A sea of sensors
由蝙蝠发明了声纳的英语作文
由蝙蝠发明了声纳的英语作文In the depths of a dark cave, a creature with wings stirred. Its eyes, though small, held a keen sense of navigation that humans could only marvel at. This was the bat, a nocturnal marvel that inspired a technological revolution.The bat's ability to echolocate, a natural sonar,intrigued scientists. They observed how these small mammals emitted high-frequency sounds and listened for the echoes to navigate and hunt. This innate skill was not just a survival tactic but a blueprint for human innovation.Drawing inspiration from the bat, engineers designedsonar systems. These devices, mimicking the bat's echolocation, sent out signals and waited for the bounce-back to chart the unseen. The technology was a leap forward in underwater exploration and navigation.Sonar's applications expanded beyond the maritime world.It became a vital tool in various fields, from military surveillance to environmental research. The bat'secholocation had not only illuminated the darkness but also expanded the horizons of human knowledge.In classrooms, the story of the bat and sonar captivates young minds. It teaches them that innovation often lies inthe observation of nature's wonders. It's a lesson that encourages curiosity and the pursuit of knowledge.As technology advances, the bat's echolocation continues to be a source of inspiration. Researchers delve deeper into the nuances of this natural sonar, seeking to refine and improve upon the technology that has its roots in the wings of a humble bat.The bat's legacy is not just in the skies or caves but in the hearts and minds of those who seek to learn from the natural world. It serves as a reminder that sometimes, the greatest inventions are born from the simplest of observations.。
Some recent developments in wave buoy measurement technology(波浪浮标研究进展)
Ž.Coastal Engineering 371999309–329 r locate r coastalengSome recent developments in wave buoymeasurement technologyHarald E.Krogstada,),Stephen F.Barstow b,1,Svein Erik Aasen b ,Ignacio Rodriguez c,2a Department of Mathematical Sciences,Norwegian Uni Õersity for Science and Technology,Trondheim,Norway b Oceanor,Trondheim,Norway c Puertos del Estado,Madrid,SpainAbstractŽ.Two new wave sensors,the Motion Reference Unit MRU and the differential Global Ž.Positioning System GPS technology used in the new Smart-800buoy are described and the results of a series of sea trials and intercomparisons with conventional wave measuring buoys using Datawell sensors are given.The results have shown that the directional spectra derived from Ž.the MRU are practically indistinguishable from the Datawell Heave r Pitch r Roll Hippy sensor.The Smart-800directional wave data are also shown to be of good quality.Both sensors have no moving parts and are,therefore,more robust than the conventional accelerometer based wave sensors which have dominated the market for the last 30years.In addition,of importance in particular to coastal applications and transportation in the high latitudes,neither sensor is sensitive to extremes of temperature.Both sensors have also low mass making for lighter buoys,easier deployment and transportation.q 1999Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:Wave buoys;GPS;Motion Reference Unit;Wave direction;Smart-800;SeawatchCorresponding author.Fax:q 47-73-59-3524;E-mail:harald.krogstad@math.ntnu.no1E-mail:sbarstow@oceanor.no.2E-mail:ignacio@puertos.es.0378-3839r 99r $-see front matter q 1999Elsevier Science B.V.All rights reserved.Ž.PII:S 0378-38399900031-9()310H.E.Krogstad et al.r Coastal Engineering371999309–3291.IntroductionThe collection of ocean wave data at sea away from man-made structures has,over the last30years or so,been served more or less exclusively by moored wave buoys of various types,based on the measurement of buoy motions by accelerometer and tilt sensors.The most successful commercial wave buoys have been Datawell’s Waverider Ž.used widely since the late1960s.Datawell’s original directional buoy,the Wavec,Ž.replaced later by the Directional Waverider since the early1990s,together with theŽ.Ž.two multi-sensor buoys Wavescan since the mid-1980s and Seawatch1990s mainly for deep water deployments and for multi-parameter environmental and metocean data collection.Both buoys have also until recently used Datawell sensors for wave data collection.In1996,the Smart-800buoy was launched,representing a novel approach to operational open-sea wave measurement technology.The Smart-800measures oceanŽ. waves using the Norwegian Seatex’s differential GPS Global Positioning System software.The buoy contains a GPS receiver,which measures the velocity of the buoy in the north,east and vertical directions at1Hz sampling rate.The raw data are transferred to a shore station via a UHF radio link where a PC carries out pre-processing,directional wave analysis,presentation,storage and data dissemination,making it ideal for coastal Ž.wave monitoring Krogstad et al.,1997.The second new arrival on the commercial market is the Motion Reference Unit Ž.MRU.The MRU,which is also manufactured by Seatex,can be set up to provide timeŽseries both for directional measurements in the Wavescan buoy i.e.,heave,pitch and .Ž.roll and in the Seawatch buoy heave and displacement.This sensor has a number of practical advantages including small size,low weight and the fact that it is not sensitive to rapid rotation under transport or to low temperatures,unlike the Datawell sensors.Following a short initial intercomparison in February1995of the Smart buoy against a Wavescan,which gave promising results,four different directional buoys,including the Smart-800,were deployed in late April1996.An intercomparison of the Smart buoy and a Directional Waverider during this period confirmed the quality of the GPS-based data.During winter1997–1998,a more comprehensive test to obtain data in higher wave conditions was carried out against a reference Directional Waverider on the exposed coast of mid-Norway.A shallow water test in the southern North Sea has also recently been completed.The deep water validation results will be presented in this paper.One of the other buoys in the April1996campaign was a Wavescan which was equipped with both a Datawell heave,pitch,roll sensor and an MRU-6from which absolutely synchronous measurements were obtained.These allowed a direct validation of the capabilities of the MRU sensor at measuring directional spectra as dynamic buoy effects will be equal with both systems.The synchronous measurements also made it possible to compare the raw time series on a wave-by-wave basis.Excellent agreement was found in the data from the two sensor systems apart from the directional spreading which was consistently lower from the MRU-6.Experience and validation of the MRU sensor in a Seawatch buoy is also discussed.In Section2,we discuss these new buoy r sensor systems which are now routinely used world-wide in the Norwegian Oceanor’s survey work and also sold commercially.We then describe,in Section3,()H.E.Krogstad et al.r Coastal Engineering371999309–329311 differences and similarities in the data processing between these systems,and in Section 4,the various field trials designed to validate the different buoy r sensor combinations.2.Directional buoys and wave sensorsŽ.Since the release of Datawell’s Directional Waverider DWR in1989and itsŽ.successful validation Barstow and Kollstad,1991,Oceanor have been using three different types of buoy for directional wave measurements around the world,according to actual customer data needs and the local metocean conditions.DWRs have been commonly used in coastal areas and deep water low current conditions,in projects where only wave measurements were called for.The DWR works on the heave–dis-placement principle,measuring time series of wave elevation and displacement in two orthogonal directions,and relies on the buoy moving closely with the orbital motion of a free-floating particle predicted by linear wave theory.For deep water locations,where also other meteorological,oceanographic or environ-mental parameters are required,Oceanor has preferred to use the Seawatch buoy,at least since1994following the comparison between the Seawatch buoy,equipped with a standard DWR sensor,and a stand-alone DWR showed that the directional wave spectraŽ.were almost identical Barstow et al.,1994.In fact,the results suggested that the Seawatch r DWR combination provides slightly narrower directional spread,possibly due to better surface following ability.For deep water and high current conditions,and otherwise when meteorological measurements are also required,the Wavescan buoy Ž.Barstow et al.,1991has most often been used.This buoy is a heave–pitch–roll buoy, measuring time series of the wave elevation together with the slope of the surface in two orthogonal directions.The arrival on the market of the GPS based Smart-800buoy and the MRU wave sensor,both developed by the Norwegian Seatex,led to a re-appraisal of the wave sensors used.2.1.The Seatex Motion Reference UnitŽ.The Seatex Motion Reference Unit6MRU-6is a compact sensor for directional wave measurements incorporating solid state linear accelerometers,angular rate sensors and servo flux gate compasses for all three axes together with a powerful microproces-sor for signal processing.Both heave–displacement data and heave–pitch–roll data are available from the sensor allowing for application in different types of wave buoy.The angular rate sensors are based on the Coriolis force vibrating angular rate principle.This principle is,in many respects,superior to traditional gyros and has no moving parts.The magnetometer is based on the servo fluxgate principle.This means that a local three-axisŽ.coil system cancels the external magnetic field i.e.,the field to be measured.This type of sensor has a much better linearity and stability than traditional fluxgate sensors based on direct voltage output from the fluxgate itself without the use of a zero field.Ž.The unit over-samples the sensor signals at800Hz and uses advanced digital signal processing algorithms for calculation of the wave motions.A variable gain12state Kalman filter is part of the sensor error estimator.This filter is tuned during operation to()312H.E.Krogstad et al.r Coastal Engineering371999309–329suppress horizontal acceleration noise on the orientation.As this noise is unknown during start-up,a warm-up period of at least20min has to be used with the MRU-6 sensor.The MRU-6is configurable to different applications and its dynamic response can be programmed.Linear motions are calculated by a limited double integration of accelera-tion.The lower cut-off frequency and damping of this filter can be set in the softwareŽ.for use on different platforms from buoys to large rigs.For the Seawatch and Wavescan buoys,a cut-off frequency of0.025Hz is used.Above this frequency,the dynamic frequency response is unity,except for frequencies near the cut-off frequency where the response is given and corrected for by the software in the buoy.This sensor has a number of advantages of importance compared to traditional sensors used in wave buoys including:Ž.ØSmall size cylinder of roughly10cm diameter and20cm length.Ž.ØLow weight 2.5kg.ØCan easily be transported and handled and is not sensitive to rapid rotation.ØNot sensitive to low or high temperatures.2.2.The Smart-800The Smart-800is a‘‘hybrid’’buoy which,although essentially an in-situ instrument,Ž.relies on the well known GPS Global Positioning System satellites to make waveŽ.measurements using differential GPS DGPS technology.The Smart-800system mea-sures,in fact,buoy velocities in both north,east and vertical directions once each second,using differential GPS measurements of the Doppler shifts,the most robust and accurate of the differential techniques for measuring relative motion.The raw data are transferred to a shore or platform based station via a UHF radio link where a PC carries out all pre-processing,directional wave analysis,data presentation,storage and dissemi-nation.The lack of active wave sensors in the buoy gives many advantages making the buoy more robust,enhancing reliability and providing for low maintenance.Its small size and low weight also makes it easy to transport,deploy and operate.The global positioning system consists of24satellites orbiting at an altitude of 20,200km.The Smart-800relies on the Doppler measurements from the GPS receiver on the buoy.The radial velocity of the satellite with respect to the receiver is computedŽ.from the ephemerides the reference orbit for each satellite which are transmitted via the satellite message.The difference between the velocity derived from the Doppler shift and the computed radial velocity is caused by the motion of the buoy,in addition to various error sources.Given the radial velocity of the buoy with respect to all theŽ.tracked GPS satellites at least four are required at any one time,the velocity of the buoy in latitude,longitude and the vertical may be computed.In order to obtain more precise Doppler shifts,and hence,more precise measure-Žments,GPS corrections obtained either from a local reference station,satellite or by .other means are used in order to remove most of the error sources on the GPS data Ž.DGPS mode.The GPS data are transmitted from the buoy by way of a UHF link Ž.430–450MHz.The Doppler measurements are,in particular,affected by the rate ofŽ. change of these errors,the main contribution to which is the Selective Availability SA, which is the‘‘noise’’added by the operators of the GPS system.SA affects the satellite()H.E.Krogstad et al.r Coastal Engineering371999309–329313Ž.clock frequency and the transmitted navigation message the ephemerides leading toŽ.degraded satellite coordinates position and velocity.The Smart-800system then utilises the time series of measured velocities in the three directions to compute theŽ.wave spectrum and associated wave parameters see Section3.The Doppler shift,which gives a basic accuracy on velocity of about3–5cm r s,is used because it is both more robust and has at least as good accuracy as the alternative, which is utilising the phase information,when computing relative motion.This alterna-tive GPS technique,which was considered during the development,uses the code phase to compute the position of the buoy rather than the velocity,and is reliant on a local GPS reference station no more than about7–10km distance for the best accuracy. Although the Smart-800needs to be within range of a receiver station for radio transmissions,it can also be used far from coasts in support of,say,an offshore operation from a boat,production ship,semi-submersible or other moving or fixed installation.In this case,the UHF receiver station and presentation software may be on the vessel whilst the GPS corrections are supplied by satellite.The robustness of the Smart-800system is due again to its measurement technique,which is much less sensitive to loss of lock,which may occur,for example,as a result of wave splash in high seas.For the Doppler Smart measurements,this is a relatively minor problem. Using the phases,it would take much longer before measurements could recommence, often an unacceptable situation when monitoring operations in high seas.Ž.Normally,the three velocities are sampled at1Hz each for17min1024samples,a sampling scheme used commonly for Waverider buoy measurements for many years. The logging interval of the time series is,however,flexible and can easily be set to anything between half-hourly and daily.Fig.1.The Smart-800buoy hardware.()H.E.Krogstad et al.r Coastal Engineering 371999309–329314The full Smart-800system consists of the buoy and its mooring,the shore station,in addition to the Smart-800Windows wave processing software.The buoy has a spheri-Ž.Ž.cally shaped hull,with a diameter of 80cm hence,the 800in the name Fig.1.The Žbuoy contains no moving parts.The main components are the battery package optional .alkaline or lithium batteries ,allowing a deployment of 1year if 3hourly data transmission and alkaline batteries are chosen,and the electronic housing which contains the UHF modem,the CPU and the GPS receiver,in addition to the GPS antenna,UHF antenna and a beacon light.The buoy weighs only 80kg.The shore station consists of a UHF modem,a CPU and the optional GPS receiver,which may be used,depending on the application,as the DGPS reference station.The Windows based real time presentation software gives a graphical presentation of both directional wave spectra and wave parameters.3.Data processingŽ.All three buoys Wavescan,Smart-800and the DWR are basically single point triplet devices measuring three linearly independent properties of the wave field.The Ž.analysis for both the DWR also as used in the Seawatch Buoy and the Smart-800is Žquite similar to the methods used for traditional heave–pitch–roll buoys see,e.g.,.Ž.Tucker,1991.One assumes Linear Wave Theory LWT with the directional wave Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.spectrum E f ,u written as E f ,u s S f D u ,f ,where S is the frequency spectrum,and D the frequency dependent directional distribution,`1D u ,f s 1q 2a f cos n u q b f sin n u .1Ä4Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ýn n 2p n s 12Ž.2Ž.Moreover,the dispersion relation is v s 2p f s gk tanh kh where v is the angular frequency,k the wavenumber,g the acceleration due to gravity,and h the Table 1Definitions of the main wave parametersNameSymbol Definition 1r 2a w Ž.x Significant wave heightH H s 4H S f d f m0m021r 2a w Ž.Ž.x Mean zero-upcrossing periodT T s H S f d f r H f S f d f m02m02Ž.Maximum spectral densitySf Sf s S f p p p Ž.Ž.Peak periodT T s 1r f ,max S f s S f p p p f p Ž.ŽŽ.Ž..Mean wave directionM M f s a tan2b f ,a f d1d1111r 2222Ž.ŽŽ..Ž.Ž.Directional spreadSpr Spr f s 21y r ,r s a f q b f 1111Ž.Direction at the spectral peakThT ThT s M f s 1r T p p d1p Main wave directionM Spectral weighted mean wave direction dir Low frequency significantH Significant wave height calculated with m0lf wave heightintegration limits 0.05–0.07Hz inclusive.Low frequency wave directionThL Mean direction in frequency band 0.05–0.07Hz f High frequency wave directionThH Mean direction in frequency band 0.40–0.44Hz f Ž.Spread at the spectral peakSprT SprT s Spr f s 1r T p p 1p a Integration limits 0.04–0.44Hz inclusive.()H.E.Krogstad et al.r Coastal Engineering 371999309–329315water depth.An overview of directional and non-directional sea state parameters,used in this paper,and their definitions from the directional wave spectrum is given in Table 1.Ž.The recorded time series data are heave,slope north and east Wavescan ,heave,Ž.displacement north and east Seawatch and the DWR and time series of the three Ž.velocity components in a fixed coordinate system vertical,longitude and latitude for the Smart-800.The cross spectrum between any two of these time series,i and j ,has the form 2p U S f ,u s S f T k f ,u T k f ,u D u ,f d u ,2Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.H i j i j u s 0Ž.where T and T are appropriate transfer functions Allender et al.,1989.It turns out i j that the directional dependence in the transfer function is identical for slope,horizontal displacement and horizontal velocity.Therefore,the expressions for the directional Fourier coefficients which are obtained from the cross spectra will be identical to the Ž.Ž.relations for the heave–pitch–roll buoy Tucker,1991.Allsystems thus provide S f ,Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.a f ,a f ,b f and b f .For the Smart-800measurements,the wave elevation 1212spectrum is obtained by dividing the vertical velocity spectrum by v 2.For a heave–pitch–roll buoy,such as Wavescan,the so-called check ratio is the ratio between the estimated root-mean-square wavenumber and the LWT wavenumber for each frequency,and is defined as follows S f q S f Ž.Ž.x x y y R f s r k ,3Ž.Ž.hpr (S f Ž.where S and S are the slope spectra in the x and y directions,respectively.x x y y A similar ratio may also be defined for Smart-800.S f q S f x x y y 2R f s tanh kh ,4Ž.Ž.Ž.(S f Ž.z z In this case S ,S and S denote the corresponding velocity spectra,and the ratio x x y y z z should be one in a linear wave field.4.ValidationThe MRU wave sensor has been tested both in its heave–pitch–roll configuration in a Wavescan buoy and also in its heave–displacement configuration in a Seawatch buoy.The Smart-800buoy has undergone a number of tests both in deep and shallow water.This system verification work is described in the following.4.1.MRU4.1.1.The Wa Õescan testIn April 1996,Seatex deployed a Wavescan buoy for about 5weeks on the exposed western coast of Norway close to the island Frøya.The buoy was instrumented with dual()316H.E.Krogstad et al.r Coastal Engineering371999309–329MRU-6and Hippy-120wave sensors which were set up to sample the buoy heave, pitch,roll and heading synchronously at2Hz for a17min interval each3h.Thus,both sensors sample exactly the same waves,and observed differences should be predomi-nantly due to instrument errors.The standard directional data analysis was identical for the two sensor data sets apart from the electronic transfer functions,which were compensated for in the frequency plane as specified by the manufacturers.Wavescan’sŽ.nominal dynamic transfer functions see Barstow and Krogstad,1984,which compen-sates for the buoy’s pitch r roll resonance at about2.4s,was applied to both sensor Ž. spectra equally the dynamic response was not checked specifically for this deployment. The initial intercomparison of wave parameters between the two sensors showed a ratherŽ.unexpected result.First,the significant wave height H was found to be systemati-m0cally5%lower from the MRU sensor.However,strangely,for the majority of recordsŽ.the maximum wave height H,determined from a zero-crossing analysis on the timemaxseries corrected for the electronic transfer functions,showed almost perfect agreement, but with a number of outliers,up to50cm in error.The inconsistency can be explained by examining the simultaneous time series from the two sensors.Fig.2shows the difference in elevation from the two sensors shown as a time series.From about5min into the series,the error drops to a very low level.The reason for the discrepancy at the beginning of the file was found to be due to the operational set up of the MRU sensor. In order to save power,the sensor is switched on some minutes before measurements commence.What we see for the first minutes of the actual time series is the sensor still ‘‘warming up’’.In practice,this is the time for the Kalman filter to stabilise.During thisFig.2.Time series of the difference in wave elevation at2Hz between the MRU and the Hippy,showing clearly the lack of agreement for the first5min or so of the record.()H.E.Krogstad et al.r Coastal Engineering371999309–329317 initialisation period the measurements are phase and amplitude shifted from the final theoretical electronic response.The cure for this problem has been simply to increase the ‘‘warm-up’’time for the sensor.Following the discovery of the reason for the discrepancy,the intercomparison was repeated based on a directional analysis of the second uncorrupted part of the time seriesparison of the wave parameters derived from the MRU and the Hippy sensor for the duration of Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.Ž.the field trial;a H;b H;c T;d ThT;e SprT;and f Sf.See Table1for definitions.m0max p p p p()318H.E.Krogstad et al.r Coastal Engineering371999309–329Ž.Ž.Ž.parison of mean wave spectra from the MRU triangles and the Hippy squares;a all records Ž.and b H)3m.The spectra are indistinguishable apart from the very low frequencies.m0Ž.1024samples.During the measurement period,a good range of wave conditions were Ž.experienced for the time of the year.H reaches4m in two storms,a good mixturem0of wave directions were measured,and both local wind seas and the occasional longAtlantic swell occurred,reaching a peak period of close to15s in four events.Fig.3 shows scatter plots of selected wave parameters between the two sensors for the durationof the experiment.Both H and H now show close to perfect agreement with lessm0maxŽ.than1cm mean difference.The peak wave period T similarly shows little differencepŽ.one large outlier occurs in a strongly bimodal wave spectrum.The maximum spectral density also shows perfect agreement.The main differences are found for the directional parameters.There is somewhat larger scatter for the wave direction at the spectral peakŽ.Ž. parisons of mean spread as a function of frequency from a all simultaneous records and b forŽ.Ž.the30wave records where H)0.5m;for the MRU triangles and the Hippy squares.m0lfŽ.ThT although the overall features are similar and in agreement with the predominant pŽ. weather conditions.The directional spread at the spectral peak period SprT is,p however,systematically higher from the Hippy sensor by as much as22%on average.Ž. We next look at the average wave spectra constructed from all wave records Fig.4.parison of directional spectra,displayed as contour plots,for one of the most energetic long period swells;June1st,1200UTC.The left hand side shows the directional distribution calculated maximum entropy Ž.method Lygre and Krogstad,1986and on the right is shown the wave spectrum;above:Hippy and below: MRU.Notice the very close agreement of the form of the directional wave spectrum,but the somewhatŽ. broader directional distribution from the Hippy.For this example the spread at the spectral peak is408Hippy Ž.and268MRU and H is about2.7m.m0Ž.ŽBoth average spectra for all records N s299as well as storm spectra alone H)3m0 .m;N s7are shown.Apart from at the very low frequencies where the MRU seems to give slightly higher spectral levels compared to the Hippy,these average spectra are indistinguishable,even down to an apparent kink in the high frequency tail at about0.4 Hz which is probably related to the buoy’s pitch r roll eigenfrequency.ŽThe average directional spread calculated by averaging the wave spread at each.frequency over all simultaneous wave spectra for the two systems is shown in Fig.5, first for all records,and second,only for records where there is significant swell energy Žpresent H)0.5m;N s30;where H is the significant wave height calculated m0lf m0lf.over the frequency band from0.05to0.07Hz inclusive.We see again the significant difference in the wave spread estimates at the most energetic frequencies.At frequencies above0.3Hz,both systems give about the same result.For the swell spectra,we see an even bigger difference between the MRU and the Hippy.See,for example,Fig.6which shows simultaneous directional spectra contour plots for the two sensors during an Ž.energetic swell event on June1st emanating from a very deep unseasonal low between Iceland and Scotland.The reason for the difference in the spread estimates was found by looking at the time series of pitch,roll and buoy heading.For wave elevation,both sensors give almostŽ. identical measurements of pitch and roll.However,the buoy heading compass series Ž.Žare quite different Fig.7.The MRU heading time series from a three-axis fluxgate .compass is noticeably smoother than the data from the compass used with the Hippy sensor,which is a gymballed two-axis fluxgate Silva compass.In addition,inspection of several time series shows that spikes are not infrequent on the Silva compass time series. By removing the spikes and smoothing the compass time series,the directional spreadŽ.drops to about the same level as that derived from the MRU sensor Fig.8.The check ratio for the Wavescan buoy was described in Section3.The mean checkŽratio is presented for the same two classes of data as for wave spread all records and .swell events in Fig.9.This shows typical behaviour for the Wavescan buoy,with,forŽ.Ž. Fig.7.Typical time series of buoy heading from the MRU compass solid line and the Hippy dashed line.parison of left directional spread at the spectral peak and right wave direction at the spectral peak from the Wavescan Hippy sensor time series with the compass time series uncorrected against the smoothed de-spiked compass series.Ž.the lower frequencies closer agreement with the theory i.e.,unity for the swell events as we might expect.Interestingly,the agreement in the check ratio between the Hippy and the MRU sensors is almost perfect over all frequencies,which indicates that the departure from unity is due to real buoy effects caused by imperfect surface following, current effects,etc.A small increase close to the pitch r roll resonant frequency can also be seen,which is probably related to slightly non-optimal pitch–roll transfer functions Žthe transfer functions were not optimised specially for this buoy;see Barstow and.Krogstad,1984for more details about the pitch–roll transfer functions.4.1.2.The Seawatch buoy testA short test of a Seawatch buoy,equipped with an MRU-6wave sensor configured toprovide heave and displacement time series,was performed next to a DWR buoy at theparison of mean check ratio as a function of frequency,from left all simultaneous records and Ž.Ž.Ž. right for the30wave records where H)0.5m;for the MRU triangles and the Hippy squares.Them0lfcheck ratio is indistinguishable from the two sensors apart from the lowest frequencies.。
海洋探索的重要性和建议英语作文
海洋探索的重要性和建议英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Vital Importance of Ocean Exploration and RecommendationsThe ocean covers over 70% of our planet's surface and has had a profound influence on life on Earth. It drives weather patterns, regulates temperatures, and is home to a vast array of marine life. However, despite relying so heavily on the ocean, humankind has only scratched the surface when it comes to understanding this vast underwater realm. That's why ocean exploration is crucial for sustaining life as we know it and unlocking secrets that could benefit humanity immensely. In this essay, I'll discuss the significance of exploring the ocean depths and provide recommendations for promoting and conducting further research.To begin, studying the ocean is vital for enhancing our knowledge of Earth's history and the evolution of life. The ocean's water, sediments, and marine organisms contain invaluable clues about our planet's past. For instance, byanalyzing fossils and sediment cores, scientists can reconstruct ancient climates, map continental drifts, and trace the origins of life back billions of years. This knowledge deepens our understanding of how Earth's systems work, how they've changed over time, and what the future may hold.Furthermore, ocean exploration is critical for monitoring and mitigating the effects of climate change – one of the greatest threats facing humanity today. The ocean plays a central role in regulating Earth's climate by absorbing heat and carbon dioxide. However, rising temperatures and increasing CO2 levels are causing ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation, which endanger marine ecosystems. By studying these processes in depth, oceanographers can develop mitigation strategies and better predict the cascading effects climate change will have on the planet.In addition to its climatological importance, the ocean is a rich reservoir of biodiversity that remains largely unexplored. According to estimates, over 80% of the ocean has never been mapped, explored, or studied. Who knows what incredible life forms lurk in the ocean's depths, undiscovered and awaiting scientific characterization? These organisms could potentially yield novel compounds for developing life-saving medicines,industrial applications, or groundbreaking biological insights. Moreover, comprehensive knowledge of marine ecosystems is imperative for effective conservation and sustainable management of ocean resources.Economically, ocean exploration also has significant potential benefits. Improved bathymetric (ocean floor) mapping could identify new sources of offshore energy, precious minerals, and other valuable resources. Oceanographic research aids global shipping and maritime activities. And enhanced understanding of ocean dynamics and coastal processes can refine models for mitigating hazards like tsunamis, storm surges, and sea level rise – protecting coastal communities worldwide.Given the immense importance of investigating the ocean realm, I recommend pursuing the following initiatives to bolster exploration and marine research:Increase funding for oceanographic research and missions. Many potential ocean exploration projects are hampered by insufficient funding and resources. Governments, research institutions, and private organizations should allocate more funds to further unveil the ocean's mysteries.Develop new exploration technologies. Although existing deep-sea vehicles and sensors are powerful, we need even moreadvanced technologies to access the most extreme oceanic environments. This includes autonomous underwater vehicles, improved bathymetric sensors, enhanced sampling tools, and innovative underwater habitats for human researchers.Promote international collaboration. The ocean is a globally interconnected system, so its exploration requires cooperation across borders. Nations should unite their research efforts through programs like the International Ocean Discovery Program to share data, resources, and expertise more effectively.Engage the public through educational initiatives. Ocean literacy is low in many parts of the world. We should implement educational campaigns highlighting the ocean's importance and inspire the next generation of ocean explorers and advocates through immersive exhibits, multimedia, and community outreach.Establish more marine protected areas. An essential aspect of preserving ocean ecosystems is creating additional marine reserves and sanctuaries that safeguard biodiversity hotspots and allow ecological recovery. Increased exploration can identify critical areas requiring protection.In conclusion, the ocean is Earth's lifeblood, yet it remains one of the most underexplored regions on our planet. Byfurthering oceanographic research through dedicated funding, technological development, international cooperation, public engagement, and habitat conservation – we can unlock the ocean's boundless secrets and secure a sustainable future for the generations to come. The ocean has given life to our world; now it's time we reciprocate by responsibly exploring and protecting this vital global resource.篇2The Vital Importance of Ocean Exploration and My SuggestionsThe oceans cover over 70% of our planet's surface, yet they remain vastly unexplored and misunderstood. As a student passionate about marine science, I firmly believe that prioritizing ocean exploration is crucial for advancing our scientific knowledge, protecting marine ecosystems, and ensuring sustainable resource management.The Significance of Ocean ExplorationUnlocking Scientific Discoveries: The oceans are a treasure trove of undiscovered species, unique ecosystems, and natural phenomena waiting to be uncovered. Exploring the depths of the sea can lead to groundbreaking scientific discoveries thatcould revolutionize fields such as biology, ecology, geology, and even medicine. Many marine organisms possess remarkable adaptations and compounds that could hold the keys to developing novel drugs, materials, or technologies.Understanding Climate Change: The oceans play a vital role in regulating the Earth's climate, absorbing a significant portion of the excess heat and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. By studying ocean currents, temperatures, and chemistry, we can gain invaluable insights into the effects of climate change and develop more accurate predictive models. This knowledge is essential for mitigating the impacts of global warming and adapting to its consequences.Protecting Marine Biodiversity: The oceans are home to an incredible array of life forms, many of which are threatened by human activities such as overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction. Exploring and mapping marine ecosystems can help us identify vulnerable species, understand their ecological roles, and develop effective conservation strategies to preserve the delicate balance of oceanic life.Ensuring Sustainable Resource Management: The oceans provide numerous resources, including food, energy, and minerals. However, responsible management of these resourcesis crucial to prevent overexploitation and ensure their long-term sustainability. Ocean exploration can reveal new sources of renewable energy, such as offshore wind and tidal power, as well as identify mineral deposits and potential fishing grounds, enabling informed decision-making and responsible resource utilization.My Suggestions for Promoting Ocean ExplorationIncreased Funding and International Collaboration: Exploring the vast expanse of the oceans requires significant financial investment and technological advancements. Governments, research institutions, and private organizations should allocate more funds towards ocean exploration initiatives. Additionally, fostering international collaboration and knowledge-sharing can maximize resources, accelerate progress, and promote global cooperation in this endeavor.Development of Advanced Technologies: To unlock the secrets of the ocean depths, we need to continually develop and improve our exploration technologies. This includes designing more efficient and environmentally-friendly submersibles, advanced underwater sensors and imaging systems, and robust autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) capable of reaching the most remote and extreme environments.Interdisciplinary Approach: Ocean exploration requires expertise from various scientific disciplines, including oceanography, marine biology, geology, engineering, and computer science. Encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration and integrating knowledge from different fields can lead to innovative solutions and holistic understanding of the marine realm.Public Engagement and Education: Building public awareness and support for ocean exploration is crucial for sustaining long-term efforts. Science outreach programs, educational campaigns, and interactive exhibits can captivate the public's imagination and inspire the next generation of marine explorers and conservationists. Engaging local communities, especially those dependent on marine resources, can also foster a sense of stewardship and sustainable practices.Comprehensive Mapping and Data Collection: While we have mapped the surface of Mars and the Moon, large portions of the ocean floor remain uncharted. Prioritizing comprehensive mapping and data collection efforts, including bathymetric surveys, seafloor sampling, and continuous environmental monitoring, can provide invaluable information for scientific research, navigation, and resource management.Responsible and Sustainable Practices: As we venture into the ocean depths, it is imperative to adopt responsible and sustainable practices that minimize our impact on marine ecosystems. This includes adhering to strict environmental regulations, implementing low-impact exploration techniques, and promoting conservation efforts to protect vulnerable habitats and species.ConclusionThe oceans are Earth's final frontier, harboring mysteries and resources that hold immense potential for scientific advancement, environmental preservation, and sustainable development. As a student passionate about marine science, I believe that prioritizing ocean exploration is not only a scientific imperative but also a moral responsibility.By investing in cutting-edge technologies, fostering international collaboration, engaging the public, and adopting sustainable practices, we can unlock the secrets of the ocean depths while ensuring the protection and responsible management of these invaluable natural resources.The ocean is a vast and wondrous realm that has captivated humanity for centuries. It is our duty to explore, understand, and protect this vital part of our planet for generations to come. Letus embark on this journey of discovery together, driven by curiosity, guided by science, and inspired by the boundless potential of the deep blue.篇3The Vital Importance of Ocean Exploration and Recommendations for the FutureThe ocean covers over 70% of our planet's surface and contains a staggering amount of biodiversity, with millions of species living beneath the waves. Despite the ocean's immense size and significance, scientists estimate that over 80% of it remains unexplored and unmapped. As a student passionate about marine biology and conservation, I cannot overstate the importance of robustly funding and prioritizing ocean exploration initiatives. By venturing into the great unknown of the deep sea, we can make revolutionary scientific discoveries, uncover potential medical breakthroughs, and safeguard the health of these vital ecosystems for generations to come.One of the most compelling reasons to explore the ocean is the potential for groundbreaking scientific findings that could reshape our understanding of life on Earth. The deep sea is one of the most extreme environments on the planet, with crushingpressures, total darkness, and temperatures near freezing. Yet remarkably, an abundance of bizarre and fascinating creatures have adapted to thrive in these hostile conditions. Studying these unusual lifeforms could provide profound insights into evolutionary biology and open up entirely new fields of research. For instance, deep sea bacteria have evolved unique enzymes to withstand crushing pressures - enzymes that could prove useful for industrial processes or as proteins with therapeutic applications. Marine scientists have discovered some of the oldest living organisms on Earth near deep sea vents, providing a window into the origins and resilience of life itself. With so much of the ocean left to explore, who knows what other scientific revelations await?Furthermore, stepping up ocean exploration could lead to critical medical breakthroughs that save countless lives. Many drugs and treatments originated from natural compounds in terrestrial plants and microbes, but marine organisms represent an untapped reservoir of potentially valuable biomolecules. Already, marine-derived substances are used to treat viruses, cancers, and heart disease. With a vast number of marine species yet to be studied, the ocean could be the source of future cures for currently intractable diseases. Sustained deep sea exploration would give scientists access to organismal samples fromnever-before-seen creatures, any one of which could harbor compounds with powerful medicinal properties. As antibiotic resistance continues to rise at an alarming rate, uncovering new antibiotics from marine microbes could be a much-needed breakthrough.Moreover, making ocean exploration a global priority is key to effectively conserving and managing marine resources and biodiversity. Many regions of the ocean remain uncharted, which makes delineating marine protected areas and sustainable fishing zones incredibly difficult. By mapping out seafloor topography and conducting exhaustive species surveys, we can identify regions high in biodiversity deserving of special protection. This also allows for better tracking of shifts in species ranges and ecosystem health in response to climate change, overfishing, and pollution. Robust data on marine ecosystems allows for smarter, evidence-based policies to preserve ocean habitats and resources for the future. Already, deep sea mining operations are poised to begin extracting precious metals and minerals from the seafloor, with little understood about the potential ecological impacts. Comprehensive ocean exploration now is vital to establish environmental baselines before these disruptive activities get underway.Despite the immense value and importance of ocean exploration, it remains severely underfunded compared to other major scientific endeavors. NASA's budget is over 22 billion annually, while all ocean exploration efforts by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Science Foundation combined amount to less than 1 billion per year. Much of this paltry funding is specifically earmarked for coastal monitoring, fisheries management, and naval operations, leaving little left over for dedicated deep sea exploration initiatives.To address this disparity, I believe governments around the world need to dramatically increase funding allocations for ocean exploration over the coming decades. Return on investment from past ocean exploration has been immense - a mere 600 million program by the Census of Marine Life yielded over 1 billion in economic benefits. Expanded exploration efforts should be holistic "dream voyages" without narrowly prescribed aims, as this open-minded approach has consistently produced the most revolutionary discoveries. Crewed submersible vessels need to be updated and expanded in concert with more usage of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to map seafloor terrain and collect biological samples. On-shore infrastructure likeresearch laboratories and ultra-deep ocean simulators for studying extreme conditions are also imperative.However, government investment alone will not be enough to fully uncover the mysteries of the deep sea. I also strongly recommend incentivizing and expanding public-private partnerships between academic/government scientists and private corporations or philanthropic organizations. Examples like Victor Vescovo's private expeditions to explore the deepest ocean trenches highlight the immense potential of supplementing public efforts with private investment and technological capabilities. Tax incentives, corporate sponsorships, named endowments, and other financial levers can drive additional involvement from the private sector.Despite the immense value and importance of ocean exploration, it remains severely underfunded compared to other major scientific endeavors. NASA's budget is over 22 billion annually, while all ocean exploration efforts by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Science Foundation combined amount to less than 1 billion per year. Much of this paltry funding is specifically earmarked for coastal monitoring, fisheries management, and naval operations,leaving little left over for dedicated deep sea exploration initiatives.To address this disparity, I believe governments around the world need to dramatically increase funding allocations for ocean exploration over the coming decades. Return on investment from past ocean exploration has been immense - a mere 600 million program by the Census of Marine Life yielded over 1 billion in economic benefits. Expanded exploration efforts should be holistic "dream voyages" without narrowly prescribed aims, as this open-minded approach has consistently produced the most revolutionary discoveries. Crewed submersible vessels need to be updated and expanded in concert with more usage of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to map seafloor terrain and collect biological samples. On-shore infrastructure like research laboratories and ultra-deep ocean simulators for studying extreme conditions are also imperative.Beyond funding and infrastructure though, the scientific community itself needs to prioritize cross-disciplinary collaboration and open data-sharing. Too often, ocean expeditions are isolated and disjointed affairs with little coordination between physicists, biologists, geneticists, geologists, and other relevant experts. Encouraging diverseteams and opening data pipelines between fields could lead to insights no single lens can achieve on its own. For example, combining data on regional ocean currents with genetic markers could shed light on how marine larvae disperse and establish new populations. Partnerships with diverse experts from marine archaeology, indigenous studies, citizen science groups, and oceanographic engineering could spark new frontiers in exploration. Tearing down academic silos allows for the free flow of creativity and synthesis across disciplines that will propel ocean exploration forward.In conclusion, the ocean represents one of the most important remaining frontiers for scientific exploration and human understanding. By comprehensively mapping, studying, and better appreciating marine ecosystems, we can pioneer new realms of research, uncover life-saving medical treatments, and establish conservation policies to sustain humanity's access to ocean resources long into the future. However, deep sea exploration has been historically underfunded and disjointed. To fully realize its potential, nations must substantially increase federal budgets and create public-private investment initiatives. Just as importantly, the scientific community itself needs a mindset shift towards open data-sharing and cross-discipline collaboration that was the catalyst for past breakthroughs. Onlyby working cooperatively across borders and between fields can we truly unlock the final secrets of Earth's last great unexplored frontier - our world's awe-inspiring oceans.。
惠普HP ProLiant DL380 G7 Server服务器 产品手册
Up to 192 GB of DDR3 memory (800 MHz–to 1333 MHz, depending on processor) withenhanced memory capacity meets the requirements of your memory-intensive applications.2U compute density makes the DL380 G7–server well-suited for a variety of rackdeployments and applications.Intel–® Hyper-Threading Technology deliverssimultaneous multi-threading resulting in efficientuse of processor resources, higher processingthroughput, and improved performance andenergy efficiency.Improved server lifecycle management•HP Insight Control is essential server management –software that helps deploy servers quickly,proactively manage the health of virtual orphysical servers, streamline power consumption,and take complete remote control from anywhere.iLO 3, part of Insight Control, is a standard–component of the HP ProLiant DL380 G7 Server,and facilitates server health and remote servermanageability. Because it includes an intelligentmicroprocessor, secure memory, and a dedicated network interface, iLO 3 is independent of thehost server and its operating system.Insight Control server migration pack automates –the manual processes required for a physicalserver to virtual machine (P2V) migration. It raises the bar on P2V automation, so that a typicalmigration process can be completed in a matterof minutes.Together, HP SmartStart, HP Insight Control,–Preboot Execution Environment (PXE), andROM-Based Setup Utility (RBSU) simplify serverconfiguration and deployment.Insight Control helps you manage HP servers–running Microsoft® Windows®, Linux, VMware,and Citrix XenServer environments. In addition,you can integrate Insight Control with leadingthird-party enterprise management consoles,such as Microsoft System Center and VMwarevCenter TM Server.System Insight Display is a robust slide-out system –diagnostics display that makes it easy to findtroubleshooting information at the front of theserver, helping to save administrator time.HP Power Advisor helps in the estimation of–power consumption and proper selectionof components including power supplies forenhanced power management.Advanced energy efficiency with HP Thermal •Logic technologiesCompliance with Climate Savers Computing–Gold, 80PLUS Gold, and ENERGY STAR®standards demonstrate the true power-efficiencyof the DL380 G7 server.ProLiant server power supply options include–460 watts, 750 watts, 1200 watts, and -48Vdc(for special DC environments).HP Sea of Sensors– technology enhances serverperformance while helping to reduce energyusage and expense. Achieve significant reduction in power usage at the server level with theHP Sea of Sensors—the heart of HP ThermalLogic technologies. Up to 32 smart sensorsautomatically track thermal activity across theserver, dynamically adjusting system componentssuch as fans, memory, and I/O processing toenhance system cooling. In other words, theHP Sea of Sensors makes intelligent decisionsabout how much cooling is needed for the server to perform efficiently.Dynamic Power Capping– can improvecapacity by almost three times. Insight Controland Dynamic Power Capping together allowyou to monitor power usage levels andprotect circuit breakers in the rack—withoutimpacting performance.Simplified server configuration, installation, •and maintenanceMechanical design simplifies configuration and –maintenance. Tool-free, modular componentsand hot-plug redundancy features promote quickmaintenance and ease access to componentswhile helping to reduce cabling requirements.Quick-deploy rail system simplifies installation–and provides quick server access with universaltool-free sliding rail support.Commonality focus increases IT productivity with –universal drives, Smart Array Controllers, andpower supplies. In addition, common components simplify spares management.ROM-based configuration and management–features increase uptime and simplify configuration.ROM protects the server platform during upgrades, and ROM-based drivers provide independenthealth operating system (OS) monitoring.23Processor and memory Number of processors 2Processor cores Six-core, quad-core, and dual-core Processor speed 3.46 GHzProcessors supported Intel ® Xeon ® 5600 series Cache 8 MB L3Memory type DDR3 RDIMM or UDIMMStandard memoryPerformance Model 12 GB (6x2 GB) DDR3-1333 MHz Registered Memory Base Model 6 GB (3x2 GB) DDR3-1333 MHz Registered Memory Entry Model 4 GB (2x2 GB) DDR3-1333 MHz Registered Memory Efficiency Model 4 GB (2x2 GB) DDR3-1333 MHz Unbuffered MemoryMaximum memory192 GBAdvanced memory protection Advanced error checking and correcting (ECC), mirrored memory, online spare (5600 series)Memory slots 18 DIMMStorage Storage typeHot-plug 2.5-inch SAS Hot-plug 2.5-inch SATA Hot-plug 3.5-inch SAS Hot-plug 3.5-inch SATAMaximum internal storage 4 TB Maximum internal drive bays 8Expansion slots 6 PCIe x8 Gen 2 mezzanineStorage controller Smart Array P410i Controller with 256 MB, 512 MB battery-backed write cache (BBWC), 512 MB flash-backed write cache (FBWC), and 1 GB FBWC options Deployment Form factor Rack Rack height 2UNetworking Two BCM5709C with dual-port GigabitServer management HP Insight Control featuring Integrated Lights-Out AdvancedRedundant power supply Standard on performance models, optional on entry and base models Power supplies 460W; 750W; 1200W; -48Vdc power options Security Trusted Platform Module (TPM)Warranty3-year parts/3-year labor/3-year onsite For additional technical specifications, please visit: /products/quickspecs/13595_div/13595_div.htmlHP ProLiant DL380 G7 Server Technical specificationsShare with colleaguesGet connected/go/getconnectedWhy choose the DL380 G7 server?Your business requirements and environment will determine your server choice. The DL380 G7 server is ideal for:Environments and businesses of all types and sizes • Space-constrained corporate data centers and • service providersSophisticated small- and medium-sized • businesses (SMBs)Demanding scale-out applications• Businesses realizing their virtualization roadmap • Efficient remote manageability• Ideal applications for the DL380 G7 server are:Server-based computing• Medium scale mail and messaging • Web and application server • Small to medium databases • Terminal services (Citrix)• File and print • Data center utility• HP Financial ServicesHP Financial Services provides innovative financing and financial asset management programs to help you cost-effectively acquire, manage, and ultimately retire your HP solutions. For more information, visit:/go/hpfinancialservices© Copyright 2010 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The onlywarranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein.Microsoft and Windows are U.S. registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Intel and Xeon are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. ENERGY STAR is a registered mark owned by the U.S. government.4AA0-7762ENW, Created April 2010。
电大《理工英语4》学习笔记
George can't remote control the costumer's mobile phone.正确的答案是“错”。
The charge of the download service is low.正确的答案是“错”。
The Smart Tutor app will help the costumer to speed up his phone.正确的答案是“错”。
The purpose of the consumer is to set up a Google account.正确的答案是“对”。
The consumer can use the application without his PIN Code.正确的答案是“错”。
IPhone has been sold well in the Chinese market.正确的答案是“对”。
There hadn't been any wearable devices launched before Apple Watch.正确的答案是“错”。
Baidu, Lenovo, Xiaomi have all announced their own smart watch.正确的答案是“错”。
There may be no rosy prospect for the Apple Watch because its price is much higher than the local ones.正确的答案是“错”。
Apple Inc.'s new product will come out as a whole the next year without any accessories. 正确的答案是“错”。
At its annual Technology Innovation Conference, Baidu_______________.正确答案是：announced a working prototypeThe new device announced at the conference is _______________ .正确答案是：Baidu EyeThe company's CEO Robin Li believes that _______________ .正确答案是：people will get used to searching by image and audioBaidu Eye has all the features except that _______________.正确答案是：it has a small screenWhich of the following statement is NOT true?正确答案是：Baidu has already announced the release of Baidu Eye.This product performed very well in experiment.正确的答案是“对”。
为什么海洋探索如此重要英语作文含译文
为什么海洋探索如此重要英语作文含译文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Why Ocean Exploration is Super Duper Important!You know what's really really cool? The ocean! It's this gigantic body of water that covers most of our planet. And did you know that we've only explored a tiny part of it? That's right, there's still so much of the ocean left to discover and learn about!Can you imagine how many awesome creatures are swimming around down there that we don't even know about yet? I bet there are fish and whales and sharks and octopuses and so many other amazing animals just waiting to be found. And who knows what other mind-blowing stuff is hiding in the depths of the sea?That's why ocean exploration is SO important. By sending scientists and explorers and underwater vehicles down into the ocean, we can find out more about the plants and animals that live there. We can learn how to better take care of the ocean and all its incredible life. And who knows, we might even discoversome game-changing cure for diseases or a new source of energy or something!Exploring the ocean isn't just about finding the cool new creatures though. It's also about understanding how the ocean works and why it's so vital for the whole world. See, the ocean produces most of the oxygen we breathe and helps control the weather patterns and climate. Crazy, right? If we don't take good care of the ocean, it could really mess things up for everyone on Earth.That's another big reason why ocean exploration matters - so we can figure out how to protect the ocean better. By studying things like ocean currents, coral reefs, and how pollution affects marine life, scientists can come up with ways to keep the ocean healthy for all the amazing animals and plants that live there. And a healthy ocean means a healthy planet for us humans too!Ocean exploration also allows us to learn more about the ocean floor and what's underneath it. There could be hidden mountains, trenches, and formations we've never seen before just waiting to be discovered. Who knows, maybe we'll even find atlantis down there! Ok, maybe not Atlantis, but you get the idea - there's so much uncharted territory under the sea.And get this - we know more about the surface of Mars than we do about the ocean floors on our own planet! That's because exploring the ocean is super difficult and dangerous. The immense water pressure, cold temperatures, and total darkness down in the deep parts of the ocean makes it an incredibly challenging environment. But you know what? That just makes me want to explore it even more! Imagine how rewarding it would be to make a discovery in such an extreme place.I haven't even talked about all the high-tech gadgets and vehicles used for ocean exploration yet. From underwater drones and remote operated vehicles to sensor networks and deep sea submersibles, the equipment is just so awesome. I would love to get up close looks at shipwrecks, underwater volcanoes, and mysterious creatures using those sweet ocean exploration tools.So in summary, ocean exploration is crucial because it helps us discover new life, understand the vital role the ocean plays on Earth, figure out how to protect the ocean better, uncover what's beneath the seafloor, and push the boundaries of science and exploration. Pretty cool stuff, right?I hope I get to be an ocean explorer when I grow up. Imagine being the first person to find a rainbow-colored fish species or a new hidden trench deeper than anything we've seen before?How rad would that be! Our planet is covered in ocean, and there's still so much about it left to uncover and appreciate. That's why we need to keep exploring - for the awesome discoveries, yes, but also to safeguard this invaluable resourcefor generations to come.So next time you're swimming in the ocean or just looking out over those beautiful blue waters, remember - that's just the tiny part we can see. There's a whole other world lurking beneath the surface, just waiting to be uncovered. And I can't wait to help make that happen one day!标题:为什么海洋探索如此重要!你知道什么东西真的太酷了吗?就是海洋!这是覆盖了我们地球大部分的一个巨大的水体。
Unit 5 The Monarch’s Journey课文预读 21-22高一外研版必修第一册
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译文 始漫长而艰辛的旅程。它们总是设法完成大约4000公里的 南行之旅，成功到达加利福尼亚或墨西哥。然而，直到最
近人们才明白它们是如何做到的。
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saosloultuiotinon．to答...…案…；的谜解底决；方解法决；解决方法
The solution to the mysterycorpafosphthuvlea．tmio狂no跌n．a，rc数暴h量’跌s；avim人.&a口zvit.n(车g a)碰bi撞lit；y (c飞om机e)s坠毁
Improved sensors and an improved data sensing and
专利名称：Improved sensors and an improved data sensing and recording apparatus申请号：AU2003900280申请日：20030120公开号：AU2003900280A0公开日：20030206专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：The apparatus has a sensor disposed on the first end of an elongate connector by means of fixed interface link. A recorder unit is disposed on the second end of the connector opposite the first end. The connector is bendable within a predefined curvature range. When the apparatus is deployed into the sea, it is adapted to free-fall through the body of water and to land on the seafloor such that the sensor is spaced apart from the recorder unit. The apparatus is additionally adapted to substantially vibrationally de-couple the sensor from the recorder unit. The length of the connector is dynamically variable within a predefined range so as to minimize vibration coupling between the recorder unit to the sensor. Physical separation of the sensor and the recorder unit, together with the mechanical characteristics of the connector, ensure that the sensor is substantially vibrationally de-coupled from the recorder unit.申请人：THALES UNDERWATER SYSTEMS PTY. LIMITED更多信息请下载全文后查看。
中国探索深海英语作文
Title: China's Journey into the Deep Sea: A Vision of Scientific Exploration and FutureEndeavorsDeep within the vast and mysterious realm of the ocean, China has embarked on a remarkable journey of scientific exploration. This journey is not just about understanding the secrets of the deep sea, but also about harnessing its resources and protecting its fragile ecosystems. China's deep-sea exploration efforts, led by a committed team of scientists and engineers, are shaping the future of marine research and technology development.The journey began with the launch of China's first deep-sea research vessel, the "Jiaolong." This state-of-the-art vessel, with its advanced capabilities, has allowed Chinese scientists to explore depths that were once unimaginable. The "Jiaolong" has been instrumental in conducting research on seabed geology, marine biology, and oceanography, among other fields.But China's deep-sea exploration efforts are notlimited to the "Jiaolong." The country has also invested heavily in the development of underwater robots andautonomous vehicles, which are now being used to explore deeper and more remote regions of the ocean. These robots are equipped with high-resolution cameras and sensors that allow scientists to capture detailed images and data fromthe seabed.One of the most significant achievements of China'sdeep-sea exploration program is the discovery of newspecies and ecosystems. These discoveries have not only expanded our understanding of marine biodiversity but have also revealed the potential of the deep sea as a source of new drugs, materials, and energy resources.However, China's deep-sea exploration efforts are not just focused on scientific research and resource exploitation. The country is also committed to protectingthe fragile ecosystems of the deep sea. China has implemented strict environmental regulations to ensure that its deep-sea activities are conducted in a sustainable manner, minimizing the impact on marine life and ecosystems. Looking ahead, China's deep-sea exploration program is poised to make even more remarkable achievements. With the launch of new research vessels, the development of moreadvanced underwater robots, and the continuous pursuit of scientific knowledge, China is poised to become a leader in deep-sea research and technology development.In conclusion, China's journey into the deep sea is not just a scientific endeavor; it is a vision of the future.It represents the country's commitment to understanding, harnessing, and protecting the vast and mysterious realm of the ocean. As China continues to explore the depths of the sea, the world watches with anticipation and excitement, eager to see what new discoveries and achievements this remarkable program will bring.**中国深海探索之旅：科学探索与未来努力的愿景** 在广阔而神秘的海洋深处，中国踏上了一段非凡的科学探索之旅。
支持海洋探测的英语作文
支持海洋探测的英语作文英文：As an ocean lover, I am a strong advocate for the importance of ocean exploration and detection. The ocean covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface, yet we have only explored a small fraction of it. There is so much about the ocean that we still don't know, and it is crucial to understand this vast and mysterious environment in order to protect it.One of the key reasons why ocean detection is so important is because it helps us to monitor and understand the impact of human activities on the ocean. For example, ocean detection technology allows us to track changes in ocean temperature, acidity, and oxygen levels, which areall crucial indicators of the health of the ocean. By monitoring these changes, we can better understand the effects of climate change, pollution, and overfishing on marine ecosystems.Furthermore, ocean detection plays a crucial role inthe study of marine biodiversity. By using tools like sonar and underwater cameras, scientists are able to discover new species and study their behavior in their natural habitat. This knowledge is essential for the conservation of marine life and for the sustainable management of ocean resources.In addition, ocean detection is also vital for ensuring the safety and security of maritime activities. For example, the use of radar and satellite technology allows us to monitor ocean currents and predict storms, which isessential for the safety of ships and the protection of coastal communities.Overall, ocean detection is essential for the sustainable management and conservation of the ocean. It provides us with valuable information about the health of marine ecosystems, helps us to discover new species, and ensures the safety of maritime activities. Without ocean detection, we would be unable to fully understand andprotect this vital part of our planet.中文：作为一个热爱海洋的人，我强烈主张海洋探测的重要性。
海洋探测英文作文
海洋探测英文作文The ocean is a vast and mysterious place, full of hidden secrets and wonders. Exploring the ocean depths requires advanced technology and equipment, such as sonar and underwater drones, to help us uncover its mysteries.Ocean exploration is not only about discovering new species of marine life, but also about understanding the complex ecosystems and geological features that lie beneath the surface. By using advanced sensors and imaging technology, scientists can map the ocean floor and studyits geology and topography.One of the most important aspects of ocean exploration is the study of ocean currents and their impact on climate and weather patterns. By deploying buoys and drifters equipped with sensors, scientists can gather data on ocean currents and use it to improve our understanding of the Earth's climate system.In addition to scientific research, ocean exploration also plays a crucial role in the search for natural resources such as oil, gas, and minerals. By using advanced exploration techniques, such as seismic surveys and deep-sea drilling, companies can locate and extract valuable resources from the ocean floor.The development of new technologies, such as autonomous underwater vehicles and remotely operated vehicles, has revolutionized ocean exploration by allowing us to access and study the ocean depths in ways that were previously impossible. These advanced tools enable us to gather data and samples from the deepest parts of the ocean, providing valuable insights into this unexplored frontier.In conclusion, ocean exploration is a fascinating and important field that continues to push the boundaries of human knowledge and understanding. By using advanced technology and scientific techniques, we can unlock the secrets of the ocean and gain valuable insights into the complex and dynamic world beneath the waves.。
支持海洋探测的英语作文
支持海洋探测的英语作文Title: Exploring the Depths: The Importance of Oceanic Research。
The ocean, covering over 70% of the Earth's surface, remains one of the most mysterious and least understood parts of our planet. Its vastness holds secrets and treasures yet to be discovered, making oceanic exploration an imperative endeavor. In this essay, we delve into the significance of supporting oceanic research.Firstly, understanding the ocean is crucial for comprehending Earth's climate and weather patterns. The ocean plays a pivotal role in regulating climate by absorbing and redistributing heat around the globe. It acts as a massive heat sink, absorbing excess heat from the atmosphere and thereby influencing weather patterns and climate systems. Through oceanic research, scientists can gain insights into these complex interactions, contributing to more accurate climate models and predictions.Furthermore, the ocean is home to an incredibly diverse array of life forms, many of which remain undiscovered. Marine ecosystems support countless species, from microscopic plankton to majestic whales, and provide essential services such as oxygen production, carbon sequestration, and nutrient cycling. By studying marine biodiversity, researchers can uncover new species, understand their roles within ecosystems, and identify potential sources of medical compounds and other valuable resources.Moreover, the ocean holds vast untapped potential as a source of renewable energy. Technologies such as waveenergy converters, tidal turbines, and offshore wind farms have the capacity to harness the immense power of the ocean to generate electricity. However, to fully realize this potential, ongoing research is needed to improve efficiency, minimize environmental impacts, and overcome technical challenges.Additionally, the ocean plays a critical role in globaltransportation and trade. Maritime shipping accounts for the majority of global cargo transportation, facilitating the movement of goods and commodities around the world. Understanding ocean currents, tides, and weather patternsis essential for safe and efficient navigation. Oceanic research can help improve maritime safety, optimize shipping routes, and mitigate the environmental impacts of shipping activities, such as oil spills and pollution.Moreover, the ocean holds vast reserves of minerals, metals, and other valuable resources. Deep-sea mining has the potential to provide access to these resources, which are essential for modern technologies and industries. However, deep-sea mining also poses significant environmental risks, including habitat destruction, species extinction, and disruption of marine ecosystems. Through oceanic research, scientists can assess the environmental impacts of deep-sea mining, develop sustainable mining practices, and protect vulnerable marine ecosystems.In conclusion, supporting oceanic research is essential for advancing our understanding of the ocean and addressingpressing global challenges. From climate regulation and biodiversity conservation to renewable energy and sustainable resource management, the ocean holds the key to a sustainable future. By investing in oceanic research, we can unlock the mysteries of the deep and harness the vast potential of the ocean for the benefit of present andfuture generations.。
支持海洋探测的英语作文
支持海洋探测的英语作文英文回答：Marine exploration is the scientific study of the ocean and its contents. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including oceanography, marine biology, marine chemistry, and marine geology. Marine exploration has a long history, dating back to the ancient Greeks and Romans. However, it was not until the 19th century that marine exploration began to truly flourish.The development of new technologies, such as the bathysphere and the scuba diving suit, allowed scientists to explore the deep sea for the first time. In the 20th century, the development of sonar and other remote sensing technologies further revolutionized marine exploration. Today, scientists have a wide range of tools and technologies at their disposal to explore the ocean, from manned submersibles to uncrewed vehicles.Marine exploration has led to a number of important discoveries, including:The discovery of the Mariana Trench, the deepest point on Earth.The discovery of hydrothermal vents, which are oases of life in the deep sea.The discovery of new species of marine life, including the giant squid and the anglerfish.The discovery of new marine resources, such as oil and gas.Marine exploration has also helped us to better understand the role of the ocean in the global climate system. For example, scientists have discovered that the ocean plays a major role in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This discovery has led to the development of new strategies to mitigate climate change.Marine exploration is an important scientific endeavor that has led to a number of important discoveries. It is also an important economic activity, as the ocean providesa vast source of food, energy, and other resources. As we continue to explore the ocean, we will undoubtedly makeeven more important discoveries that will benefit humanity.中文回答：海洋探测是科学地研究海洋及其内容。
深潜器英文作文
深潜器英文作文A deep-sea submersible, also known as a deep-sea diving vessel, is a type of underwater vehicle designed to explore the depths of the ocean. These vehicles are equipped with advanced technology and systems that allow them to descendto great depths and withstand the extreme pressure of the deep-sea environment.The deep-sea submersible is typically operated by a team of highly trained professionals, including pilots, scientists, and engineers. These individuals work togetherto navigate the submersible, collect data, and conduct research on the ocean floor.One of the key features of a deep-sea submersible is its ability to withstand the intense pressure of the deep ocean. The pressure at these depths can be thousands of pounds per square inch, which would crush most vehicles and equipment. To counteract this pressure, deep-sea submersibles arebuilt with strong, reinforced materials that can withstand the extreme conditions.In addition to pressure resistance, deep-sea submersibles are also equipped with a variety of sensors and cameras that allow researchers to collect data and images from the ocean floor. These sensors can measure temperature, salinity, and other important factors that help scientists better understand the deep-sea environment.Overall, deep-sea submersibles play a crucial role in our understanding of the ocean and its ecosystems. By exploring the depths of the ocean, researchers can uncover new species, study underwater geology, and learn more about the impact of human activity on the marine environment.深潜器，也称为深海潜水器，是一种设计用于探索海洋深处的水下载具。
支持海洋探测的英语作文
The Necessity and Benefits of MarineExplorationThe vastness of the ocean covers over 70% of theEarth's surface, yet much of its depths remain a mystery. Marine exploration, the quest to understand and utilize the resources of the ocean, is crucial for the advancement of science, technology, and humanity's understanding of our planet.Marine exploration offers a window to the past, present, and future of our planet. The ocean is home to a diverse array of marine life, from the smallest microorganisms to the largest whales. By studying these organisms, scientists can gain insights into the evolution of life and theintricate webs of ecosystems. Additionally, the ocean contains valuable resources such as oil, gas, and minerals that are crucial for economic growth and development.Moreover, marine exploration can lead to the discoveryof new technologies and methods of sustainable energy production. With the increasing demand for energy and the need to mitigate the impact of climate change, the ocean offers a renewable and sustainable source of energy.Technologies such as wave energy, tidal energy, and ocean thermal energy conversion are being developed to harness the power of the ocean.Additionally, marine exploration can provide solutions to global challenges such as climate change and ocean pollution. By studying the ocean, scientists can gain a better understanding of the impact of human activities on the marine environment and develop strategies to mitigate these impacts. For example, marine exploration can lead to the discovery of new methods to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and reduce the acidity of the ocean.Furthermore, marine exploration can fosterinternational cooperation and understanding. The ocean is a shared resource that belongs to all nations, and by working together, countries can ensure the sustainable use and protection of the ocean. International collaborations in marine exploration can lead to the sharing of knowledge, technology, and resources, promoting economic growth and social development.In conclusion, marine exploration is crucial for the advancement of science, technology, and humanity'sunderstanding of our planet. It offers a window to the past, present, and future of the ocean, provides access to valuable resources, and can lead to the discovery of new technologies and methods of sustainable energy production. Additionally, marine exploration can provide solutions to global challenges such as climate change and ocean pollution, and foster international cooperation and understanding. Therefore, it is imperative that we continue to support and invest in marine exploration to ensure the sustainable use and protection of the ocean for future generations.**海洋探测的必要性与益处**海洋覆盖了地球表面的70%以上，但其深处的大部分仍然是个谜。
概括深海一号的英语作文
概括深海一号的英语作文Deep Sea No.1: A Marvel of Modern Technology。
Deep Sea No.1 is a state-of-the-art deep-sea exploration vessel that has been designed to explore the depths of the ocean. It is a marvel of modern technology that has been built to withstand the harsh conditions of the deep sea.The vessel is equipped with the latest technology and equipment that allows it to explore the depths of the ocean with great accuracy and precision. It has a range of sensors and cameras that can capture high-quality images and data from the ocean floor.One of the most impressive features of Deep Sea No.1 is its ability to operate at great depths. It can reach depths of up to 7,000 meters, which is deeper than any other manned submersible in the world. This makes it an ideal vessel for exploring the deepest parts of the ocean, wherefew other vessels can go.The vessel is also equipped with a range of scientific instruments that allow scientists to study the ocean environment in detail. It has a range of sensors that can measure water temperature, pressure, and salinity, as well as collect samples of water and sediment for analysis.Another impressive feature of Deep Sea No.1 is its life support system. The vessel is designed to support a crew of up to three people for up to 12 hours at a time. It has a range of systems that provide oxygen, food, and water to the crew, as well as a waste management system that ensures that waste is disposed of safely.Overall, Deep Sea No.1 is a remarkable vessel that represents the pinnacle of modern deep-sea exploration technology. It has the ability to explore the deepest parts of the ocean with great accuracy and precision, and is equipped with a range of scientific instruments that allow scientists to study the ocean environment in detail. It is a testament to the ingenuity and innovation of moderntechnology, and is sure to play a vital role in advancing our understanding of the oceans and the life that inhabits them.。
探索海洋的挑战英语作文
探索海洋的挑战英语作文Exploring the Challenges of the Ocean。
The ocean is a vast and mysterious place that covers over 70% of the Earth's surface. It is home to millions of species of plants and animals, and it plays a critical role in regulating the Earth's climate and weather patterns. However, despite its importance, we have only explored a small fraction of the ocean's depths. Exploring the oceanis a challenging and complex task that requires advanced technology, specialized equipment, and a deep understanding of the ocean's many mysteries.One of the biggest challenges of exploring the ocean is the sheer depth and size of the ocean itself. The ocean is over 36,000 feet deep in some places, and it covers over 140 million square miles. This means that exploring the ocean requires specialized equipment that can withstand the immense pressure and extreme conditions found at these depths. For example, submarines and deep-sea vehicles mustbe able to withstand pressures of up to 8,000 pounds per square inch, and they must be equipped with advancedsensors and imaging systems that can capture images anddata from the ocean floor.Another challenge of exploring the ocean is the extreme temperatures and harsh environments found at the ocean's depths. The ocean is a cold and dark place, with temperatures that can drop to below freezing in some areas. In addition, the ocean is home to many extreme environments, such as hydrothermal vents and deep-sea trenches, which can be difficult to navigate and explore. To overcome these challenges, scientists and engineers have developed specialized equipment and techniques, such as remotely operated vehicles and deep-sea diving suits, that allowthem to explore these environments safely and effectively.In addition to the physical challenges of exploring the ocean, there are also many scientific and technological challenges that must be overcome. For example, the ocean is a complex and dynamic system that is influenced by many factors, such as ocean currents, tides, and weatherpatterns. To understand the ocean and its many mysteries, scientists must develop advanced models and simulations that can accurately predict these complex systems. They must also develop new technologies and tools that can help them collect and analyze data from the ocean, such as underwater sensors and satellite imaging systems.Despite these challenges, exploring the ocean is a critical task that is essential for understanding our planet and its many mysteries. By exploring the ocean, we can learn more about the Earth's climate and weather patterns, discover new species of plants and animals, and uncover new sources of energy and natural resources. With continued investment in research and development, we can overcome the challenges of exploring the ocean and unlock its many secrets for future generations to enjoy.。
CTD48多参数在线探头说明书
CTD48Multiparameter Online Probesensors: max. 4on the bottom capstandard sensors:- Conductivity (С)- Temperature (T)- Pressure (D)additional sensors:- Oxygen- Turbidity- pH- Redox (ORP)The CTD48 is a high quality, high accura-cy 4 channel probe for oceanographic and limnological online measurement of conductivity, temperature, pressure and one optional parameter for depth up to 6000 m.The probe is equipped with a precision microprocessor-controlled 4 channel 20 bit analog to digital converter. Software:The supplied Standard Data Acquisition Software package “SST-SDA” includes the handling of the logging process and the display of online data with a shared graphical user interface.The “SST-SDA” calculates the physical values from the raw values supplied by the probe and the associated calibra-tion coefficients. Salinity, density, sound velocity and depth will be calculated by using the UNESCO formulae. Interface:The CTD48 is equipped with several interfaces:- RS-232- RS-485- FSK The RS-232 port can be used withmulti-conductor cable up to severalhundred metres long. The user can op-erate the probe easily from small boatsand ships. The serial data will be applieddirectly to the serial port of a PC. Powerhas to be provided externally e.g. by a12V battery or a external power supply.The RS-485 is used for data transfer inareas with high environmental electro-magnetic noise.RS-485 interface can drive up to 1000 mcable length on nearly any cable.FSK transmission is used mainly onsingle-conductor cables. Data is modu-lated on the power supply rail for a longdistance data transmission. FSK oper-ation requires a special power supplyinterface with a demodulator unit thatconverts the FSK data into RS-232 orUSB 2.0 format.Electrical specifications:- Supply voltage: 9…30V DC- Power consumption: approx. 0.5 W(sensor-dependent)- Serial port: RS-232; RS-485; FSK- Data sampling rate: 5 CTD sets/s- Connector: SUBCONN MCBH4M TiMechanical specifications:Materials:Housing: titanium, grade 2 (up to 2000 m),titanium, grade 5 (up to 6000 m)Connector: titanium, neopreneDimensions and weights:Length (housing):- 240 mm (probes up to 2000 m)- 260 mm (probes up to 6000 m)Length (protection frame): 130 mmLength (overall, with connector):- approx. 450 mm (probes up to 2000 m)- approx. 470 mm (probes up to 6000 m)Diameter (housing): 48 mmWeight (in air): approx. 1.2 kgPC requirements:- Operating system: Microsoft Windows(all versions)- Interface: USB or RS-232All calculations correspond to thecurrent UNESCO formulas.We would be pleased to make anoffer according to your requests andrequirements.Ordering:30100001 CTD48 up to 2000 m30100003 CTD48 up to 6000 msensors and equipment available on requestTemperature sensorCTD48, Bluetooth Cable Drum and Sea & Sun DataWatch Photo: Sea & Sun Technology GmbH Calibration labPhoto: Sea & Sun Technology GmbHPhoto: Karelian Research CentreRussian Academy of Sciences Laboratory of HydrophysicsEquipment12341. Sea & Sun DataWatch2. Bluetooth® Cable Drum3. Cable Drum4. Winch5. Cable** output is non-linear above 1250 FTUPossible configuration:Computer for data acquisitionBluetooth ® Cable Drumwith internalrechargeable battery for powering the probeTabletBluetooth / RS-232CTD48BluetoothMulti-conductor cableup to 250 mBluetoothSea & Sun DataWatchStandard sensors:Titanium protection cage Sea & Sun DataWatch Temperature sensorSea & Sun Technology GmbH A rndtstrasse 9-1324610 Trappenkamp Germany +49 4323 91 09 13 +49 4323 91 09 15********************** CTD48Multiparameter Online ProbeCTD48Instruction manualRS-232 to USBconverterThe CTD48 will be delivered in a compact,robust and water resistant transport case including cables, connection plugs, instruction manual, USB stick with software, etc.DeliveryDistributor:ConfigurationcableSoftwareShackle。
高中英语人教版(2019)选择性必修第四册 Unit 3 Sea Exploration
How do you understand the quote? Can you describe ocean using your own language?
• What do you know about the ocean?
animals
plants
minerals
Read for main idea.
Listen to the passage and match the main idea of each paragraph.
Para.1 Para.2
A. China is also joining with other countries on other important projects.
B. Travel from east to west began long before Columbus.
Para.3
C. In ancient times, travel east to west was on the Silk Road.
Para.4 Para.5
Para.6
D. Zheng He’s sea voyages built relations with other countries. E. The 21st Century Maritime Silk Road has encouraged
in the future
Time Order
How Chinese people have conducted sea explorations over time.
Read for details. (Finish the timeline) How is the passage developed? Time sequence/order.
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A sea of sensors传感器的汪洋Everything will become a sensor—and humans may be the best of all万物都将成为传感器，而人类或许将是其中最棒的。
Nov 4th 2010GERMANS are known to separate their rubbish diligently. Some even have dedicated containers for different kinds of metal. But they may soon need yet another bin: for electronic labels, also known as radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. If not kept and treated separately, these could be very difficult to recycle, Germany‟s Federal Environment Agency said last year. The number being thrown away each year could rise from about 86m now to 23 billion by 2020, according to the agency.德国人以其勤于垃圾分类而闻名，部分人士甚至已为不同类型的金属指定了不同的容器。
但是也许不久之后，他们还将需要另一种垃圾箱：以用于收纳电子标签，又称射频识别（RFID）标签。
德国联邦环境部在去年表示，如果这些电子标签未被分别保管和处理，那么它们将会非常难以被回收利用。
根据该部门的说法，每年被丢弃的电子标签总量将从目前的大约8600万件上升至2020年时的230亿件。
RFID tags, which have been used to identify everything from cattle to tombstones, will not be the only type of sensor crowding the planet. Anything and anyone—machines, devices, everyday things and particularly humans—can become a sensor, gathering and transmitting information about the real world.已被用于识别从牛到墓碑等一切事物的射频识别标签并非唯一一种将占满这个星球的传感器。
任何物品及任何人（机器、设备、日常用品，特别是人）都可成为收集和传送关于现实世界信息的传感器。
The concept of the “internet of things” dates back to the late 1980s, when researchers at Palo Alto Research Centre (PARC) in Silicon V alley imagined a future in which the virtual and the real world would be connected. In the following years much of the academic work concentrated on bringing this about with RFID tags, which are reliable, inexpensive and do not require a power supply. When exposed to a radio signal, they use its energy to send back the information they contain, mostly a long number identifying an object.“物联网”概念的历史可追溯至上世纪80年代晚期，当时硅谷帕洛阿尔托研究中心(Palo Alto Research Centre, PARC)的研究者们构想出了一种虚拟世界与现实世界相互连接的未来。
在之后的岁月中，大部分学术工作集中于利用可靠、廉价且不需要能源供应的射频识别标签来实现这一梦想。
当这些标签暴露在无线电信号下时，它们将利用信号的能量发回其所包含的信息，这些信息大部分是用于识别物品的一长串数字。
Now it is “active” tags (which have their own power source) and, even more, wireless sensors that are attracting most of the interest. As with all things electronic, these are becoming ever smaller and more versatile. “Tell me what you need, and we can build it for you,” says Reinhold Achatz, head of corporate research at Siemens. Start-ups, too, are producing devices that sense everything from the rarest chemical to the most exotic bacteria. Optiqua, a Singaporean firm, has come up with a chip that measures how fast light passes through a water sample to detect contaminants. And a biosensor developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, can identify about 2,000 viruses and 900 bacteria.如今，（拥有自身能量来源的）“主动”标签则吸引了大部分兴趣，而无线传感器更是如此。
如同所有电子物品一样，两者的体积正不断变小，功能却越来越多。
西门子企业研究部主任莱因戈尔德•阿赫思(Reinhold Achatz)表示：“告诉我你需要什么，然后我们便能为你造出来。
”新兴企业同样也在生产探测范围从最稀有的化学品到最奇异的细菌等一切物质的设备。
新加坡Optiqua公司已推出一种通过测量光在水样中的移动速度，以此侦测污染物的芯片。
而由加州伯克利的劳伦斯里弗莫尔国家实验室(the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)研制的一款生物传感器，则可以辨识出大约2000种病毒和900种细菌。
Researchers are also on the way to solving two big problems that have held back the deployment of sensors. One is power. Having to run wires or regularly replace batteries would be too difficult. But sensors have started to power themselves by scavenging for energy in their environment, for instance in the form of light and motion. Similarly, some sensors already make more efficient use of another scarce resource: radio spectrum. Smart power meters form “mesh networks” to relay their readings.在解决阻碍传感器部署的两个重大问题上，研究者们也在取得进展。
问题之一是能量。
必须架设电线或定期更换电池将太过困难。
不过传感器已经开始通过搜寻所处环境中的能量（例如光能和动能）为自身供能。
与之相似的是，某些传感器已在更高效地利用另一种稀有来源——射电谱。
智能电表构成了“网状网络”，以此转发读数。
Engineers working on sensors think this will eventually lead to “smart dust”—sensors as small as dust parti cles that can be dispersed on a battlefield, say, to spy on the enemy‟s movements. Such devices are still far off, but at Hewlett-Packard (HP) in Silicon Valley a taste—or more precisely, a feel—of things to come is on offer even now. To demonstrate the fi rm‟s new accelerometer, a device the size of a cigarette box that measures the acceleration of an object, Peter Hartwell, a researcher, puts it on his chest, and a graph of his heartbeat appears on a screen beside him. “This sensor”, he proudly explains, “is one thousand times more sensitive than those in your smartphone.”致力于传感器的工程师认为这将最终导致“智能尘埃”的诞生，这是一种可被散布于战场上的尘埃微粒大小的传感器，用于暗中侦察敌方行动。
这类设备距离我们仍然遥远，不过在硅谷的惠普公司(HP)，人们现在便可体验（更准确地说是感受）一下将要出现的事物。