英汉翻译教案 Translation Principle
英汉翻译课程教案.docx
《英汉翻译》课程教案•课程编号: •周课时: •总课时: •学分: •考试方式: •教材: •参考书: BZB032232342分考查新编英汉翻译教程孙致礼编英汉翻译教程张培基编实用翻译教程冯庆华编ContentsChapter 1 What Is Translation (1)Chapter 2 The Process of Translation (15)Chapter 3 The linguistic Approach toTranslation (25)Chapter 4 Conversion (35)Chapter 5 The importance of diction (43)Chapter 6 Translation concerning negation (48)Chapter 7 Ampliflcation (53)Chapter 8 Repetition (58)Chapter 9 Changes of sentence parts (62)Chapter 10 Translation of attributive clause (66)Chapter 11 Translation of Long Sentences (69)Chapter 12外位语结构在英译汉中的应用 (73)Chapter 13 Translation of Passive Voice (77)Chapter 14 Translation of figures of speech (83)Chapter 15 Translation of idioms (87)Chapter 1 What Is TranslationAims: To understand the basic principles of translation and translation studiesKey points: the nature of translation, definition of translationDifficulties: the nature of translation, history of translationTeaching procedures1.The nature of translation•Translation is of great importance in learning a foreign language. Many of those who learn English will be English Chinese translators in the future. There are many translation theories and techniques for you too learn .•Without knowing the theories and the techniques one will most likely take a roundabout course in translation work. That's why it is necessary for you to have a good command of both the source language and the target language, and of the theories and the techniques in translation.•What is translation?Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.or : Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.（翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出來的活动）•Eugene Nida, famous American translation theorist, defined translation as: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language messages, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.•翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体…首先是就意义而言，其次是就其风格而言.Eugene Nida^s photo •In addition to the definitions mentioned above, various definitionshave been given to translation. Now Fd like to cite some of them:•Translation is a science ••Translation is an art.•Translation is a craft.•Translation is a skill.•Translation is an operation .•Translation is a language activity .•Translation is a communication.•Among these definitions the first two are most important for they represent two schools ■一the school of science and the school of art. The former maintains that translating should reproduce the message of the original by means of the transformation of linguistic equivalence. It puts stress on the study of description of the process of translation, and the structures and the forms of the language so as to reveal the objective laws inherent in translation. The latter advocates recreating a literary work by using expressions of another language • It emphasizes on the effect of translation.1) Translation is a science•We say translation is a science, because it has its own laws and methods. Take the translation between English and Chinese for example, if we want to translate well, we must be entirely familiar with the content of the original and all the knowledge it concerns. In addition we should have a comparatively comprehensive and thorough study of English and Chinese so that we may do our work with high proficiency.•English and Chinese are two entirely different languages. Each has an individual and distinct system. On the other hand, there are lots of differences between them both in morphology and in syntax. Because of this , we have to know both languages well, especially with the wide difference in vocabulary , grammatical relations，and sentence structure .•Now we may well conclude that translation is indeed a science with its peculiar laws and methods，a science related to lexicology .grammar, rhetoric and other branches of linguistics.2) Translation is an arte Lin Yutang was once a representative. In his essay On Translation he declares that translation is an art whose success depends on one^s artistic talent and enough training.Besides these, there no set rules for translation and there is no short cut for art.•From the examples mentioned above we can see that translation is an art, a brilliant art. Like painting, enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in words, in the words of a different language< It demands a broad and profound knowledge. •In other words , a translator should have an understanding of literature and art, rhetoric and aesthetics; otherwise, he can hardly accomplish the task of reproduction of the original.•In accordance with what we have discussed in the above, now we can come to the following conclusion:•Translation depends on the artistic level and the technique of the translato匸Whoever has a good command of translation both in theory and technique can offer satisfactory translations Jt is because ,as pointed out in this lecture , translation is not only a science with its own laws and methods but also an art of reproduction and recreation.2.Aim of foreign language learning and the importance of translation(1) What is the objects of a foreign language? Learning a foreign language is not easy but it is worthwhile. It enables you to read foreign scientific and technical literature, and that might be useful. It makes you enable to read some of the worlds best writers in their own language, and this is a great pleasure. But the most important thing is that it gives you a better understanding of your own language.(2) Translation is of great value to foreign language learners. It is very important to the development of our nation • Translation keeps you informed of the international situation ; translation enhances our competitive power in the international market ; translation serves as instrument of propagating traditional culture . Translation is for inter-lingual communication, bridges the gulf between different-tongue speakers，and reproduces and spreads the message in the original language. Translation permits knowledge to be transmitted to different corners of the world and to succeeding generations.•Translation gives information, reveals feelings, and affect people's thought or behavio匚Through translation, we can draw on the advanced experience and achievement in the fieldof science and technology of foreign countries. Without translation, the worldwide civilization would not be possible.•Today, translation plays an increasingly important role in our country's economic reform and opening to the world • More and more people of financial and business circles from all parts of the world come to our country and take part in joint ventures, cooperative enterprises, sole foreign-invested enterprises, and various other economic, trade and technological cooperation. This situation results in the great need of translators, English Chinese translators in particular. Translation promotes mutual understanding between Chinese and foreigners, contributes to the speeding up of our country's modernization and thus is absolutely necessary in the development of our market economy.3.Prerequisites for a translator•(1) In order to achieve genuine competence in translation, a translator must bear in mind that translation means honest, solid knowledge, and that genuine knowledge comes from practice. As translation is work that involves at least two languages ■一the first language and the second language . Therefore, to know both language fairly well is one of the prerequisites for translation.•e.g. You are telling me • (slang: I know that very well /1 knew that long ago-) 我早矢口道了. /还用你告诉我！工你正在告诉我.e.g. Now you are talking . (informal: at last you are saying something agreeable.)你到底说了合我意的话了/你这样说才合我的意思.定现在你正在谈话.•e.g. Henry Kissinger has slept there before, in July and again in Octobe匚这之前亨利基辛格在7月和1 0月两度在这里下榻.(不译为：睡觉)•陈先生乃中国学界泰斗.•Me Chen, our respected teacher , is a renowned master in the academic circles of China. •e.g.你要有所收获，则必须在学习中不断深入.•If you want to gain anything，you must constantly deepen your studies.•(2) Besides a good knowledge of both the SL and the TL, a translator should do a lot of reading, listening, and speaking. He has to experience the many ways in which the English is spoken and written by native speakers. And to be constantly exposed to English spoken and written by native speakers is considered to be a very important part of practice .without which a Chinese learner of English can't expect to acquire competence in understanding and production as far as the English language is concerned・•(3) Furthermore, acquaintance with the subject matter covered in the book or article is also an indispensable factor in doing translation work well. For instance : If you are going to translate some technological data on remote sensing of the earth by man-made satellites, you have to learn to acquire some basic knowledge of the relevant aspect of space science and technology , otherwise , you will run the risk of making mistakes in the subject matter imperceptibly. So you should have a wide background knowledge ••E.g. The Security Counci l has been seized of the question since then.安理会自那以來就一直受理这个问题。
unit 2 翻译的原则
examples:
【例1】 Public opinion plays a vital and healthy role in the political realm. 公共舆论在政治领域起着生命力的、健康的作用。 【译文】 舆论在政治领域起着极其重要的、有益 的作用。 【例2】 Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment. 职业和工作带来很大的幸福和满足，而我们大多数 人并不意识到这一点。 【译文】 职业和工作对于获得幸福和满足起了很大 的作用，我们大多数人对此却认识不足。
What are the highest and lowest criteria for translation?
The highest standard: To make the readers of the target language have the same feeling as those of the original works. That is to say, to keep the same meaning, style and the smoothness. (最高标准: 达到基本相同的感受, 包括达意、 传神、入化， 即不仅保存原作的思想内容、风 格神韵而且自然流畅，读起来不象是译本）。 The lowest standard: To keep the same meaning and make the translated version smooth. (最低标准：译文起码应该达到的标准。忠实 原文，表达通顺，达意。)
1. What are the principles of translation?
成人教育--英汉汉英互译
Part One Introduction (1)Part Two A Comparison of Thought Patterns between Chinese and Westerners (2)Part Three A Comparison between Chinese and English Languages (4)Part Four Translation Strategies (10)Part One Introduction1. General Translation Principles“信、达、雅” “化境” “传神” “直译”Vs“意译”――impressionist.遵循译语句法和惯用法规范，采取适当的变通和补偿手段，以保证特定上下文中最重要 意义的优先传译为前提，尽可能多和正确地传递原语信息地多重意义，以争取原文和译文最 大限度地等值。
(柯平)1) 译语句法和惯用法规范 扫盲班 literacy class. 冒冷汗 #sweat cold sweat, break out in coldsweat. 我和她在公园分手了。
2) 适当地变通和补偿手段，即“翻译技巧” 。
包括：加注(annotation)、增益(contextualamplification) 、 视点转换 (shift of perspective) 、 具体化 (specification) 、 概略化 (generalization)、释义(paraphrase)、归化(adaptation)和回译(bask translation)。
3)上下文中最重要意义的优先传译:争取运动成绩与精神文明双丰收For better (athletic) records and sportsmanship (程镇球译)4) 多重意义，最大限度的等值小的扣紧，大的放松，池子里捕鱼，太湖里放生。
（夏衍：《考验》）Fussy about trifles, careless about big things. Penny wise, pound foolish. (Ying Yu 译)如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。
英汉互译课教案
英汉互译课教案
教案标题：英汉互译课教案
教学目标：
1. 学生能够掌握一定的英汉互译技巧和方法。
2. 学生能够运用所学知识进行简单的英汉互译。
3. 学生能够在实际生活中运用所学知识，提高语言应用能力。
教学重点和难点：
重点：英汉互译的基本技巧和常用表达。
难点：如何正确理解和运用英汉互译的语言规则。
教学准备：
1. 教师准备英汉互译的教学材料，包括常用词汇、短语和句子。
2. 教师准备多媒体设备，如投影仪或电脑，以展示相关图片和视频。
3. 学生准备笔记本和笔。
教学过程：
Step 1：导入
教师可以通过展示一些图片或视频，引导学生讨论相关主题，如家庭、学校、
节日等，引起学生的兴趣。
Step 2：学习词汇和短语
教师可以通过图片或视频展示相关词汇和短语，并进行英汉互译的讲解和练习，让学生掌握基本的词汇和短语。
Step 3：语法和句子结构
教师可以通过例句和练习，讲解英汉互译的语法和句子结构，让学生掌握正确
的表达方式。
Step 4：综合练习
教师可以设计一些综合练习，让学生运用所学知识进行英汉互译，加深对知识
的理解和应用能力。
Step 5：作业布置
教师可以布置相关的作业，让学生在课后进行巩固练习，提高学生的学习效果。
教学反思：
教师可以通过课后总结和学生的表现，对教学过程进行反思和总结，不断完善
教学方法和内容，提高教学质量。
英汉互译课教案共64页
66、节制使快乐增加并使享受加强。 ——德 谟克利 特 67、今天应做的事没有做，明天再早也 是耽误 了。——裴斯 泰洛齐 68、决定一个人的一生，以及整个命运 的，只 是一瞬 之间。 ——歌 德 69、懒人无法享受休息之乐。——拉布 克 70、浪费时间是一桩大罪过。——卢梭
1、不要轻言放弃，否则对不起自己。
2、要冒一次险!整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人，常是愿意 去做，并愿意去冒险的人。“稳妥”之船，从未能从岸边走远。-戴尔．卡耐基。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้梦 境
3、人生就像一杯没有加糖的咖啡，喝起来是苦涩的，回味起来却有 久久不会退去的余香。
英汉互译课教案 4、守业的最好办法就是不断的发展。 5、当爱不能完美，我宁愿选择无悔，不管来生多么美丽，我不愿失 去今生对你的记忆，我不求天长地久的美景，我只要生生世世的轮 回里有你。
《 英汉互译(一)》第1课教案
广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案编号: 15-1 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班《英汉互译（一）》第一讲翻译简论与主要翻译方法（A Brief Discussion of Translation and Major Translation Approaches）1. IntroductionTranslation studies started along with translation practice. Translation theories developed flourishingly in the 20th century, especially in the second half of the last century.In fact, translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-discipline and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge, the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise. Meanwhile, quite a number of translation approaches and strategies have become universally acceptable and widely applicable. They are, of course, the fruits of many translation theorists and translation practitioners at home and abroad.2.The Origin of TranslationLanguage makes it possible for people to communicate with one another freely so as to complete important tasks in human life. Translation makes it possible for people from different languages to communicate with one another so as to complete important tasks in their life.Theodore Savory points out, “Translation is almost as old as original authorship and has a history as honorable and as complex as that of any other branch of literature”(申雨平, 2002:4).In Zhou Dynasty there were different forms of address for translators in different places. “Translators are called Ji in the east, Xiang in the south, Didi in the west, andYi in the north(东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译)”（陈福康, 2000:3）.3. Function of TranslationIt has helped people to better communicate with one another, and in the mean time it has facilitated the development of culture and civilization of all nations, such as the Sutra translation （佛经翻译）in China and the Bible translation in Western countries.Actually, translation, as a means to bridge different cultures, has been playing a very important role in promoting global economic and cultural development, and China in particular benefits a great deal from translation, which is obvious to all.4. Nature of translationOne school of theorists maintain that any interpretation is translation. Translation thus defined includes intra-lingual rewording（语言内的重新措辞）, inter-lingual （语言之间的翻译或语际翻译）translation and inter-semiotic transmutation（符号转换）.But most scholars who are interested in translation maintain that translation is a communicative activity which entails a most adequate or identical reproduction in a target language of a written message or text in a source language.5. Definition of translation in our textbook as follows: Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. In terms of its nature or character, translation is both an art and a science as well, since it calls for a good command of at least two languages, a flexible application of their rules, and some knowledge of at least two cultures, as well as a good grasp of the necessary translation theories.6. Other scholars’ viewpoints about the translation1). The traditional viewpoint about the nature of translation is that translation is an art only. This viewpoint is still maintained by Xu Yuanchong（许渊冲）, a well-known professor at Beijing University, and a few other scholars.2). Professor Liu Zhongde vigorously advocates that translation is a science as well as an art mainly because of the following reasons:Firstly, like any other art and science, translation requires a good grasp and a flexible use of the necessary specialized knowledge and skills.Secondly, like any other art and science, translation calls for independent, honest and creative effort.Thirdly, just like any other art and science, translation demands that the translator be very careful about and highly responsible for his or her work.7. Principle for translationThe 13 statements on page 81). A translation must reproduce the words of the SLT(Source Language Text).2). A translation must reproduce the ideas (meaning) of the SLT.3). A translation should read like an original work.4). A translation should read like a translation.5). A translation should reflect the style of the original.6). A translation should possess the style of the translator.7). A translation should retain the historical stylistic dimension of the SLT.8). A translation should read as a contemporary piece of literature.9). A translation may add to or omit from the original.10). A translation may never add to or omit from the original.11). A translation should let the readers of the SLT and the target language text (TLT) have essentially the same response.12). A translation should convey what the SLT author intends to convey.13). A translation should satisfy the need of the client.Evidently, though each of the above statements is right in a certain sense, yet it is not adequate or comprehensive enough to serve as a translation principle. Some of the principles proposed by various translation theorists can find their expression in the statements given above. Interlinear translation is an illustration of the first statement. Yan Fu’s three-character principle can be a combination of statements 2, 3 and 6. Nida’s functional equivalence is best express ed in statement 11.8. Yan Fu’s Considerations for translation?Strictly speaking, a translation theory in its true sense in China originated from Yan Fu(严复). He proposed the famous triple principle for translation, namely, faithfulness(信), expressiveness(达) and elegance(雅).1). His faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text, ie, the version should keep the content or ideas of the original.2). His expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. In other words, his expressiveness requires that the version should be fluid, smooth, and easy to read and understand.3). His elegance demands that the translated text should be exquisite and that its style ought to be very graceful.9. Professor Liu Zhongde argues against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original styleHe argued eloquently against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original style. We all know that not all works are characterized by the elegant style. Different writers display different styles. For instance, Lenin wrote in a bold style, and Hemingway wrote in a simple, symbolic style. Even the same writer shows different styles on different occasions for different purposes. Naturally, different works demonstrate different styles. Thus, it is impossible & absolutely wrong to achieve the effect of elegance in the translated text if the style of the original is not elegant.10. The compiler of the textbook in favor of “closeness”1). We are in favor of Professor Liu’s triple translation principle. He changed Yan Fu’s “elegance” into “closeness”, which represents his contribution to the translation theory. His “closeness” is central in meaning. It is suitable for translation of all types of texts with different styles.2). If the original text is characterized by the elegant style, the translator should do his utmost to render it into a graceful text in the target language whose style is close to the original elegant style.If the original style is highly technical with a wealth of technical terms, thetranslator ought to employ plenty of corresponding technical terms in the target language and make the translated style as close to the original technical style as possible.3). If the original style is colloquial with a lot of informal words and colloquial sentences, the translator should translate it into a text with an informal style as close as possible to the original one by using many colloquial words and informal sentences.If the original style is ornate, the translator should follow suit and make effort to render the translated style as close to the original as possible.If the original text contains some vulgar words and sentences, the translator is not entitled to replace them with elegant words or sentences, and he should reproduce the original by using some corresponding vulgar words and sentences in the receptor language. Translators are duty-bound to do so, for the simple reason that they are translators.4). As we know, Yan Fu’s triple translation principle is highly concise and well rhymed and quite easy to learn by heart, which is one of the reasons why it is still very popular in China today.Professor Liu’s triple principle is similar to Yan Fu’s in that it is equally concise and easy to remember.Though Professor Liu’s triple principle is n ot rhymed, yet it is very forceful and impressive, for the Chinese character “切” is uttered in the falling tone, carrying the implication that faithfully conveying the original style or rendering the translated style as close to the original as possible is absolutely necessary and worth the translator’s great effort.11. Nida’s principle for translationEugene A. Nida and Taber stated emphatically (1969:12): “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.His dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle, according to which the translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the target language text wording will produce the same impact on the target text audience as the original wording does upon the source text audience. Later on, Nida changed “dynamic equivalence” into “functional equivalence”, because it seemed much more satisfactory to use the expression “functional equivalence” in describing the degree of adequacy of a translation.12. The literal translation approachProfessor Liu Zhongde (1994: 172) defines literal translation as follows: “In the process of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible.”ExamplesHe is said to be a rough diamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。
英汉翻译实用教程教案
英汉翻译实用教程教案第一章：翻译概念与原则1.1 翻译的定义解释翻译的概念和本质强调翻译的目标：传递信息、保持原文意义和风格1.2 翻译原则准确原则：确保翻译内容的准确性忠实原则：保持原文的精神和风格通俗易懂原则：确保译文适合目标读者对等原则：尽量找到等效的表达方式1.3 翻译标准解释中国的翻译标准：信、达、雅探讨翻译标准的实际应用和灵活性第二章：翻译技巧与策略2.1 直译与意译解释直译和意译的概念及适用场合强调直译和意译的平衡使用2.2 词义转换与词性变化介绍词义转换的技巧：根据上下文确定词义讲解词性变化的方法：名词转译为动词、形容词转译为副词等2.3 长句翻译分析长句的结构和特点讲解长句翻译的策略：断句、合句、调整语序等第三章：英汉语言对比与翻译3.1 英汉语言特点对比分析英语和汉语的语音、语法、词汇等方面的差异强调了解和掌握这些差异对翻译的重要性3.2 文化差异与翻译介绍英汉文化差异对翻译的影响讲解翻译中文化适应和文化保留的方法3.3 翻译中的常见问题和解决方法分析英汉翻译中常见的困难和问题提供解决这些问题的方法和技巧第四章：不同文体翻译技巧4.1 文学翻译技巧讲解诗歌、小说、戏剧等文学作品的翻译方法强调文学翻译中的艺术性和创造性4.2 商务翻译技巧介绍商务合同、广告、报告等文体的翻译要点强调商务翻译的准确性和专业性4.3 科技翻译技巧讲解科技文章、专利文件等文体的翻译方法强调科技翻译的准确性和专业性第五章：翻译工具与资源5.1 翻译软件与工具介绍常用的翻译软件和在线翻译工具强调翻译软件的辅助作用，不能完全依赖5.2 参考资料与资源介绍翻译中常用的参考资料：词典、手册、专业书籍等强调广泛阅读和积累知识的重要性5.3 翻译团队与协作强调团队合作在翻译项目中的重要性介绍有效的翻译协作方法和工具第六章：口译技巧与实践6.1 口译类型与特点解释同声传译、交替传译等口译类型的区别强调口译中的即时性和准确性6.2 口译技巧讲解听力理解、短期记忆、语言表达等口译技巧强调练习和提高口译能力的重要性6.3 口译实践提供口译练习场景和实例鼓励学生进行模拟练习，提高口译实战能力第七章：本地化与国际化翻译7.1 本地化概念与流程解释本地化的概念和目的讲解本地化的流程：市场调研、翻译、适应性修改等7.2 国际化翻译介绍国际化翻译的原则和方法强调在翻译中考虑不同文化和市场的适应性7.3 翻译案例分析提供实际的翻译案例分析案例中的本地化和国际化翻译策略第八章：翻译评估与反馈8.1 翻译质量评估标准介绍翻译质量评估的主要标准：准确性、流畅性、忠实度等强调评估过程中的客观性和公正性8.2 翻译错误分析分析常见的翻译错误类型：语义错误、语法错误、文化错误等提供避免和纠正这些错误的方法8.3 翻译反馈与改进强调反馈在翻译过程中的重要性讲解如何有效地接收和利用反馈，提高翻译水平第九章：翻译职业规划与发展9.1 翻译职业概述介绍翻译行业的现状和发展趋势强调翻译职业的挑战和机遇9.2 翻译职业规划指导学生进行翻译职业规划提供提升翻译能力和职业发展的建议9.3 翻译伦理与职业素养介绍翻译职业的伦理规范和职业素养强调翻译工作中的责任感和专业精神第十章：翻译案例研究与分析10.1 经典翻译案例研究分析经典的翻译案例：文学作品、历史文献、名人演讲等讲解案例中的翻译策略和技巧10.2 现代翻译案例分析分析现代社会中的翻译案例：广告、电影、网络内容等强调翻译在现代社会中的重要作用和影响力10.3 学生翻译作品点评提供学生的翻译作品点评作品中的优点和不足，提出改进建议重点解析本文教案主要围绕英汉翻译实用教程展开，涵盖了翻译概念、原则、技巧、策略、英汉语言对比、翻译工具与资源、口译技巧与实践、本地化与国际化翻译、翻译评估与反馈、翻译职业规划与发展以及翻译案例研究与分析等十个章节。
Trans principles 翻译原则
Lecture ThreeTranslation Principles, Approaches,and Qualifications for a Translator1．翻译标准和原则任何翻译实践总要遵循一定的标准或原则,衡量一篇译文的好坏同样也离不开一定的标准,因此翻译标准的确立对于指导翻译实践有着重要的意义。
然而由于主客观因素的作用,人们看待翻译的角度不同,采用的翻译标准也就各异。
1．1 严复的“信、达、雅”关于“信”,严复认为:译文应该抓住全文要旨,对于词句可以有所颠倒增删,只要不失原意,不必斤斤计较词句的对应和顺序。
关于“达”,严复认为:达非常重要。
只信而不达,译了等于没译；只有做到达,才能做到信。
要做到达,译者必须首先认真通读全文,做到融会贯通,然后进行翻译。
为了表达原意,可以在词句方面作必要的调整改动。
关于“雅” ,严复认为:译文要雅,否则没有人看。
“雅”是指“古雅” ,要采用汉代以前使用的古文。
对于严复的信达雅,不少人对于“雅”有一些不同的看法:不能脱离原文,片面求雅；如果原文不雅,译文怎么能雅？况且,严复主张的是古雅,即用古文进行翻译,这是不可取的。
至于“信”和“达” ,多年来用作评价翻译的尺度,在我国翻译界一直是没有异议的。
严复在《天演论·译例言》里首次提出了“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。
“信”指的是“忠实” ,“达”指的是“流畅” ,“雅”指的是“尔雅”。
所谓“尔雅”, 用严复自己的话来说就是“用汉以前字法、句法”。
一百年来,严复提出的“信、达、雅”在中国翻译界起了很大的作用。
人们对“信”和“达”没有什么争论, 唯有“雅”字例外。
再“用汉以前字法、句法”进行翻译是不行了。
因此人们对“雅”字作过各种解释,发过各种议论。
纵观各家之言,我认为周照良教授的解释是比较可取的。
周照良教授在“翻译三论”一文中说:“我认为应当作为‘得体'来理解。
得体不仅仅指文笔,而是指文笔基本上必须根据内容来定；文笔必须具有与其内容相适应的风格。
英汉翻译教案范文
英汉翻译教案范文教案：英汉翻译教学目标：1.学生能够准确理解英汉翻译的基本原理和方法。
2.学生能够使用正确的翻译技巧将英文翻译成中文。
3.学生能够运用所学知识，独立完成一篇简单的英汉翻译。
教学重点：1.英汉翻译的基本原理和方法。
2.翻译技巧的运用。
教学难点：1.如何有效运用翻译技巧。
2.如何把握好英汉翻译的语言风格。
教学过程：一、导入（10分钟）1.教师与学生互动，询问学生对英汉翻译的理解。
2.呈现一段英文短文，让学生尝试翻译成中文。
3.学生尝试用翻译软件进行翻译，比较不同翻译结果的准确性和流畅度。
二、基本原理介绍（20分钟）1.教师介绍英汉翻译的基本原理，如准确传递信息、保持语言风格等。
2.教师详细解释基本原理，比如意译和直译的区别、上下文的重要性等。
3.学生通过教师提供的例子，理解原理的应用。
三、翻译技巧讲解（30分钟）1.教师介绍几种翻译技巧，如同义替换、增添补充信息等。
2.教师详细解释各种翻译技巧的使用方法和注意事项。
3.学生通过练习题，运用所学翻译技巧进行翻译。
四、实际操作（30分钟）1.学生分组，每组选择一段英文短文进行翻译。
2.学生在小组内协作，运用所学翻译技巧完成翻译任务。
3.学生将翻译结果展示给全班，并互相评价。
五、总结与反思（10分钟）1.教师总结本节课所学的内容，强化学生对英汉翻译的理解。
2.学生反思自己在翻译过程中遇到的问题和不足。
3.教师给予学生反馈和建议，鼓励学生继续努力提高翻译水平。
教学资源：1.英文短文2.翻译软件3.练习题教学评估：1.学生在小组协作中的表现。
2.学生翻译的准确性和流畅度。
3.学生对翻译技巧的理解和运用。
教学延伸：1.学生可以进一步学习翻译的高级技巧和技巧，如词汇选择、语法转换等。
2.学生可以自主扩展翻译技能，进行更复杂的翻译任务。
教学反思：1.教学目标和重点难点的设置是否合理。
2.教学过程是否能够激发学生的学习兴趣和主动性。
3.教学资源的充分利用和教学评估的准确性。
初中中英互译教案
初中中英互译教案一、教学目标：1. 让学生掌握基本的英语翻译技巧，能够进行简单的中文与英语之间的互译。
2. 提高学生对中文和英语词汇、语法和表达方式的理解。
3. 培养学生的跨文化交际意识，提高学生的语言运用能力。
二、教学内容：1. 中文-英语互译：问候、介绍、道别、询问时间、询问地点等日常用语。
2. 英语-中文互译：同样的内容。
三、教学重点与难点：1. 重点：让学生掌握基本的翻译技巧，能够进行简单的中文与英语之间的互译。
2. 难点：让学生能够正确理解和运用中文和英语的词汇、语法和表达方式。
四、教学方法：1. 任务驱动法：通过设定具体的翻译任务，让学生在实践中学习和掌握翻译技巧。
2. 对比分析法：通过对比中文和英语的词汇、语法和表达方式，帮助学生更好地理解和运用两种语言。
3. 情境教学法：通过模拟真实的交流场景，让学生在实际语境中学习和应用翻译技巧。
五、教学步骤：1. 导入：教师用中文介绍自己和学生，然后用英语重复一遍，引导学生注意中文和英语之间的对应关系。
2. 讲解：教师讲解基本的翻译技巧，如直译、意译、对译等，并给出具体的例子。
3. 实践：教师给出具体的翻译任务，如翻译一段中文对话或文章，学生分组进行翻译，教师巡回指导。
4. 展示：每组学生展示自己的翻译成果，教师进行点评和讲解。
5. 总结：教师总结本次课的重点和难点，鼓励学生继续练习和提高。
六、课后作业：1. 翻译一篇中文文章或对话。
2. 总结自己在翻译过程中遇到的问题和解决方法。
3. 预习下一节课的内容。
七、教学评价：1. 课堂参与度：观察学生在课堂上的积极参与情况和表现。
2. 翻译成果：评估学生在翻译任务中的表现和成果。
3. 课后作业：检查学生的课后作业完成情况和质量。
通过本节课的教学，希望学生能够掌握基本的翻译技巧，提高中文和英语的互译能力，为今后的学习和生活打下坚实的基础。
《英汉互译》教案与讲义
《英汉互译》教案与讲义教案章节一：英汉互译概述教学目标：1. 了解英汉互译的基本概念和原则。
2. 掌握英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
3. 能够进行简单的英汉互译实践。
教学内容：1. 英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 英汉互译的实践案例分析。
教学活动：1. 引入英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 讲解英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 介绍英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 提供实践案例，让学生进行翻译练习。
教学评价：1. 学生能够回答英汉互译的概念和定义。
2. 学生能够理解英汉互译的原则和标准。
3. 学生能够掌握英汉互译的基本技巧和方法。
4. 学生能够进行简单的英汉互译实践。
教案章节二：词汇与翻译1. 了解词汇在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 掌握英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 能够准确翻译词汇和短语。
教学内容：1. 词汇在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 常见词汇和短语的翻译实例。
教学活动：1. 引入词汇在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 讲解英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 提供常见词汇和短语的翻译实例。
4. 让学生进行词汇翻译练习。
教学评价：1. 学生能够理解词汇在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 学生能够掌握英汉词汇的差异和转换方法。
3. 学生能够准确翻译常见词汇和短语。
教案章节三：语法与翻译教学目标：1. 了解语法在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 掌握英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 能够正确翻译句子和段落。
1. 语法在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 常见语法错误的分析和纠正。
教学活动：1. 引入语法在英汉互译中的作用和重要性。
2. 讲解英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
3. 提供常见语法错误的分析和纠正。
4. 让学生进行句子和段落的翻译练习。
教学评价：1. 学生能够理解语法在英汉互译中的重要性。
2. 学生能够掌握英汉语法的差异和转换方法。
大学英汉翻译教案
大学英汉翻译
大学英汉翻译教案
一、教学目标：
1.了解英汉翻译的基本原则和步骤
2.了解英汉翻译的常见错误和解决方法
3.训练学生英汉翻译的实际操作能力
二、教学内容：
1.英汉翻译的基本原则和步骤
2.英汉翻译的常见错误和解决方法
3.英汉翻译实例练习
三、教学方法：
1.理论讲解法
2.实例分析法
3.讨论引导法
四、教学步骤：
Step1. 导入
老师通过PPT以及相关视频、图片等多媒体资料普及英汉翻译知识，并要求学生对基
本原则和步骤做初步理解。
Step2. 分析案例
老师选取学生们熟悉的实例，结合PPT和多媒体以英汉对照的形式呈现，让学生们自
己思考一下如何翻译，然后展开讨论。
Step3. 解决问题
在学生们准备好自己的翻译版本之后，老师根据学生们的答案，分析其中存在的问题，并且指出学生翻译中出现的各种错误。
Step4. 练习与巩固
老师在教学结束前要求学生自主翻译一些常见的英文句子或文章，并对他们的翻译进
行综合评价。
五、教学评估：
学生在课堂上积极参与课堂讨论，能够熟练掌握英汉翻译的基本原则和步骤，并能够
熟练运用英汉翻译相关技巧进行实践操作。
六、教学建议：
1.鼓励学生多多互动，可以让他们带着自己翻译的版本来参加讨论，发现更多的问题。
2.可以采用多种形式的教学资料，比如可以让学生去网上找翻译资料，或者从英文原
版图书的角度去分析。
3.在课堂上，老师要对文章的结构和语言进行深入的解析，以帮助学生更好的理解翻
译内容，同时也需要加强对常见错误的纠正和解决，帮助学生更好的提高英汉翻译水平。
《英汉互译》教案与讲义
《英汉互译》教案与讲义一、教学目标：1. 让学生掌握英汉互译的基本原则和方法。
2. 提高学生对英汉两种语言的差异性的认识，增强跨文化交际能力。
3. 通过实践练习，提高学生的英汉互译技巧，使其能够准确、流畅地进行英汉互译。
二、教学内容：1. 英汉互译的基本原则：忠实于原文、保持语义完整、符合目标语言的表达习惯。
2. 英汉两种语言的差异性：词汇、语法、表达习惯、文化背景等。
3. 英汉互译的方法：直译、意译、借译、创译等。
4. 英汉互译的技巧：词汇转换、语法调整、表达方式的改变、文化背景的适应等。
三、教学方法：1. 讲授法：讲解英汉互译的基本原则、方法和技巧。
2. 案例分析法：分析具体英汉互译案例，讲解其翻译过程和思路。
3. 实践练习法：学生进行英汉互译练习，教师进行指导和点评。
四、教学准备：1. 教学PPT：包含英汉互译的基本原则、方法和技巧等内容。
2. 英汉互译案例：用于分析和实践练习。
3. 学生练习材料：提供相关文章、段落等，供学生进行英汉互译练习。
五、教学步骤：1. 导入：简要介绍英汉互译的重要性和必要性。
2. 讲解：讲解英汉互译的基本原则、方法和技巧。
3. 案例分析：分析具体英汉互译案例，讲解其翻译过程和思路。
4. 实践练习：学生进行英汉互译练习，教师进行指导和点评。
六、教学评估：1. 课堂参与度：观察学生在课堂上的发言和讨论情况，评估其对英汉互译知识的理解和应用能力。
2. 练习完成情况：评估学生在实践练习中的翻译质量，包括准确性、流畅性和地道性等方面。
3. 课后作业：布置相关英汉互译作业，评估学生的翻译能力和对知识的掌握程度。
七、教学拓展：1. 推荐阅读材料：提供相关的英汉互译书籍、文章等，供学生进一步学习和深入了解。
2. 实践项目：鼓励学生参与实际的英汉互译项目，提高其实际操作能力和经验。
3. 交流与讨论：组织学生进行英汉互译经验的交流和讨论，促进相互学习和共同进步。
八、教学资源：1. 教材：选择适合的英汉互译教材，提供系统的学习内容和案例分析。
大学英语教学中的英汉翻译方案
大学英语教学中的英汉翻译方案一、方案目标我们的目标是通过一系列有趣、实用的教学方法，让学生在大学英语学习中，能够熟练掌握英汉翻译的基本技巧，提高他们的语言应用能力。
二、教学内容1.翻译理论：要让学生了解翻译的基本概念、原则和方法，包括直译、意译、归化、异化等。
2.翻译实践：选取一些具有代表性的文章或段落，让学生进行实际操作，锻炼他们的翻译能力。
3.翻译技巧：教授一些实用的翻译技巧，如词汇转换、句子结构调整、语态转换等。
4.翻译欣赏：分析一些优秀的翻译作品，让学生感受翻译的魅力，激发他们的学习兴趣。
三、教学方法1.情境模拟：通过设置实际场景，让学生在模拟的语境中进行翻译练习，提高他们的实际应用能力。
2.小组讨论：将学生分成若干小组，针对某一篇文章或段落进行翻译讨论，取长补短，共同进步。
3.翻译竞赛：定期举办翻译竞赛，激发学生的学习热情，检验他们的翻译水平。
4.翻译欣赏课：组织学生观看一些翻译作品，如电影、电视剧、文学作品等，分析其中的翻译技巧和魅力。
四、教学步骤1.引入：通过讲述一些有趣的翻译故事，引起学生的兴趣。
2.理论讲解：系统介绍翻译的基本概念、原则和方法。
3.实践操作：选取文章或段落，让学生进行翻译练习。
4.技巧传授：针对学生在翻译过程中遇到的问题，教授一些实用的翻译技巧。
5.翻译欣赏：分析优秀翻译作品，让学生感受翻译的魅力。
五、教学评价1.平时成绩：根据学生的课堂表现、作业完成情况等进行评价。
2.翻译作品：评估学生的翻译作品质量，给予相应的分数。
3.翻译竞赛：根据学生在竞赛中的表现，给予相应的奖励和荣誉。
六、教学拓展1.邀请专业翻译人士进行讲座，让学生了解翻译行业的现状和发展趋势。
2.组织学生参观翻译公司，了解翻译工作的实际操作流程。
3.开展线上翻译交流，让学生与国内外翻译爱好者互动，拓宽视野。
4.创办翻译社团，为学生提供一个交流和成长的平台。
注意事项一：学生翻译兴趣的培养翻译学习初期，有些学生可能会觉得翻译枯燥无味，难以激发兴趣。
翻译教学课程设计
翻译教学课程设计一、课程目标知识目标：1. 学生能够理解并掌握基本的翻译技巧，如直译、意译、同义词替换等。
2. 学生能够识别并运用不同的翻译策略，如词性转换、句型调整、文化适应等。
3. 学生能够掌握一定数量的专业术语和常用表达，并能正确运用到实际翻译中。
技能目标：1. 学生能够独立完成中英文句子和短文的翻译任务，保持原文意义准确、通顺。
2. 学生能够运用翻译工具和资源，提高翻译效率和质量。
3. 学生能够通过小组合作和讨论，解决翻译过程中的难题，提高解决问题的能力。
情感态度价值观目标：1. 学生培养对翻译的兴趣和热情，认识到翻译在跨文化交流中的重要性。
2. 学生树立正确的翻译观念，尊重原文和目标语言的文化差异，避免翻译中的偏见和误解。
3. 学生通过翻译实践，增强自信心，提高合作意识和团队精神。
课程性质：本课程为实用翻译教学，注重理论与实践相结合，旨在提高学生的翻译能力和跨文化交际能力。
学生特点：学生为高中年级，已具备一定的英语基础，对翻译感兴趣，但翻译技巧和策略掌握不足。
教学要求：教师应结合课本内容，设计丰富的翻译练习和实践任务，关注学生个体差异，提供有针对性的指导。
同时，注重培养学生的自主学习能力和团队合作精神，确保课程目标的实现。
通过课程学习，使学生能够达到上述具体的学习成果。
二、教学内容本课程依据课程目标，结合教材内容，制定以下教学大纲：1. 翻译基本技巧：- 直译与意译的区别与应用- 词性转换与句型调整- 同义词替换与反义词运用2. 翻译策略：- 文化适应与背景知识导入- 语境分析与意义传达- 修辞手法与风格再现3. 专业术语与表达：- 常用中英文专业术语的学习与运用- 不同领域的翻译特点及应对方法- 常用表达方式的积累与实践4. 实践训练：- 句子翻译练习：选取教材中的例句，进行翻译练习，巩固基本技巧与策略- 短文翻译练习：选取教材中的短文，模拟实际场景，进行翻译实践- 小组讨论与互评：分组进行翻译练习，相互交流、解决问题，提高翻译能力教学内容安排与进度：- 第一周：翻译基本技巧学习与练习- 第二周：翻译策略学习与练习- 第三周：专业术语与表达学习- 第四周：实践训练及小组讨论教学内容与教材章节关联：- 教材第一章：翻译基本技巧- 教材第二章：翻译策略- 教材第三章：专业术语与表达- 教材第四章：实践训练三、教学方法为了提高教学效果，激发学生的学习兴趣和主动性，本课程将采用以下多样化的教学方法：1. 讲授法：教师通过生动的语言和实例，讲解翻译基本技巧、策略及相关理论知识，帮助学生建立系统的翻译知识体系。
unit1principlesoftranslation翻译原则[教学]
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A TestAll's Well That Ends WellIt was fine and warm one afternoon, and Will decided to go for a bicycle ride in the country. He was enjoy the sunshine and the peaceful roads, and when he came to a steep hill he let his bicycle run down it much too fast. But there was a sharp bend at the bottom of the hill. When he was nearly there, a dog rushed out of a farmyard, barking and jumping up at him.Will put his brakes on. He managed not to hit the dog, but he was going too fast to ger round the bend safely. The bicycle ran across the road and hit the bank at the other side. Fortunately, no vehicle was passing, so there was no danger of a collision. As Will was picking himself up, the farmer came out. When he saw that there was no damage, he brought Will back to the farmhouse and gave him a glass of fresh milk.Will was soon to go on with his ride. "All's well that ends well," he said to the farmer when they wished each other goodbye.My Version:结果好便一切都好在一个晴朗而温暖的午后，威尔决定在乡下骑车转转。
实用英汉翻译教案(第一)
1. 翻译的定义1) To render in another language. --American Heritage Dictionary转换成另一种语言。
--《韦氏大词典》2) “Translation is the expression in one language (or target language 译入语) of what has been expressed in another language (source language 原语), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences.”–Dubois3) “把一种语言的文字用另一种语言表达出来”--《辞海》、《现代汉语词典》翻译是许多语言活动中的一种，它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。
这一活动分为口头和书面两种形式，有时在不同的语言之间进行，有时在同一国家的不同民族和地区之间进行，这种实践活动更多的应用于前者。
2. 翻译的目的翻译作为一门课程，其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基础上，结合不断的翻译实践，学习翻译的各种技巧，提高翻译水平。
翻译是较高层次的一门课程，其主要对象为英汉两种语言都达到了相当水平的学生和自学者。
因此通过翻译，对已掌握的听说读写的能力可以进行一次全方位的检验，找出漏洞，弥补不足，并使这些能力在应用中得到巩固和提高。
学习英语的主要目的是搞翻译，而翻译又可以反过来进一步促进学习。
3. 翻译的历史1）Translation in BibleOn the history of translation there is a central paradigm in the western countries. That is the history of translation in the Bible, the most translated book in the world.Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there…Then they said, “Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest (otherwise) we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.”And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. And the Lord said, “Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is only the beginning of what they will do; and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.”So the lord scattered them abroad from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth; and from there the Lord scattered them abroad over the face of the earth.上帝造人之后，赐福于人，人们安居乐业。
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• 4.How to make your translation have the same feeling of the original content? • We should pay attention to the following: • 1. The content of the original: (思想内容) • To convey the content and ideas of the original work completely. Try to avoid wrong translation and missing translation. Besides try to be careful with the tones and the distribution of the emphasis of the original work. • 2. The expression in the target language: (表现手法) • Try to use different methods to express the original meaning according to the content, such as figure of speech, simile, metaphor, etc. to keep the original style.
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2. The principle the author put forward: (Read the book on P37) • Translation is a bridge in communicating in different languages. Its task is to put the content and the style in the source language into the target language and keep the original meanings so that the readers can get the same feelings of the content as the natives. If their understanding and feeling are the same (the original readers and the target language readers), the translation is good. • (从翻译效果, 也就是以译文读者得到的感受 如何, 来衡量一篇译文的好坏, 这就是翻译标准。)
水浒传：Heroes of the Marshes(沼 泽地)/Water Margin, a Chinese novel of the early Ming Dynasty by Shi Nai’an 红楼梦：A Dream of Red Mansion/Shitouji/the Story of the Stone, novel published in the early Qing Dynasty about 1790 by Cao Xueqin/Red Chamber She is as beautiful as Helen. :她 是绝代佳人。（Helen是古西腊女 神， 是最美的人）
1. Yan Fu’s principle: The so-call principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator, who should follow them while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s “three-character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy, namely the principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance”.
• • 5. Keep the implied meaning and make your translation
readable: (传神达意) • Try to fully understand the writer’s purpose of writing the article and get the main idea of it. While translating, do it from the view of the passage or paragraph, not only from the view of some individual words or phrases.
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3. The teacher’s opinion: In my opinion, two criteria are very important: the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.
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2) 原作的对象与译作的对象不同。 • 作者写作时考虑的是原文的读者的实际情况，写作 时着眼点不同。翻译后是以译语的读者为对象。译语读 者和原语读者在社会背景、文化水平、知识领域以及国 情等方面不同。因此， 即使翻译得十全十美， 译文读 者对某些地方理解起来也难免会遇到一些困难。有时要 采取“译者注”的办法进行补救。例如： • 史记：Shiji/Historical Records by Simaqian • 离骚：Li Sao, a long poem of patriotism
• • • 4) 礼俗文化的语境干涉 英、汉语有着各自不同的文化，在表达上 各有不同。如汉语中的自谦语、尊称语问候语、 道歉语和感谢语等体现了汉民族的谦虚仁让。然 而， 在该文化信息转换成目标语时， 信息编码 存在很大阻力。译者虽能译出所指， 却难保语 体色彩和感情色彩，“形似而神不似”， 语境 得不到体现。因此给人“有骨无肉”的遗憾，造 成文化失真。如下面的翻译
Translation Principle
Teaching Plan
• Teaching Contents:
• Principles of translation • Factors of translation • Process of translation
• Teaching Aims: To teach students the theory of translation. • Teaching Focus: The principles of the translation • Teaching Methods: Discussion (group work, then class work). • Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided. • Teaching Procedures:
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6.What are the reasons that the translation can’t keep the same feeling as that of the origial material? Because of many differences between the two languages and the culture, etc., readers of the translated works can not have the same feeling as those of the orignal ones. These are reflected from many aspects, such as: 1) 两种语言表达方式不同 由于两中语言的表达方式不同如直译， 很难符合 译语的习惯，容易造成含混费解，或意思走样。在翻 译时应与原文的意思为依据，按译语的习惯重新表达， 在用词、句法结构以及比喻修辞等方面作相应的调整 和改变。
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3) 原语作者与译语作者的理解和表达水平 的差异。 • 要达到使译文读者的感受与原文读者完全 相同，从理论上讲， 应要求译者（1）对原文的 理解水平不低于原文读者的一般水平；（2）对 译语的表达能力不低于原文作者的表达能力。这 一点是达不到的。因为译者对外语（译语）的理 解水平不可能等同与原语的读者，他的表达能力 也不可能等同与原语作者的表达水平。
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• 3. The style of the original: (文体风格)
• …and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth 书面语：并且使 这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。（不易懂） • 口语： 要使这个归人民所有，由人民管理，为人民办 事的政府永世长存。（口语化， 琅琅上口。） • 4. The selection of vocabulary and expression in the target language: (语言文字) • Try to avoid words or expressions difficult to understand and those which sound like the source language or not idiomatic in the target language.