who work outside the home. The domesticated wife does not receive wages, has no means of bettering herself, is taken for granted by her husband (who sees practically nothing of what she does), and is valued by him not for her housework but for quite other qualities. Of course this does not apply to those women who are sufficiently well-to-do to make beautiful houses and beautiful gardens and become the envy of their neighbors; but such women are comparatively few. For the great majority, housework cannot bring as much satisfaction as work of other kinds brings to men and to professional women.The satisfaction of killing time and of affording some outlet, however modest, for ambition, belongs to most work, and is sufficient to make even a man whose work is dull happier on the average than a man who has no work at all. But when work is interesting, it is capable of giving satisfaction of a far higher order than mere relief from tedium. The kinds of work in which there is some interest may be arranged in a hierarchy.26.For most people, even uninteresting work has the advantage of_____.A.earning a good nameing up extra energyC.cultivating interest in workD.sparing the need of deciding what to do27.In the capitalistic society, income is usually an indication of_____.A. powerB. wisdomC. rightsD. success28.Dull work can be accepted if it_____.A.offers life insuranceB.foresees a chance for promotionC.offers comfortable working environmentD.offers a chance of building up a reputation29.Most housewives are valued by their husbands for_____.A. making houses beautifulB. making gardens beautifulC.other qualities than their houseworkD.their housework rather than other qualitiespared with a man who has no work,a man with a dull job is generally_____.A. happierB. more boredC. less satisfiedD. less pleasant非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

2008年4月全国英语阅读(一)试题及答案

全国2008年4月历年自考英语阅读(一)真题课程代码：00595I.CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.He was a funny looking man with a cheerful face, good natured and a great talker. He was described by his student, the great philosopher Plato, as “the best and most just and wisest man”. Yet this same man was condemned (判刑) to death for his beliefs.The man was the Greek philosopher, Socrates, and he was condemned for not believing in the recognized gods and for corrupting young people. The second charge stemmed from his association with numerous young men who came to Athens from all over the civilized world to study under him.Socrates’ method of teaching was to ask questions and, by pretending not to know the answers, to press his students into thinking for themselves. His teachings had unsurpassed influence on all the great Greek and Roman schools of philosophy. Yet, despite his fame and influence, Socrates himself never wrote a word.Socrates encouraged new ideas and free thinking in the young, and this was frightening to the conservative people. They wanted him silenced. Yet, many were probably surprised that he accepted death so readily.Socrates had the right to ask for a lesser penalty, and he probably could have won over enough of the people who had previously condemned him. But Socrates, as a firm believer in law, reasoned that it was proper to submit to the death sentence. So he calmly accepted his fate and drank a cup of poison in the presence of his grief-stricken friends and students.1. According to Plato’s description, Socrates_______.A. was a funny and good-tempered manB. was the most just and intelligent manC. had a special way to attract his studentsD. had close relationships with his students2. Socrates was condemned for all the following reasons EXCEPT________.A. doubting the publicly recognized godsB. corrupting the young people with his teachingsC. grouping students together to study under himD. pressing his listeners into thinking for themselves13. Socrates’ teaching was intended to_________.A. encourage independent thinkingB. win over the conservative peopleC. inform students of his radical ideasD. lead his audience to be disobedient4. The word “unsurpassed”in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to_____.A. untoldB. unequalledC. unnoticedD. unexpected5. Socrates readily accepted the death penalty because of_______.A. his disregard for deathB. his disbelief in godsC. his contempt for conservativesD. his belief in the legal systemPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero?Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame. Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?Heroes are catalysts (催化剂) for change. They have a vision from the mountaintop. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we might still have segregated(实行种族隔离的) buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for large-scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.6. Heroes may come from different cultures, but they_______.A. generally share some inspiring characteristics2B. probably share some weaknesses of ordinary peopleC. are often influenced by their previous generationsD. are often pursued by a large number of fans7. According to the passage, heroes are compared to high-voltage transformers in that___________.A. they have a vision from the mountaintopB. they have warm feelings and emotionsC. they can serve as concrete examples of noble strengthsD. they can make people feel stronger and more enthusiastic8. Madonna and Michael Jackson are NOT considered heroes because_________.A. they do not improve their fans morallyB. they are popular only with certain groups of peopleC. their primary concern is their own financial interestsD. they are not clear about what principles they should follow9. Gandhi and Martin Luther King are examples of outstanding leaders who________.A. are good at demonstrating their charming charactersB. are capable of meeting all challenges and hardshipsC. can bring about social changes in their nationsD. can change the whole world with their skills and charms10. The author concludes that historical changes would________.A. be delayed without leaders with inspiring personal qualitiesB. not occur without heroes making the necessary sacrificesC. take place if there were heroes to lead the peopleD. produce leaders with attractive personalitiesPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Homing pigeons are placed in a training program from about the time they are twenty-eight days of age. They are taught to enter the loft(鸽房) through a trap and to exercise above and around the loft, and gradually they are taken away for short distances in baskets and released. They are then expected to find their way home in the shortest possible time.In their training flights or in actual races, the birds are taken to pre-arranged distant points and released to find their way back to their own lofts. Once the birds are liberated, their owners, who are standing by at the home lofts, anxiously watch the sky for their return. Since time is of the essence, the speed with which the birds can be directed to enter the loft trap may make the difference between gaining a win and a second place.The head of a homing pigeon is comparatively small, but its brain is one quarter larger than3that of the ordinary pigeon. The homing pigeon is very intelligent and some have been known to fly a hundred miles off course to avoid a storm.Some homing pigeon experts claim that this bird is gifted with a form of built-in radar that helps it find its own loft after hours of flight, for the birds have two very sensitive ears hidden under the head feathers, while the sharp, prominent eyes can see great distances in daytime.Why do homing pigeons fly home? They are not unique in this inherent skill; it is found in most migratory birds (候鸟), and in bees, ants, toads and even turtles, which have been known to travel hundreds of miles to return to their homes. But in the animal world, the homing pigeon can be trusted with its freedom and trained to carry out the missions that people demand.11. What is the purpose of this passage?A. To persuade the reader to buy a homing pigeon.B. To inform the reader of homing pigeons and their training.C. To explain how persistent and clever homing pigeons are.D. To explain why homing pigeons are loyal to their owners.12. According to the passage, what happens to homing pigeons when they are about a month old?A. They are kept in a trap.B. They enter their first race.C. They begin a training program.D. They start their first distant flight.13. In actual races, homing pigeons must be guided to enter the loft trap very quickly because_______.A. they are sometimes disobedient to their ownersB. they have no idea of when to start a raceC. time makes a big difference in winning a raceD. their intelligence can not always be trusted14. According to the passage, the difference between a homing pigeon and an ordinary one lies in__________.A. the span of the wingsB. the shape of the eyesC. the texture of the feathersD. the size of the brain15. Bees, ants, toads and turtles are mentioned in the last paragraph in order to________.A. to compare their home-finding abilities with those of homing pigeonsB. to compare the distances traveled by different types of animalsC. to provide a description of some other animals with similar featuresD. to arouse the reader’s interest in some other animals with similar features4Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language; but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do their own languages is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problems of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill——one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself.I think, even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect the branch of study concerned with speaking in their practical teaching. So, the first point I want to make here is that the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to the teaching of English pronunciation. There should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place.Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique.It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. But the first and most important part of a language teacher’s technique is his own p erformance, his ability to demonstrate the spoken language, in every detail of articulation (发音) as well as in fluent speaking, so that the student’s talent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement.16. What does the author actually say about pronouncing foreign languages?A. Quite a few people are proficient.B. Few people are reasonably proficient.C. People realize the importance of pronouncing foreign languages.D. People tend to spend more time on pronouncing than spelling.17. According to the author, pronouncing a foreign language is a skill that requires_______.A. leaving it to take care of itselfB. careful training of a special kindC. focusing on learners’ own performancesD. obtaining much of the theoretical knowledge18. Regarding the teaching of English pronunciation, the author has made all the following suggestions EXCEPT_______.5A. to learn from a native speakerB. to devote some lesson timeC. to demonstrate the spoken languageD. to possess the necessary information19. In the author’s view, priority should sometimes be given to ______ in the practical t eaching.A. grammarB. spellingC. writingD. pronunciation20. The language teacher’s own oral performance is particularly important because _________.A. the students may admire the teacher’s spoken languageB. the students may have a high respect for th e teacher’s authorityC. the student’s vision can be widened to the fullest scopeD. the student’s speaking ability can be developed through imitationII. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points,1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21-25 are based on the following passage.Reading skills are very important. Experts estimate that it is possible for any normal adult English speaker to read 1,000 words a minute and more, with special training. Yet most students read only about 300 words per minute. The following principles might be helpful for foreign students who wish to increase their reading skills:◇Always read faster than is comfortable. The faster your normal rate of reading becomes, the better your understanding will be.◇Keep reading ahead. Do not allow yourself to regress while reading, even when you come across a new word. If some word, term or phrase has clouded yourunderstanding, you should reread it only after you have read the entire paragraphthrough once.◇Read selectively. As you read make a conscious effort to screen the nouns, pronouns, and verbs from the other words, since these are the words that give meaning to whatyou have read. In effect, you should really read the nouns, pronouns and verbs andmerely see the rest of the words in the sentence.◇Read beyond the lines. As a good reader, you should see ideas implied through the words, and bridge the gap between the obvious and the suggested, thus obtainingmuch more information.Because the reading assignments in most college courses are very long, students should plan to read every day. If, however, they find that they cannot complete all the assigned readings in the6beginning, they should not panic. Instead, they should ask their classmates how much they are reading and attempt to learn from them what to read first and what to postpone until a later date.Because much of the past learning experience of foreign students may have been for the purpose of passing examinations, they might be inclined to put off studying until late in the term. Such behavior can result in failure in the US system, where assignments must be completed on time and done regularly each day.21. With special training, a normal adult English speaker may read _______ words per minute.A. 300B. Less than 1000C. 1000D. 1000 and more22. According to the author, what is the type of vocabulary the reader should not spend much time on while reading?A. Nouns.B. Pronouns.C. Prepositions.D. Verbs.23. What principle should foreign students follow when they come across a new word while reading?A. Always read faster than is comfortable.B. Keep reading ahead.C. Read selectively.D. Read beyond the lines.24. According to the passage, who should the student turn to for advice if he cannot complete all the assigned readings in the beginning?A. His teacher.B. His supervisor.C. His tutor.D. His classmates.25. In the United States, the foreign students must do their reading assignments ________.A. every dayB. until late in the termC. right after their classD. in the way their teachers have suggestedPassage 6Questions 26-30 are based on the following passage.We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular”coffee, and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity, and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while, people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).7The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military?Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to appeal to new market sections.Another product extension strategy is called product modification．It involves changing product quality，features，or style to attract new users or more usage from present users．American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets．Note，also，how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling．26．The first paragraph tell us that a new product is_______．A．not easily accepted by the publicB．often inferior to old ones at firstC．often more expensive than old onesD．usually introduced to satisfy different tastes27．To extend product life，_____strategies are often employed．A．2 B．3 、C．4 D．528．When people stick to one brand，the product goes into_________．A．the stage of introduction` B．the stage of rapid growthC．the stage of maturity` D．the stage of decline29．Backpacks were originally designed for_________.A．the military B．travelersC．shoppers D．students30．Product modification does not invo1ve changing _________．A．product quality B．featuresC．style D．priceIII．DISCOURSE CLOZEThe following is taken from the textbook．Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary)．Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points, 1 point each)All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live．(31)________．But always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed man8chose to spend his last days or his last hours. I speak，of course，of free men who have a choice，not condemned criminals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited．Such stories set us thinking，wondering what we should do under similar circumstances．What events，what experiences，what associations should we crowd into those last hours as mortal beings?(32)________?Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each day with a gentleness, a vigor, and a keenness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to come. (33)_______, but most people would be chastened by certainty of impending death.In stories, the doomed hero is usually saved at the last minute by some stroke of fortune, but almost always his sense of values is changed. (34)_______. It has often been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.Most of us, however, take life for granted. We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future. (35)_______. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty task, hardly aware of our listless attitude toward life.The same lethargy, I am afraid, characterizes the use of all our faculties and senses. Only the deaf appreciate hearing, only the blind realize the manifold blessings that lie in sight. Particularly does this observation apply to those who have lost sight and hearing in adult life. (36)_______. Their eyes and ears take in all sights and sounds hazily, without concentration, and with little appreciation. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. (37)_________,Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see. Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed. “Nothing in particular.” She replied. (38)_______, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? (39)________. I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf. I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, or the rough shaggy bark of a pine. In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sigh of awakening Nature after her winter’s sleep. I feel the delightful, velvety texture of a flower, and discover its remarkable convolution;. and something of the miracle of Nature is revealed to me. Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy shiver of a bird in full song. I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers. (40)________. To9me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my fingertips.(From Three Days to See)A. Sometimes it was as long as a year; sometimes as short as twenty-four hoursB. This is a basic fact to keep in mindC. But those who have never suffered impairment of sight or hearing seldom make the fullest useof these blessed facultiesD. He becomes more appreciative of the meaning of life and its permanent spiritual valuesE. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys ofsoundF. There are those, of course, who would adopt the epicurean motto of“Eat, drink, and be merry”G. In this way, the survivors can become all-powerfulH. I who cannot see find hundred of things to interest me through mere touchI. When we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginableJ. I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responsesK. To me a lush carpet of pine needles or spongy grass is more welcome than the most luxurious Persian rugL. What happiness should we find in reviewing the past, what regretsIV. WORD FORMATIONSComplete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the brackets.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each )41. (profession) My _______ training has taught me to look at things logically.42. (profit) Most of the schools in China are running on a ____ basis,operating within their budgets.43. (remarkable) In recent years the Chinese labour market has been ___ successfulin absorbing the increase in the number of graduates.44. (disagree) Britain and France have expressed some ________ with theproposal.45. (horrify) He was _________ at the thought of his son moving about on astage in tights.46. (grow) A steady ________ in the popularity of two smaller parties mayupset the polls in this region.47. (practical) Although it is _______ to expect yourself to change the entire wayyou live, it is not too much to ask you to quit smoking now.48. (simple) The computer has _______ the difficult task of teaching readingto the deaf.1049. (consistent) The irony is that many officials in Washington agree in privatethat their policy is________.50. (increasing) His father began to lose his memory bit by bit, becoming________ forgetful.V. GAP FILLINGThe following is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases in the box (there are more words than necessary). Write your answers on theIt is generally (51)_______ that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. Every experience teaches the child something and the effects are cumulative. ‘Upbringing’ is normally used to (52)_________ the treatment and training of the child within the home. This is closely related to the treatment and training of the child in school, which is usually dist inguished by the term ‘education’. In a society such as ours, both parents and teachers are responsible (53)__________ the opportunities provided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent.The ideals and practices of child rearing (54)___________ from .culture to culture. In general, the more rural the community, the more uniform are the customs of child upbringing. In more technologically (55)_________ societies, the period of childhood and adolescence tends to be extended over a long time, (56)_______ more opportunity for education and greater variety in character development.Early upbringing in the home is naturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the community and by the parents’ capabilities and thei r aims and (57)______ not only on upbringing and education but also on the innate abilities of the child. Wild differences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children of the same family.Parents can ascertain what is normal in physical, mental and (58)____________ development, by referring to some of the many books based (59)________ scientific knowledge in these areas, or less reliably, since the sample is smaller, by comparing notes with friends and relatives (60)_______ have children.(From Bringing Up Children) VI. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSThe following 2 questions are based on Passage Four in this test paper. Read the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly by referring back to Passage Four. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points, 5 points each)1161. According to the author, why do people generally not speak foreign languages very much better than their own languages?62. What are the three basic requirements for the foreign language teacher in teaching pronunciation?VII. TRANSLATIONThe following excerpt is taken from the textbook. Read the paragraph carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts. (10 points, 2 points each) The American is quite ready to admit certain weaknesse s, such as “I never was good at mathematics,” “I’m a rotten tennis player,” or “I’m the world’s worst bridge, player.” However, the stranger must not be too quick to agree with him. (63) Americans think it is all right, even sporting, to admit a defect in themselves, but they feel that it is almost an insult to have someone else agree. (64) A part of American idea of good sportsmanship is the point of being generous to a loser. (65) This attitude is carried over into matters that have nothing to do with competition. (66) If a man talks about his weak points, the listener says something in the way of encouragement, or points to other qualities in which the speaker excels. An American student reports that when he was in a foreign country he was completely stun ned when he said to a native, “I don’t speak your language very well,” and the native replied, “I should say you don’t.” In a similar situation an American would have commented, “Well, you have only been here two months,” or “But you’re making progress.” (67) Although Americans are quite informal, it is best for a foreigner, in case of doubt, to be too formal rather than not formal enough. Consideration for others is the basis of all courtesy.(From American Social Relations)全国2008年4月自考英语阅读(一)试题答案课程代码：00595I.CAREFUL READING1-5 BDABD 6-10 ACADA 11-15 BCCDA 16-20 BBADDII. SPEED READING21-25 DCBDA 26-30 AACDDIII．DISCOURSE CLOZE31-40 ALFDI CEJHKIV. WORD FORMATIONS12。

00595英语阅读(一)2015年10月试题和答案

全国2015年10月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595第一部分选择题I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.A major aspect of psychology called behaviorism developed from research on learning. It was introduced in 1913 by the American psychologist John B. Watson, who felt psychologists should study observable behavior rather than states of consciousness or thought processes. He believed changes in behavior result from conditioning, a learning process in which a new response becomes associated with a certain stimulus.Watson's approach to behaviorism was strongly influenced by the research of the Russian physiologist Ivan P. Pavlov during the early 1900s. Pavlov’s experiments with animals proved that certain reflex actions can become conditioned responses to entirely new stimuli. For example, a dog's mouth begins to water as a reflex when the animal smells meat. Pavlov rang a bell each time he was about to give meat to a dog. Eventually, the dog's mouth began to water when Pavlov merely rang the bell. The flow of saliva had become a conditioned response to. the ringing of the bell.Watson demonstrated that responses of human beings could be conditioned in a similar manner. In an experiment, he struck a metal bar loudly each time an infant touched a furry animal. The sound scared the child, who in time became frightened by the mere sight of the animal. Watson felt he could produce almost any response in a child if he were able to control the child’s environment.During the mid-1900s, the American behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner became known for his studies of how rewards and punishments can influence behavior. He believed that rewards, or positive reinforcements, cause behavior to be repeated. Positive reinforcements might include praise, food, or simply a person's satisfaction with his or her own skill. Punishments discourage certain behavior and warn people to avoid situations in which they might be punished. Skinner concluded that positive reinforcement is more effective in teaching new and better behaviors. His work led to the development of teaching machines, which are based on positive reinforcement.1.In Watson’s view, changes in behavior are caused by_____.A.thought processesB. mental factorsC. learning processesD. states of consciousness2.In the 2nd paragraph, the example is used to show that_____.A.studies of reflex actions began in RussiaB.responses of human beings and animals may both be conditionedC.responses of human beings to stimuli differ from those of animalsD.reflex actions may become conditioned responses to totally new stimuli3.It can be inferred from the passage that_____.A.Watson’s research focus was the control of environmentB.Watson’s approach to behaviorism was close to that of PavlovC.Watson’s approach to behaviorism was close to that of SkinnerD.Watson’s research is a combination of that of Pavl ov and Skinner4.According to B. F. Skinner, positive reinforcement_____.A.has the same effect as punishment on children’s behaviorsB.is more likely to bring about better behaviors than punishmentC.is as effective as punishment in teaching children to learn new skillsD.is more effective in avoiding situations leading to repeated behaviors5.The passage focuses on_____.A.reflex actions of animalsB.various learning processesC.different approaches to behaviorismD.the importance of controlling childrenPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The world perceives people with rich vocabularies to be more creative, more intelligent. People with larger vocabularies get hired quicker and promoted faster. So big winners use rich, full words, but they never sound inappropriate. The phrases slide gracefully off their tongues to enrich their conversation. The words fit. Big players choose words to match their personalities and their points with the same care as they choose their ties or their blouses.The startling good news is that the difference between a respected vocabulary and a mundane one lies in only about fifty words! You don't need much to sound like a big winner. A mere few dozen wonderful words will give everyone the impression that you have an original and creative mind.Acquiring this super vocabulary is easy. All you need to do is to think of a few tired, overworked words you use every day—words like smart, nice, pretty, or good. Then grab a thesaurus or book of synonyms off the shelf. Look up that common word you are bored hearing yourself utter every day. Examine your long list of alternatives.For example,you’ve been at a party and it was wonderful. Don’t tell the hosts it was wonderful. Everybody says that. Tell them it was a splendid party, a party, anparty. Hug the hosts and tell them you had a magnificent time, a remarkable time, a glorious time.Look up some common words you use every day in the thesaurus. Then, like slipping your feet into a new pair of shoes, slip your tongue into a few new words to see how they fit. If you like them, start making permanent replacements.Remember, only fifty words make the difference between a rich, creative vocabulary and an average, middle-of-the-road one. Substitute a word a day for two months and you’ll be in the verbally elite.6.“Big winners” at work or “big players” in life are characterized by all the following EXCEPT______.A. their being extremely wealthyB. heir appropriate use of wordsC. their likelihood to be promotedD. their appropriate choice of clothes7.The word “mundane” in the 2nd paragraph is closest in meaning to_______.A. ingeniousB. redundantC. colorfulD. ordinary8.Which of the following is regarded by the author as a middle-of-the-road word?A. Wonderful.B. Splendid.C. Superb.D. Extraordinary.9.According to the author, super vocabulary can be acquired through .A.the frequent use of a book of synonymsB.the frequent use of commonplace wordsC.the substitution of short words for long onesD.the substitution of ordinary words for rich ones10. The author's attitude towards people who use rich, full words is______.A. favorableB. criticalC. impartialD. indifferentPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Whether it is out of necessity or by choice, for most of us there are periods when much of what we do does not afford us satisfaction. Many students never enjoy exam period; and even in the most engaging workplaces, some projects are less interesting than others.Research shows that pursuing self-satisfying goals—engaging in activities that are meaningful and pleasurable—impacts our experience in other areas that are not directly related to these activities. Meaningful and pleasurable activities can function like a candle in a dark room, and just as it takes a small flame or two to light up an entire physical space, one or two happy experiences during an otherwise uninspiring period can transform our general state and rejuvenate us. I call these brief but transforming experiences happiness boosters—activities，lasting anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours，that provide us with both meaning and pleasure, both present and future benefit.Happiness boosters can inspire and invigorate us, acting as both a motivation pull and a motivation push. For a single parent, a happiness booster in the form of a meaningful outing with her children over the weekend can change her overall experience of life, including the hours spent at work. The outing can motivate her and pull her through the week，giving her something to look forward to when she gets up for work in the morning. The same happiness booster can then energize her, providing her with the push she needs by recharging her motivational stores for the following week.Ideally, we want our entire day to be filled with happy experiences. This kind of life is not always attainable, though, and it might be that we need to wait until evenings or weekends to pursue activities that provide present and future benefit.One of the common mistakes people make is that in their free time they choose passive pleasure-seeking over an active pursuit of happiness. At the end of a hard day at work or in school, they opt to do nothing but sit around in front of the television screen rather than engage in activities that are both meaningful and pleasurable.11. The opening paragraph of the passage implies that people do not always_____.pel themselves to do what they dislikeB.seek a more gratifying job that pays lessC.seek a well-paid job that they dislikeD.engage in pleasurable activities12. The word “rejuvenate” in the 2nd paragraph can be replaced by_____.A. invigorateB. entertainC. impactD. accelerate13. According to the author，“happiness boosters”refers to_____.A.experiences that are likely to change your way of lifeB. experiences that may help you enhance your learning abilityC.activities that last for a short while but their effect may be lastingD.activities that lead to pleasurable experiences in other unrelated areas14. The author uses the case of a single mother to demonstrate____.A.how she provides her children with a recreational activityB.how she actively pursues self-satisfying goals in her careerC.the role of happiness boosters in people’s work and daily lifeD.the influence of an occasional outing on the way people work and live15. In the last paragraph，the author .A.points out a common mistake people make in their free timeB.urges people to engage in meaningful and pleasurable activitiesC. states that it is not possible to fill each day with happy experiencesD. criticizes people who spend most of their free time watching televisionPassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.In 1575, the French scholar Louis LeRoy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We also feel that our times are out of order; we even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will min the environment, upset the climate, and damage human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.The future is never a projection (投射）of the past. Animals probably have no chance to escape the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. For us? trend is not destiny. The escape fromexisting trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modem societies have often responded effectively to critical situations. The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides and the rethinking of technologies of the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.Even more striking are the situations in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have arisen. There have been the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering, even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a population scale.One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives.16.It can be inferred from the 1st paragraph that Louis LeRoy_____the changes in his time.A. welcomedB. facilitateC.objected toD. overlooked17.If the present trends continue, the earth will face the following threats EXCEPT_____.A.sluggish growth of technologyB.serious pollution of environmentplete exhaustion of resourcesD. use of nuclear weapons as blackmail18.Which of the following statements is true of human beings?A.They will be free from social evolution.B.They have manipulated behavior and genes.C.They can possibly guard against future dangers.D.They can escape the tyranny of biological evolution.19.Human beings have effectively dealt with critical situations by_____.A.increasing productionB.arousing public awarenessunching political campaignsD.making technological progress20.In our times, the force to change certain trends usually comes from_____.A. scientistsB. ordinary peopleC. politiciansD. official directivesII. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The development of specialized courts for dealing with offenders convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) arose after the efficacy of drug and other problem-solving courts had been demonstrated. The first DWI court in the United States was established in New Mexico in 1995. The number has been growing rapidly and there were about 400 such courts operating in 2008.Drunken driving is a serious problem in the United States. Fortunately, the proportion of alcohol-related traffic fatalities has fallen from over 60 percent in 1975 to about 40 percent in recent years. When calculated in terms of the number of vehicles on the road, of vehicle miles traveled, or of the number of licensed drivers, the proportion has been cut in about half since the early 1980s. Still, over 15,000 people are killed each year in alcohol-related crashes, several thousands of which involve intoxicated drivers. Every single injury and death caused by drunken driving is totally preventable.Most drivers who have had something to drink have low blood alcohol content or concentration (BAC) and relatively few are involved in fatal crashes. On the other hand, while only a few drivers have BACs higher than .15, a much higher proportion of those drivers have fatal crashes. The average BAC among fatally injured drivers is .16. That is, it is twice the maximum legal BAC limit for driving.DWI courts apply the successful drug court model to alcohol-impaired drivers. They reflect the experience that society cannot rely solely on punishment to solve a serious social problem rooted largely in a medical problem—alcoholism. The traditional approach of relying on punishment without treatment and accountability has proven to be largely ineffective with repeat offenders. As one judge observed, we cannot “jail our way out of the problem.” These courts address the problem by holding offenders to a high level of accountability, providing long-term intensive treatment, and carefully monitoring offender behavior for compliance.21.The first DWI court in the United States was founded in_____.A. 1975B. 1980C. 1995D. 200822.DWI courts have developed rapidly in the United States because_____.A.drug courts have effectively reduced traffic crashes and deathsB.DWI drivers tend to offend when having very high and dangerous BACsC.DWI drivers are very resistant to changing their drunken driving behaviorD.drug and other similar problem-solving courts have proven to be effective23.In the US, the proportion of alcohol-related traffic fatalities in recent years is_____.A. less than 30%B. about 40%C. approximately 50%D. more than 60%24. According to the text, the maximum legal BAC limit for driving is_____.A. .075B. .08C. .15D. .1625. The traditional practice of dealing with repeat DWI offenders is to_____.A.punish them without medical treatmentB.provide them with long-term treatmentC.put them in jail with intensive treatmentD.arouse their strong sense of responsibilityPassage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Not so long ago a school field trip was a walk through the nearest park or, if you were very lucky, a day trip to the zoo. Nowadays, some schools in the U.K. visit such exotic places as the Canadian Arctic，the Great Barrier Reef，and Japan—and within a week. What's going on? Videoconferencing! These are virtual field trips made possible by technology.Videoconferencing systems vary in the technology they use and the cost, but the basic idea is always the same: it's like making a phone call but using a camera and a screen instead of a telephone. The cheapest systems start at about £700 with a video phone, a television and a camcorder. It is possible, though, to spend thousands of pounds if you use state-of-the-art equipment and broadband satellite connections. Most schools can only afford a basic system, but even this can be a remarkable resource full of possibilities.One such possibility is to allow children to “visit” places almost anywhere in the world. These virtual field trips, however, involve more than simply bringing live video pictures into the classroom. Children don’t just watch--they take part. In a live link up with NASA, for example, children were able to speak to a real astronaut. On another occasion the link was with a diver swimming around Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. As she swam，she answered children’s questions about the fish and plant life they could see on the screen. One class has even had a live chat with Tony Blair. They were gathered around the TV monitor at school while the then Prime Minister was enjoying a cup of tea at Downing Street.Events like these are an exciting way for children to learn about science and politics by speaking to people directly involved. The children also get to develop important communication skills by expressing themselves, speaking clearly and thinking about the sort of questions they want to ask.Videoconferencing also provides opportunities for children to team up with other children around the globe. Meeting people from other countries is a wonderful experience for any child. Apart from improving their language skills, it helps them appreciate other cultures. In the past, only a few lucky children were able to experience this by travelling abroad on school exchange programs一spending a few weeks in France or Germany, for example. Videoconferencing makes it possible for many more children to come into contact with cultures.Some U.K. schoolchildren, for example, have met up with classmates in California and Japan, learning what it's like to live in an earthquake zone. Others have chatted with Inuit children from Canada. One class regularly meets with children from Finland. Videoconferencing makes foreign cultures “real” in a way not possible through books. And the fact that children can see each other on screen helps them build real relationships—make friends even-despite the huge distances between them.26.Traditionally, a school field trip may involve a trip to .A.Downing StreetB. a park or zoo nearbyC.the Canadian ArcticD. the Great Barrier Reef27.All videoconferencing systems .e the same equipmentB. have broadband satellite connectionse state-of-the-art equipmentD. are based on the same basic i dea28.Videoconferences give children chances to .A.travel around the worldB.find exchange programsC.get involved in virtual field tripsD.swim around the Great Barrier Reef29.By videoconferencing, children can do the following EXCEPT .A.experiencing foreign culturesB.improving their communication skillsC.spending a few weeks in a foreign countryD.making friends with children of other countries30.According to the passage, Inuit children are from .A. CanadaB. JapanC. FinlandD. Germany非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

英语专科自考 00595英语阅读(一)201604 真题试卷

全国2016年4月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595第一部分选择题I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.I was bom in a pleasant old colonial house built near 1750, and bought by my grandfather sixty or seventy years ago. He joined a group of acquaintances who were engaged in the flourishing West Indian trade of that time. For many years he kept and extended his interests in shipping, building ships and buying large quantities of timber, and sending it down the river and then to the sea. The business was still in existence in my early childhood, so I came in contact with the up-country people who sold timber as well as with the sailors and shipmasters of the other side of the business. I used to linger about the busy country stores, and listen to the lively country talk.In my grandfather’s business household，my father had taken to his book，as old people said, and gone to college and begun that devotion to the study of medicine which only ended with his life. He gave me my first and best knowledge of books by his own delight and dependence upon them, and ruled my early attempts at writing by his good taste. "Don't try to write about people and things, tell them just as they are!" How often my young ears heard these words without comprehending them! But while I was too young and thoughtless to share in an enthusiasm for Sterne or Fielding, and Smollett or Don Quixote, my mother and grandmother were leading me into the pleasant ways of Pride and Prejudice, and The Scenes of Clerical Life, and the delightful stories of Mrs. Oliphant.When the time came that my own world of imagination was more real to me than any other, I was sometimes perplexed at my father's directing my attention to certain points of interest in the character or surroundings of our acquaintances. I cannot help believing that he recognized, long before I did myself, in what direction the current of purpose in my life was setting. Now, as I write my sketches of country life, I remember again and again the wise things he said, and the sights he made me see. I may have inherited something of my father’s knowledge of human nature, but my father never lost a chance of trying to teach me to observe. I owe a great deal to his patience with a little girl given far more to dreams than to accuracy, and with perhaps too little natural sympathy for the dreams of others.1.Which stat ement is true of the author’s grandfather?A.He built the old colonial house around 1750.B.He was employed by the busy country stores.C.He took great interest in neighborhood affairs.D.He made money by buying and selling timber.2.In Paragraph 1, "the other side of the business" refers to____.A.building shipsB.sailing shipsC.buying timberD.selling timber3.What the author cherishes most about her father is his____.A.devotion to medicineB.advice on writingC.enthusiasm for literatureD.interest in business4.As far as writing is concerned, the author's father emphasized the importance of____.A.country settingsB.plentiful patienceC. wild imaginationD.accurate observation5.The author is probably known for her writings about .A.country lifeB. modem businessC.colonial historyD. old-time seafaringPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Educating girls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investment available in the developing world. Women’s education may be unusual territory for economists，but enhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social issue. And economics, with its emphasis on incentives (激励)，provides an explanation for why so many girls are deprived of an education.Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family; girls grow up only to marry into somebody else's family and bear children. Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school—the prophecy (预言）becomes self-fulfilling，trapping women in a vicious circle (恶性循环）of neglect.An educated mother, on the other hand, earns more and faces an entirely different set of choices. She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. The education of her daughters then makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls, as well as of boys, will be educated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuous circle.Few will dispute that educating women has great social benefits, but it has enormous economic advantages as well. Most obviously, there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female workers. Wages rise by 10 to 20 percent for each additional year of schooling. Such big returns are impressive by the standard of other available investments, but they are just the beginning.6.According to the author, educating girls in developing countries may____.A.be more rewarding than expectedB. cause annoying problems and difficultiesC.bring to an end social and economic problemsD.bring a family into a financially difficult situation7.By saying “…the prophecy becomes self-fulfilling in Paragraph 2, the author means that girls will____.A.be found less valuable than boysB.find their goals in life unreachableC.be discontented with their life at homeD.be capable of realizing their own dreams8.In the author's opinion, a vicious circle can turn into a virtuous circle when_____.A.there are more daughters in a familyB.a family is rich enough to educate boysC.a family has more but healthier childrenD.mothers know the importance of educating girls9.What does the author say about womens education?A.It is the most important social issue.B.It is now given top priority in developing countries.C.It yields greater returns than other known investments.D.It has aroused the interest of a growing number of economists.10.This passage mainly discusses______.A.the economic benefits of educating womenB.the social contributions of educated womenC.the political influence of well-educated womenD.the unfair treatment of girls in developing countriesPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The history of the U.S. from Lincoln’s death to the wave of assassinations in the 1960s can be seen as a struggle to realize Lincoln’s vision of a soci ety whose citizens are not held back by parentage or origin. The struggle to secure this chance for all Americans has been bitter and bloody, and it is far from over. After Lincoln's death, the Fourteenth Amendment promised that the Federal Union would guarantee the rights of all persons against violation by the states. However, this guarantee was exploited by business corporations while remaining a hollow promise to millions of actual persons. Women did not get the vote until five amendments later, and their legal rights were often lost in marriage. As for blacks, political equality remained mostly something unreal until the passage of the V oting Rights Act one hundred years after Lincoln’s death.The struggle to realize Lincoln's ideal was undertaken not only by workers against capital but also by immigrants against the political system. In less than one human life span following the Civil War, the U.S. absorbed a great number of immigrants who formed the next wave of what Lincoln had called "prudent and penniless" beginners. They found that social services were forgotten by a political system that ran on graft (腐败). The risk of injury，disease，and early death were largelyignored, forcing millions to rely on themselves, on family, and on the charity of friends.To some who watched the immigrants pour in, it seemed that America would have to reorganize itself according to the multicultural principle that we hear so much about today. The term “multiculturalism” was popularized by Horace Kallen. He wrote in his book The Nation in 1915 that with the growth of large immigrant communities, the rate of mixed marriage would drop (he was wrong) and the likelihood of a new American race would decline. The U.S., he predicted, would turn into a democracy of nationalities in which "selfhood is ancestrally determined." To other observers，however，the country was simply sliding into disorder, as it seemed to Henry Adams in 1905 when he looked out of the club window on the turmoil of Fifth Avenue and felt himself in the disorderly Rome as witnessed by Emperor Diocletian.11.Lincoln imagined that the U.S. would be a society free from the influence of one’s____.A.wealthB. educationC.heritageD. personality12. The author points out that Lincoln’s dream of an ideal society____.A.is very unrealisticB. has not come trueC.is harmful to womenD. ignores black Americans13.The immigrants who went to the U.S. after the Civil War were extremely dissatisfied with____.A. capitalistsB. social servicesC. public facilitiesD. charity organizations14.According to Horace Kallen,the increase in immigrant population would enable immigrants to____.A.marry into other racesB. keep their own culturesC.gain economic equalityD. forget their homelands15.Which of the following statements is true?A.The blacks got the voting rights right after Lincoln died.B.The immigrants who came after the Civil War were poor.C.The rate of mixed marriage in the U.S. dropped after 1915.D.Henry Adams agreed with Horace Kallen on his prediction.Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Some estimates are that as many as 8% of adolescents suffer from depression at some time during any one-year period, making it much more common than, for example, eating disorders, which seem to get more attention as a source of adolescent misery.Even among psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals, the extent of the disability caused by depression is vastly underestimated. The World Health Organization has found that major depression is the single greatest cause of disability in the world—more than twice as many people are disabled by depression as by the second leading cause of disability，iron-deficiency anemia (贫血症).Other diseases and disorders may get more press coverage or more research money, or more sympathy and concern from a well-meaning public, but major depression causes more long term human misery than any other single disease.When I was a resident in psychiatry，we believed that true depression was rare among teenagers, or that insofar as it existed, it was just a normal phase of adolescent development with no lasting consequences. It didn’t take long after I began treating troubled kids to see that this couldn't possibly be true. Research over recent decades has confirmed my impression. These beliefs, if any still holds them, are false and dangerous. In fact, early onset of depression is not normal, and can predict numerous unhappy life events for youngsters, including school failure, teenage pregnancy, and suicide attempts.Although depression is increasingly common today, it is among the oldest diseases recorded in the history of medicine. As early as the fourth century, the symptoms of “melancholia”were well known. In other words，depression was first thought of as an exclusively physical illness-the loss of appetite，sleeplessness，irritability，and general depression was believed to have a physical，not a psychological cause. It wasn’t until the nineteenth century-when the term depression was invented to substitute for melancholia-that a psychological understanding of the illness began to develop. Eventually this psychological explanation of depression would become the only one, although today it no longer is. We now know that depression has both psychological and physical symptoms, and that both psychological and medical treatments can help to alleviate them.16.The World Health Organization has found that .A.depression results in iron-deficiency anemiaB.depression gets more press attention worldwideC.more people are disabled by depression than by anemiaD.iron-deficiency anemia is the greatest cause of disability17.In the 4th century, depression was regarded as a_____.A.physical disorderB.psychological problemC.psychological disease caused by physical disordersD.physical disease induced by psychological disorders18.After the 19th century people began to realize that depression could result from____.A. anemiaB. iron deficiencyC. physical illnessD. psychological problems19.The word “alleviate” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to_____.A. cureB. diagnoseC. preventD. ease20.The passage mainly deals with depression by informing the reader of_____.A. future developmentsB. new discoveriesC. people’s misunderstandingsD. serious consequencesII. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.People in the developed countries are living longer. In 2005 in the U.S. the average lifespan was 77.6 years, as against 54 years in 1920 and just 34 years in 1780. By 2050 it is estimated that the average lifespan will be in the mid 80's. By 2025 in the developed countries the share of the population over 60 will be 26 percent.This increasing longevity is starting to impact on public finances, economic growth and general living standards. This impact is greater in countries with low employment rates, such as countries in the European Union, of which Italy is a good example. In addition, as baby boomers (those bom from 1946 to 1960) reach retirement age, there is increasing pressure on social security systems and public funds for retirement and health care expenses. Economists are increasingly questioning the sustainability of the European social model with its current high welfare standards.“Active aging” is now being advanced by policy experts. The current division of life into three cycles—education, employment and retirement—should be changed. According to these experts, governments need to remove barriers that prevent older people from continuing to work and should extend the average working life. Schemes for lifelong learning need to be established to keep the aging workforce equipped with up-to-date job skills.The U.S. agricultural firm Monsanto is encouraging the government to allow it to introduce “phased retirement” for its workforce. Back in 1991 the company set up a Resource Re-entry Centre (RRC). Monsanto found it difficult to hire qualified temporary administrative assistants. Through the RRC it began to offer this work to retired administrative workers. The centre now sources human resources amongst its retired workforce for a diverse range of projects. In so doing, the company retains the skills, knowledge and social networks of its workers. Much of the work is project-based and highly flexible. Over 60 percent of the projects are given to workers over 60. A key feature of the scheme is workers' access to cost-effective computer-based training to maintain and update job skills. The centre strives to educate company managers regarding the cost efficiency and quality of the work achieved by the service.21.From 1780 to 2005, the average lifespan in the U.S. ____.A. had more than doubledB. had more than tripledC. increased by 26 percentD. increased to 80 years22.Italy has seen the great impact of the increasing longevity because of its____.A.high welfare standardsB. early retirement ageC.low employment ratesD. large number of baby boomers23.Which of the following is related to active aging?A.The old people should retire early.B.The three cycles of life should be retained.C.The old people should overcome work barriers.D.Lifelong learning schemes should be established.24.According to the passage，RRC is a(n) ____.ernment officeB. information officeC.human resource centerD. project management center25.The author uses Monsanto's example to show that____.A. workers should enjoy their retirement lifeB.retired workers should expand their social networksC.“active aging” has been encouraged by the governmentD.there are solutions to problems caused by increasing longevityPassage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.There are guavas (番石榴）at the Shop & Save. I pick one the size of a tennis ball and finger the prickly stem end. It feels familiarly bumpy and firm. The guava is not quite ripe: the skin is still a dark green. I smell it and imagine a pale pink center, the seeds tightly embedded in the flesh.A ripe guava is yellow, although some varieties have a pink tinge. The skin is thick, firm, and sweet. Its heart is bright pink and almost solid with seeds. The most delicious part of the guava surrounds the tiny seeds. If you don't know how to eat a guava, the seeds end up in the crevices between your teeth.Some years, when the rains have been plentiful and the nights cool, you can bite into a guava and not find many seeds. The guava bushes grow close to the ground, their branches laden with green then yellow fruit that seem to ripe overnight. These guavas are large and juicy, almost seedless, their roundness enticing you to have one more, just one more, because next year the rains may not come.As children,we didn’t always wait for the fruit to ripen. We raided the bushes as soon as the guavas were large enough to bend the branch.A green guava is sour and hard. You bite into it at its widest point, because it，s easier to grasp with your teeth. You grimace, your eyes water，and your cheeks disappear as your lips purse into a tight O. But you have another and then another, enjoying the crunchy sounds, the acid taste, the gritty texture of the unripe center. At night, your mother makes you drink castor oil, which she says tastes better than a green guava. That’s when you know for sure that you，re a child and she has stopped being one.I had my last guava the day we left Puerto Rico. It was large and juicy, almost red in the center, and so fragrant that I didn't want to eat it because I would lose the smell. All the way to the airport I scratched at it with my teeth, making little dents in the skin, chewing small pieces with my front teeth, so that I could feel the texture against my tongue, the tiny pink pellets of sweet.Today，I stand before a stack of dark green guavas，each perfectly round and hard, each $1.59. The one in my hand is tempting. It smells faintly of late summer afternoons and hopscotch under the mango tree. But this is autumn in New York, and I’m no longer a child. I push my cart away，toward the apples and pears of my adulthood, their nearly seedless ripeness predictable and bittersweet.26.The Shop & Save is a(n) ____.A.American supermarketB. fruit garden in AmericaC.supermarket in an airportD. fruit garden in Puerto Rico27.According to the author, a ripe guava is____.A. pale pink at its heartB. soft with bumpy skinC. yellow with tightly fixed seedsD.yellow with perhaps some tinges of pink28.Plentiful rains and cool nights may mean that guavas____ .A.grow on the groundB. have fewer seedsC.ripen slowlyD. are scarce29.The day he left Puerto Rico, the author ate a guava____.A. quicklyB. slowlyC. reluctantlyD. hungrily30.The author is quite familiar with guavas because he____.A. works at a supermarketB.is keen on eating guavasC.grew up with the memory of guavasD.suffered too much from green guavas非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

2003年4月全国英语阅读(一)试题及答案

全国2003年４月高等教育自学考试英语阅读（一）试题课程代码：00595全部题目用用英文作答，并将答案写在答题纸相应的位置上，否则不计分。

PART ONEⅠ.TEXT CMOMPREHENSIONThe following comprehension questions are based on the texts you have learned, and each of them is provided with 4 choices marked [A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the best answer to each question and write it on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points,1 point each)1.In Gifts of the Magi,both “gift” and “Magus” are in plural, because O. Henry wants to tell the reader that .[A] People are kind to Mr. and Mrs. Young[B] Mr. Young loves Mr. Young[C] Mrs. Young loves Mr. Young[D] Mr. and Mrs. Young love each other2. “I am not sure what I am rebelling against, but I really don‟t see a need for marriage. That isn‟ta statement about my feelings about the relationship, because there is no less strength of commitment.” The underlined clause means .[A] the married couples have more responsibility for each other[B] the cohabiting couples have more responsibility for each other[C] the married couples and the cohabiting ones show no responsibility for each other[D] both the married couples and cohabiting ones should be equally responsible for each other3. “Having come to a very remote and deserted spot, they realized their chance had come: catching Lorenzo off guard, they killed him.” The underlined phrase means .[A] Lorenzo was caught unawares[B] Lorenzo was caught off duty[C] Lorenzo was handed over to them by their guards[D] Lorenzo was caught when his guard was away4.In The Necklace, when Mme. Loise1 took back the necklace, how did Mme. Forrester react?[A] She opened the box and examined the jewel carefully.[B] She said coldly that Mme. Loise1 shouldn‟t have returned it so late.[C] She complained that the necklace had been substituted.[D] She was only too pleased to see her old friend again.5. The Fisherman and His Wife is of .[A] fable [B] myth[C] fairy story [D] fairy-tale-romance6.Mark Twain is NOT the author of .[A] The Adventures of Tom Sawyer[B] The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn[C] The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County[D] The Old Man and the Sea7. In his fable about a proud crow and a hungry fox, Aesop intends to tell the reader that .[A] the fox is never trust worthy[B] the fox is always homey-tongued[C] it is harmful to believe big talkers[D] it is harmful to listen to excessive flattery8. According to Bringing up Children, if one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, .[A] the child may go back and recapture the experience of it[B] the parents may provide the child with the child with the opportunity to play with toys[C] the parents must be consistent in their attitude to their children[D] the child should be sent to a child clinic for a psychological treatment9.The theme of the story A Day‟s Wait is that.[A] misunderstandings can even occur between father and son[B] misunderstandings can sometimes lead to an odd experience[C] to be calm and controlled in the face of death is a mark of courage[D] death is something beyond a child‟s comprehension10. In A Day’s Wait, the hunting scene, at first glance, may seem to have little to do with the plot.However, the author has his own justification for describing it. Which of the following is NOT a reason for such description?[A] It diverts the reader so that the boy‟s real thoughts will be a greater surprise when they arerevealed.[B] It creates a sense of time passing so that we know it is close to evening by the time thefather gets home.[C] It gives the author an opportunity to show that he is able to write very complexsentences though he usually writes very short, simple ones.[D] It brings out a contrast between th e father‟s robust activities outside and the boy‟sterrible tension inside.11. In Art for Heart’s Sake, Dr. Caswell gave Ellsworth a suggestion that be .[A] take more medicine[B] listen to the radio or watch TV[C] take more automobile rides[D] take up art12. In How to live like a Millionaire, the self - made rich develop clear goals for .[A] accumulating income till the age of 50[B] having a dollar figure in mind and working for it[C] leaving an estate to their children[D] retiring early13. The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving‟s The Sketch Book,a collection of essays, sketches and tales, among which the most famous and frequently anthologized are Rip Van Winkle and .[A] The Wild Honeysuckle[B] The Legend of Sleepy Hollow[C] The Scarlet Letter[D] The Pioneers14. “Not even the great Nicholas Veddle himself was safe from the tongue of this daring woman,who blamed himself for much of her husband‟s idleness.” The word tongue in this quotation probably refers to .[A] extremely intelligent and lively words[B] offensive or insulting remarks[C] a movable organ in the mouth[D] the tone or manner of speaking15. According to The Story of the Bible, the Jews were the first among all people to recognize that .[A] different gods made different things in nature[B] one single God created this world[C] one god was devoted to the making of water[D different gods were responsible for the making of the land16. According to Otto Jespersen, the ideal international language was the one that .[A] was the easiest to learn for people all over the world[B] was familiar to scientists all over the world[C] was based on Latin and Greek roots[D] derived the basic structure form non-Indo-European languages17. In Bricks from the Tower of the Babel, the writer provides a detailed explanation for which of the following?[A] The construction of the tower.[B] The structure and sound system of Esperanto.[C] The internationalization of some natural languages.[D] The Indo-European language family.18. In The Girls in Their Summer Dresses, Michael‟s state of mind suggests that .[A] he has adjusted himself to married life[B] he is often absent – minded and confused[C] he starts to resent Frances now[D] he takes for granted what he is doing19.In The Girls in Their Summer Dresses, Frances said, “You‟re going to make a move.” She said so to mean that Michael would .[A] move away to some other location[B] attract and move some girls[C] arouse deep emotions in girls[D] take action and leave her some day20. According to Universities and Polytechnics, Oxford and Cambridge are attractive to both the resident students and visitors for their .[A] advanced academic learning[B] excellent constituent colleges[C] organizational structures[D] buildings of historical significanceⅡ.READING COMPREHENSIONIn this part there are 4 reading passages followed by 20 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked [A], [B],[C] and [D]. You should decide onthe best answer and write it on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Failure is probably the most fatiguing experience a person ever has. There is nothing more exhausting than not succeeding—being blocked, not moving ahead. It is an evil circle. Failure breeds fatigue, and fatigue makes it harder to get to work, which adds to the fatigue.We experience this tiredness in two main ways, as start-up fatigue and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task that we are forced to take up. Either because it is too tedious or because it is too difficult, we avoid it. And the longer we postpone it, the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is very real, even not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The remedy is obvious, though perhaps not easy to apply: willpower exercise. The moment I find myself turning away from a job, or putting it under a pile of other things I have to do, I clear my desk of everything else and attack the objectionable item first. To prevent start-up fatigue, always treat the most difficult job first.Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Here we are willing to get started, but we cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear to be insurmountable and however hard we work, we fail again and again. The mounting experience of failure carries with it an ever-increasing burden of mental fatigue. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can－then let the unconscious take over.21.Which of the following can be called an evil circle?[A] Success – zeal – success – zeal.[B] Failure – tiredness – failure – tiredness.[C] Failure – zeal – failure – tiredness.[D] Success – exhaustion – success – exhaustion.22. According to the passage, when keeping putting off a task, we can experience .[A] tiredness[B] performance fatigue[C] start-up fatigue[D] unconsciousness23. To overcome start-up fatigue, we need .[A] toughness[B] prevention[C] muscles[D] strong willpower24.The word insurmountable in the last paragraph probably means .[A]unable to be solved [B] unlikely to be understood[C] unable to be imagined [D] unlikely to be rejected25. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?[A] It is easier to overcome start-up fatigue.[B] Performance fatigue occurs when the job we are willing to take gets blocked.[C] One will finally succeed after experiencing the evil circle.[D] Fatigue often accompanies failure.Passage 2On days when there is work , I talk to the other guys. Some of them tell me that the harvest season is coming in northern California, and they say that one can earn good money there. Things haven‟t gone so badly in the car wash, but one afternoon I give the manager my thanks for having hired and promoted me, and with a little suitcase that night I board a Greyhound headed north. My ticket is made out for San Francisco, but I don‟t plan to go that far. I pla n to ride until I find a place where people are harvesting, and to get off the bus there.I sleep on the bus for a few hours that night, and in the morning, when I awake, I don‟t know where we are. I get up from my seat and walk down the bus aisle, looking for a Mexican or Chicano to tell me our location, but oddly enough, I don‟t see any among the passengers, who are all white-skinned. I pay attention to the road signs we pass, but they are not of much help. I can read the town names, but I don‟t know whe re the towns lie. A map would help me, and I decide to buy one at our next stop. Lots of things are for sale at the bus stop‟s gift shop, but there are no maps. I direct myself to wards the shop‟s operator, but I run into the language barrier. The operator is an Anglo, and when I speak to him in Spanish, he says that he doesn‟t understand. I try to practice my very precarious (不可靠的)English with him, but it‟s of no use. I have a rough idea of the sound of the words that I want to say, but I can‟t pronounce t hem right. I make signs, signaling a big piece of paper and say “form California,” but he turns into a question mark, with eyes wide open, arms raised and hands extended, “Map,” I say, but I don‟t pronounce the word very well. “Freeways, streets,” I add, but he still doesn‟t understand. He points out chewing gum, candies, pieces of cake, sandwiches, soft drinks, and cigarettes, trying to guess what I‟m asking for. But he doesn‟t show me any maps. Finally, I back out of the store, and as I leave I hear him say, “I‟m sorry.”A little before the bus leaves, I run into a Mexican-American in a hallway and I immediately ask him to help me find a map off California. We go back to the store. The Chicano asks for a map .“Ahh !Ahaaa!” the operator exclaims. Then he go es to a corner of his shelves and takes out what I‟ve been asking for. While I am paying him, he talks to the Chicano in a joyful tone. With the map in my hands, I give the Chicano my thanks, and he explains that the store-keeper thinks that I am asking if he needs anybody to clean the floor or “mop.”26. The writer decided to leave his job and go to northern California because .[A] his boss didn‟t like him[B] things were going badly in the car wash[C] he thought he could earn more money[D] th ere wasn‟t always work27. The writer wanted a map in order to .[A] find the way to San Francisco[B] help him with the road signs[C] know where he was in relation to the entire trip[D] find his way back to his workplace28. Form the passage, we can infer that .[A] the owner of the shop did not want to sell the writer a map[B] the writer was fired from the car wash[C] the writer was a migrant farm worker[D] the writer was traveling with a friend who could speak English29. The writer tries to make himself understood by all the following EXCEPT.[A]gestures[B] words or phrases[C] pronunciations[D] spelling the word30. We can learn from the story that .[A] incorrect pronunciations may result in misunderstanding[B] immigrants usually have a hard time in the foreign countries[C] a foreign language can be learned through conversations[D] traveling alone brings unexpected troubles and problemsPassage 3Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance to the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society‟s understanding－the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.” We‟ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in America. Although the phrase was used by this country‟s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children－the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children－disabled or not－to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who can not profit substantially from regular programs.31.In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that .[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their families and the society[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children32.The reason why exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that .[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society[B] they might become a burden of the society[C] they should fully develop their potentials[D] disabled children deserve special consideration33. This passage mainly deals with .[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C] special educational programs for exceptional children[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children34.Form this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children .[A] is now enjoying legal support[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country[C] was cl early stated by the country‟s founders[D] will exert great influence over court decisions35 .Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?[A] Exceptional children refer to those with mental or physical problems.[B] The author uses “All men are created equal” to counter the school program for exceptionalchildren.[C] Recent court decisions confirm the rights of exceptional children to learn with regularchildren.[D] Regular school programs fail to meet the requirements to develop the potential ofexceptional children.Passage 4Life is a series of problems. Do we want to moan about them or solve them? Do we want to teach our children to solve them?Discipline is the basic set of tools we require to solve life‟s problems. Without discipline w e can solve nothing. With only some discipline we can solve only some problems. With total discipline we can solve all problems.What makes life difficult is that the process of confronting and solving problems is a painful one. Problems, depending upon their nature, evoke in us frustration or grief or sadness or loneliness or guilt or regret or anger or fear or anxiety or anguish or despair. These are uncomfortable feelings, often very uncomfortable, often as painful as any kind of physical pain, sometimes equaling the very worst kind of physical pain. Indeed, it is because of the pain that events or conflicts engender in us all that we call them problems. And since life poses an endless series of problems, life is always difficult and is full of pain as well as joy.Yet it is this whole process of meeting and solving problems that life has its meaning. Problems are the cutting edge that distinguishes between success and failure. Problems call forth ourcourage and our wisdom; indeed, they create our courage and our wisdom. It is only because of problems that we grow mentally and spiritually. When we desire to encourage the growth of the human spirit, we challenge and encourage the human capacity to solve problems, just as in school we deliberately set problems for our children to solve. It is through the pain of confronting and resolving problems that we learn. As Benjamin Franklin said, “Those things that hurt, instruct.” It is for this reason that wise people learn not to dread but actually to welcome problems and actually to welcome the pain of problems.I have stated that discipline is the basic set of tools we require to solve life‟s problems. It will become clear that these tools are techniques of suffering, means by which we experience the pain of problems in such a way as to work them through and solve them successfully, learning and growing in the process. When we teach ourselves and our children discipline, we are teaching them and ourselves how to suffer and also how to grow.What are these tools, these techniques of suffering, these means of experiencing the pain of problems constructively that I call discipline? These are four: delaying of gratification (满足)，acceptance of responsibility, dedication to truth, and balancing. As will be evident, these are not complex tools whose application demands extensive training. To the contrary, they are simple tools, and almost all children are adept in their use by the age of ten. Yet presidents and kings will often forget to use them, to their own downfall. The problem lies not in the complexity of these tools but in the will to use them. For they are tools with which pain is confronted rather than avoided, and if one seeks to avoid legitimate suffering, then one will avoid the use of these tools.36.The main point of this passage is that .[A] without discipline we can solve nothing[B] problems evoke in us frustration or grief[C] dealing with one‟s problems gives life meaning[D] the tendency to avoid problems results in mental illness37. People who use a little discipline .[A] can solve all of their problems[B] can solve some of their problems[C] can solve nothing[D] have total discipline38. According to the author, which of the following makes life difficult?[A] Physical pain.[B] Frustration and guilt.[C] Solving problems.[D] Conflicts.39.Problems give our life meaning by all of the following means EXCEPT.[A] showing us the difference between success and failure[B] giving us courage[C] challenging us to grow[D] teaching us to avoid problems40.According to the author, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Successful leaders avoid their problems.[B] The tools for solving problems are hard to learn.[C] We need to confront emotional pain.[D] The tools of discipline are complicated.Ⅲ.SKIMMING AND SCANNINGIn this part there are 3 reading passages followed by 10 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 answers marked[A],[B],[C]and [D].Skim or scan the passages, then decide on the best answer and write it on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points,1 point each)Passage 1Dear Sires: Oct.30,1996 We are pleased to make you an offer regarding our …Swinger‟ dresses and trouser suits in the sizes you require. All the models can be supplied by the middle of December 1996, subject to our receiving your firm order by 15th November. Our C.I.F. prices are understood to be for sea/land transport to Chicago. If you would prefer the goods to be sent by air freight, this will be charged extra cost.Trouser Suits: sizes 8 – 16 in white, yellow, red, turquoise, black, pink per 100$2650.00Swinger Dresses: sizes 8 – 16 in white, yellow, red, turquoise, black per 100$1845.00Prices: valid until 31 st December, 1996Delivery: C. I. F. ChicagoTransport: sea/land freightPayment: by irrevocable letter of credit, or cheque with orderYou will be receiving cuttings of our materials and a colour chart. These were airmailed to you this morning. We hope you agree that our prices are very competitive for these good quality clothes, and look forward to receiving your initial order.Yours FaithfullyRobert Morgan41.Judging from the message given in the letter, the writer is a .[A] seller[B] buyer[C] government official[D] lawyer42. The price quoted for each Swinger Dress is .[A] $2650[B] $1845[C] $26.5[D] $18.4543.The goods under discussion can be delivered by .[A] Oct. 30, 1996[B] the middle of Dec.1996[C] Nov. 15, 1996[D] Dec. 31, 1996Passage 2When the CEO of lotus, manufacturer of computer software, interviews job candidates, he looks for people who can laugh out loud. At the headquarters of ice –cream maker Ben & Jerry‟s, the “Minister of Joy” supervises the “Joy Gang”, which has the job of spending $100,100 a year planning and implementing workplace fun. Odetics, maker of video security systems and other recording equipment, considered it an honor when Industry Week called it “the funniest place to work in the U.S.”In corporate America today, humor is a serious business. Workers have been downsized, re-engineered, restructured, and overworked for so long they have forgotten how to smile and laugh. To remind them, companies are posting amusing notes and cartoons on bulletin boards, building libraries of humorous books for workers to read, sp onsoring “fun at work” days, “laughter” committees, and even hiring specialists.As a result, the corporate humor business has taken off. A “humor services” group, called Humor Project, reports that it receives about twenty requests each day from companies looking for humor consultants. The Laughter Remedy, an organization that teaches the benefits of humor, helps employees build “humor skills” through a program that includes such steps as “developing the ability to play program that includes such steps as “developing the ability to play with language” and “finding humor in everyday life.” Humor consultant Paul McGhee gives audiences “remedial belly laughing” lessons. He tells them to smile, raise their eyebrows, lower their jaws, tighten their stomach muscles, and laugh. Speakers from Lighten Up Limited, a humor consulting firm, urge workers to tell jokes and take humor breaks. In their search for comic relief, organizations are spending thousands of dollars. Humor consultant Matt Weinstein, for example, receives $7500 for a ninety – minute talk.Why all the fuss and expense over an activity that seems contrary to the work ethic? One recent study reports that the most productive workplaces have at least the minutes of laughter every hour. And corporations that have added humor to workplace report an increase not only in productivity but also in employee loyalty , creativity, and morale, as well as improved teamwork and employee health.44.The corporate laughter business is booming because .[A] such an activity seems contrary to the work ethic[B] the humor business has proved profitable[C] the workers overwork, so much so that they intend to get their work re-engineered andrestructured[D] few corporations consider humor a serious business and an incentive to productivity45.According to the passage, the Laughter Remedy helps employees .[A] take humor breaks and relax themselves[B] develop their abilities to use language[C] build “humor skills” through a designed program[D] free themselves from the overwork46. It may be inferred from the passage that .[A] the character of Americans seems to require that they should be humorous[B] wherever there is demand, a market will be created[C] humor is the most popular leisure pursuit in the western world[D] humor is the only source of revenue for the “laughter” specialistsPassage 3This Valentine‟s Day, 35-year-old Peter Henig had no trouble finding a date.He had been elected one of the 10 most wanted bachelors of the Internet by Women. com. Since then, Henig gets some 100 emails a day from women all over the word asking him for a date.Henig is good-looking enough to be considered one of the most suitable bachelors in cyberspace. As a senior editor at Red Herring, the bim onthly magazine of the tech word, he‟s certainly smart and successful.Forget the yuppies of the 1980s, the hottest bachelors these days－dot-com crisis or not－are the Silicon boys.“I didn‟t need a date the badly,” said Henig. But when he was contacted b y Women. com to be included in their “Top 10 Men of the Internet” contest, he eagerly accepted.“I don‟t look at it as a dating machine. I just thought it could be fun,” he said.In Silicon Valley, often dubbed(称之为)as “valley of guys” for its high percen tage of unmarried men, the venture capital gold rush may be over, but the dating industry is booming.According to a recent report, Silicon Valley should be the place for single women looking for love. For every 318 single men in the city of San Jose, the heart of Silicon Valley, there are 288 single women.Known for their lack of social skills, computer geeks are showing that they too can have a life. This is especially true during the economic downturn for tech industries, when there‟s no real need to spend all that time in front of their computers.According to Katherine Winter, who met her husband on Match. Com, an online dating service, the end of gold rush may not be bad news for the Silicon boys. She said, “Silicon Valley is definitely the place to be for single women, because of the quality and the number of men.”47. According to the passage, Henig has been elected as one of the most wanted single men because he is .[A] a handsome young man[B] a computer expert[C] one of the hottest bachelors[D] good-looking, smart and successful48. According to Katherine Winter, Silicon Valley is the ideal place for single women to find。

英语自考 00595英语阅读(一)201410 真题试卷

全国2014年10月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595本试卷满分100分，考试时间150分钟.考生答题注意事项：1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。

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第一部分选择题I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.In the 1950s，the Sami of Finland had an economy based on fishing and reindeer herding (放养驯鹿)，which provided most of the food. Reindeer had several other important economic and social functions. They were used as animals to haul wood for fuel. Their hides were made into clothing. Reindeer were also key items of exchange, both in external trade and internal gift-giving. A child was given a reindeer to mark the appearance of its first tooth. When a couple became engaged, they exchanged a reindeer with each other and when they married, reindeer were the most important wedding gift By the 1960s，all this had changed because of the introduction of the snowmobile. After that，the herds were no longer kept closely domesticated (围养）for part of the year, during which they became tame. Instead, they were allowed to roam freely all year and thus became wilder. On snowmobiles, the men covered larger amounts of territory at round-up (把牲畜赶回畜栏）time to bring in the animals, and sometimes several round-ups occurred instead of one.Herd size declined dramatically. Reasons for the decline included the stress caused to the reindeer by the extra distance traveled during round-ups and the fear aroused by the noisy snowmobiles. Round-ups were now held at a time when the females were near the end of their pregnancy, another factor causing reproductive stress. As the number of snowmobiles increased, the number of reindeer decreased.Another economic change involved the dependence on the outside through links to the cash economy. Cash was needed in order to purchase a snowmobile, gasoline, and to pay for parts and repairs. This led to social inequality, which had notexisted previously: the cash cost of effective participation in herding exceeded the resources of some families，who had to drop out of serious participation in herding; the use of snowmobiles changed the age pattern of reindeer herding in favor of youth over age; thus, older herders were squeezed out; the snowmobile pushed many Sami into debt; the dependence on cash and indebtedness forced many Sami to migrate to cities for work.1.The first paragraph focuses on_____.A. the social pattern of the Sami in FinlandB. the influence of technology upon the SamiC. the problems of reindeer herding of the SamiD.the significance of reindeer in Sami culture2. Because of the introduction of snowmobiles, the reindeer_____.A. became tamerB. grew wilderC. increased in numberD. were harder to manage3. The introduction of snowmobiles led to more dependence on_____.A. the old peopleB. the familyC. the local economyD. the outside world4. The author’s attitude towards the introduction of snowmobiles is_____.A. objectiveB. positiveC. negativeD. neutral5. The Sami had to use cash to buy_____.A. wood and gasolineB. food and woodC. wedding gifts and foodD. snowmobiles and gasolinePassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Fashion myths have led women to believe that they are more beautiful or sophisticated for wearing heels, but in reality, heels pose short as well as long term hardships. Women should fight the high heel industry by refusing to use or purchase them in order to save the world from unnecessary physical and psychological suffering.Fairly speaking，it must be noted that there is a positive side to high heels. First，heels are excellent for aerating (充氧）lawns. A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those babies eliminates all need to call for a lawn care specialist and provides the perfect sized holes to give lawn oxygen. Second, heels are quite functional for defense against oncoming enemies, who can easily be scared away with these sharp, deadly fashion accessories. Finally, anytime a hammer can’t be found, a high heel shoe makes the perfect substitute tool for pushing in a nail.Regardless of such practical uses for heels, the fact remains that wearing high heels is harmful to one’s physical health. High heels are known to cause problems such as deformed feet and tom toenails. The risk of severe back problems and twisted or broken ankles is three times higher for a high heel wearer than for a flat shoe wearer. Also of course, after wearing heels for a day, any woman knows she can look forward to a night of pain as she tries to comfort her swollen, throbbing feet.Besides the obvious physical damage heels can cause, they are also responsible for a large amount of psychological damage. A woman with a closet Ml of heels may endanger her own social well-being as well as that of a man who chooses todate her. A night on the town in a pair of shoes that makes a woman feel as if she is a towering ostrich is not something to look forward to. In addition, an evening with a woman twice his height may make an insecure man slightly less than comfortable. Instead of enjoying the date, he may be feeling uncomfortable about his own height as he attempts to equal her height by stretching his back，holding up his chin，and standing on tiptoe. Ultimately，the man will lose interest in the heel-wearer as he realizes that no woman is worth the price of his diminishing self-esteem. In short，a woman who feels likea walking skyscraper and a man who feels like an ant are not likely to feel high self-esteem.6. According to the author，women believe that high heels are____.A. stylishB. comfortableC. formalD. practical7.High heels are viewed by the author as____.A. tools to push in nailsB. devices to provide lawns with oxygenC. weapons to protect women against enemiesD. accessories harmflil to rather than good for women8. The expressio n “those babies” in Paragraph 2 refers to____.A. little shoesB. high heelsC. toy shoesD. flat heels9. Sufferings caused by high heels are____.A. cultural and economicB. cultural and spiritualC. physical and psychologicalD. social and material10. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____.A. heel-wearers are more attractiveB. high heels make women feel safeC. men don’t love women wearing heelsD. men don’t like dating women taller than themPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Magaret Mead, an American scholar, went to Eastern Samoa in 1925 to spend nine months studying childrearing patterns and adolescent behavior. She sought to answer these questions: “Are the adolescent problems due to the nature of adolescence itself or to the civilization? Does adolescence present a different picture under different conditions?” She observed and interviewed fifty adolescent girls of three different villages. Her conclusion was that, unlike the typical experience in the United States, children in Samoa grew up in a relaxed and happy atmosphere. As young adolescents，they made a sexually free and unrepressed (不受压抑的）transition to adulthood. These findings had a major impact on thinking about child rearing in North America, prompting attempts at more relaxed forms of child rearing in the hope of raising less stressed adolescents.In 1983, five years after Mead’s death (at which point she had no chance for response), Derek Freeman, an Australian scholar, published a strong criticism of Mead9s work on Samoa. Freeman said that Mead’s findings on adolescence were wrong. Freeman, abiological determinist, believes that universally, adolescents are driven by hormonal (荷尔蒙的）changes that cause social and psychological problems. He claims that Mead’s work was flawed in two major ways. First, he says her fieldwork was inadequate because she spent a relatively short time in the field and she had insufficient knowledge of the Samoan language. Second, he says that her theoretical bias against biological determinists led her to overlook evidence that was contrary to her interests. He compares rates of adolescent crimes in Samoa and England and finds that they are similar in both cultures. On the basis of this result, he argues that sexual and social repression also characterized Samoan adolescence. In other words, Samoa is not so different from the West with its supposedly pervasive adolescent problems.Because of Mead’s reputation，Freeman’s criticism prompted a vigorous response from scholars, most in defense of Mead. One response in defense of Mead came from Eleanor Leacock, an expert on how colonialism affects native cultures. Leacock claimed that Free man’s position failed to take history into account; Mead’s findings applied to Samoa of the 1920s while Freeman’s analysis was based on data from the 1960s. By the 1960s, Samoan society had gone through radical cultural changes due to the influence of World War II and intensive exposure to Western influences. Freeman’s data，in her view，do not contradict Mead’s because they are from a different period.11. According to the information provided in the first paragraph, Magaret Meadwould probably agree that adolescent problems are____.A. sexually determinedB. racially basedC. culturally determinedD. historically based12. Derek Freeman believes that adolescent problems originate from____.A. biological factorsB. social influencesC. individual personalityD. cultural environment13. Derek Freeman considers Magaret Mead to be wrong in her____.A. fieldwork and theoryB. fieldwork and dataC.purpose and theoryD. purpose and subjects14. The word “prompted” in the last paragraph probably means____.A. triggeredB. proposedC. promotedD. suppressed15. In Eleanor Leacock’s view，Freeman’s accusation of Magaret Mead is groundless because he pays no attention to____.A. the sexual differenceB. the racial differenceC. the historical differenceD. the cultural differencePassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Substantial research suggests that, given the existing health tendency and health condition of an individual at a particular time, the probability of better or worse future health of spouses is affected by a variety of social factors that are subject to influence of his or her spouse.There are many ways in which spouses can influence each other’s probability of good health. Spouses can promote each other’s health by alleviating psychological stress. A substantial literature provides strong evidence that psychological stress causes illness, increases mortality risk, and is an important mechanism that links socio-economic characteristics to health andmortality. Stress-reducing mechanisms include removal of sources of stress, and management of stress through confidential conversation, psychiatric treatment (精神治疗)，physical exercise，recreation and other means. A spouse can provide or encourage all of these stress-reducing behaviors.Spouses can also promote each other’s health by providing supportive social co ntacts, and they can facilitate or inhibit each other’s social contact with supportive others. Evidence suggests that health is greatly advanced by supportive social contacts, including positive interaction with relatives, friends, co-workers and acquaintances. Recent data show that persons with more diverse social networks are more resistant to diseases than those with less diverse social networks.Spouses can also promote each other’s health by providing each other with money income, and they can help each other manage it effectively. Money does not buy health directly，but it can be used to purchase goods and services that make good health possible. These goods and services include nutritious food, a hygienic (卫生的）and safe environment, medical care, and facilities that reduce psychological stress. Unless estranged (分居的）or unusually wealthy，spouses share their financial resources and consume these health-promoting goods and services.16. The word “alleviating” in Paragraph 2 probably means____.A. increasingB. reducingC. removingD. enhancing17. Paragraph 3 emphasizes the influence of spouses in terms of____.A. personal incomeB. social networksC. psychological needsD. physical exercise18. How many supporting facts does the author provide for his argument?A. 2.B. 3.C. 4.D. 5.19. Spouses can promote each other’s good health with money income because_____.A. they can manage money income jointly and effectivelyB. they can make themselves cheerful with money incomeC. money is used to purchase health-promoting goods and servicesD. money is one of the best and most direct health-promoting means20. The passage focuses on____.A. how spouses promote each other’s healthB. spouses’ probability of better future healthC. the effect of psychological stress on healthD. how spouses set up stress-reducing mechanismsII. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The number of speakers of English in Shakespeare’s time is estimated to have been about five million. Today it is estimated that some 260 million people speak it as a native language, mainly in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to the standard varieties of English found in these areas, there are a great many regional and social varieties of the language, as well as various levels of usage that are employed both in its spoken and written forms.It is virtually impossible to estimate the number of people in the world who have acquired an adequate working knowledge of English in addition to their own language. The purposes for which English is learned and the situations in which such learning takes place are so varied that it is difficult to define and still more difficult to assess what constitutes an adequate working knowledge for each situation.The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present-day importance as a world language. Besides serving the infinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of the most important works in science, technology and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological (气象学的)and airport communications，international conferences, and the dissemination (传播）of information over the radio and television networks of many nations. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries，especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multi-lingual populations and need a language for international communication in such matters as government, commerce, industry, law and education as well as for international communication and for access to the scientific and technological developments in the West.21. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage?A. Internal CommunicationB. English as a World LanguageC. The Standard Varieties of EnglishD. The Difficulties of Learning English22. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. English is learned for different purposes.B. English learning takes place in various situations.C. Some 260 million people speak English as a native language.D. Some 260 million people use English as a working language.23. English speaking countries are listed in____.A. Paragraph 1B. Paragraph2C. Paragraph 3D. Paragraphs 1 and 224. Paragraph 3 is about____.A. who speaks EnglishB. why English is widespreadC. when English became popularD. how people learn to speak English25. English is widely used in countries____.A. affected by the culture of the U.S.B. formerly colonized by Great BritainC. geographically close to Great BritainD. technologically influenced by the U.S.Passage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.In the 1950s, a collection of definitions of culture by A. L. Kroeber produced 164 different ones that had appeared in writings since 1700. The first definition was proposed by Edward Taylor. He said that “culture，or civilization is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a me mber of society." The phrase “that complex whole” is the most longstanding feature of this proposition. Note that two other features of Taylor’s definition have not stood the test of time. First，most scholars now avoid the use of “man”to refer to all humans and instead use words such as “humans”and “people.”While you may argue that the word “man”can be used to refer to all human beings，many studies indicate that this usage can be confusing. Second, most scholars no longer equate culture with civilization. The term civilization implies a sense of “highness”versus non-civilized “lowness”and sets up a distinction placing “us”（civilized nations of Europe and North America) in a superior pos ition to “them”-the other societies.In contemporary theories of culture, there are two important definitions. Clifford Geertz believes that culture consists of symbols, motivations, moods, and thoughts. This definition focuses on people’s perceptions，thoughts，and ideas，and does not include behavior as a part of culture. Cultural materialist Marvin Harris states that a culture is the total socially acquired life-way or life-style of a group of people. It consists of the patterned repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are characteristic of the members of a particular society or segment of society. The definition of culture used in this book follows Harris’s more comprehensive approach.26. The scholar who defined culture as a “complex whole” was____.A. Clifford GeertzB. Marvin HarrisC. Edward TaylorD. A. L. Kroeber27. The use of “man” is now avoided by most scholars because the usage____.A. is too specificB. is out-datedC. causes confusionD. can be inclusive28. According to the passage, most scholars today____.A. prefer “culture” to “civilization”B. prefer “civilization” to “culture”C. equate “culture” with “civilization”D. use “culture” and “civilization” interchangeably29. The author plans to use the definition of culture as defined by____.A. Clifford GeertzB. A. L. KroeberC. Edward TaylorD. Marvin Harris30. The passage is mainly about____.A. sexual discriminationB. racial discriminationC. the definition of cultureD. the definition of civilization非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

00595自考英语阅读试卷(答案全面)

自考课程综合测验英语阅读(一) 试卷（课程代码 00595 ）PART ONE( 60 POINTS)I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and write it on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Failure is probably the most fatiguing experience a person ever has. There is nothing more exhausting than not succeeding--being blocked, not moving ahead. It is an evil circle. Failure breeds fatigue, and fatigue makes it harder to get to work,which adds to the fatigue.We experience this tiredness in two main ways, as start-up fatigue and performance fatigue. In the former case, we keepputting off a task that we are forced to take up. Either because it is too tedious or because it is too difficult, we avoid it. Andthe longer we postpone it, the more tired we feel.Such start-up fatigue is very real, even not actually physical, not something in our muscles and bones. The remedy isobvious, though perhaps not easy to apply: willpower exercise. The moment I find myself turning away from a job, orputting it under a pile of other things I have to do, I clear my desk of everything else and attack the objectionable item first.To prevent start-up fatigue, always treat the most difficult job first.Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Here we are willing to get started, but We can not seem to do the job right.Its difficulties appear to be insurmountable and however hard we work, we fail again and again. The mounting experienceof failure carries with it an ever increasing burden of mental fatigue. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can- -then letthe unconscious take over.1. Which of the following can be called an evil circle?A. Success - zeal - success - zeal.B. Failure - tiredness - failure - tiredness.C. Failure - zeal - failure - tiredness.D. Success 一exhaustion - success - exhaustion.2. According to the passage, when keeping putting off a task, we can experience_______.A. tirednessB. performance fatigueC. start-up fatigueD. unconsciousness3. To overcome start-up fatigue, we need_________.A. toughnessB. preventionC. musclesD. strong willpower4. The word insurmountable in the last paragraph probably means___________. A. unable to be solved B. unlikely to be understood C. unable to be imagined D. unlikely to be rejected5. According to the passage ，which of the following statements is NOT true?A .It is easier to overcome start-up fatigue.B. Performance fatigue occurs when the job we are willing to take gets blocked.C. One will finally succeed after experiencing the evil circle.D. Fatigue often accompanies failure.Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Whenever I see anyone buying a National Lottery ticket I want to stop them and ask if they just know where theirmoney is going.The lottery money is Posed to go to charity- but it makes me angry to see some of the so-called “good causes” it's beingused to support. Also, Camelot, the organizer, has made a profit of ￡10.8 million in five months. We hear now that alot of that money is booting the pay packets of the company’s bosses.For the past 10 years I've been helping to raise funds for a cancer research charity called Tenovus. My husband, Sandy,died from cancer 11 years ago- -he was only 51. There's been a long line of deaths in our family through cancer and it'sbeen devastating. I've also lost two sisters-in-law, my brother, Michael, my father in-law and my father. That' s apartfrom several close friends.The charity is 50 years old now and raises money mainly for breast cancer research. It also runs a support line for thefamilies of caner sufferer. Our local group rises money through dances, sales and coffee mornings, and all the funds godirectly 10 caner research. In 1933 Tenovus raised ￡3million---and half that money came from sales of our own lotterytickets at supermarkets. But our income has dropped by half since the National Lottery was introduced.I'm not against people playing the National Lottery, but they should think about what they`re doing. The chances ofwinning the jackpot are so small; they might as well throw their money away. The Government tells us that the proceedsare going to things like the arts and sports but what about the National Health Service? They should give some cash tothat, too. How can they justify spending ridiculous amounts of cash on so-called works of art- like displays of photos -orbuying up Winston Churchill's papers at a cost of ￡ 12 million?So who really are the winners in the National Lottery? When I think of all that money peoplecould be donating to cancer research, I could weep. It' s time people realized how charities across the country aresuffering because of the National Lottery. It's disheartening and so infuriating.6. The writer seems to hope that_________.A. people will spend more money on the National LotteryB. people will give more money to charityC. most of the lottery money will go to charityD. most of the lottery money will be used for cancer research7. The reason why the writer raises funds for cancer research is that_________.A. she herself is suffering from cancerB. the cancer is the most frightening diseaseC. a number of her relatives died of cancerD. some cancer research needs more money than other research年级班级准考证号姓名8. In this text the writer is expressing________.A. her personal opinionsB. the opinions of the general publicC. her feelings about cancer sufferersD. some ideas of fund-raising9. The organization “Tenovus" is_________.A. run by a group of people in the writer’ s townB. a charity organization which has some local groupsC. set up to collect money for people who lose their relativesD. set up to assist the National Lottery10. From the text we can conclude that__________A. the writer is enthusiastically supporting the National LotteryB. the writer has objections to the National LotteryC. the writer believes that the lottery money should be used for cancer researchD. the writer is just expressing her feelings about collecting money for charityPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.“Burn rate" is the speed at which a start-up business consumes money. My rate would be $ 50 000 a month when my new media company started. So, I began looking around for individuals who would be my first investors.“ Angel money" it was called. But when I reviewed my list of acquaintances to find those who might be able to help, I found the number got small. With no other choices, I began meeting with the venture-capital companies. But I was warned they took a huge share of your company for the money they put in. And if you struggled, they could drop you cold.As I was searching for“Angel money”, I star ted to build a team who trusted me even though Ididn't have money for paychecks yet.Bill Becker was an expert in computer programming and image processing at a very famousMedia Lab at M. I. T. With his arrival, my company suddenly had a major technolog y“guy" in-house.Katherine Henderson, a film-maker and a former real-estate dealer，joined us as our director of market research. Steve White came on as operating officer. He had worked for the developer of a home- finance software, Quicken. We grabbed him.We had some really good people, but we still didn’t have enough money. One night, my neighbor, Louise Johnson, came for a visit. She and I were only nodding acquaintances, but her boys and ours were constant companions. She ran a very good business at the time.Louise was brilliant and missed nothing. She had been watching my progress closely. She knew I was dying for money and I had prospects but could offer no guarantees of success. She told me that her attorney had talked to mine and the terms had been agreed upon.She handed me an envelope. Inside was a check for $ 500 ,000.I almost fell down. I heard her voice as if from heaven.“I have confidence in your plan，” she said. “You'll do well. You’re going to work hard for it, but it's satisfying when you build your own company.”Who would have thought I' d find an angel so close to home? There were no words sufficient for the moment. We just said good night. She left and I just stood there，completely humbled and completelycommitted.11. For a newly-estab lished business,“burn rate”refers to_________.A. The salary it pays to its staffB. the interest it pays to the bankC. the way in which it raises capitalD. the speed at which it spends money12. By“Angel money”, the author refers to________.A. the money borrowed from banksB. the money spent to promote salesC. the money raised from close friendsD. the money needed to start a business13. To get help from a venture-capital company, you may have to______.A. put up with unfair termsB. change your business lineC. enlarge your business scopeD. let them operate your business14. The author easily built a team for his company because______.A. They were underpaid at their previous jobsB. They were turned down by other companiesC. They were confident of the author and his businessD. They were satisfied with the salaries in his company15. Louise decided to lend money to the author because______.A. she wanted to join his companyB. she knew he would build a teamC. she knew his plan would succeedD. she wanted to help promote his salesPassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Pronouncing a language is a sill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language; but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign language. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do their own languages is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problems of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill--one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself.I think, even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect the branch of study concerned with speaking in their practical teaching. So，the first point I want to make here is that the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to the teaching of English pronunciation. There should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take the second place.Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge ; the second，technique.It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This cangenerally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. But the first and most important part of a language teacher' s technique is his ownperformance，his ability to demonstrate the spoken language. in every detail of articulation (发音) as well as in fluent speaking, so that the student' s talent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement.16. What does the author actually say about pronouncing foreign languages?A. Quite a few people are proficient.B. Few people are reasonably proficient.C. People realize the importance of pronouncing foreign languages.D. People tend to spend more time on pronouncing than selling.17. According to the author, pronouncing a foreign language is a skill that requires___A. leaving it to take care of itselfB. careful training of a special kindC. focusing on learners ’own performancesD. obtaining much of the theoretical knowledge18. Regarding the teaching of English pronunciation, the author has made all the following suggestions EXCEPT_________A. to learn from a native speakerB. to devote some lesson timeC. to demonstrate the spoken languageD. to possess the necessary information19. In the author's view, priority should sometimes be given to _____ in the practical teaching.A. grammarB. spellingC. writingD. pronunciation20. The language teacher' s own oral performance is particularly important because_____.A. the students may admire the teacher’s spoken languageB. the students may have a high respect for the teacher' s authorityC. the student's vision can be widened to the fullest scopeD. the student' s speaking ability can be developed through imitationII. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and write it on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points, 1 point each )Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Sine he Second Word War, there has been an obvious trend, especially among the growing group of college students, toward early marriage. Many youths begin dating in the first stages of adolescence, "go steady” through high school，and marry before their formal education has been completed. In some quarters, there is much shaking of graying heads over the ways of rebellious youth. However, emotional maturity does not grow with age; it does not arrive automatically at twenty -one or twenty-five. Some achieve it surprisingly early, while others never do, even in three -score years and ten.Many students are marrying as an escape, not only from an unsatisfying home life, but also from their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness. However, any marriage entered into as an escape cannot prove entirely successful. The sad fact is that marriage seldom solves one’s problems ; more often, it merely worsens them. Furthermore, it is doubtful whether the home is capable of carrying all that the young are seeking to put into it; one might say that they are abandoning one idol only to worship another. Young people correctly understand that their parents are wrong in believing that success is the ultimate good, but they themselves are wrong i n believing that they have found the true center of life’s meaning. Their expectations of marriage are essentially unrealistic and therefore incapable of fulfillment. They want too much, and tragic disillusionment is often bound to follow. Shall we, then, join the chorus of those against early marriages? One cannot generalize: all early marriages are not bad any more than all later ones are good. Satisfactory marriages are determined not by how old one is, but by the emotional maturity of the partners. Therefore, each case must be judged on its own merits. If the early marriage is not an escape, if it is entered into with relatively few illusions or false expectations, and if it is economically feasible, why not? Good marriages can be made from sixteen to sixty, and so can bad ones.21. The phrase “go steady" (Para. 1) can be replaced by_____A. break up very oftenB. keep changing partnersC. maintain the relationshipD. believe in early marriages22. The phrase “shaking of graying heads" (Para. 1) refe rs to______.A. the anger of parentsB. the disapproval of old peopleC. the radical behaviors of the youngD. the unruly manners of young lovers23. Besides escaping from unsatisfying home life, young people also marry early___A. for personal developmentB. for financial supportC. to get rid of their lonelinessD. to stay away from their parents24. According to the author，marriage more often than not________.A. ends up in divorceB. leads to tragediesC. proves to be successfulD. worsens one’s problems25. The author argues that_____A. older people suspect early marriagesB. early marriages should not be encouragedC. early marriages are not always unsuccessfulD. older people are wrong about early marriagesPassage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North America were simple structures that were primarily functional, carrying over traditional designs that went back to the Middle Ages. During the first half of the eighteenth century, however, houses began to show a new elegance. As wealth increased, more and more colonists built fine houses.Since architecture was not yet a specialized profession in the colonies，the design of buildingswas left to carpenters who undertook to interpret architectural manuals imported from England. There are an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders in colonial libraries, and the houses erected during the eighteenth century show their influence. Most domestic architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displayed a wide range of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.Increasing wealth throughout the colonies resulted in houses of improved design, whether the material was wood，stone or brick. New England still favored wood, though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire forced people to use more durable material. A few houses in New England were built of stone, but only in Pennsylvania and its neigh-boring areas stone was widely used in dwellings. An increased use of bricks is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland, but wood remained the most popular material even in houses built by wealthyland-owners. In the Carolinas, even in the crowded town of Charleston，wooden houses were much more common than brick houses.Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over their predecessors. Windows were made lager and shutters removed. Large, clear panes replaced the gray glass of the seventeenth century. Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were sometimes elaborately decorated. White paint began to take the place of blue, yellow, green and gray colors, which had been popular for walls in the earlier years. After about 1730，advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic patterns began to appear in colonial newspapers.26. The passage mainly discusses_____.A. the improved design of the 18th century colonial housesB. the role of carpenters in building the 18th century housesC. the varieties of decorations used in the 18th century housesD. a comparison of the 18th century houses and modern houses27. Those responsible for designing houses in the 18th century North America were_____A. customersB. carpentersC. interior decoratorsD. professional architects28. Stones were commonly used to build houses in_____A. VirginiaB. BostonC. CharlestonD. Pennsylvania29. The word“ predecessors"(Para.4) refers to____A. colonists in the 17th centuryB. wooden houses in CharlestonC. houses before the 18th centuryD. interior improvements in houses30. It can be inferred from the 4th paragraph that before 1730_____.A. patterned wallpaper was not widely usedB. patterned wallpaper was not used in stone housesC. wallpaper samples could be found in librariesD. wallpaper was the same color as the wall paintsⅢ DISCOURSE CLOZERead the passage, and fill in the numbered spaces ( there are more suggested answers than necessary ) . Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)We have all had to work and do things (31) ______. Usually, some chirpy (话泼的)person would tell us to be more enthusiastic. “You’' II have more fun," they would say. Well, they were partly right. Being enthusiastic about something means being excited about a given project. Enthusiasm entails having a strong interest in the task at hand. If you decided to learn a newlanguage, (32) ______, you would have to dedicate yourself wholehearted to the cause. Anything less would result in failure.What is real enthusiasm? In your quest for success，enthusiasm means (33) ______. You also believe that your job is important and contributes to the cause. It means that you’re willing to work your butt off (努力做某事) to achieve the company's goals. Real enthusiasm is (34) ______.You have zeal for the work you do and the people you work with. This pushes you to improve and become a better person. Enthusiasm means that you are stimulated by your work, and are able to find new challenges and keep growing professionally. Furthermore, (35) ______..This is where passion really comes into play. When you love what you do, it isn`t too difficult to get psyched up and get the job done. The hard part is performing equally well in those less interesting tasks.Passion helps you get ahead. Enthusiasm about a job or project usually translates into positiveenergy. That is, (36) ______, you will be anxious to get started and get results. The mere fact of looking forward to your work will help make you more productive and effective. You will plan more effectively and pay careful attention to detail. You will carry out your plan more carefully and aim for the best results possible. Another important point is (37 )_______. A leader must hare zest(38) _______. A leader must inspire his troops. To inspire them, he needs to exude enthusiasm. In leaders, this translates into charisma (领袖人物的超凡魅力). Being fervent about your work shows a willingness to do more and learn more. This will definitely help you stand out from the crowed and get top management’s attention.Increasing your enthusiasm. Most men aren`t born great- -they become great. Similarly,(39)_______.However, do not despair; there are ways to become more passionate. One good way boost your gusto is by reading about successful people, it will help you realize (40) _______ Reading about real success stories often illustrates that people much like yourself have become business leaders. In most cases ，they all share one trait: enthusiasm. If you want to succeed, you should be excited about your work，your life and your coworkers.( From Enthusiasm Leads to Success)A. if you are excited about a projectB. if people are to follow him and achieve the corporate missionC. not everyone is the enthusiastic type that falls in love with their workD. that we did not especially enjoyE. that passionate people are usually those that are thrust into positions of leadershipF. when you leap out of bed in the morning and attack your day with gusto (热忱)G. that you too can make it happenH. when you have conflict of interest with your companyI. which is not easy by any accountJ. most jobs have some elements that are less fun and more difficult to carry outK. that you believe deeply in what the company is doingPART TWO( 40 POINTS )IV. WORD FORMA TIONSComplete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the bracket. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 20 points, 2 point each)41. ( reflect) In his latest collection of poems readers are confronted with a series of ____ on death.42. (hope) We tried to stop the flames from spreading, but we knew it was ____ .43. ( relation ) He suffers from memory loss ____ to his disease.44. ( courage) When things aren't going well, my coach will ____ me, telling me not to give up.45. ( easy) For him, learning French is ____ than learning Russian.46. ( frank) I’m concerned about your lack of marketing experience and，____ , you' re pretty new at all this.47. ( office) The report has not yet revealed ____ corruption in relation to road building.48. ( hand) John invited twelve people to his birthday party, but only a ____ of them came.49. ( understand) Don't ____ me-I' m not criticizing your decision.50. ( dead) The old woman was very sad about the ____ of her only son.V. GAP FILLINGFill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words in the box ( there are more words than necessary ).There was a time in the early history of man when the days had no names! The (51)____was quite simple: Man had not invented the week.In those days, the only division of times was the (52)n____, and there were too many days in the month for each of them to have a separate name. But when men began to build cities, they wanted to have a special day on which to (53 )______，a market day. Sometimes thesemarket days were fixed at every tenth day, some every seventh or every fifth day. The Babylonians (54)_______ that it should be every seventh day. On this day they didn't work, but met for trade or religious festivals.The Jews followed their (55) _______, but kept every seventh day for religious purposes. On this day the week came into existence. It was space between market days. The Jews gave (56)_______ of the seven days a name, but it was really a number after the Sabbath day ( which was Saturday). For example, Wednesday was (57)_______ the fourth day ( four days after Saturday).When the Egyptians adopted s the seven-day week, they named the days after five (58)________, the sun and the moon. The Romans used the Egyptian names for their days of the week: the day of the sun, of the moon, of the planet Mans, of Mercury of Jupiter, of Venus and of Saturn.We get our names for the days not from the Romans but from the Anglo-Saxons, who called most of the days after their own (59 )_____，which were roughly the same as the gods of theRomans. The day of the sun became Sannandaeg, or Sunday. The day of the (60)_____ was called Monandaeg, or Monday. The day of Mars became the day of the Tiw, who was their god of war. This became Tiwesdaeg，or Tuesday. Instead of Mercu ry’s name, that of the god Woden was given to Wednesday. The Roman day of Jupiter, the thunder, became the day of the thunder god Thor, and this became Thursday. The next day was named for Frigg, the wife of their god Odin, and so we have Friday. The day of Saturn became Saeterndaeg, a translation from the Roman, and then Saturday.VI. TRANSLATIONThe following excerpt is taken from the textbook. Read it carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points ,2 points each )(61) Learning together is a fruitful source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. (62) Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building block toys and jigsaw puzzles and crosswords are good examples.(63)Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness and indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposedrepresent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being. (64) As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. (65) Also, parents should realize that“example is better than precept”.答案：阅读一（00595）PART ONE( 60 POINTS)I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and。

浙江7月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题及答案解析

浙江省2018年7月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595Ⅰ.Vocabulary.(10%)Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the brackets.Write the word on the Answer Sheet.1. (absurd)Getting up at this time ws an utter ______.2. (agree)It is hard to get any ______ on the precise meaning of the term ‘social class’.3. (overwhelm)It was less than an ______ success.4. (make)The ______ of the Constitution knew that changes would be necessary.5. (horror)When I first arrived,I was ______ by the number of beggars there.6. (major)The ______ of the members do not belong to his political party.7. (strength)The position of the crown was ______ after the kingdom had been reunited.8. (eager)The German army waited ______ for orders to cross the Channel.9. (divide)Religious problems caused India's ______ into two new independent states,India and Pakistan,in 1947.10. (know)This is the tree that gives forth the ______ of Good and Evil.Ⅱ.Text Comprehension.(20%)According to the texts you have learned,decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.Write T or F on the Answer Sheet.1. The Jews didn't accept the idea of One God until the death of Moses.2. Prometheus could teach the mortals anything they needed to know in order to live.3. In the Girls in their Summer Dresses,Frances kept to herself the feeling that her husband might leave her someday.4. When Pandora opened the box for the first time,all the winged creatures escaped except War.5. In the United Nations,there are five working languages and at all official meetings,the five languages are all translated.6. In Jane Eyre,Jane's first day at Lowood was full of curiosity and satisfaction.7. In some manner,body language tells for more than words do.8. The Statue of Liberty was sent to the USA by France as a gift to tell the whole world that the USA was an independent country.9. In the Fisherman and His Wife,the old fisherman was not pleased with his wife when she wished for one thing after another.10. In the Necklace,Mathilde Loisel was pretty and charming and she was from a wealthy family.11. The modern Olympics compared with the ancient ones are inspired by the same ideals.12. In the Canterbury Tales,the old ugly man went all over the Earth,searching for Death to takehim.13. According to the Wife of Bath,man should always be obedient and generous to their wives.14. In the Decameron,Lorenzo was killed unaware by a hired murderer in a remote place.15. In large cities in the United States,minority groups and the poor often live in ghettos or slums.16. On Boxing Day,people spend their time watching boxing games on TV.17. In Gifts of the Magi,Jim bought a set of combs for Della's beautiful hair as a present forValentine's Day.18. In True Love,Joe's task is to search for the ideal woman for himself.19. In the Merchant of Venice,Bassanio offered to pay Shylock three times as much as the loan ofthe money Antonia had made.20. A police officer,if he charges the offender,is often asked to act as a witness.Ⅲ.Reading Comprehension.(50%)Seciton A Reading ComprehensionIn this part there are 4 reading passages followed by 20 questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are 4 options marked A,B,C, and D.You should decide on the best one and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.(40%)Passage 1The flat,at the top of a huge tower block in northern suburb of London,was empty.It had been vacant for a long time,a year or eighteen months perhaps.The dust flew up in clouds from the worn carpet and rainwater dripped from a hole in the ceiling onto the floorboards below.Both windows on the landing were cracked and curtainless.The light worked but there was no shade and electric wire was black with cobwebs.V ery carefully they inspected the room.All were empty.There were two ancient leather armchairs in one,together with an old oak table,covered with dust,and an enormous double bed in the front room—too large,probably to go through the door.It had been left without a mattress.All over the floor lay scraps of newspaper,rags,coat hangers and other grubby oddments.The water,however,was still on.The taps were a little rusty,though,and difficult to run..″What do you think?″asked the man.He was about twenty years old,unshaven,wearing a thick sweater,jeans and suede boots.″It's better than nothing,″answered the girl.She was carrying a small child wrapped in a blanket.She herself wore a duffle coat and a long skirt that touched the floor.″We can clean it up,″the man said.″That hole in the ceiling will need repairing but that's about all.A coat of paint and a few rolls of wallpaper will cover up the cracks.We'll have to get hold of a mattress,some more blankets,a couple of kitchen chairs maybe.″The gas cooker works.The girl examined the kitchen and then went into the bathroom.A small bar of blue soap left by the previous tenants lay on a shelf below a mirror.She filled the basin with water and washed the baby's hands and face.They had taken over the flat because they needed a home and could not,at that time,afford to buy one.Being on the council's waiting list hadn't helped much either.Now they would claim ″squatters' rights″and live in this flat until they found something else—somewhere to bring up a family in.1. Where is the flat located?A. On the top of a tower.B. On a huge block of stone.C. At the top of a skyscraper.D. In a city north of London.2. Using context clues we may infer that ″grubby oddments″(Para.2) most probably means______.A. dirty bits and piecesB. worm eaten garmentsC. unusual objectsD. oddities covered in dust3. The appearance of the man could best be described as ______.A. beardedB. foreign-lookingC. casualD. very correct4. When he says ″…but that's about all″(Para.6) the man means ______.A. but there is just a beginningB. but that is just a beginningC. but there are repair jobs to be done everywhereD. but there are holes all over the ceiling5. What could be said about their previous efforts to obtain accommodation?A. They had just waited for something to happen without doing anything to help themselves.B. They had already put their names on a local authority housing list.C. They had not attempted to save money in order to buy a house of their own.D. They liked moving house frequently and did not want to settle down.Passage 2Poverty exists because our society is an unequal one,and there are overwhelming political pressures to keep it that way.Any attempt to redistribute wealth and income in the United States will inevitably be opposed by powerful middle and upper-class interests.People can be relatively rich only if others are relatively poor,and since power is concentrated in the hands of the rich,public policies will continue to reflect their interests rather than those of the poor.As Herbert Gans(1973) has pointed out,poverty is actually functional from the point of view of the nonpoor.Poverty ensures that ″dirty″work gets done.If there were on poor people to scrub floors and empty bedpans,these jobs would have to be rewarded with high incomes before anyone would touch them.Poverty creates jobs for many of the nonpoor,such as police officers,welfare workers,pawnbrokers,and government bureaucrats.Poverty makes life easier for the rich by providing them with cooks,gardeners,and other workers to perform basic chores while their employers enjoy more pleasurable activities.Poverty provides a market for inferiorgoods and services,such as day-old bread,run-down automobiles,or the advice of incompetent physicians and lawyers.Poverty legitimizes middle-class values.To the middle class,the fate of the poor—who are supposed to lack the virtues of thrift,honesty,monogamy,and a taste for hand work —only confirms the desirability of qualities the poor are thought to lack.Poverty also provides a group that can be made to absorb the costs of change.For example,the poor bear the brunt(首当其冲) of unemployment caused by automation,and it is their homes,not those of the wealthy,that are demolished(毁坏) when a route has to be found for a new highway.There is no deliberate,conscious ″conspiracy″of the wealth to keep the poor in poverty.It is just that poverty is an inevitable outcome of the American economic system,which the poor are politically powerless to influence or change.6. The title that best expresses the main idea of this passage is ______.A. ″An Unequal Society″B. ″Political Factors in Poverty″C. ″The Fate of the Poor″D. ″Functions of Poverty″7. Poverty exists in American society because ______.A. the wealthy work hand and glove to keep itB. the overwhelming majority of the nonpoor are totally indifferent to itC. the rich are politically powerful while the poor are politically powerlessD. all of the above8. The poor take on ″dirty work″______.A. under political pressuresB. for the high pay offeredC. as they are reasonably paidD. though ill paid9. Poverty makes life easier ______.A. for the nonpoor as they can get well paid jobsB. for the rich as there are sorts of domestic helps readily availableC. for the poor as they can get cheap bread and automobilesD. for the businessmen as they can easily found a market for inferior goods and services10. The author thinks that ______.A. the poor lack such desirable qualities as thrift or honestyB. the poor are not inclined to work hardC. the poor are willing to bear the costs of changeD. none of the abovePassage 3Somebody ought to defend the workaholic.These people are unjustly accused,abused,and defamed—often termed sick or morbid(病态的).One third of American business and commerce is carried on the shoulders of workaholics.The ratio might exist in art and science too.Workaholics are achievers.There is a national conspiracy against excellence—undue admiration of commonness and mediocrity(平庸).It is as though we are against those who make uncommon sacrifices because they enjoy doing something.Some popular psycologists say that the workaholic has an inferiority complex which leads to overcompensation.This is certainly not the case.Inferiority,or low esteem,describes laziness more accurately than it describes dedication.We do not seem to realize that very little excellence is achieved by living a well-balanced life.Edison,Ford,Einstein,Freud all had single-minded devotion to work whereby they sacrificed many things,including family and friendship.The accusation is made that workaholics bear guilt by not being good parents or spouses.But guilt can exist in the balanced life also.Consider how many ″normal″people find,at middle age,that they have never done anything well—they are going to settle for less than what they could have become.11. From this passage we know that workaholic is a term referring to those ______.A. who enjoy work more than anything elseB. who make greater contributions than othersC. who make uncommon sacrifices in their personal lifeD. all of the above12. The author's main concern in this passage is to ______.A. point out the role the workaholic plays in the American economyB. defend people who are addicted to workC. encourage us not to worry about our imperfectionD. consider the difficulties that confront us at middle age13. The author of the passage would most likely agree that the workaholic ______.A. is mentally illB. performs an insignificant proportion of American businessC. will not have the regrets that many ″normal″people face at middle ageD. suffers from low self-esteem14. According to this passage,______.A. Freud led a well balanced lifeB. generally speaking,workaholics can be helpedC. workaholics should be admiredD. so-called ″normal″people are truly the sick people among us15. According to the author,one can hardly achieve excellence unless one ______.A. lives an abnormal lifeB. sacrifices friendship and familyC. had total devotion to workD. ignores popular opinionsPassage 4One thing to remember in connection with concrete is that you are not allowed very much leeway(余地) for errors in either measurements or location.Once you have a solid mass of concrete set in place it is going to stay there,you have a difficult job ahead of you if you try to remedy a mistake.Make very sure,before you fill the form,that everything is where and how you want it.There are numerous rules regarding the proper mixing,hardening and finishing of concrete,but the essential one concerns the amount of water to use.The less water in the mix,the less the finished job will shrink.The less water used,the harder and more enduring the job after it has set.The amateur concrete worker is plagued(烦扰) with two desires.One is to use enough water to have the concrete nice and soft and easy to push around.You have been warned against that.The second is to take off the wooden forms too early,to see what the job looks like.That is really fatal.If the forms are stripped off too soon,while the concrete is still ″green″,two things are likely to happen—you are almost sure to break off corners or edges,and you are likely to cause a major crack or defect in the body of the work.An excellent rule is to wait until you are sure the concrete is properly hardened,and then wait another day before removing the forms.16. The best title for this selection would be ______.A. Rules for Working with ConcreteB. Concrete and Its UsesC. Concrete,the Home owner's JoyD. How to Finish Concrete17. Which of the following main ideas is NOT included in this passage?A. Preparation of forms for the concrete must be thorough.B. Forms must be allowed to remain on long enough.C. Mixing concrete slowly will make it very hard and strong.D. Using as little water as possible is recommended.18. In mixing concrete one of the desires the amateur must resist is to ______.A. leave the form on too longB. strip off the forms a day after the concrete has properly hardenedC. use too much waterD. use too little water19. A human quality apparently NOT essential in some one who works with concrete is ______.A. carefulnessB. patienceC. self controlD. inventiveness20. By the concrete being too ″green″the author means that the concrete has ______.A. become crackedB. not yet curedC. not dried outD. not settled in placeSection B Skimming and ScanningIn this part there are 2 reading passages followed by 10 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 options marked A,B,C and D.Skim or scan them and decide on the best answer and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.(10%)Passage 5It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory.The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions,the bases for the decisions we make,and the roots of our habits and skills are to be found in our past experiences,which are brought into the present by memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep information available for later use.It includes not only ″remembering″things like arithmetic or historical facts,but also involves any change in the way an animal typically behaves.Memory is involved when a rat gives up an eating grain because he has sniffed something suspicious in the grain pile.Memory is also involved when a six-year-old child learns to swing a baseball bat.Memory exists not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and puter,for example,contains devices for storing data for later use.It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer with that of a human being.The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 1,000,000 ″words″—ready for instant use.An average U.S. teenager probably recognizes the meaning of about 100,000 words of English.However,this is but a fraction of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored.Consider,for example,the number of faces and places that the teenager can recognize on sight.The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings.A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and combinations of words.21. According to the passage,memory is considered to be ______.A. the basis for decision making and problem solvingB. an ability to store experiences for future useC. an intellgence typically possessed by human beingsD. the data mainly consisting of words and combinations of words22. The comparison made between the memory capacity of a large computer and that of a humanbeing shows that ______.A. the computer's memory has a little bigger capacity than a teenager'sB. the computer's memory capacity is much smaller than an adult human being'sC. the computer's memory capacity is much smaller even than a teenager'sD. the computer's memory capacity is the same as any teenager's23. The whole passage implies that ______.A. only human beings have problem solving intelligenceB. a person's memory is different from a computer's in every respectC. animals are able to solve only very simple problemsD. animals solve problems by instincts rather than intelligence24. The phrase ″in terms of″in the last sentence can best be replaced by ______.A. ″in connection with″B. ″expressed of″C. ″consisting″D. ″by means of″25. The topic of the passage is:______.A. What would life be like without memory?B. Memory is of vital importance to life.C. How is a person's memory different from an animal's or a computer's?D. What is contained in memory?Passage 6The great power of tornadoes is almost unbelievable.The speed of this whirling funnelshaped wind may be more than 500 miles per hour.It can tear up trees,carry buildings away,and can even lift large trucks off the highway.The tornado is like a giant vacuum sweeper that sucks up anything in its path.Experts believe that the most violent force of a tornado is found inside the funnel,where a vacuum is created because of very low air pressure.When this vacuum moves over a building which is filled with air under normal pressure,the difference between the air pressure inside the building and that outside causes the building to explode.The largest tornado on record had a funnel a mile wide.There are many interesting stories about the strange things that tornadoes have done in the mon wheat straw has been driven several inches into posts and trees.Buildings have been turned completely around on their foundations and have remained intact.People and animals have been carried hundreds of feet,often suffering no physical harm.Feathers have been removed from chickens.Cars,trucks,and even whole freight trains have been carried away.A tornado does not last long,about 20 to 30 minutes on the ually it destroys an area about 16 miles long and the great damage that it does in one place lasts only about 30 seconds.Tornadoes normally occur on hot,humid days but not necessarily in the summer.The biggest and most destructive tornado in the U.S.struck on March 18,1925.Roaring along at a speed of 60 miles per hour,it swept clean a path a mile wide across the states of Missouri,Illinois,and Indian.In its 220-mile long journey across these three states,the tornado killed 689 people.More than 200 tornadoes strike in the United States every year.It is not possible to predict when a tornado will strike although the U.S.Weather Bureau gives storm warnings when conditions are right to cause a tornado.The safest place to be if a tornado seems likely is in some underground area such as a cellar or a basement.26. Low air pressure inside funnel of a tornado creates a ______.A. tensionB. vacuumC. windD. speed27. A tornado may reach a speed of more than ______.A. 500 miles per hourB. 700 miles per hourC. 100 miles per hourD. 50 miles per hour28. The most favorable kind of weather for a tornado is ______.A. dry and dustyB. cold and windyC. cloudy and rainyD. hot and humid29. The largest recorded tornado funnel was ______.A. 1 mileB. 6 milesC. 10 milesD. 18 miles30. A safe place to be when a tornado strikes is ______.A. in a churchB. in a tall buildingC. under a treeD. in a basementⅣ.Answer the questions.(20%)There are 4 simple questions in this part,which are based on the texts you have learned.Give the brief answer to each of the questions.Your answers must be to the point and grammatically correct.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. In the Decameron,how did Lisabetta learn that her lover had been killed by her brothers?2. What happened if the accused chose the door with a tiger behind it?And what happened if hechose the other door?3. In the Necklace,what did Mme.Loisel and Mme.Forestier say to each other when they met tenyears later?4. In the Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,why couldn't Daniel jump?How much didSmiley lose because he couldn't jump?。

7月全国英语阅读(一)自考试题及答案解析

全国2018年7月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上Ⅰ. Vocabulary. (10%)Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the brackets. Write the word on the Answer Sheet.1. (inferior)Having realized her bodily ________ to her cousins, Jane Eyre dreaded coming home.2. (stir)His ________ speech encouraged us to study even harder.3. (propose)Shall we discuss the intention book ________last week.4. (sympathy)I know you feel angry, and I ________ you.5. (conspicuous)The shy girl tried to make herself as ________ as possible.6. (dignify)Our English teacher is a ________ lady.7. (agree)Smile at me, and stop being so________.8. (caution)She opened the door ________so as not to wake the bady.9. (commit)He has a lot of ________for he has agreed to pay his brother’s school expenses.10. (exasperate)The ________ noise upstairs made me upset.Ⅱ. Text Comprehension. (20%)According to the texts you have learned, decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T or F on the Answer Sheet.1. In No Marriage, No Apologies, families and households are the same concepts.2. In The Decameron, Filomena’s story was concerned with the people in the royal palace.3. According to Bringing up Children, an adult’s character is in a great measure decided by hischildhood experiences.4. In A Day’s Wait, what led the boy to think that he was going to die was that he mistook theFahrenheit scale for the Celsius one.5. In How to Live Like a Millionaire, according to the author, marriage is one of the importantfactors in building wealth.6. In Rip Van Winkle, Rip had formed the habit of being agreeable to all by thinking highly ofeveryone except his wife.7. In The Lady or the Tiger, the king was cruel and had none of the grace and polish of hisneighbors.8. In New Applications, the bank manager, AI Gropin, was such an extravagant person that he wasnot accepted by many people in the town.9. According to The World at War, Britain favored the camp of Germany because Francethreatened her interests in Africa and Russia threatened her Indian border.110. According to The Story of the Bible, the face of nature was a formless mass in darkness in thebeginning.11. According to Stories from Greek Myths, Prometheus had never rebelled against Zeus’supremacy; his only crime was to help mortal men to raise themselves above all animals. 12. In Bricks from the Tower of the Babel, the author does not agree that International languagescan make successful translations of fictions.13. According to What Body Language Can Tell You That Words Cannot, in early courtship bothman and woman are behaving awkwardly, often very uncertain as to what is best to say.14. In The Girls in Their Summer Dresses, Frances said,“Look out you’ll break your neck. ”Shesaid so to warn her husband of the danger in the street.15. In True Love, Joe’s task is to search for the ideal woman for himself.16. In Jane Eyre, Mrs. Reed didn’t allow Jane to join the company of her son and daughters.17. According to The Merchant of Venice, many noble and princely suitors wished to marry Portiabecause she inherited a large sum of money from her father who had died recently.18. In The canterbury Tales, the three young men forgot their attempt to find out and kill Deathwhen they caught a glance of great number of gold pieces on the ground.19. In The Necklace, the heroine was pretty and charming, but she was unfortunately born into afamily of a factory worker.20. According to How Gorge, Once upon a Time, Got up Early in the Morning, Gorge’s watchwent wrong one evening and stopped at a quarter past eight because he hung it up over his pillow without ever looking at it.Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension. (50%)Section A: Reading Comprehension In this part there are 4 reading passages followed by 20 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 options marked A,B,C, and D, you should decide on the best one and write your answer on the Answer Sheet. (40%)Passage 1Telecommuting —substituting the computer for the trip to the job—has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work.For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts. For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility, in some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments are encouraging companies-to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air quality.But these benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular images.Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A computer2programmer from New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer. A manager comes into his office three days a week and works at home the other two. An accountant stays at home to care for her sick child; she hooks up her telephone modem connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. Telecommuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same time. Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and family. Additional child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work done. Management, too, must separate the myth from the reality. Although the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting, in most cases it is the employee’s situation, not the availability of technology, that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.That is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.1. What is the main subject of the passage?A. Business management policiesB. Driving to workC. Extending the workplace by means of computersD. Computers for child-care purposes2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a problem for office employees?A. Being restricted to the officeB. Incurring expenses for lunches and clothingC. Taking care of sick childrenD. Driving in heavy traffic3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a problem for employers that is potentially solvedby telecommuting?A. Employees’ lateness for workB. Employees’ absence from workC. Employees’ need for time alone to work intensivelyD. Employees’ conflicts with second jobs4. Which of the following does the author mention as a possible disadvantage of telecommuting?A. Small children cannot understand the boundaries of work and play.B. Computer technology is not advanced enough to accommodate the needs of every situation.C. Electrical malfunctions can destroy a project.D. The worker often does not have all the needed resources at home.5. Which of the following is an example of telecommuting as described in the passage?A. A scientist in a laboratory developing plans for a space stationB. A technical writer sending via computer documents created at homeC. A computer technician repairing an office computer network3D. A teacher directing computer assisted learning, in a private schoolPassage 2No sooner had the first intrepid male aviators safely returned to Earth than it seemed that women, too, had been smitten by an urge to fly. From mere spectators they became willing passengers and finally pilots in their own right, plotting their skills and daring line against the hazards of the air and the skepticism of their male counterparts. In doing so, they enlarged the traditional bounds of a women’s world, won for their sex a new sense of competence and achievement, and contributed handsomely to the progress of aviation.But recognition of their abilities did not come easily. “Men do not believe us capable. ”the famed aviator Amelia Earhart once remarked to a friend. “Because we are women, seldom are we trusted to do an efficient job. ”Indeed old attitudes died hard: when Charles Lindbergh visited the Soviet Union in 1938 with his wife, Anne－herself a pilot and gifted proponent of aviation－he was astonished to discover both men and women flying in the Soviet Air Force.Such conventional wisdom made it difficult for women to raise money for the up-to-date equipment they needed to compete on an equal basis with men. Yet they did compete, and often they triumphed finally despite the odds.Ruth Law, whose 590-mile flight from Chicago to Hornell, New York, set a new nonstop distance record in 1916, exemplified the resourcefulness and grit demanded of any woman who wanted to fly. And when she addressed the Aero Club of America after completing her historic journey, her plainspoken words testified to a universal human motivation that was unaffected by gender:“My flight was done with no expectation of reward,”she declared, “just purely for the love of accomplishment. ”6. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A. A Long FlightB. Women in Aviation HistoryC. Dangers Faced by PilotsD. Women Spectators7. According to the passage, women pilots were successful in all of the following EXCEPT________.A. challenging the conventional role of womenB. contributing to the science of aviationC. winning universal recognition from menD. building the confidence of women8. What can be inferred from the passage about the United States Air Force in 1938?A. It had no women pilots.B. It gave pilots handsome salaries.C. It had old planes that were in need of repair.D. It could not be trusted to do an efficient job.9. In their efforts to compete with men, early women pilots had difficulty in________.A. addressing clubsB. flying nonstop4C. setting recordsD. raising money10. According to the passage, who said that flying was done with no expectation of reward?A. Amelia EarhartB. Charles LindberghC. Anne LindberghD. Ruth LawPassage 3Of all the folk artists in the United States the most well known of the twentieth century is certainly Grandma Moses-Anna Mary Robertson Moses(1860-1961). She was also the most successful within her lifetime and her work was reproduced on greeting cards and calendars and in prints. As with many folk artists, her career as a painter started late in life, at the age of 67, but she continued painting until her death at the age of 101, so her active painting life still spanned over 34 years.Her subjects are based on the New England countryside and evoke a strong mood of nostalgia. Many of her early paintings are copies of, or use sections from, prints by Currier and Ives that she then recomposed in her own way. In her versions the figures became more stylized and the landscapes less naturalistic. Her painting was preceded by the production of landscapes in needlework, and it was only the onset of arthritis that forced the change of medium. The images, however, continued the same, and she reexecuted some of her needlework landscapes in paint at a later date.From these early sources she then began to compose original paintings such as Housick Falls, New York in Winter (1944) that relied on her surroundings and her memories of country life and activities; these paintings display an increasing technical ability. By the 1940’s her work had become a marketable commodity and collectors created a demand for her paintings.Like many painters of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Grandma Moses made use of photographs for information, for figures, for fragments of landscape, and for buildings, but her work, especially that of her later years, was not a slavish copying of these but compositions using them as source material. Her output was prodigious, and consequently her work is of varying quality. Although much of her public appeal is based on the emotive image of the“Grandma”figure producing naive pictures of country life, her paintings place her among the top folk painters of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.11. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The painting materials used by Grandma MosesB. The major artistic influences on Grandma MosesC. The folk art of Grandma MosesD. The life of Grandma Moses12. According to the passage, Grandma Moses started her painting career.A. whithout much successB. in her sixtiesC. after much studyD. by producing greeting cards13. Why does the author mention Currier and Ives in lines 8-9?5A. They are folk artistsB. They collected many of Grandma Moses’ paintingsC. They made calendars from Grandma Moses’ landscapesD. Grandma Moses based some paintings on their work14. According to the passage, Grandma Moses switched from needlework to painting becauseof________.A. her desire to create landscapesB. the public’s interest in paintingC. her need to make moneyD. a physical condition that affected her15. The word“naive”in line 24 is closest in meaning to which of the following?A. UnsophisticatedB. IgnorantC. UnspoiledD. TrustingPassage 4Before the 1850’s the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church-connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between midcentury and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable colleges—Harvard, Yale, Columbia—and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph. D, an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.616. The word“this”in line 14 refers to which of the following?A. Creating and passing on knowledgeB. Drilling and learning by roteC. Disciplining studentsD. Developing moral principles17. According to the passage, the seminar system encouraged students to.A. discuss moral issuesB. study the classics, rhetoric, and musicC. study overseasD. work more independently18. The word“constricted”in line 21 is closest in meaning to which of the following?A. MandatoryB. LimitedC. ChallengingD. Competitive19. It can be inferred from the passage that before 1850, all of the following were characteristic ofhigher education EXCEPT________.A. the elective systemB. drillingC. strict disciplineD. rote learning20. Those who favored the new university would be most likely to agree with which of thefollowing statements?A. Learning is best achieved through discipline and drill.B. Shaping the moral character of students should be the primary goal.C. Higher education should prepare students to contribute to society.D. Teachers should select their students’ courses.Section B: Skimming and ScanningIn this part there are 2 reading passages followed by 10 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 options marked A,B,C and D. Skim or scan them and decide on the best answer and write your answer on the Answer Sheet. (10%)Passage 1Taking natural objects such as rocks, bones, clouds and flowers for subject matter, Georgia O’Keeffe reduced them to their simplest form, often by employing a close-up view or some other unusual vantage point. With such techniques, including the use of thin paint and clear colors to emphasize a feeling of mystical silence and space, she achieved an abstract simplicity in her paintings. O’Keeffe spent a summer in New Mexico in 1929 and the bleak landscape and broad skies of the desert so appealed to her that she later settled there permanently. Cows’ skulls and other bare bones found in the desert were frequent motifs in her paintings. Other common subjects included flowers, the sky, and the horizon lines of the desert. After O’Keeffe’s three-month trip around the world by plane in 1959, the sky“paved with clouds”as seen from an airplane also became one of her favorite motifs and the subject of her largest work, a 24-foot mural that she began in 1966.21. With what subject is the passage mainly concerned?A. Georgia O’Keeffe’s trip around the worldB. The private life of Georgia O’Keeffe7C. The paintings of Georgia O’KeeffeD. Georgia O’Keeffe’s greatest work of art22. Which of the following is an example of something often painted by O’Keeffe?A. An airportB. A deserted streetC. An astronaut in outer spaceD. A cloud formation23. With which of the following statements concerning Georgia O’Keeffe’s paintings would theauthor of the passage be most likely to agree?A. They generally create a sense of stillness and open spaceB. They are so realistic that they often resemble ordinary photographic imagesC. Most of them are portraits of the painter’s friends and relativesD. They represent humans in an eternal struggle with the forces of nature24. Which of the following aspects of the desert landscape is NOT mentioned by the author as onethat attracted O’Keeffe’s attention?A. BonesB. SandC. The skyD. FlowersPassage 2In general, as soon as the newborn child’s muscles, sense organs, and nerves are fully formed, the child begins to use them. But much of the human nervous system is not fully developed until the child is a year or two old, and some parts, such as the corpus callosum, continue to mature for at least the next 20 years.The general pattern of bodily development is from head to foot. Simple skills, such as head movements, appear first because the structures that control these skills are among the first to mature. More complex behavior patterns, such as crawling, standing, and walking, come much later in the developmental sequence than head movements do.The motor centers in the brain are connected by long nerve fibers(usually through one or more synapses) to the muscles in various parts of the body. Since the head muscles are closer to the brain than the foot muscles, according to one theory, the head comes under the control of the motor centers long before the feet do. The appearance of a new motor skill(such as crawling and grasping) always suggests that a new part of the child’s body has just matured—that is, that the brain centers have just begun to control the muscles involved in the new motor skill.25. What is the author’s main purpose in this passage?A. To describe how children crawl, stand, and walkB. To explain why some children are slow to developC. To describe early physical development in childrenD. To explain the function of the corpus callosum26. According to the passage, the corpus callosum is part of the human ________.A. muscular systemB. digestive systemC. circulatory systemD. nervous system827. According to the passage, which of the following motor skills does an infant first develop?A. Moving the headB. CrawlingC. Controlling the armsD. KickingPassage 3When we accept the evidence of our unaided eyes and describe the Sun as a yellow star, we have summed up the most important single fact about it—at this moment in time. It appears probable, however, that sunlight will be the color we know for only a negligibly small part of the Sun’s history.Stars, like individuals, age and change. As we look out into space, we see around us stars at all stages of evolution. There are faint bloodred dwarfs so cool that their surface temperature is a mere 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit, there are searing ghosts blazing at 100,000 degrees Fahrenheit and almost too hot to be seen, for the great part of their radiation is in the invisible ultraviolet range. Obviously, the“daylight”produced by any star depends on its temperature; today(and for ages to come) our Sun is at about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and this means that most of the Sun’s light is concentrated in the yellow band of the spectrum, falling slowly in intensity toward both the longer and shorter light waves.That yellow“hump”will shift as the Sun evolves, and the light of day will change accordingly. It is natural to assume that as the Sun grows older, and uses up its hydrogen fuel—which it is now doing at the spanking rate of half a billion tons a second－it will become steadily colder and redder.28. What is the passage mainly about?A. Faint dwarf starsB. The evolutionary cycle of the SunC. The Sun’s fuel problemD. The dangers of invisible radiation29. What does the author say is especially important about the Sun at the present time?A. It appears yellowB. It always remains the sameC. It has a short historyD. It is too cold30. Why are very hot stars referred to as“ghosts”?A. They are short-lived.B. They are mysterious.C. They are frightening.D. They are nearly invisible.Ⅳ. Answer the questions. (20%)There are 4 simple questions in this part, which are based on the texts you have learned.Give the brief answer to each of the questions. Your answers must be to the point and grammatically correct. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. In The Lady or the Tiger, what was the king like? How was he different from his neighbors?2. What kind of woman was the heroine in The Necklace ?3. What insects appear in the last story of The Animals of Aesop? And what did the grasshopper doall summer?4. Why did Shylock in The Merchant of Venice have a special hatred for Antonio?910。

4月全国自考英语阅读(一)试题及答案解析

全国2018年4月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595PART ONE (70 POINTS)Ⅰ.TEXT COMPREHENSIONThe following comprehension questions are based on the texts you have learned, and each of them is provided with 4 choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer to each question and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points ,1 point each)1.“With that chain on his watch ,Jim might loot at the time in any company.”The underlined partin this sentence from Gifts of the Magi means ____.A. in the presence of any personB. while working in a firmC. when interviewed by a corporationD. doing any business2.According to The Wife of Bath's Tale, what women want most is ____.A. jewels and moneyB. happinessC. fine clothesD. leadership in the family3.In The Fisherman and His Wife, the Fisherman was ____ when his wife wished for one thing after another.A. tolerant but not pleasedB. bewildered but not madC. anguished but not rebelliousD. furious but not daring4.In Little Match Girl, when her little hands were almost benumbed with cold, the little match girl ____.A. thought of the kindness of her grandmotherB. thought of the pleasant smell of the roast gooseC. went home but received a beating from her fatherD. rubbed the match against the wall and warmed her hands5.The title of the story A Day's Wait most probably means that the boy ____.A. had been waiting all day to dieB. had waited a whole day for his father to come backC. had been waiting all day to recover from his illnessD. had waited a whole day before the drugs took effect6.According to Bringing up Children,“upbringing”and “education”are ____.A. merely two different terms for the same processB. the same term for the different processes1C. two utterly different but closely related processes because children are involved in differentenvironmentsD. interdependent because both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities providedfor children's development7.The National Gallery in London overlooks ____.A. ParliamentB. Trafalgar SquareC. the National Gallery of British ArtD. the National Portrait Gallery8.According to How to Live like a Millionaire, most millionaires measure success by ____.A. incomeB. consumptionC. investment worth9.Based on the passage United Nations, which of the following statements is NOT true?____.A. The U.N. has the right to intervene in the member states' internal affairs.B. All the member states, big or small, have the same rights and obligations.C. The day that United Nations came into existence is United Nations Day.D. Armed forces should not be used except in protecting the common interest.10.According to Universities and Polytechnics,London University is similar to Oxford andCambridge in that ____.A. they all consist of many constituent collegesB. they were all founded in the 13th centuryC. students all live outside the campusD. they set up a different pattern of university life11.“Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up tohim, all Europe may be free. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, will sink into a Dark Age.”This quotation comes from the famous speech of ____ during the Second World War.A. Queen VictoriaB. George V.C. Lloyd GeorgeD. Winston Churchill12.The information from What Body Language Can Tell You That Words Cannot best supportswhich of the following statements?A. It is never too late to learn something new.B. Action speaks louder than words.C. Wisdom is born of experience.D. It is easier to preach than to practice.13.Through the examples given in Nonverbal Communication, the writer tries to tell us that ____.A. the nonverbal behavior of animals is instinctive, but it is not the case with humansB. animals have more elaborate nonverbal behavior than humans2C. nonverbal communication exists in both humans and animals naturallyD. humans might imitate each other's nonverbal behavior whereas animals' are entirely inborn14.The story The Girls in Their Summer Dresses deals with the subject of ____.A. the individual's lifestyle and outlookB. a person's imaginationC. the fashion of a certain periodD. the tradition of a society15.In The Constitution of the United States, ____is considered a great turning point in American history.A. the revolt against British ruleB. the Constitutional ConventionC. the establishment of legislature in each colonyD. the aid of France through independence16.In Lady in the Dark, which of the following words best describes Mrs. Courtenay's behavior inthe face of danger?A. Irritable.B. Scared.C. Calm.D. Watchful.17.According to Helen Keller in Three Days to See,which of the following statements is NOTtrue?A. Darkness would make people more appreciative of sight.B. Silence would teach people the joys of sound.C. It would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow.D. Court records reveal every day how accurately “eyewitnesses”see.18.At the end of the story by Jerome K. Jerome, getting up too early had been a ____to George.A. routineB. necessityC. warningD. pleasure19.According to some official records, the earliest Olympic Games took place ____.A. in the seventh century A.D.B. before 700 B.C.C. over three thousand years agoD. a thousand years ago20.Which of the following novels is NOT written by Charlotte Brontë ?A. Pride and PrejudiceB. The ProfessorC. Jane EyreD. ShirleyⅡ.READING COMPREHENSIONIn this part there are 4 reading passages followed by 20 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best answer or the best choice to complete the statement and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points, 2 points each)3Passage 1There are two basic differences between the large and the small enterprises. In the small enterprise you operate primarily through personal contacts. In the large enterprise you have established “policies,”“channels”of organization, and fairly rigid procedures. In the small enterprise you have, moreover, immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions right away, once you are a little above the ground floor. In the large enterprise even the man at the top is only part of a big machine. To be sure, his actions affect a much greater area than the actions and decisions of the man in the small organization, but his effectiveness is remote, indirect, and difficult to see at first sight. In a small and even in a middle-sized business you are normally exposed to all kinds of experiences, and expected to do a great many things without too much help or guidance. In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly. In the small one the danger is of becoming a jack-of-all-trades and master of none. In the large one it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.There is one other important thing to consider: do you get a deep sense of satisfaction from being a member of a well-known organization--General Motors, the Bell Telephone System, the government? Or is it more important to you to be a well-known and important figure within your own small pond? There is a basic difference between the satisfaction that comes from being a member of a large, powerful, and generally known organization, and the one that comes from being a member of a family; between impersonal grandeur and personal —often much too personal —intimacy; between life in a small office on the top floor of a skyscraper and life in a crossroads gas station.21.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that in a large enterprise ____.A. new technology is employed quicklyB. all people work efficientlyC. one's effectiveness is felt very slowlyD. one can get promotion easily22.Generally speaking, the person working in a large enterprise ____.A. has to deal with a great many thingsB. knows how everything is going on around himC. acquires increasingly thorough knowledge within a limited fieldD. feels more secure than the one employed by a small enterprise23.In the second paragraph, the writer mentions “your own small pond”to refer to ____.A. a top leader in a larger enterpriseB. a manager of a small enterpriseC. a large enterpriseD. a small enterprise424.According to the information provided in the passage, if you are interested in personal intimacy, you should work ____.A. for General MotorsB. for the Bell Telephone SystemC. in a department in the governmentD. in a crossroads gas station25.The writer of this passage ____.A. compares the large and the small enterprises objectivelyB. obviously prefers to work for a large enterpriseC. intends to show the advantages of working in a small businessD. explains the disadvantages of being a top leader in a large businessPassage 2In the old days, when a glimpse of stockings was looked upon as something far too shocking to distract the serious work of an office, secretaries were men.Then came the First World War and the male secretaries were replaced by women. A man's secretary became his personal servant ,charged with remembering his wife's birthday and buying her presents; taking his suits to dry-cleaners; telling lies on the telephone to keep people he did not wish to speak to at bay; and of course, typing and filing and taking shorthand.Now all this may be changing again .The microchip (集成块) and high technology is sweeping the British office, taking with it much better of the routine clerical work that secretaries did.“Once office technology takes over generally, the status of the job will rise again because it will involve only the high-powered work—and then men will want to do it again.”That was said by one of the executives(male) of one of the biggest secretarial agencies in this country.What he has predicted is already under way in the U.S.Once high technology has made the job of secretary less routine, will there be a male takeover? Men should beware of thinking that they can walk right into better jobs. There are a lot of women secretaries who will do the job as well as they—not just because they can buy negligees(妇女长睡衣) for the boss's wife, but because they are as efficient and well-trained to cope with word processors and computers as men.26.Before 1914 female secretaries were rare because they ______.A. were less efficient than menB. were not as serious as menC. liked stockings5D. would have disturbed other office workers27.Besides fulfilling other duties, a female secretary was expected to _____.A. be her boss's memoryB. clean her boss's clothesC. do what her boss asked her toD. telephone her boss's wife28.Secrtaries,until recently, had to do a lot of work now done by _____.A. machinesB. other staffC. servantsD. wives29.A secretary in the future will ______.A. be better paidB. have higher statusC. have less work to doD. have more work to do30.The writer believes that before long _____.A. both men and women will be qualified secretariesB. men will be better than machinesC. men will take over women's jobs as secretariesD. women will operate most office machinesPassage 3Clutter is the disease of American writing. We are a society strangling in unnecessary words, circular constructions, pompous frills and meaningless jargon.Who really knows what the average businessman is trying to say in the average business letter? What member of an insurance or medical plan can decipher the brochure that tells him what his costs and benefits are? What father or mother can put together a child's toy—on Christmas Eve or any other eve—from the instructions on the box? Our national tendency is to inflate and thereby sound important. The airline pilot who wakes us to announce that he is presently anticipating experiencing considerable weather wouldn't dream of saying that there's a storm ahead and it may get bumpy. The sentence is too simple—there must be something wrong with it.But the secret of good writing is to strip every sentence to its cleanest components. Every word that serves no function, every long word that could be a short word, every adverb winch carries the same meaning that is already in the verb, every passive construction that leaves the reader unsure of who is doing what—these are the thousand and one adulterants (赘词)that weaken the strength of a sentence. And they usually occur, ironically, in proportion to education and rank.During the late 1960's the president of Princeton University wrote a letter to mollify the alumni6after a spell of campus unrest. “You are probably aware,”he began,“that we have been experiencing very considerable potentially explosive expressions of dissatisfaction on issues only partially related.”He meant that the students had been hassling them about different things. As an alumnus I was far more upset by the president's syntax than by the students' potentially explosive expression of dissatisfaction. I would have preferred the presidential approach taken by Franklin D. Roosevelt when he tried to convert into English his own government's memos, such as this blackout order of 1942:Such preparations shall be made as will completely obscure all Federal buildings and non-Federal buildings occupied by the Federal government during an air raid for any period of time from visibility by reasons of internal or external illumination.“Tell them,”Roosevelt said,“that in buildings where they have to keep the work going to put something across the windows.”31.What is the author's main purpose in writing the passage?A. To show the intellectual level of most Americans.B. To criticize wordy writing.C. To inform readers of the American writing style.D. To describe the best way of communication.32.The reason why the author quotes Roosevelt is to ____.A. provide evidence for the government documentB. reveal the hidden power of wordsC. give an example of the authority's role during the crisisD. show how simply the blackout order could have been stated33.According to the passage, the airline pilot avoids using the word“storm”because the word____.A. may frighten the passengersB. is ambiguousC. is too ordinary.D. sounds important34.The author gives the example of the president of Princeton in order to show that____.A. educated people usually communicate clearlyB. educated people tend to act like leadersC. simplicity is something easily forgotten by leaders or educated peopleD. simplicity is not suitable for the style of leaders or educated people35.Which of the following words is NOT negatively slanted?A. ClutterB. JargonC. DecipherD. BrochurePassage 47When I first considered becoming a college professor, tenure was not an attraction or even an issue. I was drawn to the profession by the work and the environment. Even after earning a Ph.D., spending time working in Washington D.C., and finally getting my first teaching job in public administration, I was not particularly concerned with tenure. I now work at a regional institution that requires an attainable balance between teaching, research, and service. I have always been a hard worker and see no reason to stop.But my vision of tenure has changed, I do not want to always by the same kind of professor I am now. Now, I am working on articles, course preparations, learning the details of the curriculum so I can advise students, and building institutional knowledge by serving on university committees. Today, my productivity is high and I focus on “collecting beans,”tomorrow, I would like to focus on quality.Whether tenure can give me the opportunity to focus on quality is questionable, but the idea of longevity is a concept that seems to have broad acceptance in most professions. My friends who became lawyers and accountants spend their time talking about becoming partners; medical doctors talk about establishing a practice; civil servants are protected by the merit system. The professionals in these fields serve a probationary period(试用期) and demonstrate competence to attain a certain level of freedom in their fields. After that, we expect that their professionalism can be used to serve society.Are college professors and universities different from lawyers, law firms, and the American Bar Association or doctors, practices, and the American Medical Association? The answer is both yes and no. Rarely does one hear about a professor being brought to court for malpractice. Still, the college professors I know work long hours, serve arduous, poorly-paid probationary periods, are dedicated to their students and their fields and do not want to work in another profession after they have arrived in this one. Thus tenure is often seen as the reward for years of struggle. Tenure, therefore, has become something important to me, specifically as a way to become firmly established in my profession.36.What does “tenure”probably mean in the passage?A. The reward to a lawyer or an accountant for his or her hard work.B. The right to keep one's job at a university until retirement.C. The chance of being promoted to a higher administrative position.D. The possibility of establishing one's own practice after a probationary period.37.By “I do not want to always be the same kind of professor I am now,”the author means that______.A. he is thinking of leaving his present jobB. he does not really enjoy writing articles or preparing for courses8C. he wants to do something more important and worthwhileD. he does not like the teaching environment any more38.In the second paragraph, “collecting beans”is nearest in meaning to ______.A.“making significant contributions”B.“making small achievements”C.“enjoying the rewards of hard work”D.“gaining greater professional competence”39.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. The writer is not sure that tenure would let him focus on quality.B. Young lawyers look forward to sharing the ownership of the firm they work for.C. College professors have small salaries until their probationary period is over.D. College professors may consider working in some other professions if they are not properlyrewarded.40.The writer mentions lawyers and accountants in order to ______.A. explain why he chose teaching as his careerB. illustrate how other professionals view their workC. prove that professors and other professionals have the same idea about qualityD. show that college professors' expectation of job security is reasonableⅢ.SKIMMING AND SCANNINGIn this part there are 3 reading passages followed by 10 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D. Skim or scan the passages, then decide on the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points, 1 point each)Passage 1Nurse Kettle took the river path. Dusk had fallen over the valley and as she descended into it her own footfall sounded unnaturally loud on the firm turf. Thump, Thump, Thump, she went, down the hillside. Were those only her footsteps? She stopped dead, tilted her head and listened. Only occasional rural sounds disturbed the quiet of nightfall. She could actually hear the cool voice of the stream.She did not cross Harper's Bridge but followed a rough path along the right bank of the river, past a group of alders and another of willows, this second group, extending in a sickle-shaped mass from the water's edge into Harper's Meadow, rose up in the dusk. She could smell willow leaves and wet soil. As sometimes happens when we are solitary, she had the sensation of being observed but she was not a fanciful woman and soon dismissed the feeling.“It's turned much cooler,”she thought.9A cry of mourning, intolerably loud, rose from beyond the willows and hung on the night air. A brown bird whirred out of the thicket close to her face and the cry broke and moved again gently in several different directions. It was the howl of a dog. She pushed through the thicket into a clearing by the river and found the body of Colonel Carter with his dog Skip bedside him, mourning him.41.Why did Nurse Kettle suddenly stop?A. She thought she was dying.B. She wondered if she was alone.C. She wanted to hear the sound of the stream.D. She thought she heard a voice.42.Which direction did Nurse Kettle take when she reached Harper’s Bridge?A. She crossed it and continued along the right bank.B. She didn't cross it and turned away from the trees.C. She followed a path through some tress.D. She followed a path by the river bank.43.What caused Nurse Kettle to feel that she was being watched?A. The strange shape in the mist.B. The damp smell of the wet earth.C. A sense of not being alone.D. A drop in the temperature.44.Where did Nurse Kettle discover the body of Colonel Carter?A. In some thick bushes.B. In the river with his dog.C. Among the willow trees.D. In an opening beyond the bushes.Passage 2The idea of “a chain of stores,”buying directly from the manufacturer in large quantities and selling in many different places throughout the country, had its beginning with Woolworth, Kress, Kresge, and others who followed them. They were the forerunners of the large retail chain and department stores. These men had the vision to see that the more the manufacturers produced, the greater would be the saving to the consumer.Frank Woolworth was born in the town of Rodman in New York State, in the year 1855. He had a poverty-stricken childhood, which meant hardly enough to eat, one pair of boots a year, and never a warm coat for the winter. Frank did not like farming. He dreamed of being a railroad engineer. Later, he changed his ambition and wanted to become a merchant.10When Frank Woolworth was a young man, apprenticeship was still in existence, particularly in the eastern part of the United States. A boy was taken into a business to learn a trade, or to learn how to conduct the business. He was considered to be worth very little to the owner during his learning period. Sometimes, the apprentice would be given his board and a room. The businessman felt that he was doing something worthwhile for the young man he took as an apprentice. He reasoned that it was like sending the young man to a school and paying his tuition.Woolworth managed to take a short commercial course which he knew he needed to become a merchant. At first, he was given a small wage of three dollars and fifty cents a week in the firm of Moore and Smith. After a while Woolworth came to the conclusion that while he was not a good salesman, he could trim the store and dress the windows to attract customers. In time, he worked up to six dollars a week. Another merchant offered him ten dollars a week and Woolworth decided that it was enough to marry on. Unfortunately, his new employer was not interested in having his windows dressed. And after a week or two of Woolworth's poor salesmanship, he reduced his wages to eight dollars a week.With a wife to support now, Woolworth decided to try farming. He bought a farm on mortgage and he and his wife raised chickens. But in a short time farming bored him. Besides, Moorc and Smith asked him to return to his job. They found that they needed Woolworth as a window trimmer, to attract customers. When they offered him the job at ten dollars a week, Woolworth went back to working in the store.45.One thing that a store chain can do but an independent storekeeper cannot do is to ______.A. hold salesB. competeC. advertiseD. buy in large quantities46.Frank Woolworth had ability in ______.A. farmingB. salesmanshipC. dressing store windowsD. bargaining47.Woolworth's first ambition was to become ______.A. a farmerB. a railroad engineerC. a merchantD. a designerPassage 3More and more residences, businesses, and even government agencies are using telephone answering machines to take messages or give information or instructions. Sometimes these machines give confusing instructions, or play messages that are difficult to understand. If you make telephone calls, you need to be ready to respond if you get a recording.The most common machine is the type used in residences. If you call a home where there is a telephone answering machine in operation you will hear several rings and then a recorded message11that usually says something like this:“Hello. We can't come to the phone right now. If you want us to call you back, please leave your name and number after the beep.”Then you will hear a “beep,”which is a brief, high-pitched tone. After the beep, you can say who you are, whom you want to speak to, and what number the person should call to reach you, or you can leave a message. Some telephone answering machines record for only 20 or 30 seconds after the beep, so you must respond quickly.Some large businesses and government agencies are using telephone answering machines to provide information on topics about which they receive a large volume of inquires. Using these systems requires you to have a touch-tone phone(a phone with buttons rather than a rotary dial). The voice on the machine will tell you to push a certain button on your telephone if you want information on Topic A, another button for Topic B, and so on. You listen until you hear the topic you want to learn about, and then you push the appropriate button. After making your selection, you will hear a recorded message on the topic.48.In the passage, the writer elaborates on ______.A. the problems of telephone answering machinesB. the beep of the telephone answering machinesC. touch-tone phonesD. how to use telephone answering machines49.“Beep”is a brief, high-pitched tone used ______.A. to urge the caller to speak more quicklyB. to urge the caller to respond quicklyC. as a signal to remind the caller of the time leftD. as a signal to remind the caller that he may leave a message50.Which of the following would be the best title of this passage?A. Directions of Telephone Answering MachinesB. Advantages of Telephone Answering MachinesC. Know-how of Telephone Answering MachinesD. Problems of Telephone Answering MachinesPART TWO (30 POINTS)Ⅳ.WORD FORMATIONSComplete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the brackets. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points, 1 point each)51.(short) The drop in the birth rate 20 years ago has created a severe ______ of workers.52.(strong) Fresh evidence has greatly ______ the case against him.53.(grow) The US portion of the Internet is experiencing rapid ______ in the number ofnetworks connected to it.54.(courage) I want to thank everyone who has ______ and supported me.1255.(increase) As resources become______ scarce, choices have to be made and priorities set.56.(memory) They listen to stories, ______ nursery rhymes, read picture books and gain otherexperiences that prepare them to read.57.(fortunate) I would have been here an hour ago. but ______ I missed the train.58.(accept) Smoking is no longer considered socially ______ by many people.59.(addition) They appeared to be checking only if there were any ______ persons in it.60.(approve) We need parental ______ before allowing students to go on field trips.Ⅴ.ANSWER THE QUESTIONSThere are 4 groups of simple questions in this part, which are based on the texts you have learned. Give a brief answer to each of the questions. Your answers must be to the point and grammatically correct. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points, 5 points each)61.Who are the lovers in the selection from The Decameron? What are they like? What happens tothem?(from The Decameron) 62.What is the king's semibarbaric method of administering justice in The Lady or the Tiger?What difficulty does the princess face in the case of her lover?(from The Lady or the Tiger) 63.What animals are mentioned in The Animals of Aesop? What is the moral of each of the fables?(from The Animals of Aesop) 64.According to The Story of the Bible, how were Adam and Eve created? Why were they drivenout of Paradise?(from The Story of the Bible)13。

00595英语阅读(一)201204

全国2012年4月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.People have thought very differently about children in different historical eras. In ancient Rome and throughout the Middle Ages, for example, childhood was brief: A boy or girl was considered an “infant” until the age of s ix, but soon afterward worked alongside adults in the fields, in the workshops, or at home. Children were thought to be born in a state of sin and were viewed as the property of their fathers. Such beliefs contributed to strict discipline of children and neglect of their special needs.These harsh attitudes softened during the Renaissance and Enlightenment as the humanistic spirit of the times caused a rediscovery of the special qualities of childhood. In paintings, for example, young children were depicted as playing and doing other childish things, rather than being shown as miniature adults. The importance of childhood as a unique period of development was understood more fully in the 17th and 18th centuries, as reflected in the writings of two important European thinkers: the English philosopher John Locke and the French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau. John Locke argued that the newborn infant comes into the world with no inherited predispositions (天性), but rather with a mind as a “blank slate” tha t is gradually filled with ideas, concepts, and knowledge from experiences in the world. He concluded that the quality of early experiences, particularly how children are raised and educated, shapes the direction of a child’s life. Later, Jean Jacques Rous seau claimed that children at birth are innately good rather than evil, and that their natural tendencies should be protected against the corrupting influences of society. Rousseau’s attitude had an important influence on society, and inspired，for example，the novelists Charles Dickens and Victor Hugo，who decried(揭露)the exploitation of child labor and highlighted the need for educational and social reform．1．It can be inferred that children in the Middle Ages ______．A．were mistreated and exploitedB．were generally regarded as miniature adultsC．did not observe the institutional disciplinesD．did not start their childhood until the age of six2．The author cites the example the two European thinkers’ writings to show that ______. A．children’s behavior was described as adult-likeB．children’s innocence and playfulness were neglectedC．childhood was revealed as a period of independenceD．childhood was revealed as a unique period of development3．The 2nd paragraph is developed by ______．A．example B．definitionC．comparison D．cause and effect4．The central argument made by John Locke is that ______．A．children’s future development depends on their genetic backgroundB．children’s upbringing and early education may shape their future lifeC．children’s character for mation is largely influenced by their parentsD．the proper way of upbringing is to keep children away from society5．At the end of the passage，the two novelists are mentioned to emphasize ______.A．the call for educational and social reformB．the importanc e of children’s school educationC．th e influence of Rousseau’s attitude toward childrenD．the potential negative influences of society on childrenPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage．If ambition is to be well regarded，the rewards of ambition must be worthy of the sacrifices on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it should be widely shared，and it especially must be highly regarded by such people as the educated．who are themselves admired．However it is the educated who have claimed to have given up ambition as an ideal．What is odd is that they have perhaps benefited most from ambition，though the ambition may be more that of their parents and grandparents than of their own．Certainly, people do not seem less interested in success now than formerly．In fact，the signs of success such as summer homes，European travel and BMWs have never ceased to be sought after．What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams，as easily and openly as once they could，lest they be thought to be aggressive，materialistic or vulgar．Instead，what has often confused us are those fine hypocritical spectacles：the critic of American materialism in possession of a Southampton summer home；the publisher of radical books who takes his meals every day in five-star restaurants；the journalist promoting participatory democracy in all phases of life，who sends his own children to expensive private schools．For such people and many moreperhaps not so exceptional，the motto is，“Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious．’’Ambition has been attacked from various angles；its public defenders are few and unimpressive，though they are not extremely unattractive．As a result，the support for ambition as a healthy impulse，a quality to be admired by the young，is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States．This does not mean, however，that people are no longer ambition-driven，but only that，no longer openly honored，ambition has become something smartly concealed．6．According to the passage，in order to keep the vitality of the tradition of ambition the successful people themselves must ______．A．highly value it B．make some sacrificesC．benefit from it D．make some contributions7．Such items as summer homes，European travel and BMWs are listed to prove that ______．A．these items are commonly used to measure successB．these items are openly honored and admired by the publicC．people are as interested in success as they have ever beenD．people are more motivated to seek after these items than before8．People tend not to make their ambitions fully known ______．A．to avoid appearing professionally orientedB．to avoid appearing snobbish and sophisticatedC．for fear that they might end up in failure or disappointmentD．for fear that they might be considered as distasteful and greedy9．The critic，the publisher and the journalist are mentioned in the 2nd paragraph to show that they are ______.A．selfish B．corruptedC．hypocritical D．materialistic10．The author’s attitude towards ambition as all ideal is ______．A．satirical B．negativeC．appreciative D．unbiasedPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage．Postage stamps are labels affixed to letters or parcels to indicate that a specified amount of postage has been prepaid for delivery．Stamps are usually issued by a government or an agency representing a government，such as a national post office．The collecting and study of postage stamps and related items such as postcards is known as philately, a word derived from Greek meaning，literally, “love of what is free of further tax．’’Stamp collecting is one of the mostpopular hobbies in the world．From the earliest years of the hobby，most philatelists have preferred to collect stamps by country，specializing in the issues of one or more nations．Since about the mid-1950s，however, many philatelists have become interested in topical collecting，acquiring stamps illustrating certain themes or subjects．Among the wide range of pictorials are stamps devoted to sports，art and music，aviation，birds and flowers，and telecommunications．One of the attractions of stamp collecting is the ease of starting a collection．With access to enough incoming mail，especially from abroad，a person call build a collection without any expense．Literally tens of thousands of stamps，however, including many of the older issues，are priced very cheaply．Little special equipment is required．A collector needs only an album to house the collection and a pair of stamp tongs with which to handle them．Stamps and accessories can be purchased easily．Nearly every city has one or more professional stamp dealers．Thousands of other dealers operate exclusively by mail or on the Internet．When collectors have accumulated a number of valuable stamps，they must take precautions for safe storage，preferably in a bank safety deposit box．If the stamps are in mint(崭新的)condition，they should not be overlapped；through changes in humidity, overlapping stamps may stick together and become seriously damaged．Collectors also should keep accurate written inventories of all their philatelic material．11．In the 1st paragraph，“philately” is a term dealing with ______．A．postage delivery B．postage taxing and pricingC．a study of postage items D．a study of postcard collecting 12．According to the passage，stamps can be classified ______．A．by face value B．by issueC．chronologically D．thematically13．One of the charms of stamp collecting is that it can be started ______．A．without any technical meansB．without too much time spentC．without too much space neededD．without necessarily big investment14．According to the passage，the new stamps should avoid ______．A．humidity B．burglaryC．being duplicated D．being catalogued15．Th e writer’s suggestion made in the last paragraph is basically ______．A．misleading B．impracticalC．ambiguous D．operationalPassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage．A number of different aspects of life can influence mental health．In a mid-1970s study of people living in the United States，researchers identified critical areas that influence one’s mental health．These areas are working life，family life，and the social role that one occupies in the community．Negative experiences in these areas，such as an unreasonable boss or a turbulent family life，can reduce one’s overall sense of well-being．Another important influence on mental health is stress．In general，people experience stress when the demands placed on them exceed the resources they have available to meet those demands．Significant sources of stress include major life events，such as divorce，death of a spouse，loss of a job，and illness in the family．These events can overwhelm a person’s ability to cope and function effectively. In addition，one source of stress may lead to another, as when financial hardship follows job loss．People who experience unusually traumatic events，such as rape and natural disasters，may develop post-traumatic stress disorder．People may experience chronic stress when confronted with a continuing set of demands that reduce their ability to function．Examples of such demands include working long hours under difficult circumstances and caring for a chronically ill relative．Economic hardship，unemployment，and poverty can also produce chronic stress and undermine mental health．Some studies suggest that genetic factors may partly determine one’s level of happiness and mental health．People seem to display a characteristic level of well-being，with some people usually feeling happy and others typically feeling sad or unhappy．Researchers have found that although people’s moods change in response to both positive and negative events，the effect wears off over time．For example，people who win the lottery or receive an unexpected promotion may feel happier at first，but over time they return to their former characteristic level of mental health．Research suggests that one’s genetic background—that is，the genes inherited from one’s parents—explains more than half of the differences in people’s characteristic mood levels．Genes may also partly determine the range of ups and downs that people feel，including whether people have large mood swings or remain stable from day to day．16．According to the passage，the major factors that may reduce one’s sense of psychol ogical well-being include all the following EXCEPT ______·A．unstable marriage B．genetic heritageC．bad-tempered managers D．lower social status17．People experience stress when ______．A．they have no accessible financial resourcesB．they have no social resources at their disposalC．they feel it hard to shirk family responsibilityD．they have to go beyond their ability to get a job done18．Chronic stress may result from ______．A．death of a spouse B．lottery purchasesC．long-time hard work D．failure to be promoted19．From the last paragraph，it can be inferred that ______.A．people’s moods are sometimes unstableB．people cannot escape from negative eventsC．Success may produce a long-term effect on people’s mental healthD．parents are partly responsible for their children’s distinctive moods20．According to the passage，people’s characteristic mood levels may be affected ______．A．physically B．biologicallyC．gradually D．abruptlyⅡ．SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points, 1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage．Early in World War II，the representatives of nine European governments fled to London．Nazi Germany had conquered much of Europe and had driven these leaders from their homelands．Representatives of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth nations met in London with the leaders of nine European nations．On June 1 2，1 94 1，all these nations signed a declaration pledging to work for a free world，where people could live in peace and security．This pledge，usually called the Inter-Allied Declaration, was the first step toward building the UN．On October 30，l 943，representatives of the United Kingdom，China，the Soviet Union, and the United States signed the Moscow Declaration on General Security．This declaration approved the idea of establishing an international organization for preserving world peace．From August to October 1944，representatives of the United Kingdom，China，the Soviet Union，and the United States held a series of meetings at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington D．C．The four nations succeeded in drawing up a basic plan，though they could notagree on some important questions．The plan’s main feature Was a Security Council on which the United Kingdom，China, France，the Soviet Union, and the United States would be permanently represented．In February 1945，Roosevelt, Churchill，and Stalin met at Yalta in the Crimea．The three leaders announced that a conference of United Nations would open in San Francisco on April 25，1945．This conference would use the plan worked out at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference to help prepare a charter for the UN．Delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco for the United Nations Conference on International Organization．The conference opened on April 25, 1945，13 days after the death of Roosevelt and 12 days before the surrender of Germany．Victory over Japan Was still four months away．At the conference，some major disagreements arose between the Big Three (the United Kingdom，the Soviet Union，and the United States)and the smaller, less powerful nations．The Big Three believed they could guarantee future peace only if they continued to cooperate as they had during the war．They insisted that the Charter of the United Nations should give them the power to veto actions of the Security Council．The smaller nations opposed the veto power but failed to defeat it．On June 26，1945，all 50 nations present at the conference voted to accept the charter. Poland had been unable to attend but 1ater signed the charter as an original member．The charter then had to be approved by the governments of the five permanent members of the Security Council and of a majority of the other nations that signed it．It went into effect on October 24，1945，a date celebrated every year as United Nations Day．21．The passage is mainly concerned with ______．A．how the Security Council was builtB．how the UN Charter went into effectC．the founding of the United NationsD．some major disagreements in the UN conferences22．The Moscow Declaration was signed by ______．A．3 nations B．4 nationsC．9 nations D．50 nations23．At the Dumbarton Oaks Conference．it was agreed that the permanently represented nations at the Security Council were ______．A．the Soviet Union，the UK，the US，and ChinaB．the Soviet Union，the UK，the US，China，and FranceC．the Soviet Union，the UK，the US，China, and PolandD．the Soviet Union，the UK，the US，Germany, and Japan24．The issue of veto power was heatedly discussed at the conference held in ______.A．Yalta B．MoscowC．Washington D．C．D．San Francisco25．The UN Charter was officially effective on ______．A．June 12，1945 B．April 25, 1945C．June 26，1945 D．October 24，1945Passage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage．A fellow speaker from California named Geri was excited about her first speech in Japan．To be comfortable on her long flight to Tokyo，she put on her favorite designer jeans and a casual jacket．Fourteen hours later, four perfectly dressed Japanese gentlemen greeted her at Narita Airport．Smiling and bowing low, they handed her their business cards．With her carry-on bag in one hand，Geri took their cards with the other．She thanked them，glanced briefly at the cards，and packed them safely into her back pocket．She then gave them her card．When the five of them arrived at the hotel，they invited Geri to tea in the lobby．While sipping tea，the gentlemen presented her with a small gift which she eagerly opened．One of Geri’s most charming qualities is her instinctive warmth．She was thrilled with the gift and，in typical Geri style，she squealed，“Oh，it’s beautiful!” as she gave each of the gentlemen a little hug．At this point，the four Japanese gentlemen stood up in union and，bowing only very slightly, mumbled “Sayonara” and promptly left．Poor Geri was left stunned．What did she do wrong?Everything! Her jeans was the first gaffe．Even if you’re coming off a bicycle in Japan，you do not meet c1ients casually dressed．The second mistake was Geri’s vulgar handling of their business cards．In Japan，the business card is one of the most important protocol tools．It is always presented and accepted respectfully with both hands．However, Geri put their cards away much too quickly．In Japan，people use business cards as a conversation starter．You chat about each o ther’s cards and work and do not put theirs away until they gently and respectfully place yours in safekeeping．Shoving it into her jeans pocket was the ultimate disrespect．Then，the fourth horror of horrors was that Geri should not have opened the gift in front of her clients．In a 1and where saving face is critical，it would be embarrassing to discover the gift they gave was not as nice as the one they received．What is worse，Geri hadn’t even given them a gift !26．The four Japanese businessmen invited Geri to tea ______．A．in the hotel lobby B．in a hotel roomC．at a businessmen’s office D．at the airport lounge27．The word “gaffe” in the 4th paragraph can be replaced by ______．A．disrespect B．mistakeC．mischief D．protocol28．According to the passage，the Japanese consider it ______．A．an honor to be given a hug by a ladyB．ill-mannered to say good-bye humblyC．impolite to open a gift in front of the giverD．unnecessary for a lady to be properly dressed29．The third mistake Geri made was that she ______．A．met her clients casually dressedB．took her clients’ cards with one handC．kept her clients’ cards in a wrong placeD．used her own card as a conversation starter30．Geri’s experiences tell us about ______．A．differences in the handling of business cardsB．differences in the tastes and styles of fashionC．gender differences in business communicationD．cultural differences in business communicationIII．DISCOURSE CLOZEThe following is taken from the textbook．Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces(there are more suggested answers than necessary)．Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points,1 point each)To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind are prone，no superhuman genius is required．A few simple rules will keep you，not from all error, but from silly error．If the matter is one that can be settled by observation，make the observation yourself．Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that(31)______，by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted．I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles，because(32) ______；but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs，I should not commit myself until(33) ______．Aristotle，however, was less cautious．Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders；not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because(34) ______.Many matters，however, are less easily brought to the test of experience．If, like most ofmankind，(35) ______ there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias．If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that(36) ______．If some one maintains that two and two are five，or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless (37) ______ that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction．The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way．Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic，because (38) ______, but in theology there is only opinion．So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion，(39) ______；you will probably find，on examination，that (40) ______．It is a good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of biased opinions to become aware of those different from your own．(From How to Avoid the Foolish Opinions)[A] I have been told that they do[B] be on your guard[C] he had never seen one of them[D] I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet[E] you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do[F] man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little comer of the universe[G] you know so little of arithmetic or geography[H] the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer[I] women have fewer teeth than men[J] your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants[K] in arithmetic there is knowledge[L] you have passionate convictions on many such mattersIV．WORD FORMATIONSComplete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the bracket．Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points,1 point each) 41．(tight) I used my thumbnail to ______ the screw on my lamp．42．(accept) There was a general ______ that the defense budget would shrink．43．(suspicion) The singer was rightly ______ of meeting me until I reassured him I was not writing about him．44．(time) T he recent outbreaks of the flu are a ______ reminder that this disease is stilla serious health hazard．45．(rich) Overseas students from a wide range of countries provide the opportunity to exchange ideas and experiences，and ______ the intellectual and social lifeof the schoo1．46．(reason) The Industrial Revolution brought some relief to the city poor in the form of ______ well-built rows of small houses for laborers，especially in England．47．(write) Unlike other belief systems，Greek culture recognized no single truth or code and produced no sacred，______ text like the Bible．48．(experienced) Men appear to shop differently from women simply because they’re men，rather than because they’re ______ shoppers．49．(involve) Evidence of practical ______ in the subject is required and is normallydetermined by the submission of a portfolio of work at interview．50．(similar) There is a strong ______ between a computer virus and a biological virus．V．GAP FILLINGThe following is taken from the textbook．Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases in the box(there are more words than necessary)．Write your answers onOn the north side of Trafalgar, famous for its Admiral Nelson，its fountains and its hordes of pigeons，there stands a long，low building in classic style．This is the National Gallery, (51) ______ contains Britain’s best-known collection of pictures. The collection was(52) ______ in 1824，with the purchase of thirty-eight pictures that(53) ______ Horgarth’s satirical series and Titian’s “Venus and Adonis”．The National Gallery is rich (54) ______ paintings by Italian masters such as Raphael and Veronese，and it contains pictures representative of all European schools of art．Many visitors are especially attracted to Leonardo da Vinci’s “Virgin of the Rocks”．On sunny days，students and (55) ______ young people are often to be seen (56) ______ a sandwich lunch on the portico (门廊) of the Gallery overlooking Trafalgar Square．(57) ______ to the Gallery is free，as is the case (58) ______ other British national galleries and museums，which are maintained by money voted by Parliament．Bequests of pictures have been made to the galleries，at times (59) ______ a generous scale，by private individuals.Just behind the National Gallery stands the National Portrait Gallery, in which the visitors can see portraits of British monarchs (60) ______ the reign of Richards II (1377-1399)，and of historical celebrities such as Chaucer, Shakespeare，and Cromwell．Many of the pictures are by well-known artists.(From London Art Gallery) VI．SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSThe following questions are based on Passage Four in this test paper．Reed the passage carefully again and answer the questions briefly by referring back to Passage Four．Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points, 5 points each)61．According to the first paragraph，what are the major aspects of li fe that may influence one’s psychological well-being?62．According to the last paragraph，why do people display different levels of mental health? VII．TRANSLATIONThe following excerpt is taken from the textbook．Read the paragraphs carefully and translate into Chinese each of the numbered and underlined parts．Write your answers 0n the ANSWER SHEET．(10 points, 2 points each)Unlike most of the other non-foolish holidays，the history of April Fool’s Day, sometimes called All Fool’s Day, is not totally de ar．(63)There really wasn’t a “First April Fool’s Day” that can be pinpointed on the calendar. (64) Some believe it sort of evolved simultaneously in several cultures at the same time, from celebrations involving the first day of spring.The closest point in time that can be identified as the beginning of this tradition was in 1582, in France. (65) Prior to that year, the new year was celebrated for eight days, beginning on March 25. The celebration culminated on April 1. With the reform of the calendar under Charles IX, the Gregorian calendar was introduced, and New Year’s Day was moved to January 1.(66) However, communications being what they were in the days when news traveled by foot, many people did not receive the news for several years. (67) Others, the more obstinate crowd, refused to accept the new calendar and continued to celebrate the new year on April 1. These backward folk were labeled as “fools” by the general populace. They were subject to some ridicule, and were often sent on “fools errands” or were made the butt (笑柄) of other practical jokes.(From April Fool’s Day)。

全国英语阅读一自考试题及答案解析.doc

⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯精品自学考试资料推荐⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯全国 2019 年 4 月高等教育自学考试英语阅读（一）试题课程代码： 00595PART ONE（70 POINTS）I.TEXT COMPREHENSIONThe following comprehension questions are based on the texts you have learned, and eachof them is provided with 4 choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer to each question and write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points, 1 pointeach)1.In Gifts of the Magi , the two possessions Mr. and Mrs. Young took great pride in are ().A ． Jim ’ s watch and Della’ s hairB ． Jim ’ s watch and Dell’ s combsC． Della ’ s combs and Jim’-chainswatchD ． Della ’ s hair and Jim’-chainswatch2.In No Marriage, No Apologies,Mrs. Frishberg said, “ I ’ m not against the institution of marriage. We just never get around to it. ”The underlined sentence means.A ． we never have the courage to face the problem directlyB ． we never go so far as to consider the matterC． we never overcome the obstacles of marriageD ． we never finish discussing the problem with each other3.Lisabetta’ hersbrotdecided to put an end to her secret love affair by killing Lorenzo because they.A ． thought that he would snatch their beautiful sister away from themB ． considered the secret love affair a shame to the familyC． worried that Lorenzo would inherit the family fortuneD ． looked upon Lorenzo as inferior to them in social rank4.The Wife of Bath intends to show with her tale that.A ． men should be obedient to their wivesB ． knights should be loyal to the King and the QueenC． women should be obedient to their husbandsD ． husbands should be young and loving5.In Mark Twain The’sCelebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County , Simon Wheeler is.A ． a good-natured and extremely talkative old manB ． fond of making fun of people with his long talesC． most curious about betting and dog fightD ． a well-trained frog and the best jumper in Calaveras County16.According to The value of Education , our purpose of educating children is to.A ． choose a proper system of educationB ． educate them only for the aim of educating themC． accustom them to varied lifeD ． make them intelligent citizens7.The child in A Day ’sWait kept tight control over himself throughout the day because he.A ． was afraid that he would die if he lost control over himselfB ． thought he was going to die and he must show courage in the face of deathC． wanted to recover quickly so that he could go hunting with his fatherD ． did not want to be a bother to and a burden on others8.Rip Van Winkle is taken from The Sketch Book, a collection of essays, sketches, and tales written by.A ． Benjamin Franklin B． Thomas PaineC． Washington Irving D． O.Henry9.According to the passage English World-wide , many Third World people oppose the use of English in their countries because.A ． they consider it a form of cultural imperialismB ． the English language has produced racismC． other languages are easier to learnD ． they are against modernization in general10.Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, summed up the four chief qualities of money some 2,000years ago as being durable, distinct,and portable.A ． divisible B． definiteC． deficient D． decisive11.In New Applications , the illegal plan first came to Miriam when she discovered by accidentthat.A ． Al Cropin’ s grand scheme was not practic lB ． the home-type computer improved the market conditionsC． the latest version of home-type computers was actually compatible with the one in heroffice D ． everyone could use the terms to refer to the computer and its application software12.According to The Story of the Bible , Noah ’ s drunkenness and behavior most probably reflectthat.A ． people easily forgot their past mistakesB ． people tended to enjoy a peaceful lifeC． Noah wanted to escape from his lonelinessD ． Noah lacked the companionship of his children13.The Statue of Liberty reminds people of all the following EXCEPT.A ． American democracy2B ． friendship between America and FranceC． the support of FranceD ． the journey of pilgrims14.According to the information in Gateway to the USA, New York City was a bitter disillusionment tosome immigrants in that.A ． it turned out to be a wretched placeB ． there was no gold in the cityC． the competition was severe in the cityD ． there was the language problem15.It can be concluded from the story The Perfect Match that.A ． computers can be used to make every decision in people’ s livesB ． natural interactions are essential for human beingsC． marriage brings unexpected changes in people’ s livesD ． people tend to hide their true feeling before marriage16.From about the 5th century through the 15th century, Latin was regarded as all of the followingEXCEPT.A ． the most suitable language in the worldB ． the second language of educated people in EuropeC． a subject taught in schools and in collegesD ． the language of the church17.In style, the story True Love is.A ． a real love story B． an autobiographyC． a journalistic report D． a satirical fantasy18.In Bricks from the Tower of the Babel, the writer Jessica Davidson provides a detailedexplanation for.A ． the construction of the towerB ． the structure and sound system of EsperantoC． internationalization of some natural languagesD ． the Indo-European language family19.According to The Merchant of Venice , all the following words can be used to describe PortiaEXCEPT.A ． wiseB ．courageousC． merciful D． cautious20.Hollywood became an ideal site for shooting motion pictures chiefly because.A ． most of the glamorous movie stars lived thereB ． famous film corporations operated thereC． the climate there was sunny and mildD ． the studio chiefs liked it very much3II.READING COMPREHENSIONIn this part there are 4 reading passages followed by 20 questions or unfinished statements. Foreach of them there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decideon the best answer or the best choice to complete the statement and write the correspondingletter on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1When you ’ re negotiating with someone, listen for the messages that he or shemight be sending toyou. For example, the word“ difficult” does not mean the same as impossible. Imagine you’ re staying in a hotel, and you want to change your room. The manager“ That’wouldsanswerb of,very difficult, sir ”,does not mean that he is saying“ no.” It just means that he wants to knowwhat you are prepared to offer him in return for the change of room.If you are buying a new car, and want to pay less than the price being asked, then the salesmancomment, “ I ’ m sorry, but we never negotiateon the price”, means that they do negotiate on otherthings, like the delivery time, or the “ extra” that might be available as part of the purchase. In thesame car showroom, if the salesman says, “ Sorry, I can ’ t negotiate prices”,then yourresponse should be to ask who can. The message the salesman is sending suggests that his boss isthe one you need to be talking to.In all of these situations, the message is never communicated in clear terms. In any negotiation,the two “ players” wish to get as much out of it as they can, of course. In the three examplesabove, the salesmen and the hotel manager are hoping that you will accept their price or conditions— but their “ messages” make it clear that there may be room for movement and compromise. Ina successful negotiation, the two sides move towards each other and reach agreement on conditionsthat satisfy both sides.21.The hotel manager’ s answer“That would be very difficult, sir” implies.A ． you can change the room if you find some excuseB ． someone else has paid more for the room under discussionC． the room is available if an extra sum of money is offeredD ． someone else has booked the room in return for more money22.When the salesmen tell you that they never negotiate on the price, you can.A ． negotiate the price with the managerB ． demand to see the one who canC． find out other possibilities in the purchaseD ． accept the price without any further negotiation23.This passage is intended for.A ． managers B． customers4C． salesmen D． scholars24.The passage tells us how to.A ． send massages in a negotiationB ． become a successful salesmanC． profit from business transactionsD ． receive messages in a negotiation25.It can be safely concluded from the passage that.A ． at least two players should be in the room for communicationB ． a lot can be inferred from what is actually stated in a negotiationC． you should never communicate your ideas in clear termsD ． you should play the roles of a salesman and manager in a negotiationPassage 2Following football hero O.J.Simpson’ s arrest in June 1994 for the murder-wifeofhisandex oneof her friends, Newsweek and Time magazines ran the same police mug shot of Simpson on their covers. Newweek’s version was a straight reproduction. Time electronically manipulated the phototo darken it and achieve a gloomy and threatening look that emphasized Simpson ’unshaven cheeks and African-American skin color. The alteration offended many readers and raised an increasingly familiar question: In an age of computer-controlled images, can anyone still trust a photograph?Altering a digitized image( 数码技术相片), as Time did for its cover, has been one of the fastest-growing, most far-reaching, and most controversial(有争议的) techniques in contemporary photography. With this method a photograph is scanned(扫描), digitized (converted into a set of numeric values), and entered into a computer from which the operator can control the image almost in any way imaginable: add, delete, or change the position of visual elements; modify tones and colors; create montages; combine photographs; and even create entirely imaginary scenes. The digitized image can be stored in a data base, output as a print( 底片 ) or transparency( 透明胶片 ), or converted for video-screen display.Electronic image manipulation arrived in force in the 1980s with a new type of computers that cost on the order of $500,000 or more and occupied and entire room. More compact and far less expensive desktop systems soon appeared, capable of, at least, limited image control and available at chain-store prices.The ever-rising flood of digitized visual information may not, as some critics fear, fatally destroythe certainty of photographic evidence. Yet many observers agree that both suppliers and consumers of photographic information must exercise greater care than before to tell fact from falsehood in the images they use.526.Which of the following magazines was accused of distorting the murderer ’photographs by many readers?A ． Time.B． Newsweek.C． Washington Post.D． Not mentioned in the passage27.Nowadays, electronic image alterations are.A ． unbearably expensiveB ． more expensive in the StatesC． only available in chain storesD ． far less expensive than before28.The digitized alteration technique is.A ． developing with great careB ． very capable and developing rapidlyC． strongly criticized due to its easy accessD ． fatal in destroying the certainty of photographic evidence29.According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A ． With digitized alteration techniques, a photograph may be scanned, digitized and altered.B ． With digitized alteration techniques, the digitized images can be stored in a data base or transformed for video-screen display.C．With digitized alteration techniques, both suppliers and consumers of photographicinformation are able to tell fact from falsehood in the image they use.D ． With digitized alteration techniques, it is possible for the computer operators to control the image almost in any conceivable way.30.W hat is the author’ s attitude toward the technique of digitized image manipulation?A ． Critical.B． Objective.C． Indifferent.D． Supportive.Passage 3The importance of symbols as a source of cultural diversity can be seen in the dress codes and hairstyles of different societies. In most situations, the symbolism of clothing and hairstyles communicates different messages ranging from political beliefs to identification with specific ethnic or religious groups. The tartan( 格子呢 ) of a Scottish clan, the black leather jacket and long hair of a motorcycle gang member in the United States, and the veil of an Islamic woman in Saudi Arabia provide a symbolic vocabulary that creates cultural diversity.Many examples of clothing styles could be used to illustrate how symbols are used to produce cultural diversity. Consider, for instance, changing dress codes in the United States. During the 1960s, many young people wore jeans, sandals, and beads to symbolize their rebellion against6what they conceived as the conformist inclinations of American society. By the 1980s, many of the same people were wearing “ power suits” as they sought to advance up the corporate ladder.An example of how hairstyles can create meaningful symbolic codes can be seen in a group known as the Rastafarians(sometimes known as Rastas or Rastaman) of Jamaica. The majority of the people of Jamaica are of African descent. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, they were brought to Jamaica by European slave traders to work on plantations. The Rastafarians are a specific religious group within Jamaica who believe that Haile Selassie(1892-1975), the former emperor of Ethiopia, whose original name was Ras Tafari, was the black Messiah who appeared in the flesh for the redemption of all blacks exiled in the world of white oppression. Rastafarian religion fuses Old Testament teachings, Christian mysticism, and Afro-Jamaican religious beliefs. The Rastafarian movement originated as a consequence of harsh economic, political, and living conditions in the slums of Jamaica.In the 1950s, during the early phase of the Rastafarian movement, some male members began to grow their hair in “ locks ” or “ dreadlocks” to symbolize their religious and political commitments. This hairstyle became well known in Western society through reggae( 强节奏黑人音乐 ) music and Rasta musicians such as the late Bob Marley. Rastafarians derive the symbolism of the dreadlock hairstyle of the Rastafarians from the Bible. They view the unshaven man as the natural man and invoke Samson as one of the most important figures in the Bible. Dreadlocks also reflect a dominant symbol within the Rastafarian movement, the lion, which is associated with Haile Selassie, one of whose titles was the “ Conquering Lion of Judah( 犹大 ).” To simulate the spirit of the lion, some Rastas do not cut their hair, sometimes growing their locks 20 inches or more.Thus, to a great extent, culture consists of a network of symbolic codes that enhance values, beliefs, worldviews, and ideologies within a society, Humans go to a great length to create symbols that provide meaning for individuals and groups. These symbolic meanings are a powerful source of cultural diversity.31.What is the main idea of this selection?A ． Hairstyles and dress codes identify political beliefs in diverse societies.B ． The Rastafarian movement symbolized a religious and political commitment.C． Symbols provide meaning and a satisfaction of biological needs in society.D ．Hairstyles and dress codes can be important symbols of cultural diversity in different societies.32.The author uses the examples of the Scottish tartan, the motorcycle jacket, and the Islamic veilto show.A ． the political power of dress codes in different societies7B ． the diversity of clothing styles throughout the worldC． dress codes that symbolize different ethnic and religiousgroups D ． the resistance to change of culturally different groups33.The author suggests that the young people wearing jeans in the 1960s wore“ power suits” inthe 1980s because.A ． styles changedB ．the American government changedC． their attitudes and goals changed D． both outfits symbolized rebellion34.All of the following are true of the Rastafarians EXCEPT.A ． they believe that Emperor Haile Selassie was the blackMessiah B ． they are the original natives of JamaicaC． they are a religious group with political commitmentsD ． they formed as a result of harsh living conditions in Jamaica35.The Rastafarian movement began.A ． at the beginning of the nineteenth centuryB ． around the middle of the twentieth centuryC． before European slave traders arrivedD ． in the early eighteenth centuryPassage 4A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses. To prove the latter, one would have to show in controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic(虐待狂的 ) impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are , I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do8⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯精品自学考试资料推荐⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmenattempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone withkisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girlfriend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has everbelieved that it was.36.The author considers that a fairy story is more effective when it is .A ． repeated without variationB ．treated with respectC． adapted by the parent D． set in the present37.Fairy stories are a means by which children ’ s impulses. may beA ． beneficially channeledB ．given a destructive tendencyC． held back until maturity D． effectively suppressed38.According to the passage great fear can be stimulated in a child when the story is .A ． in a realistic settingB ．heard for the first timeC． repeated too often D． dramatically told39.The advantage claimed for repeating a fairy story to young children is that it.A ． makes them come to terms with their fearsB ． develops their power of memoryC． convinces them there is nothing to be afraid ofD ． encourages them not to have ridiculous beliefs40.The author’ s mentioning of broomsticks and telephones is meant to suggest that.A ． fairy stories are still being made upB ． there might be confusion about different kinds of truthC． people try to modernize old fairy storiesD ． there is more concern for children’ s fears nowadaysIII.SKIMMING AND SCANNINGIn this part there are 3 reading passages followed by 10 questions or unfinished statements. Foreach of them there are 4 answers marked A,B,C and D. Skim or scan the passages, thendecide on the best answer or the best choice to complete the statement and write thecorresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points,1 point each)Passage 1When we call someone a pig or a swine, we do not mean it as a compliment. But pigs do notdeserve to be used as a symbol for an insult. They are probably not as dirty as they are made out tobe. According to one pig keeper, swine are very clean when allowed to live in a clean environment.He feels pigs are usually dirty simply because their keepers don ’ t clean their pens. In any case, n one has proven that the pig that wallows in mud prefers that to a cool bath. Furthermore, pigs aresmarter than most wallows in mud prefers that to a cool bath. Furthermore, pigs are smarter than9⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯精品自学考试资料推荐⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯most people think. Many farmers, for example, have observed that pigs frequently undo complicated bolts on gates in search of adventure or romance. So the next time you call someone a pig, perhaps he or she ought to be someone you wish to praise.41.This passage deals with.A ． the reasons why pigs are dirtyB ． people ’ s wrong perceptions of pigsC． how to insult or compliment peopleD ． why people like to keep pigs42.One pig keeper feels that pigs will stay clean if they are.A ． given cool baths every dayB ． praised from time to timeC． kept in a clean environmentD ． allowed to seek adventure or romance43.The detail that pigs “ can undo complicated bolts on gates ” supports the opinion that.A ． pigs sometimes can be adventurousB ． pigs are generally misunderstood by peopleC． pigs are also mischievous and romanticD ． pigs are smarter than most people thinkPassage 2The large, gleaming refrigerator is the focal point of most American kitchens. It holds enough food to last many days. It is cold enough to preserve that food well. Its advantages are clear. But that big refrigerator has its drawbacks as well, although they are not usually recognized. First of all, the large refrigerator encourages the hoarding of food, obesity and other eating problems. Also, it hasdestroyed the pleasant custom, still common in Europe, of going to market each day. Picking outone ’ s fresh produce daily while chatting with friends and neighbors is no longer a part of our lives.In addition, people ’desire to buy huge amounts of groceries just a few times a month has encouraged the growth of supermarkets and destroyed local grocery stores. Another victim of thegi ant refrigerator has been small local farmers, who can ’compete against the mega-producers favored by the supermarkets.44.According to the passage, which of the following is regarded by the author as one of the victims of the “ giant refrigerator ”?A ． The supermarkets.B ．The local grocery stores.C． The American kitchens D． The mega-producers45.From this passage, you could infer that many Europeans .A ． are more economical shoppers than AmericansB ． are better cooksC． enjoy eating moreD ． don ’ taveh “ giant” refrigerators1046.The author’ s tone in this passage is mainly.A ． cheerfulB ．depressingC． critical D． optimistic47.The passage mainly deals with.A ． the advantages of shopping patterns in EuropeB ． disadvantages and advantages of large refrigeratorsC． fresh, healthy produce and daily meeting with friendsD ． wonderful modern kitchen appliancesPassage 3Urbanization and industrialization demanded new directions in education. Public education, once a dream, now becomes a reality. Education was forced to meet new social changes. American society was getting much more complex; literacy became more essential. Secondary education, which had been almost totally in the hands of private individuals up to the time of the Civil War, gradually became a public concern. By the early 1900s there were over 7000 high schools, totaling an enrollment of over 1 million. Technological changes demand more vocational training. Subjects such as bookkeeping, typing, agriculture, woodworking, and metalworking were introduced intothe curriculum. American education finally was becoming universal.Higher education also responded to the need for more and different education. The Morril Act of 1862 established state land grant colleges that taught agricultural methods and vocational subjects. While curriculums included a large number of required courses during the first two years of college, more elective subjects were added during the last two years. In 1876 Hopkins University instituted America ’first graduate school for a dvanced study. In general, American education began to respond to the complexities of the i ndustrial age and the need for a new focus in education.48.One factor, repeatedly emphasized in the passage, is that .A ． technological changes demanded more vocational trainingB ． teaching methods were also changingC． higher education also responded to the need for more different educationD ． education was forced to meet new social changes49.Literacy became more essential because .A ． American public education was far from enoughB ． American society was growing more complexC． the public was concerned about secondary educationD ． far fewer subjects were introduced into the school curriculum50.In the last paragraph of the passage, the word “instituted ” means .A ． set up B． provided11C． set forth D． preparedPART TWO(30 POINTS)IV .WORD FORMATIONSComplete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word given in thebrackets. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points, 1 point each)51.(title) Being a member you to discounts on tickets.52.(essence) She has added a few characters and changed some names but this is atrue story.53.(advantage) She argued that social , such as lacking a good living condition or agood standard of education, are major causes of crime.54.(effect) She is not officially our boss, but she is in control of the office.55.(courage) It was of the young man to challenge the professor as to the potentialgenetic therapies.56.(supervise) Most health services are provided free of charge for low-income groups and atmoderate charges for others, through local and national agencies, under theof the Department of Health.57.(employ) Four out of five U.S.corporations with more than 500 now offereducational opportunities to workers, and many professional associations haveeducational programs for their members.58.(wide) The range of university courses available has tremendously in recentyears.59.(consider) The nature of Canadian households has changed over the pastquarter-century.60.(afford) Radio exposed a wider audience to country music while new, relativelyinexpensive recording technology made records available at prices. V.ANSWER THE QUESTIONSThere are 4 groups of simple questions in this part, which are based on the texts you have learned. Give a brief answer to each of the questions. Your answers must be to the pointand grammatically correct. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points, 5 points each)61.In The Necklace by de Maupassant, what did Mme. Loisel strongly wish for and how do youaccount for those wishes? What is the irony in the story?(From The Necklace) 62.Why did Smiley name his frog Daniel Webster? What did Smiley try to train him to do? Forwhat purpose did he train his frog?(From The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Cavaveras County ) 63.According to Bricks from the Tower of the Bable, what are the purpose, ideal features and12。

英语自考 00595英语阅读(一)200707

2007年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语阅读( 一) 试卷(课程代码0595)I．Careful Reading．(40 points，2 points for each)Directions：Read the following passages carefully . Decide on the best answer and write me corresponding letter on your Answer sheet.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage．The desire for friendship is always with us but we do not always have friends.In fact，the first thing that our own experiences，as well as any of the great philosophers，tell us about true friendship is that it is very rare．A lot of our associations seem 1ike friendships at first，Only to break down and disappear in time．These lack what might be called the “prerequisites(先决条件)”.In trying to set down what they are，we must begin by clearly distinguishing between relationships that are accidental and transient and those that are essential and enduring．Aristotle offers us substantial help here by pointing out that there are three kinds of friendship：the friendships based(1)on utility，(2)on pleasure，and(3)on virtue．The friendships of utility and pleasure go together and are no doubt the most common．everyone has experienced them．People are“friendly”to their business associates，neighbors，the members of their car pool，and even on trains，boats and air planes．This kind of good manners is，to some degree，a form Of friendship，the friendship of utility, of mutual convenience．These lower forms of friendship are not necessarily bad，but they are inadequate．One of their defects results from the fact that they depend on and vary with circumstances．This is why they can quickly arise and just as quickly disappear．By contrast，when the book of proverbs says，“A friend loves at all times,” it is referring to a higher form of friendship that does not depend on circumstance．In order to overcome me effect of time and chance occurrence，it must be based On the inherent qualities of the individuals involved. A friendship so secured cannot be a passing friendship．True friendship，then，is more than(although it often includes) both utility and pleasure．For Aristotle，such a friendship must be based on a good moral character．0noy in that way can it 1ast．Further , it must develop slowly，since it presupposes familiarity，knowledge，and eventually mutual trust.1．The subject matter of this passage is______.A．essential and enduring relationshipsB．friendshipC．friendship based On utility and pleasureD．accidental relationships2．Which Of the following is a form Of friendship Of pleasure，Of mutual enjoyment?A．People are friendly to their golf partners．B．People are friendly to those who entertain them.C．People are friendly to others at a cocktail party.D．All Of the above．3．One of the disadvantages of the friendship based on utility and pleasure is that ________.A．it is inadequateB．it is badC．it develops very slowlyD．it is unnecessary and lacks mutual understanding4．A form Of friendship based On _______ does not depend On circumstance.A．utilityB．pleasureC．virtueD．mutual convenience5．Next the author would probably discuss in detail _________ .A．perfect relationshipsB．perfect friendshipC．me weak points of perfect friendshipD．the essence of friendshipPassage 2Questions 6 to10 are based on the following passage．What do you know about the sea? We know that it looks very pretty when the sun is shining on it. We also know that it can be very rough when there is a strong wind．What other things do we know about it?The first thing to remember is that the sea is very big. when you look at the map of the world you will find there is more water than land．The sea covers three quarters of the world．The sea is also very deep in some places．It is not deep everywhere．Some parts of the sea are very shallow．But in some places the depth Of the sea is very great. There’s one spot，near Japan，where the sea is nearly l1 kilometers deep! The highest mountain in the world is about 9 kilometers high．If that mountain were put into the sea at mat place，there would be 2 kilometers of water above it! What a deep place!If you have swum in the sea，you know that it is salty. You can taste the salt．Rivers，which flow into the sea，carry salt from the land into the sea．Some parts of the sea are more salty than other parts．There is one sea，called the Dead Sea, which is very salty. It’s so salty that swimmers cannot sink! Fish cannot live in the Dead Sea!In most parts of me sea，there are plenty of fishes and plants．Some 1ive near the top of the sea. 0thers live deep down．There are also millions of tiny living things that float in the sea. These floating things are so small that it is hard to see them. Many fish live by eating these．The sea can be very cold. Divers，who go deep down in the sea，know this．on the top the water may be warm．When the diver goes downwards，the sea becomes colder and colder Another thing happens．When the diver goes deeper，the water above presses down On him．It squeezes him．Then the diver has to wear clothes made of metal. But he cannot go very deep．Some people who wanted to go very deep used very strong diving ship! They went down to the deepest part of the sea in it .They went down to a depth of eleven kilometers !6．When does the sea look beautiful?A．When it is calm．B．When the weather is fine．C．When there is a strong wind．D．When there is a storm．7．How much of the earth’s surface does land cover?A．15％．B．25％．C．30％．D．45％．8．Why does the author cite the sea somewhere near Japan?A．To show that the sea in some places is very deep．B．To show that the sea in some places is very shallow．C．To show that its depth is 9 kilometers greater than the height of the highest mountain．D．To show that its depth is 11 kilometers greater than the height of the highest mountain．9．Which of the following statements about the Dead Sea is NOT true?A．There are plenty of fishes in it.B．It is a safe place for swimmers．C．It is extremely Salty．D．No fish can be found in it．10．Why can’t people go very deep in the sea?A．Because the deepest part of the sea is very cold．B．Because the deepest part of the sea is very rough．C．Because me pressure of water at great depths is unendurable．D．Because fierce fish usually live there．Passage 3Questions 11 to 1 5 are based on the following passage.People travel for a lot of reasons．Some tourists go to see battlefields or religious shrines．others are looking for culture，or simply want to have their picture taken in front of famous places．But most European tourists are looking for a sunny beach to lie on．Northern Europeans are willing to pay a lot of money and put up with a lot or inconveniences for the sun because they have so little of it. Residents of cities like London，Copenhagen and Amsterdam spend a lot of their winter in the dark because the days the so short，and much of the rest of the year in the rain. This is the reason the Mediterranean has always attracted them. Every summer more than 25 million people travel to Mediterranean resorts and beaches for their vacation。

自考英语阅读一试题参考答案

自考英语阅读一试题参考答案绝密?考试结束前全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码:00595请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。

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I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The passengers on the bus watched sympathetically as the young woman with the white cane made her way cautiously up the steps. She paid the driver and then, using her hands to feel the location of the seats, settled into one. She placed her briefcase on her lap and rested her cane against her leg.It had been a year since Susan, thirty-four, became blind. As the result of a medical accident she was sightless, suddenly thrown into a world of darkness, anger,frustration and self-pity. All she could cling to was her husband Mark.Mark was an Air Force officer and he loved Susan with all his heart. When she first lost her sight, he watched her sink into despair and he became determined to use every means to help his wife.Finally, Susan felt ready to return to her job, but how would sheget there? She used to take the bus, but she was now too frightened to get around the city by herself. Mark volunteered to ride the bus with Susan each morning and evening until she got the hang of (摸清情况) it. And that was exactly what happened.For two weeks, Mark, military uniform and all, accompanied Susan to and from work each day. He taught her how to rely on her other senses, specifically her hearing, to determine where she was and how to adapt to her new environment. He helped her befriend the bus drivers who could watch out for her, and save her a seat.Each morning they made the journey together, and Mark would take ataxi back to his office. Although the routine of going back and forth was costly, Mark knew it was only a matter of time before Susan would be able to ride the bus on her own.Finally, Susan decided that she was ready to try the trip on her own. Monday morning arrived. Before she left, she embraced her husbandtightly. Her eyes filled with tears of gratitude for his loyalty, his patience, and his love. She said good-bye and, for the first time, they went their separate ways. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday... Each day on her own went perfectly, and a wild gaiety (快乐) took hold of Susan. She was doing it! She was going to work all by herself!.1. When Susan got on the bus, the passengers ______.A. admired herB. stared curiously at herC. ignored herD. felt sorry for her2. Which of the following is true of Mark?A. He kept confidence in Susan.B. He felt confused with Susan.C. He depended more on Susan.D. He was tired of Susan.3. At the beginning of her sightless life, Susan was seized by anger, self-pity and ______. A. irritation B. hesitationC. hopelessnessD. indifference4. Which of the following is true?A. Mark realized it would take a long time for Susan to recover her sight.B. Mark knew that Susan would get to work by herself sooner or later.C. Mark hated to leave poor Susan alone even for one minute.D. Mark loved the routine of accompanying Susan to work.5. The passage can be used as an example of ______.A. honestyB. sympathyC. diligenceD. determinationPassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Most people claim that we should judge others on the basis of howthey act, not how they look. However, the reality is quite opposite. Appearance is especially important in the early stages of a relationship.The influence of physical attractiveness begins early in life.Infants as young as six months prefer images of attractive faces to less appealing ones. From age five on, overweight boys are viewed by peers as less attractive; tall, thin ones are judged as uncommunicative and nervous; and muscular and athletic youngsters are seen as outgoing, active, and popular. The same principle continues into adult life. Handsome men and beautiful women are seen as more sensitive, kind, interesting, strong, calm, modest, sociable, outgoing, and exciting than their less attractive counterparts. Adults are more likely tointeract with strangers who theyview as attractive. Senior citizens also rate good-looking people as more desirable than those who are less attractive.Although we might assume that attractive people are radicallydifferent from those who are less attractive, the truth is that we view the familiar as beautiful. Langlois and Roggman presented students with two types of photos: some were images of people from North European, Asian, and Latino backgrounds, while others were computer-generated images that combined the characteristics of several individuals. Surprisingly, the students consistently preferred the composite photosof both men and women. When the features of eight or more individualswere combined into one image, the students rated the picture as more attractive than the features of a single person or of a smaller combination of people. Thus, we seem to be drawn to people who represent the most attractive qualities of ourselves and those people aren't different from the rest of us.Even if your appearance isn't beautiful by social standards,consider these encouraging facts: first, ordinary-looking people with pleasing personalities are likely to be judged as being attractive; second, physical factors become less important as a relationship progress. As Hamachek puts it, “Attractive fe atures may open doors, but apparently, it takes more than physical beauty to keep them open.”6. “The same principle” (Para. 2) refers to the principle that______.A. children are more attractive than adultsB. attractive people are perceived as desirableC. the early stages of a relationship are importantD. the influence of appearance begins early in life7. The third paragraph emphasizes in part the importance of ______.A. familiarityB. differenceC. individualityD. consistency8. According to the passage, the more composite features people have, ______.A. the more unique they areB. the less ordinary they areC. the more attractive they areD. the less beautiful they are9. In his statement, Hamachek is giving emphasis to ______.A. social standardsB. composite featuresC. good characterD. physical attraction10. The best title for the passage is ______.A. Beauty and AgeB. Appearance and RelationshipC. Standards of Social BehaviorD. Features of Physical AttractivenessPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.The public schools of the United States—elementary, secondary, and higher—have a history, and it is the social history of the United States: the decades beforethe Civil War, in which the elemen tary or “common schools” were reformed; the decades surrounding the turn of the twentieth century, in which the secondary schools “welcomed” the “children of the plain people”; and the post-World War II decades, which found the public colleges and universities flooded non-traditionalstudents—those traditionally excluded from higher education by sex, race, and class.In each of these periods, the quantitative expansion of the student population was matched by a qualitative transformation of the enlarged institutions. The common schools of the mid-1800s were charged with reforming the moral character of the children of failed artisans (工匠)and farmers; the expanded high schools at the turn of the century with preparing their poor, working-class, and immigrant teenagers for future lives in city and factory; the “open-access” publicinstitutions in the postwar period with moving their students offthe unemployment lines and into lower-level white-collar positions.The common schools, the high schools, the colleges and universities—all in their own times—were expanded and transformed so that they might better maintain social order and increase material productivity. But no matter how enlarged or reformed, they could not do the jobs expected of them: they could not solve the economic, social, and human problems brought about by uncontrolled urbanization and industrialization within the context of the private property system. The schooling reforms succeeded only in shifting the discussion and action from the social and productive system to the people who were now held responsible for not fitting into it.11. American education in the post-World War II decades focused mostly on ______. A. early childhood education B. elementary school educationC. secondary school educationD. college education12. The turn-of-the-century American education dealt partly with the problem of ______. A. failed farmers B. unsuccessful artisansC. immigrant teenagersD. lower-level white-collar workers13. It is implied in the passage that women began to be educated in large numbers ______.thA. after the Civil War B. at the turn of the 20 centuryC. before World War IID. after World War II14. One of the purposes for public school reformation is ______.A. to increase material productivityB. to impose the quality of educationC. to urbanize rural areas in the United StatesD. to promote industrialization in the United States15. The author believes that public schools ______.A. changed American political systemB. could not solve American problemsC. led to social problems in the United StatesD. could not improve qualitatively in the United StatesPassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Historical periods are dominated by distinct sets of ideas whichform the general spirit of a period in history. Greek philosophy, Christianity, Renaissance thought, the Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment are examples of sets of ideas that dominated their historical periods. The changes from one period to the next are usually rather gradual.; other changes—more abrupt—are often referred to as revolutions. The most far-reaching of all these intellectual changes was theDarwinian revolution. The worldview formed by any thinking person in the Western world after 1859, when On the Origin of Species waspublished, was by necessity quite different from a worldview formed before 1859. It is almost impossible for a modern person to project back to the early half of the nineteenth century and reconstruct the thinking of this pre-Darwinian period, for the impact of Darwinism on our views has been so great.The intellectual revolution brought about by Darwin went far beyond the realm of biology, causing the overthrow of some of the most basic beliefs of his age. For example, Darwin rejected the belief in the individual creation of each species, establishing in its place the concept that all of life descended from a common ancestor. By extension, he introduced the idea that humans were not the special products of creation but evolved according to principles that operate everywhere else in the living world. Darwin upset current notions of a perfectly designed natural and gentle world and substituted in their place the concept of a struggle for survival. Victorian notions of progress and perfectibility were seriously weakened by Darwin's demonstration that evolution brings about change and adaptation,but it does not necessarily lead to progress, and it never leads to perfection.Darwin would be remembered as an outstanding scientist even if he had never written a word about evolution. Indeed, some people believe that Darwin’smost original contribution to biology was not the theory ofevolution but his series of books on experimental botany published nearthe end of his life. This achievement is little known among non-biologists, and the same is true for his equally outstanding work on the adaptation of flowers and on animal psychology, as well as his imaginative work on earthworms. Darwin also attacked important problems with extraordinary originality, thereby becoming the founder of several now well-recognized separate disciplines. Darwin was the first person to work out a sound theory of classification, which is still used by most experts today. 16. The author con siders the change caused by Darwin’s On the Origin of Species ______.A. gradualB. abruptC. religiousD. philosophical17. The influence of Darwinism has been so strong that it isdifficult to ______. A. know how people looked at the world before 1859B. imagine people’s worldview after 1859C. disregard the implications of his theoryD. know what Victorian society was like18. Darwin believed that all species in the world ______.A. were created individuallyB. sprang from the same originC. became increasingly betterD. shared the same pace of progress19. It can be concluded from the passage that Darwin was ______.A. a modest scholarB. a born thinkerC. an original scientistD. a practical theorist20. The author intends to say in the last paragraph that ______.A. Darwin did outstanding work apart from his theory of evolutionB. non-biologists know very little about Darwin's theory ofevolution C. scholars failed to recognize Darwin’s contributions for a long timeD. Darwin's most outstanding contribution is his theory of classification II. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Potatoes are a tuber-producing crop originally grown in the Americas. Over 200 varieties of wild potatoes grow from what is now Colorado to what are now Chile and Argentina. The native peoples of the Andeanregion of South America were the first to domesticate potatoes and to cultivate them as a food crop. The earliest potato, found in an archaeological site in central Peru, has been dated back to about 8000 B.C.. Scientists believe that American Indians began domesticating potatoes at the end of the Ice Age. Four thousand years later, native peoples living in the Andean highlands had begun to rely on potatoes as a major part of their diet. By about 2000 B.C.. Indians in the coastal region of what is now Peru were also cultivating this crop extensively.During the reign of the Inca, who established their empire in whatis now Peru in about A.D. 1000, American Indian farmers were growing not only white potatoes but red, yellow, black, blue, green, and brown onesas well. They were deliberately developing potatoes of varying sizes and shapes that would do well under a number of growing conditions. Because potatoes were easily grown, flourish in a number of climates, and highin vitamin C, they were an efficient way ofmeeting dietary needs.In 1531, when Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro landed in what is now Peru, the native Andean peoples had developed about 3,000 types of potatoes and had also invented a method to freeze-dry them for storage. The Inca, who called potatoes papas, ate boiled potatoes as a vegetable and also made a kind of unleavened potato bread made from flour that had been ground from freeze-dried potatoes. They also added this potatoflour to soups and stews and made porridge from it.Pedro de Cieza, who traveled with Francisco Pizarro's expedition, compared potatoes to chestnuts. Because the tubers grew underground and were small, the Spaniards believed potatoes were truffles (块菌) and began calling them tartuffo. When English explorer Sir Francis Drake crossed the Strait of Magellan, he atepotatoes on the coast of what is now Chile that same year. Yet, historians are uncertain exactly whether the Spaniards or the English brought potatoes to Europe. 21. The earliest potato was found in ______.A. PeruB. ChileC. ArgentinaD. Colorado22. Potatoes became the major source of food for American Indians about ______. A. 8000 B.C. B. 4000 B.C.C. 2000 B.C.D.A.D. 100023. American Indians developed potatoes of different sizes and shapes to ______. A. meet different dietary needsB. get potatoes of different colorsC. suit various growing conditionsD. store them in convenient places24. American Indians freeze-dried potatoes so that they could be______. A. stewed B. groundC. storedD. boiled25. Which of the following is true?A. Historians believe that the English brought potatoes to Europe.B. Sir Francis Drake ate potatoes in what is now Peru.C. Francisco Pizarro compared potatoes to chestnuts.D. The Spaniards thought that potatoes were truffles.Passage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.The blogging craze of a couple of years ago, when it was estimated that ten new blogs were started somewhere in the world every minute, now seems to have died down a bit. Yet thousands of blogs—probably the better ones—remain. Blogs are now no longer seen as the exclusive possession of geeks, and are now seenas important and influential sources of news and opinions. So many people read blogs now that it has even been suggested that some blogsmay have been powerful enough to influence the result of the recent U.S. election.Blogs are very easy to set up. All you need is a computer, aninternet connection and the desire to write something. A blog differs from a traditional internet site in two ways. First, a blog is one page consisting mostly of texts, though a few pictures are sometimes provided. Second, and more importantly, a blog is a space for people to respond to what you write. The best blogs are similar to online discussions, where people write in response to what the blogger has written. Blogs are regularly updated—busy blogs are updated every day, or even every few hours.Not all blogs are about politics, however. There are blogs about music, films, sports, books—any subject you can imagine has its enthusiasts typing away andgiving their opinions to fellow enthusiasts or anyone else who cares to read their opinions.But how influential, or important, is the blogosphere really? One problem with blogs is that many people who read and write them seem only to communicate with each other. When people talk about the influence of the blogosphere, they do not take into account the millions of people around the world who are not bloggers, never read blogs, and don't even have access to a computer, let alone a good internet connection.Sometimes, it seems that the blogosphere exists only to influence itself, or that its influence is limited to what is actually quite asmall community. Blogs seem to promise a virtual democracy—in which anyone can say anything they like, and have their opinions heard—but who is actually listening to these opinions? Little hard evidence shows that blogs have influenced people in the way that traditional mass media such as television and newspapers are able to do.26. Now the blogging craze ______.A. is emergingB. has become less intenseC. keeps risingD. remains the same as before27. Blogs differ from traditional internet sites in that ______.A. texts are mostly shortB. they present picturesC. they are daily updatedD. readers can make comments28. One problem with blogs is that bloggers fail to consider ______.A. non-bloggersB. virtual democracyC. U.S. politiciansD. internet connection29. In the author's opinion, the influence of the blogosphere is______.A. importantB. powerfulC. positiveD. limited30. According to the author, it is not difficult to ______.A. set up blogsB. make blogs involve everyoneC. show the importance of blogosphereD. make blogs surpass traditional mass media非选择题部分注意事项:用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

全国2011年07月自学考试英语阅读(一)真题

全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595全部题目用英文作答（翻译题除外），请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上I. Careful Reading. (40 points, 2 points for each)Directions: Read the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answers antl then write the corresponding letters on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.The old fashioned general store is fast disappearing. This is, perhaps, a pity, because shopping today seems to lack that personal element which existed when the shopkeeper knew all his regular customers personally. He could, for instance, remember which brand of tea Mrs. Smith usually bought or what sort of washing powder Mrs. Jones preferred. Not only was the shop a center of buying and selling, but a social meeting place.A prosperous general store might have employed four or five assistants, and so there were very few problems in management as far as the staff was concerned. But now that the supermarket has replaced the general store, the job of the manager has changed completely. The moderm supermarket manager has to cope with a staff of as many as a hundred, apart from all the other everyday problems of running a large business.Every morning the manager must, like the commander of an army division, carry out an inspection of his store to make sure that everything is ready for the business of the day He must see that everything is running smoothly. He will have to give advice and make decisions as problems arise; and he must know how to get his huge staff to work efficiently with their respective responsibilities. No matter what he has to do throughout the day, however, the supermarket manager must be ready for any emergency that may arise. They say in the trade that you are not really an experienced supermarket manager until you have dealt with a flood, a fire, a birth and a death in your store.1. The main purpose of the passage is to show ______.A. how the supermarket replaces the old general storeB. how the old fashioned general store is fast disappearing浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第1 页共15 页C. how supermarket managers deal with problems every morningD. how the role of the shop manager undergoes an overall change2. It is a pity that there are fewer old general stores now because _______.A. there is less trading businessB. there used to be more social activities in the old daysC. supermarket managers have more problemsD. there is less personal contact between manager and customer3. Who are Mrs. Smith and Mrs. Jones mentioned in the first paragraph?A. People representing any of the regular customers of the old general store.B. Shop assistants.C. Friends of the shop manager’s.D. Two regular customers of the store.4. How has the job of the store manager changed?A. He doesn’t sell tea or washing powder any more.B. He has a much larger staff to take care of, to say nothing of all the other daily problems ofrunning the store.C. He must try hard to remember the names of the regular customers.D. He has to give advice and make decisions every day.5. The author compared the supermarket manager to ______.A. a military leaderB. a school inspectorC. a traffic supervisorD. an orchestra conductorPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.By the Treaty of Paris of 1763, which ended the war with the French and the Indians, England gained possession of Canada and all the territory east of the Mississippi River. French influence on this continent thus came to an end; England now controlled most of North America. But the war had been long and expensive. England had many debts. George III, king of England, after consulting with his advisers, decided that the American colonists should help pay some of the expenses of this war. A standing English army of 10,000 men had been left in the colonies for protection against the Indians. The English government also felt that the colonists should share in浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第2 页共15 页the expenses of maintaining this army. The result was a Series of measures, the Grenville Program, passed by Parliament and designed to raise money in the colonies. Some of these measures were accepted by the colonists, but one in particular, the Stamp Act, was met with great protest. The Stamp Act required that stamps, ranging in price from a few cents to almost a dollar, be placed on all newspapers, advertisements, bills of sale, wills, legal papers, etc. The Stamp Act was one of the causes of the American Revolution. It affected everyone, rich and poor alike. Some businessmen felt that the act would surely ruin their businesses.Of all the voices raised in protest to the Stamp Act, none had greater effect than that of a young lawyer from Virginia-Patrick Henry. Henry had only recently been elected to the Virginia Assembly. Yet when the Stamp Act came up for discussion, he opposed it almost single-handedly. He also expressed, for the first time, certain ideas that were held by many Americans of the time but that never before had been stated so openly. “Is life so dear or peace so sweet, as to be bought at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!”6. From the passage we learn that ______.A. Britain took over Canada from the Indians in 1 763B. there had been a war between the French and the Indians which ended in 1763C. France used to have control of Canada and some areas east of the Mississippi RiverD. the French still kept some influence in North America through the Treaty of Paris7. The Grenville Program refers to ______.A. King George III’s plan to gather money in North AmericaB. the British government’s desire to raise money in North AmericaC. a plan to share the expenses of maintaining an army in the American coloniesD. a decision of the British Parliament to collect money in the American colonies8. The Stamp Act ______.A. was an act about selling stamps at prices from a few cents to almost a dollarB. was one of the causes of the American RevolutionC. required that all commercial and legal documents in America have stamps on themD. chiefly affected business people who felt it would ruin their businesses9. From the passage we learn that Patrick Henry ______.浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第3 页共15 页A. had been a member of the Virginia Assembly for a long timeB. didn’t know what courses to take to complete his studies as a lawyerC. was almost the only one who openly protested against the Stamp ActD. didn’t value life or peace as much as other people did10. This passage is mainly about ______.A. one of the events leading to the American RevolutionB. the Treaty of Paris between Britain and FranceC. the Grenville Program to raise money in the American coloniesD. Patrick Henry, a hero who opposed the Stamp ActPassage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.In the past, American families tended to be quite large. Parents raising five or more children were common. Over the years, the size of the family has decreased. One reason for this is an increase in the cost of living. On the average, children attend schools for more years than they used to, making them financially dependent on their families. Moreover, children nowadays are better dressed and have more money to spend on entertainment. The parents usually take the responsibility for all the expenses. Meanwhile, families are less close than they used to be. More and more American mothers work away from home.The breakup of the family occurs when the parents divorce. A lot of children in the U.S. live part of their young lives with only one parent. Broken families usually result in problems for children and parents alike. Children blame themselves when their parents separate. They grow up feeling unsettled as they are moved back and forth between parents. Usually one parent is responsible for raising the children. These single parents must care for the children’s emotional and psychological needs while also supporting them financially. This is very demanding and leaves very little time for the parent’s own personal interests. Single parents often marry other single parents. In this type of family, unrelated children are forced to develop brother or sister relationship.The situations of many American families today are not good. However, recent signs indicate that things are getting better. The divorce rate is declining. The rate of childbirth is rising. Perhaps Americans have learned how important families are.浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第4 页共15 页11. In the past, American families tended to be ______.A. quite smallB. medium-sizedC. quite largeD. small12. To parents who take the responsibility for children’s expenses, the cost of living increasesbecause ______.A. children attend school for less yearsB. children are worse dressedC. children have more interests nowadaysD. children spend more money on entertainment13. What problems would broken families bring to children and parents respectively?A. Children grow up feeling unsettled and parents didn’t pay much attention to children.B. Children grow up feeling free and one parent is responsible for raising the children.C. Children are moved back and forth between parents and the single parent is busy working tomake money to support himself or herself.D. Children grow up feeling unsettled, and the parents have little time for his or her own interestsbecause one parent is too busy taking care of children.14. According to the author, the situations of American families in the future may ______.A. become worseB. remain the sameC. get betterD. keep unchanged15. The title of the article might be ______.A. American ChildrenB. American FamiliesC. American MotherD. American ParentsPassage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality and this in turn leads to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the “battle of the sexes”.浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第5 页共15 页If the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important—and that has happened in some cases—we are as badly off as before, only in reverse.It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired of “Mo mism” — but we don’t want to exchange it for a “neo-Popism”. What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit nor the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman’s place is in the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze man’s place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.Excessive authoritarianism（命令主义) has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent (相关的，中肯的) not only to healthy democracy, but also to a healthy family.16. The danger in the sharing of household tasks between the mother and the father is that______.A. the role of the father may become an inferior oneB. the role of the mother may become an inferior oneC. the children believe that life is a battle of sexesD. sharing leads to constant arguing17. The author states that bringing up children ______.A. is mainly the mother’s jobB. belongs to the duties of the fatherC. is the job of schools and churchesD. involves a partnership of equals18. The ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is ______.A. fundamental to a sound democracyB. not pertinent to a healthy familyC. responsible for MomismD. what we have almost given up19. According to the author, the father’s role in the home is ______.A. minor because he is an ineffectual parentB. irrelevant to the healthy development of the child浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第6 页共15 页C. pertinent to the healthy development of the childD. identical to the role of the child’s mother20. Which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree with?A. A healthy, co-operative family is a basic ingredient of a healthy society.B. Men are basically opposed to sharing household chores.C. Division of household responsibilities is workable only in theory.D. A woman’s place in the home now is the same as that in the past.II. Speed Reading. (10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: Skim or scan the following passages. Decide on the best answers and then writethe corresponding letters on your Answer Sheet.Passage FiveQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage.You’re busy filling out the application form for a position you really need. Let’s assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isn’t it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree? Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University? More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university.Registrars at most well-known colleges say they deal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of about one per week. Personnel officers do check upon degrees listed on application forms, then. If it turns out that an applicant is lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them “impostors (骗子)”; another refers to them as “special cases”. One well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made by “no such people”. To avoid outright lies, some job-seekers claim that they “attended”or “were associated with”a college or university, After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that “attending” means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that “being associated with” a col lege means that the job-seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第7 页共15 页dates back at least to the turn of the century——that’s when they began keeping records, anyhow. If you don’t want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony diploma.One company, with offices in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of nonexistent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from “Smoot State University”. The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the “University of Purdue”. As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana is properly called Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper.21. The main idea of this passage is that ______.A. employers are checking more closely on applicants nowB. lying about college degrees has become a widespread problemC. college degrees can now be purchased easilyD. employers are no longer interested in college degrees22. According to the passage, “special cases” refer to cases that ______.A. students attended a school only part-timeB. students never attended a school they listed on their application formsC. students purchased false degrees from commercial firmsD. students attended a famous school23. From the sentence “job-seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend” (Para.2),we can infer that _____.A. the job-seeker is a student in that collegeB. the job-seeker’s brother is a student in that collegeC. neither the two are students in that collegeD. the job-seeker lives in that college24. We can infer from the passage that ______.A. performance is a better judge of ability than a college degreeB. experience is the best teacherC. past work histories influence personnel officers more than degrees doD. a degree from a famous school enables an applicant to gain advantage over others in jobcompetition浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第8 页共15 页25. The underlined word “phony” (Para.2) means ______.A. thoroughB. falseC. ultimateD. decisivePassage SixQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passageAre you happy? Do you remember a time when you were happy? Are you seeking happiness today?Many have sought a variety of sources for their feelings of happiness. Some put their hearts and efforts into their work. Too many turn to drugs and alcohol. Meanwhile, untold numbers look for it in the possession of expensive cars, exotic vacation homes and other popular “toys”. Most of their efforts have a root in common: people are looking for a lasting source of happiness.Unfortunately, I believe that happiness escapes from many people because they misunderstand the journey of finding it. I have learned many people say that, “I’ll be happy when I get my new promotion,” or “I’ll be happy when I get that extra 20 pounds.” It is dangerous because it accepts that happiness is a “response” to having, being or doing something.In life, we all experience stimulus and response. Today, some people think that an expensive car is a stimulus. Happiness is a response. A great paying job is a stimulus. Happiness is a response. This belief leaves us thinking and feeling: “I’ll be happy when ...”It has been my finding that actually the opposite is true. I believe that happiness is a stimulus and response is what life brings to those who are truly happy. When we are happy, we tend to have more success in our work. When we are happy, we more naturally take better care of our bodies and enjoy good health. Happiness is not a response but a stimulus.Happiness is a conscious choice we make in daily life. For unknown reasons to me, many choose to be upset and angry most of the time. Happiness is not something that happens to us after we get something we want. On the contrary, we usually get things we want after we choose to be happy.26. According to the second paragraph, which of the following is NOT true?A. Some people are happy when they work hard.B. Some people are happy when they drink or take drugs.C. Some people are happy when they get well-paid jobs.浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第9 页共15 页D. Some people are happy when they possess their own expensive cars.27. Generally speaking, most people feel happy because ______.A. they think happiness is rooted in their deep heartsB. they get what they want to haveC. they get a long vacationD. they get a great paying job28. In the author’s opinion, which of the following.is the most important if you want to be happy?A. Losing weightB. An expensive carC. Success in workD. Feeling happy29. Which of the following is right according to the author?A. Most people today are happy.B. Most people choose to be unhappy most of the time.C. Work is a necessary part in our daily life.D. We try to get more and then we’ll be happy.30. From the viewpoint of the author, happiness is ______.A. limitedB. out of reachC. unconditionalD. based on our needsIII. Discourse Cloze. (10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: The following passage is taken from the textbook. Read the passage and fill in the numbered spaces (there are more suggested answers than necessary). Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Miller uses the techniques of the modern theatre to the full. He is not satisfied with simply employing the devices oflights and sound as an addition to the acting, 31. ______. This is a deliberate attempt to make the theatre as a whole, not merely the actors, express the messages of the play. Mechanical devices assume, then, a symbolic significance—they represent an essential meaning or idea in the play in physical terms. They express a meamng — 32. ______.Miller was writing for a middle-class audience. His plays were performed on Broadway,33. ______. Therefore they reached only a small proportion of the population Miller uses this fact (that the plays reached only a relatively small proportion of the population) to advantage in Death of a Salesman, where he examines American middle-class ideas and beliefs. He was able to place浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第10 页共15 页before his audience Willy Loman, 34. ______, ones which have been summed up by the phrase “the American Dream”. The American Dream is a combination of beliefs in the unity of the family, the healthiness of competition in society, the need for success and money, and the view that 35. ______. Some of these are connected: America seemed at one stage in history to offer alternatives to the European way of life; she seemed to be the New World, vast, having plenty of land and riches for all of its people, all of whom could share in the wealth of the nation. America was a land of opportunity. This belief is still apparent, even in twentieth-century America, with its large urban population, and Miller uses it in his plays, in order to state something significant about American society. In such a land, where all people have a great deal of opportunity, success should come fahly easily, 36. ______. To become successful in the American Dream means to believe in competition, to reach the top as quickly as possible by proving oneself better than others. Success is judged by the amount of wealth which can be acquired by an individual. 37. ______. Money and success mean stability; and stability can be seen in the family unit. The family is a guideline to success. 38. ______. These ideas should always be kept in mind when Death of a Salesman is considered.Another point to consider is Miller’s conception of what the theatre should do. He is both a psychological and a social dramatist.39. ______. Often, these people are ordinary, everyday types, but ones whose actions are made significant by the dramatist. For example, the lives of ordinary citizens going about their daily business in their homes may not obviously appear interesting, but the dramatist can indicate that their daily lives are important, that they are interesting or unusual as people and that the audience may see their own situations and psychological states reflected in the characters the dramatist has created. Death of a Salesman is a good example of this. Of course, all dramatists and novelists try to make the actions of their characters relevant to other people, and most analyze closely the minds of the characters they have created in order to establish what makes them function as individuals. Where Miller differs from many of the others is 40. ______. Most of his heroes are ordinary people: they do not seem to be different from anyone who can be met in any street; and this, it might be argued, adds force to his plays, since none of the characters are remote—we share their feelings, and understand their difficulties. Also, Miller is able to show that everyday people can rise above the ordinary when challenged.(From Miller’s Theatre and Miller’s Ideas)浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第11 页共15 页A. a man who shared many of their idealsB. America is the great land in which free opportunity for all existsC. hence the term “expressionist”is often used to describe Miller as a dramatistD. but indicates in the stage directions of his plays precisely when a particular form of lighting or piece of sound is to be usedE. so an unsuccessful man could feel bitter about his failure, excluded as he was from the success around himF. This means that Miller has often been regarded as an ally of the American LeftG the center of New York’s theatrical and cultural life, and in London’s West EndH. As a psychological dramatist he studies character, the motives and reasons behind the behavior of individuals, and presents them to his audiences so that his individual characters become convincingly aliveI. People were not as stable financially because of the depression and then the 1939-45 war, and so their way of life seemed to be challengedJ. It also provides emotional stability, and a good family shares its hopes and beliefsK. Success is extemal and visible, shown in material wealth and encouragedL. in the type of person that he has createdIV. Word Formations. (10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: Complete each of the following sentences with the proper form of the word in the brackets. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.41. (complete) In his life, each stage of his development depends on the satisfactory______ of the one before .42. (achieve) I felt a great sense of ______ when I reached the top of the mountain.43. (shock) He’s ______ at the prevalence of bribery among these officials.44. (relief) He smoked frequently to _____his nervous tension.45.(imply) The new report has far-reaching ______ for the future of Chinese education.46. (doubt) Because of a long drought, the farmers are ______ about the prospect of agood yield.47. (horrify) I was ______ at the idea of having to give a speech in front of so manypeople.浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第12 页共15 页48. (polite) ______ is the attribute of a gentleman.49. (deception) You are ______ yourself if you still believe that she will help you.50. (treat) First aid is emergency care for a victim of sudden illness or injury untilmore skillful medical ______ is available.V. Gap Filling. (10 points, 1 point for each)Directions: The following passage is taken from the textbook. Fill in the numbered gaps with the correct form of the words or phrases in the box (there are more words than necessary).In big cities, the Police Commissioner (Head of the Force) is often appointed by Mayor and therefore senior police officers tend to be too 51. ______ linked to politics. Their ambitions sometimes tempt them to turn a blind eye or to accept bribes, which lowers the morale of the ordinary cop. The structure of the many different American police forces is said to be the most varied in the whole world.The city police often come into conflict with the FBI —the Federal Bureau of Investigation. FBI men, do not wear uniforms, have the right to cross State borders if they are pursuing a 52. ______. They are responsible to the US Department of Justice, and have their 53. ______ in Washington, D. C. The head of the FBI is chief domestic intelligence adviser to the President. The FBI men are more concerned with spies and agents hostile to the USA, radicals and Mafia（黑手党）bosses 54. ______ they are with ordinary criminals, but they do keep a record of all crimes, which city and State police can consult if they 55. ______. The FBI laboratory services, among the best in the world, are also available to local law enforcement agencies.The activities of the CIA—the Central Intelligence Agency— are now well 56. ______ in every country in the world. The job of the CIA is to keep the Government informed of the activities of 57. ______ agents and the secret preparations of hostile powers. CIA agents also work in countries where it is felt that aid, or the promise of aid, will maintain sympathy 58. ______ the USA. Sometimes the CIA’s actions do just the reverse, and in many parts of the world including countries friendly to the USA, they are disliked and even 59. ______.However, the CIA is just one of the many secret services all countries use to protect themselves 60. ______ possible 浙00595# 英语阅读(一)试题第13 页共15 页。

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