英语写作第六章

2. avoid using only long, complex sentences. If you do, the reader easily get bored, overwhelmed or even lost. The following is an example of stringy sentence: The process of writing includes the pre-writing stage, when the writer either brainstorms ideas, free-writes them, or lists them in key-note form, the outlining stage, which involves reorganizing the ideas brainstormed earlier into a detailed plan or outline, the drafting stage, when the writer comes up with the first draft of the text, and the polishing, or revising stage, when editing and redrafting take place, editing first for content and text organization and only at the final stage editing for language range and accuracy.

6.1.2 types of fallacies Fallacies are usually classified into two major groups: 1) fallacies of relevance. Their premises are irrelevant to the conclusion, for example: (a)There is no real proof that the Snowman has ever existed; therefore, he never has. (b)My son spends too much time playing computer games. Children should not be allowed to use computers. (c)“This can’t be true, Bob.” “Why?” “Because it simply cannot be true!”


Passage 2

Passage 3
6.2 syntax issues Now you will find advice on six most common problems of English syntax that a writer needs to be aware of and needs to attend to. 1. use a variety of sentence types: include a mix of simple and complex sentences. This makes their writing choppy, for example: Sue likes shopping. She went shopping yesterday. She bought a dress. She bought a hat. She bought gloves. Her gloves are black. They are leather. Her dress is beautiful, I have seen her dress. I like it.

Activity 1 Identify the fallacies in the following sentences and explain how each specific sentence involves that fallacy or fallacies. 1. he went to Peking University, so he must be a good engineer. 2. smoking is harmful to health. No smoker should be allowed into the central parts of Peking. 3. she is great teacher because she is so beautiful. 4. because these young people are love their country, they should be allowed to enter university. 5. the lecture was on the subject of climate change, so everyone must have found it extremely useful.

3. use only complete sentences in formal styles of writing---sentence fragments are not acceptable. For example: I won’t be able to see this student for a long time. Because he has gone back to his country.

Example 3 She is a great actress because her acting is very impressive. Example 4 Dangerous sharks should be extinguished. Example 5 We can either stop eating meat or kill all animals on earth. Example 6 Nuclear power stations are potentially dangerous, but what are their staff going to do to make a living?




Activity
Identify sentence fragments in the following sentences and try to revise them. 1. the audience is hardly ever carried away by this professor’s lectures. Although they are always extremely informative. 2. apologies, I did not make it to your workshop this morning. Lots of things happening in the office today. A very busy day there. 3. I came to New Zealand in 2009. to study English and to obtain a nursing degree after that. 4. he was prepared to cheat in the exam. At that time not knowing much about the consequences of cheating in an assessment. 5. Christchurch was a popular tourist city. Until one day a big earthquake turned its historical buildings into rubble and shattered people’s lives.
CHAPTER 6
Fallacies and syntax issues in writing
Writing is a process of sharing the author’s ideas a with a reading audience. For this purpose, you need to write texts that flow smoothly and are easy to understand. When reading is difficult, it is often either a logically fallacy or a sentence structure problems that is the cause.

Propositions are viewed as accurate if, when tested against one another, they remain logical. This is how logic works. In other words, logic is based on the principle of critical reasoning. Common errors in reasoning that bring in flaws to the logic of an argument are called fallacies. Fallacies are either illegitimate statements or irrelevant points.

Below you will find more detailed explanations of some examples of common fallacies. Consider which of them refer to type 1 and type 2 mentioned above. Example 1 He had listened to the witnessthe former was lying. Example 2 If you learn more vocabulary, you will get a better grade in the exam, and all your teachers will like, so you should not spend too much time studying vocabulary.