EST1-An elementary introduction of EST
EST
English for Science and Technology Characteristic syntax of EST1. More long and complicated sentencesEST as a formal style of writing usually consists of more long and complicated sentences.When translated into Chinese, a long sentence may be cut into several parts.One of the most important things which the economic theories can contribute to management science is building analytical models which help in recognizing the structure of managerial problems, eliminating the minor details which might obstruct decision making, and in concentrating on the main issues.经济理论对于管理科学的最重要贡献之一，就是建立分析模型。
这种模型有助于认识管理问题的构成，排除可能妨碍决策的次要因素，从而有助于集中注意力解决主要的问题。
2. More NominalizationCompared with general English, noun phrases are more frequently used in EST. This is because scientific literature contains more abstract concepts such asdefinitions, principles, laws, conclusion, etc.. As the semantic meaning of a noun phrase that consists of several words is usually complicated, the translation should go beyond the surface structure.Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受各种活动物体的图像。
高级英语第一册第一课中文翻译
第一课中东的集市中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。
此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，其入口处是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门。
你首先要穿过一个赤日耀眼、灼热逼人的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。
这市场一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，消失在远处的阴影里。
赶集的人们络绎不绝地进出市场，一些挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于这熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当叮当的响声。
市场的路面约有十二英尺宽，但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄；那儿出售的货物各种各样，应有尽有。
你一走进市场，就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声，赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声，还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。
各种各样的噪声此伏彼起，不绝于耳，简直叫人头晕。
随后，当往市场深处走去时，人口处的喧闹声渐渐消失，眼前便是清静的布市了。
这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。
布店的店主们一个个都是轻声轻气、慢条斯理的样子；买布的顾客们在这种沉闷压抑的气氛感染下，自然而然地也学着店主们的榜样，变得低声细语起来。
中东集市的特点之一是经销同类商品的店家，为避免相互间的竞争，不是分散在集市各处，而是都集中在一块儿，这样既便于让买主知道上哪儿找他们，同时他们自己也可以紧密地联合起来，结成同盟，以便保护自己不受欺侮和刁难。
例如，在布市上，所有那 1些卖衣料、窗帘布、椅套布等的商贩都把货摊一个接一个地排设在马路两边，每一个店铺门面前都摆有一张陈列商品的搁板桌和一些存放货物的货架。
讨价还价是人们习以为常的事。
头戴面纱的妇女们迈着悠闲的步子从一个店铺逛到另一个店铺，一边挑选一边问价；在她们缩小选择范围并开始正儿八经杀价之前，往往总要先同店主谈论几句，探探价底。
对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的。
CHARACTERISTICS OF EST-1
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江苏省科技翻译协会有关人士透露， 目前南京共有162家翻译企业，这些翻译公 司的业务中70%是科技翻译，有上千人在 专门从事科技翻译工作。由于翻译人才缺 口很大，南京的翻译公司每年要从高校毕 业生里招聘五六百名翻译人才，但专业的 科技翻译人才还是很难找。 受金融危机 影响，外语毕业生的就业也“遭遇寒流”， 不过翻译行业各公司的生意还是欣欣向荣。
• 中国译协副会长、原中央编译局副局长尹 承东举例说，科技翻译目前收费标准还有 水涨船高的趋势，现在一般出版社的外文 翻译是1000字50元左右，而专业的科技翻 译则达到了千字100—200元，贵的则达到 千字400-500元。
目前企业从大学生里招不到科技翻译人 才，主要是和目前大学的培养模式有关， 大学里外语专业只是培养了学生初步的外 语知识，交给学生外语单词、语法和翻译 理论，但他们和翻译实战则差得很远。比 如，目前市场急需的科技翻译人才，中国 各大学都没有专门进行培养。
• All external machined surfaces shall be protected from corrosion with suitable inhibitor after cleansing with mineral spirit.
• All internal parts shall be protected from physical damage and corrosion after cleansing with mineral spirit
• 3. The earth rotates on its own axis, which causes the change from day to night. • The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. • 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。
法语1(北外马晓宏)6-9课后题答案
第六课Exercices grammaticaux1. Est-ce un ou une?une porte un mur un médecin une dame un livreune heure un cours une piscine une gare un monsieur2. Ecrivez les chiffres suivants en français3 trois 7 sept 10 dix 13 treize15 quinze 20 vingt 21 vingt-et-un 25 vingt-cinq29 vingt-neuf 30 trente3. Mettez une préposition dans les phrases suivantes et faites la contraction si n écessaire.1) Il y a un bon restaurant près du magasin.2) Ton frère va-t-il à l'école primaire?3) Il va au Canada, je crois.4) Est-ce le livre du professeur?5) Paul est peut-être au bureau du directeur.6) Ah bon? Julie va au cinéma avec toi?7) Voici les cahiers des étudiants de la classe B.8) Comment? Il va à l'hôpital? Je ne crois pas.4. Répondez aux questions à la forme négative.1) Est-ce que c'est le professeur de français.Non, ce n'est pas le professeur de français.2) Est-ce que c'est Catherine?Non, ce n'est pas Catherine.3) Est-ce qu'elle va à la gare?Non, elle ne va pas à la gare.4) Est-ce que c'est le livre de Pascal?Non, ce n'est pas le livre de Pascal.5) Est-ce un café?Non, ce n'est pas un café.6) Est-ce que tu as faim?Non, je n'ai pas faim.7) Est-ce que le journal est sur la table?Non, le journal n'est pas sur la table.8) Est-ce que tu regardes la télévision le matin?Non, je ne regarde pas la télévision le matin.5. Accordez les adjectifs donnés.1) Elle est très contente.2) C'est une grande école.3) Pascal a de belles chemises blanches.4) Benoît est un vieil ami.5) Ici, il y a de grandes chambres bien propres.6) Je m'appelle Nathalie, enchantée.7) Elle n'est pas paresseuse, elle travaille beaucoup.8) Vous avez un bel appartement.6. Mettez les adjectifs donnés à la forme correcte.1) Il a un bel avenir.2) Voici un nouvel hôtel construit en 2005.3) Monsieur, je vous présente mon vieil ami, Pascal Lebon.4) Dans cette ville, il y a de beaux hôtels très modernes.5) Tiens. Tu as de nouveaux amis?6) Regarde cette photo. Ce sont de vieux acteurs de notre pays.7. Mettez les phrases suivantes au pluriel.1) Ces hommes ne sont pas gentils.2) Voici de bons restaurants chinois.3) Ces langues étrangères ne sont pas faciles.4) Ce sont de grands hommes de notre histoire.5) Les nouvelles amies de Lili sont françaises.6) Ce sont des chemises pour moi? Merci.8. Traduisez les phrases suivantes en chinois.1) 对不起，请问你正是杜朗先生吗？2）她去火车站吗？那么，太好了！3）你们真的工作得很认真。
Introduction to est (讲义版)
Introduction to ESTThe English for Science and Technology (EST) emerged in the 1950s. It was the outcome of the swift development of science and technology after World War II. Since the 1970s, the EST has aroused worldwide attention and led to much research among different nations. With more and more science papers published in English, the EST, a major variety of English, has emerged with its own typical characteristics. And now it has become a significant language variety.The EST generally refers to both written language and spoken language about science and technology. It includes scientific books, papers, reports, experimental records and schemes; various scientific intelligence and scripts; the practical scientific handbooks; scientific films, videos and sound materials with the caption, etc. An important and perhaps surprising feature of English for Science and Technology is that its normal style is common to both written and spoken communication.With rapid and remarkable advances in modern science and technology, an increasingly large number of English technical terms have arisen in our daily life, giving rise to a new genre of register with vocabularies outside the range of ordinary educated man — English for Science and Technology (EST).Social linguist Strevens (1988) points out “Broadly defined, ESP courses are those in which the aims and the content are determined, principally or wholly not by criteria of general education (as when English is a school subject in school) but for functional and practical English requirements of the learner.”Halliday (1978) puts forward the concept of “register” to demonstrate the existence of language variety in different linguistic situations.“Types of linguistic situation differ from one another, broadly speaking, in three aspects: first, as regards what actually is taking place; secondly, as regards what part the language is playing; and thirdly, as regards who is taking part. These three variables, taken together, determine the range within which meanings are selected and the forms which are used for their expression. In other words, they determine the …register‟”In 1985, Halliday further enhances the concept of “register”:“Register is a configuration of meanings that are typically associated with a particular situational configuration of field, tenor, and mode…which must include the expressions, the lexical-grammatical and phonological features that typically accompany or realize these meanings.”The EST, “a functional variety of language (语言的功能变体)”, has its own characteristics such as high-level specialization, new concepts, complicated structure, simple and clear language, more declarative sentences, extensive use of the passive voice, many complicated and long sentences, etc. Compared with other literary forms, it has higher-level scientific nature, organization, accuracy and closeness. In a nutshell, its special features can be summarized as follows:a. Within the broad framework of general English, register-based use of English forms a subset where there is high correlation between linguistic features and subject matter.b. In science and technology, language is used to define, classify, report, explain, and prove. Clarity of concepts and logical thinking are very important cornerstones of scientific English.c. The language serves a purely referential purpose. Objectivity and impersonal tone are thewatchwords in science and technology.d.Words used in English for science and technology have to be immune to any cultural associations or implications.e. The most important purpose of English for science and technology is not to show how beautifully one can write, how wide one‟s vocabulary is, how varied one‟s sentence structure is, but to focus on its referential roles and functions.Some lexical and syntactical features deserve further study and careful attention.The most remarkable characteristic of EST is the extensive use of technical terms in that the development of science and technology provides an extremely abundant source of vocabulary for EST. Compared with general English vocabulary, EST chiefly distinguishes itself as follows:First, Specialization of the Words in Common UseTechnical terms are used widely in EST. A great number of them come from the words used commonly in our daily life, but with strict technical meanings in EST. EST borrows words in common use to explain the professional technical concepts. This semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary. Can you find the different meanings of each of the following words both in common use and technically?appendix bit finish bugtrap capsule acquisition virtualSecond, One Word with Multiple MeaningsPolysemy (multiple meaning) is another characteristic of the EST vocabulary. For example, “transmission”, in radio engineering, it means “传送”or “播送”; in mechanics, it means “传动”or “变速”; in physics, it means “透射”; in medicine, it means “遗传”, etc.Third, a Profuse Use of Word-building DevicesThe word building methods include compounding, blending, affixation, acronym and borrowing. Beside, there are some other ways of word-building like clipping, back-formation, coinage, functional shift and borrowing from the foreign words.AffixationAffixation is an important way of coining new English words and technical terms, with prefix and suffix as inseparable elements of the words being coined. The advantage of affixation is evident: it is the most flexible means of forming new words and its potential of creation is almost boundless, hence one of the most prevalent means ever found in the formation of technical terms. Once Yahoo the webpage made a comment: “E—as in e-mail, e-prints, e-journals, e-groups and electronic everything else, -- seems to have emerged as our all-purpose, ever-present vowel.”Anther prefix cyber, once used as an adjective, has become the prefix of the day, an almost ubiquitous prefix joining with other words to create a myriad of newly coined words.cybercafécyber-crime cyber-culture cybernaut cyberphobia cyberpunk cybersex cyberspace cyberspeak cyberstalkingcybersurfing cyberworld cyber-Monday cyber-apartment cyber-loafingbio-eco-nano-mini-，thermo-, electro-, aero-, carbo-, hydro-, -asis, -mania, etc.Compounding 复合词breakwater software, greenhouse, mass-produce, soft-land, compact disc, blogsphere, computer game jetlag brain drain brainchild contact lens green back laptop music blue ocean strategy information superhighway leapfrog lunch box aircraft carrier space cell space junk bar code mouse mat hotpressMost of such compound words may be translated literally, i.e. put the Chinese equivalents of separate elements together and we get the Chinese equivalents of the compound words. Sometimes, however, there are exceptions. For example,bull’s eye, cat crane, dog house,cat walk etc.. Literal translation in tackling such terms may lead us astray. Therefore whenever we are confronted with unfamiliar terms and are not sure of their meaning, we should frequently consult dictionaries of relevant specialties. In many cases some additional expressions are needed to make the original meaning clear and accurate.Blending 拼缀词Blending is a variant of compounding, omitting the latter part of the first word and clipping off the first of the second word.comsat = communications + satellitetelesat =telecommunications +satellitecamcorder =camera+recordercontrail=condensation+ trail凝结尾，飞行云(飞机在晴冷而潮湿的空气中飞行时在尾部所形成的一条类似云带物)Eurasia =Europe +Asiamotel =motor + hotelsmog= smoke+ fogmedicare= medical+ carepsywar =psychology +warfarevideophone =video+ telephoneparatroops =parachute +troopssci-fi =science +fictiongravisphere= gravity+ spherebiorhythm =biological +rhythmAcronymAn acronym is a word made up from the first letters of the name of something. Since it is very convenient to use this brief form, acronyms are widely adopted in English technical terms.AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeWTO World Wide Trade OrganizationCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCIA Central Intelligence AgencyCEO Chief Executive OfficerCBD Central Business DistrictA TM Automatic Teller MachineCPPCC National Committee of the Chinese People‟s Political Consultative Conference GM General ManagerIOC International Olympic CommitteeISO International Organization for StandardizationPA Personal AssistantPC Personal ComputerPM Prime MinisterPR Public RelationsPDA Personal Digital AssistantBBS Bulletin Board SystemCAI Computer Assisted InstructionCD-R Compact Disc RecordableDIY Do It YourselfHTTP Hypertext Transfer ProtocoliPod iPod pod =personal option digital personal on demand /portable on demandLED Light Emitting DiodeLCD Liquid Crystal DisplayCRT Cathode Ray TubeGPS Global Positioning SystemSIM Subscriber Identity ModuleHIV-positive /negative Human Immunodeficiency VirusU-boat Undersea boatFourth, NominalizationA nominalization is a noun phrase that has a systematic correspondence with a clausal predication, which includes a head noun morphologically related to a corresponding verb.Compared with general English, noun phrases are more frequently used in EST. The EST should have a simple and direct style of writing, very objective ideas, accurate contents, and plenty of information and facts.This is because scientific literature contains more abstract concepts such as definitions, principles, laws, conclusions, etc., and manifold modification and restriction are required to elaborate these concepts or ideas.Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss can be considerably reduced. Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.From a close study of the so-called cathode rays the existence of small negatively charged particles was recognized. (动词名词化)Serious examination of the extent and quality of pre-college science teaching made recently has led to programs of reform and improvement that already have had profound impact on all aspects of elementary and secondary science education. (动词名词化)Memory mapping was incorporated which allowed dividing of memory into pages and segments. (名词化动名词)The result would be a train too heavy to be practical, too energy hungry to be economical. （名词性动词不定式）。
北外 马晓宏编著 法语1课后答案2-10课
法语答案第二课III. Exercices grammaticaux（语法练习）2. Orthographe : est ou et ?1) Voici ta valise et ta chemise.2) Calemette Chirac est styliste.3) Voilà ! C’est toi et moi.4) Et toi, où vas-tu ?5) Ta chemise est chic !6) Qui est à la porte ?3. Où aller ?（去哪儿？）1) Moi, je vais à Paris.2) Pascal, tu vas à Beijing ?3) Yves va chez Marie.4) Justine va chez son ami（朋友）.5) Jacques et moi, nous allons à Lille.6) Elle et toi, vous allez chez le professeur ?7) Marie et Benoît vont à la messe（做弥撒）.8) Lyce et Monique vont à Shanghai.4. Exercices à trous.（填空练习。
）1) - Qui c’est ?- Bonjour! C’est moi , Luc.- Bonjour ! Mais, qu’est-ce que c’est ?- Devine ! ... C’est une photo.- Ah ! Une photo ? C’est chic !2) C’est une carte de la Chine.3) Voici une valise. C’est ma valise.4) Luc est chez Annie.5) Où vas-tu ?6) Voilà Nicolas et Pascal.5. Traduisez les phrases suivantes en français.（将下列句子译成法语。
EST1课文翻译--科技英语综合教程
博弈论阿维纳什•迪克斯特&巴里•内尔巴夫1博弈是有关策略的科学。
它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助博弈者作出决策，在一系列纷繁复杂的博弈中应采取何种策略来保证自己获得最大利益。
博弈论研究的博弈的范围包括了从下棋到抚育儿童，从网球竞技到公司转手。
但是所有的博弈都具有一个共同的特征：相互作用。
也就是说,每一个博弈者的博弈结果取决于所有博弈参与者的策略选择。
在零和博弈中，博弈者的利益之间是完全冲突的，因此一方的得利必然导致另一方的损失。
更多具有代表性的例子还有会导致共同得利(正和)博弈和共同损失(负和)博弈，同样的情况还会发生在另外一些冲突中。
2博弈论研究的先驱者是普林斯顿数学家约翰•冯•诺依曼。
在早先的一段时间里，研究的重点被放在了完全冲突(零和)博弈(非合作博弈)上，其他的博弈当时被认为是以合作形式出现。
也就是说，博弈要求参与者共同地选择和实施他们的行为.最近的研究则把重点放在了那些既不属于零和博弈也不属于绝对合作博弈的情况上，在这些博弈中，博弈者自主地选择博弈行为，但他们之间的相互关系中充满了合作与竞争。
3博弈行为与我们在中性环境中所作的各种决定有着根本性的不同。
要说明这一点，我们可以思考一下伐木工人和军队将军所作决定之间的不同。
当伐木工人决定要如何砍树时，他不会考虑树木本身会有什么反抗，他所处的环境为中性。
而当将军决定要消灭敌军时，他必须提前预料到并消除敌军的反抗。
与这一例子中的将军相类似，一个博弈者必须认识到他与其他机智且怀有争胜之心的竞争者之间的相互作用，他自己所作的决定也必须能够同时应对可能出现的合作或冲突。
4博弈的实质是博弈者采取策略之间的相互依赖性。
这种策略性的相互依赖表现为两个不同的类别：连续策略之间的相互作用以及联立策略之间的相互作用。
就前者而言，博弈者依次采取行动，每个人都会注意其他博弈者先前的行为。
就后者而言，博弈者同时采取行动，每个人都会忽略其他博弈者当前的行为。
5对连续策略博弈中的某一博弈这来说，一个普遍的原则就是放眼前方，及时反思和总结。
高中英语上外版必修第三册Unit1RoadtoSuccessSelf-assessment课后练习、
一、完形填空文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。
文章介绍了威廉·汤姆森的生平，并重点讲述了他在科学和实际应用方面所取得的成就。
1. William ThomsonWilliam Thomson was born on 26 June, 1824 in Belfast. He was taught by his father, a professor of mathematics. In 1832, the family moved to Glasgow where Thomson attended university at the age of 10, then studied at Cambridge and Paris Universities. In 1846 he became professor of natural philosophy in Glasgow, a post he _____for more than 50 years.In Glasgow, Thomson _____the first physics laboratory in Britain. He was a pioneer in many different _____, particularly electromagnetism (电磁学) and thermodynamics (热力学). _____Faraday(法拉第), he was responsible for the introduction of the_____of an electromagnetic field where Thomson developed the work of the _____of the subject, Nicolas Carnot and James Joule. One of the most _____results of his work was his idea of an absolute zero of temperature — the scale based on this is named _____him.Throughout his work Thomson’s main goal was the practical use of science. He achieved _____through his work on submarine telegraphy, a major practical problem of the day. He was _____as a scientific adviser in the laying of the Atlantic telegraph cables in 1857-1858 and 1865-1866,for which he was knighted in 1866. His _____in marine issues also inspired him to develop a mariners’ compass and _____a tide machine and depth-measuring equipment. He invented many electrical instruments and his house in Glasgow was the first to be _____by electric light.Thomson was raised to the noblemen with the _____of Baron Kelvin of Largs in 1892. The Kelvin was a small river that flowed near Glasgow University and he was president of the royal Society from 1890 to 1895. He died on 17 December, 1907, in Ayrshire, Scotland and was _____in Westminster Abbey.1.A．sought B．confirmed C．admired D．held2.A．took up B．broke up C．set up D．blew up3.A．fields B．countries C．labs D．colleges4.A．In spite of B．Except for C．Together with D．Regardless of5.A．command B．condition C．contract D．concept6.A．learners B．pioneers C．competitors D．leaders7.A．important B．obvious C．fortunate D．positive8.A．for B．with C．after D．on9.A．wealth B．fame C．contribution D．enthusiasm10.A．considered B．attracted C．employed D．accused11.A．hobby B．desire C．success D．interest12.A．operate B．invent C．control D．produce13.A．lit B．built C．decorated D．equipped14.A．title B．name C．honor D．award15.A．preserved B．respected C．admitted D．buried二、阅读选择(阅读理解)文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍的是袁隆平的生平和主要成就。
以est结尾的形容词
以est结尾的形容词1. **Biggest**- Oh, you know what's the best? When you get the biggest slice of pizza! It's like winning a little food lottery. You look at that slice and you're just like, "Man, this is the biggest one here! I'm so lucky!" It's that feeling of pure joy when you realize you got more than anyone else. And it's not just about the amount of food. Think about the biggest achievement in your life. For me, it was when I graduated from college. That was the biggest step towards my future, and I was on top of the world.2. **Fastest**- Have you ever seen the fastest runner in a race? It's like they're a bolt of lightning! I remember at my school sports day, there was this one kid. He was the fastest in the 100 - meter dash. He just zoomed past everyone else like it was nothing. And in life, sometimes we need to be the fastest too. When an opportunity comes knocking, you gotta be like that speedy runner. You can't just sit around. If you're the fastest to grab that chance, it could change your whole life for the better.3. **Loudest**- The loudest person in the room always gets noticed, right? It can be kind of annoying sometimes, but other times it's really cool. I was at a concert once, and the lead singer had the loudest voice. It was like his voice could break through any wall. He was belting out those songs, and the whole crowd was going wild. But then there's also that one person at a party who talks way too loud. It's like they don't even realize how much noise they're making. Ugh, it can be a real pain.4. **Smallest**- The smallest things can often be the most precious. It's like finding a tiny little seashell on the beach. You hold it in your hand and you're just in awe of how small and beautiful it is. I have a friend who collects the smallest stamps. She says that there's a whole world in those little stamps. And sometimes, when you feel like you're the smallest fish in a big pond, it doesn't mean you're not important. You might be small, but you can still make a big splash.5. **Brightest**- Oh, the brightest star in the sky always catches your eye.It's like it's winking at you, saying, "Hey, look at me!" When I was camping once, I saw the brightest shooting star. It was like a little piece of magic streaking across the sky. And in a classroom, there's always that one person with the brightest ideas. They're like a lightbulb that's always on. Their ideas shine through and inspire everyone else.6. **Happiest**- Who doesn't want to be the happiest person? It's like walking around with a permanent smile on your face. I saw a little kid at the park the other day. He was the happiest little thing, running around, laughing his head off. It was contagious. I couldn't help but smile too. And when you find that thing that makes you the happiest, whether it's a hobby or a person, it's like you've found a little piece of heaven on earth.7. **Funnest**- What's the funnest thing you've ever done? For me, it was that time I went on a roller coaster. It was like a wild ride through the clouds. I was screaming and laughing at the same time. It waspure chaos, but in the best way possible. And when you're with your funniest friends, it's like being in a non - stop comedy show. Every moment is filled with laughter and jokes.8. **Nearest**- The nearest place to your heart is always special. It could be your hometown or your childhood home. For my grandma, her little garden was the nearest thing to her heart. She spent hours in there, taking care of her plants. It was like her own little paradise. And when a friend is in need, you should be the nearest one to offer help. It's like being a safety net for them.9. **Dearest**- Our dearest possessions are not always the most expensive. It could be a hand - written letter from a loved one. I have a letter from my grandfather that I cherish. It's like a little piece of him. And our dearest friends are the ones who are always there for us. They're like the warmest hugs on a cold day. You can always count on them, no matter what.10. **Strongest**- When you think of the strongest person, who comes tomind? Is it a bodybuilder or someone with inner strength? I know a woman who has been through so much in life, but she's still the strongest person I know. It's like she's made of steel. She faces every challenge head - on. And when you need to be the strongest, like when you're going through a tough time, you dig deep inside and find that strength within you. It's like a hidden superpower.Conclusion: These est - ending adjectives are really powerful in describing different aspects of our lives. They can bring out strong emotions and vivid images. Whether it's something physical like the biggest or smallest, or something more emotional like the dearest or happiest, they all play an important role in how we see the world and interact with it.。
EST1
2. She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.
• 如前所述，科技文章要求行文简练，结构 紧凑，为此，往往使用分词短语代替定语 从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替 状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代 替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语 从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子，又比 较醒目。
• 试比较下列各组句子。 1. A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction. 直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流 2.Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise. 热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。 3.A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion. 如果没有改变物体运动的原因，那么物体将作 匀速直线运动。
4.The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The fullscale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.
新大学法语3_Unite1-5_课文翻译
les guinguettes refleurissent le long de nos rivières.
法国各江河沿岸的露天咖啡馆又重新盛行起来。
Lyon affiche des guinguettes le long de la Saône et, en région parisienne, celles du bord de la Seine et de la Marne sont de plus en plus fréquentées.
虽然这一说法有些夸张，但在我们地球拥有的400万种动植物中，
moins de 1% sert à notre nourriture.
只有不到1%现在用做我们的食物。
Le mouvement en cours est plus ou moins une révolution de cuisine.
所以，正在进行的运动或多或少可以算作是一场饮食革命。
由于“核心”家庭的出现，
avec seulement le père, la mère et l’enfant,
即只有父母和一个孩子，
on prend moins de repas à domicile,
人们在家用餐次数减少，
les goûts et les habitudes entre jeunes et anciens deviennent de plus en plus différents,
现在，法国人吃得少而清淡了。
Cette mode alimentaire signifie une technologie avancée, même de pointe,
考研英语押题(精华版)1
2010考研英语（二）模拟试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word （s ）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C,or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10points ）Among the thousands of business schools now operating around the world you would be hard-pressed to find one that doesn't believe it can teach the skills of entrepreneurship.However,of the people who immediately 1to mind when one thinks of entrepreneurs——Bill Gates,Richard Branson or Oprah Winfrey,for example—few have done more than 2a speech at a business school.3,a recent study by King's College in London has suggested what many intuitively 4:that entrepreneurship may actually be in the blood—more to do with genes than classroom experience.All of which 5the question—does an entrepreneur really need a business-school education?Not surprisingly some of the best-known schools in the field have a 6answer to this:they don't actually profess to create entrepreneurs,7they nurture innate ability.Or as Timothy Faley of the entrepreneurial institute atMichigan's Ross School of Business 8it:“A good idea is not enough.You need to know how to 9a good idea into a good business.”Schools do this in a number of ways.One is to 10that faculty are a mix of classic academics and businesspeople with experience of 11their own successful firms.They can also create “incubators”where students 12ideas and rub shoulders on a day-to-day basis with the external business world,receiving both advice and hard cash in the form of investment.Arguably such help is now more important than ever.The modernentrepreneur is faced with a more 13world than when Richard Branson began by selling records out of a phone box.According to Patrice Houdayer,head of one of Europe's best-known entrepreneurship schools,EMIYON in France,new businesses used to move through a 14series of growth steps—what he terms garage,local,national and international.Now however,15the communications revolution,they can leapfrog these stages and go global more or lessstraightaway—encountering a whole new 16of problems and challenges.In this 17Professor Houdayer maintains that the increasingly 18nature of MBA classes can help the nascent entrepreneur in three ways:by plugging them into an 经典考资祝福你考试成and opportunities 19with dealing across different cultures and by 20them to the different ways that business is conducted around the globe.1．［A ］bring ［B ］call ［C ］spring ［D ］apply 2．［A ］report ［B ］deliver ［C ］prepare ［D ］compose 3．［A ］Indeed ［B ］Likewise ［C ］Therefore ［D ］Furthermore 4．［A ］conclude ［B ］assume ［C ］neglect ［D ］suspect 5．［A ］stirs ［B ］arouses ［C ］proves ［D ］invites 6．［A ］ready ［B ］unique ［C ］positive ［D ］favorable 7．［A ］yet ［B ］rather ［C ］nor ［D ］nevertheless 8．［A ］states ［B ］makes ［C ］puts ［D ］interprets 9．［A ］shift ［B ］transfer ［C ］modify ［D ］transform 10．［A ］ensure ［B ］assure ［C ］affirm ［D ］enlighten 11．［A ］carrying on ［B ］setting up ［C ］working out ［D ］turning around 12.［A ］convey ［B ］cherish ［C ］nurture ［D ］impart 13．［A ］complex ［B ］complicated ［C ］complementary ［D ］fantastic 14．［A ］variable ［B ］obvious ［C ］imperative ［D ］distinct 15．［A ］thanks to ［B ］but for ［C ］for all ［D ］next to 16.［A ］bulk ［B ］host ［C ］set ［D ］magnitude 17.［A ］position ［B ］context ［C ］perspective ［D ］dimension 18．［A ］similar ［B ］differential ［C ］diverse ［D ］versatile 19.［A ］interacted ［B ］combined ［C ］confronted ［D ］associated 20．［A ］entitling ［B ］exposing ［C ］leading ［D ］committingSection II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1What's a label worth?A lot,it seems.Michael Hiscox and Nicholas Smyth,two Harvard University researchers,conducted an experiment on two sets of towels in an upmarket New York shop.One lot carried a label with the logo “Fair and Square”and the following message:These towels have been made under fair labour conditions,in a safe and healthy working environment which is free of discrimination,and where management has committed to respecting the rights and dignity of workers.The other set had no such label.Over five months,the researchers observed the impact of making various changes such as switching the label to the other set of towels and raising prices.The results were striking:not only did sales of towels 经典考资祝福你考试成each time the price was raised.No wonder companies are keen to appeal to ethically （i.e.morally ）minded consumers,whether on labour standards or green credentials.Timberland,a New Hampshire outdoor-gear company,is introducing detailed "Green Index”labels on its shoes.Tesco,M ＆S and Wal-Mart have all launched initiatives that bet on the rise of the ethical consumer.M ＆S estimates that about three-quarters of British consumers areinterested in the green theme in some way.But even the keenest ethical consumer faces complicated situations,and sometimes the apparently obvious ethical choice turns out to be the wrong one.Surely it must be greener for Britons to buy roses from the Netherlands than ones air-freighted from Kenya?In fact,a study showed that related green house gas to the Dutch roses to be six times as large because they had to be grown in heated greenhouses.Joel Makower,editor of ,says that,given a choice,mostconsumers will choose the greener product—provided it does not cost any more,comes from a trusted maker,requires no special effort to buy or use and is at least as good as the alternative.“That's almost an impossible barrier for any product,”he notes.So shoppers will still flock to shops selling cheap products of decent quality,ignoring how these are made.They will often buy more if a product is attractively presented,never mind that the packaging may be wasteful.And when companies try to do the right thing,consumers will not always go along with them.The lesson for companies is that selling green is hard work.And it is no good getting too far ahead of the customer.Half a step ahead is about right.Much more,and you won't sell.Any less,and you won't lead.21．The experiment on the towels indicated that ______.［A ］consumers liked to purchase labeled products［B ］consumers would buy goods when prices rose［C ］consumption was influenced by green labels［D ］ethical concern may influence consumption22．According to the text,consumers’ethical choice ______.［A ］determines the production of commodities［B ］forces companies to sell green products only［C ］leads companies to modify business activities［D ］leads to higher labour and green standards23．We may infer from the fourth paragraph that ______.［A ］green buying may be at higher environment cost［B ］green production is actually complicated business［C ］Dutch rose growth is greener than Kenya ones［D ］British consumers actually oppose green farming24．According to Joel Makower,most consumers will ______.［A ］buy greener products when given a choice［B ］reject greener products for various reasons 经典考资祝福你考试成［D ］refuse to follow the activities of companies 25．Companies may learn the lesson that ______.［A ］it is not worthwhile leading the customers ［B ］the customers are not easily to be misled ［C ］green policy is not effective for marketing ［D ］companies need a balanced green policy Text 2There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another.Three basic ways may be described as the market system,the administered system and the traditional system.In a market system individual economic units are free to interact amongeach other in the marketplace.It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them.In a market,transactions may take place via barter or money exchange.In a barter economy,real goods such as automobiles,shorts,and pizzas are traded against each other.Obviously,finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task.Hence the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably.In the modern market economy,goods and services are bought or sold for money.An alternative to the market system is administrative control by someagency over all transactions.This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced,exchanged,and consumed by each economic unit.Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy.The central plan,drawn up by the government,shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption.This is an example of complete planning of productionconsumption,and exchange for the whole economy.In a traditional society,production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition:every person's place within the economic system is fixed by parentage,religion and custom.Transactions take place on the basis of tradition,too.People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for otherpersons,provide them with food and shelter,care for their health,and provide their education.Clearly,in a system where every decision made on the basis of tradition alone,progress may be difficult to achieve.A stagnant society may result.26．What is the main purpose of the passage?［A ］To outline contrasting types of economic.［B ］To explain the science of economic systems.［C ］To argue for the superiority of one economic system.［D ］To compare barter and money-exchange markets.27．In the second paragraph,the word “real”in “real goods”could best be replaced by which of the following?［A ］High quality.［B ］Concrete.经典考资祝福你考试成28．According to the passage,a barter economy can lead to ______.［A ］rapid speed of transactions ［B ］misunderstandings ［C ］inflation ［D ］difficulties for the traders 29．According to the passage,who has the greatest degree of control in an administered system?［A ］Individual households.［B ］Small businesses.［C ］Major corporations.［D ］The government.30．Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a person's place in a traditional society?［A ］Family background.［B ］Age.［C ］Religious beliefs.［D ］Custom.Text 3If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills,American firms have a problem.Human-resource management is considered an individual bour is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy.In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command.The post of head of human-resourcemanagement is usually a specialized job,off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy.The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer （CEO ）.By way of contrast,in Japan the head of human-resources management is central—usually the second most important executive,after the CEO,in the firm's hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces,in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese of German firms.The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees.And the limitedinvestments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result,problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive.If American workers,for example,take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany （as they do ）,the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States.More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity,and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed.The result is a slower pace of technologicalchange.And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half.经典考资祝福你考试成management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.31．Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?［A ］They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.［B ］They see the gaining of skills as their employees'own business.［C ］They attach more importance to workers than equipment.［D ］They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.32．What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?［A ］He is one of the most important executives in the firms.［B ］His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.［C ］He is directly under the chief financial executive.［D ］He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.33．The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to ______.［A ］workers who can operate new equipment ［B ］technological and managerial staff ［C ］workers who lack basic background skills ［D ］top executives 34．According to the passage,the decisive factor in maintaining a firm's competitive advantage is ______.［A ］the introduction of new technologies ［B ］the improvement of worker's basic skills ［C ］the rational composition of professional and managerial employees ［D ］the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees 35．What is the main idea of the passage?［A ］American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.［B ］Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.［C ］The head of human-resource management must be in the centralposition in a firm's hierarchy.［D ］The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.Text 4The public holiday on the last Monday of August marks,in most British minds,the unofficial end of summer.A vast migration takes place,as millions take advantage of the long weekend to visit seaside resorts or fly to Europe in a final sun-seeking cheer.Once the festivities are over,gloom descends:workers face four months of uninterrupted labor until Christmas Eve,their next official day off.This depression often provokes calls for more public holidays,and this year the clamor has been louder than usual.David Cameron's new Conservatives have been forced to deny rumors that they would recommend three new public holidays.经典考资祝福你考试成intended to inspire civil pride.On August 27th the Institute for Public PolicyResearch,a worthy think-tank,called for a new day off to “celebrate community heroes”.To the idlers,the case for more time off looks persuasive.By Europeanstandards at least,Britain is a nation of workaholics,with only the Austrianslabouring as many hours per week.Workers are entitled to 20working days of leave a year,the European Union's required minimum.Other countries are more generous.France and Denmark give at least 25days in leave,and many Finns get 30.Britons celebrate a miserably eight national holidays a year;in Europe only the Romanians,with five,have fewer.Even significant national events are celebrated grudgingly.：the British were given two days off to celebrate the queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002,but had to forfeit an existing public holiday to make up for it.National holidays are illogical as well as scarce.The queen's official birthday （a moveable holiday unrelated to her date of birth ）is seen as a good excuse for a holiday in most of Britain's former colonies,but not in Her Majesty's homeland.Distribution is also badly distorted:seven of the eight holidays fall between December and May,leaving only August's to break up the rest of the year.There are plenty of things that a new holiday might celebrate.Patriotssuggest that England should honour St George （the patron saint of the place ）,just as Scotland takes time off for St Andrew.The historically minded argue for a Magna Carta （The charter of liberties ）day,whereas the politically correct suggest holidays celebrating “communities”and “volunteering”.Sadly,not everyone is keen on increasing public holidays.The CBI,abusiness lobbying group,points out that legal leave is already planned to rise to 28working days by 2009,and says that an extra public holiday would cost up to ￡6billion （$12.1billion ）.In the face of such tough objections,concerns about leisure and the quality of life may seem vague and idealistic.36．What is the passage mainly talking about?［A ］Different attitudes towards public holidays in Britain.［B ］The increase of national holidays in Britain.［C ］The problem of public holidays in Britain.［D ］The call for more public holidays in Britain.37．The calls for more public holidays in Britain could be the results of______.［A ］the economic depression［B ］the 4-month work without a rest［C ］the long wait for an official day off［D ］recommendation of two ministers38．What does the word “workaholics”most probably mean （Line 2,Paragraph 3）?［A ］Compulsive workers.［B ］Idle workers.［C ］Lazy workers.经典考资祝福你考试成39．According to the passage,the increase of British working days of leave ______.［A ］is supported by all British people ［B ］is planned by CBI to be carried out by 2009［C ］is challenged by some opponents ［D ］is likely to result in economic recession 40．Which of the following conclusions can we draw from the text?［A ］From June to December,there is only one British national holiday.［B ］British national holidays are unsatisfactory for the quantity and the allocation.［C ］The queen’s official birthday is celebrated in England.［D ］People suggest new holidays for their own convenience.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10points ）Most people may drink only two liters of water a day,but they consumeabout 3,000liters a day if the water that goes into their food is taken into account.The rich gulp down far more,since they tend to eat more meat,which takes far more water to produce than grains.So as the world's population grows and incomes rise,farmers will need a great deal more water to keep everyone fed:2,000more cubic kilometers a year by 2030,according to the International Water Management Institute （IWMI ）.Yet in many farming regions,water is scarce and likely to get scarcer as global warming worsens.The world is facing not so much a food crisis as a water crisis,argues Colin Chartres,IWMI's director-general.The solution,Mr Chartres and others contend,is more efficient use of water or,as the sloganeers put it,“more crop per drop”.Some 1.2billion people live in places that are short of water.Farming accounts for roughly 70%of human water consumption.So when water starts to run out,farming tends to offer the bestpotential for thrift.But governments rarely charge farmers a market price for water.So they are usually more wasteful than other consumers—even though the value they create from the water is often less than households or industry would be willing to pay for it.The pressing need is to make water go further.Antoine Frérot,the head of the water division of Veolia Environment,promotes recycling of city wastewater to be used in industry or agriculture.This costs less and cuts pollution.Yet as Mr Frérot himself concedes,there are many even cheaper ways to save water.As much as 70%of water used by farmers never gets to crops,perhaps lost through leaky irrigation channels or by draining into rivers or groundwater.经典考资祝福你考试成savings.Farmers in poor countries can usually afford such things only if they are growing cash crops,says David Molden of IWMI.Even basic kit such as small rainwater tanks can be lacking.Ethiopia,for example,has only 38cubic meters of storage capacity per inhabitant,compared to almost 5,000in Australia.Yet modest water storage can hugely improve yields in rain-fed agriculture,by smoothing over short dry spells.Likewise,pumping water into natural aquifers for seasonal storage tends to be much cheaper than building a big dam,and prevents the great waste of water through evaporation.Agronomists are beginning to devise tools to help monitor the efficiency of water use.Some have designed algorithms that use satellite data on surface temperatures to calculate the rate at which plants are absorbing and transpiring water.That allows governments and development agencies to concentrate their efforts on the most prodigal areas.Raising yields does not always involve greater water consumption,especially when farms are inefficient.It would take little extra water to double cereal output in many parts of Africa,Mr Molden argues.IWMI reckons that some three-quarters of the extra food the world needs could be provided simply by bringing yields in poor countries closer to those of rich ones.That is more realistic than the absolute alternative:giving up meat and other thirsty products altogether.［A ］cultivating cash crops 41．The world is meeting with challenges more from ［B ］leaking irrigation system 42．Farmers waste more water due to ［C ］expenses and efficiency 43．Farmers in poor countries can pay for irrigation improvement by ［D ］surface temperature data 44．Building big dams is less effective for their ［E ］low water price 45．The water use rate of plants is computed with ［F ］water shortage［G ］food crisisPart CDirections:In this section there is a text in English.Translate the text into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.（15points ）The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best interests to take the action the advertiser is recommending.The action may be to purchase a product or use a service.Advertising as a business developed most rapidly in the United States,the country that uses it to the greatest extent.In 1980advertising expenditure in the 经典考资祝福你考试成product.While advertising brings the economics of mass selling to the manufacturer,it produces benefits for the consumer as well.Some of those economies are passed along to the purchaser so that the cost of a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far less than one sold through personal sales people.Advertising brings people immediate news about products that have just come on the market.Finally,advertising pays for the programs on commercial television and radio and for about two thirds of the cost of publishing magazines and newspapers.Section III WritingPart A47Write a letter to invite your best friend Jane to take part in your mother's 60-year-old birthday and inform her of your arrangement.Begin your letter as follows:Dear Jane,You should write about 100words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name,using "Li Ming"instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B 48.Directions:In this section,you are asked to write an essay based on the following table.In your essay,you should1）describe the table and,2）state your opinions drawn from it.You should write at least 150words.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.（15points ）Financial Sources of College StudentsFinancial Sources American students Chinese students Parents 50％90％Part-time jobs 35％5％Scholarship 15％5％经典考资祝福你考试成2010考研英语（二）模拟试卷答案Section I Use of English1．【答案】［C ］spring【解析】上下文含义题。
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2 用安装螺丝固定塑料支架到墙面。
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新时代简明法语1：走向法语世界_中国海洋大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
新时代简明法语1：走向法语世界_中国海洋大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.Le vin est par Marc.参考答案:bument allez-?参考答案:vous3., je suis Catherine.参考答案:Moi4.Merci à , Catherine !参考答案:toi5.- Bonjour Madame ! -参考答案:Bonjour Monsieur !6.- Comment allez-vous ? -参考答案:Je vais bien.7.payer的发音为？参考答案:[pεje]8.以下哪个选项不可以联诵？参考答案:un héros9.- Enchanté ! -参考答案:Enchantée !10.- - Oui, je suis LI Li.参考答案:Vous êtes LI Li ?11.Catherine un produit laitier à Carrefour.参考答案:choisit12.- - Oui, on y va !参考答案:On va à la station de taxis ?13.- Comment se passe le voyage ? -参考答案:Très bien.14.Le dîner est .参考答案:préparé15.- Il y a beaucoup de monde ? -参考答案:Oui.16.Tu le cours ?参考答案:finis17.Quel âge -vous ?参考答案:avez18.On demain.参考答案:ne se voit pas19.Catherine occupe de LI Li.参考答案:s’20.Je dans trois minutes.参考答案:vais partir21.LI Li aujourd’hui.参考答案:ne va pas te téléphoner22.Sophie marche de la classe.参考答案:le plus vite23.C’est grande salle de classe à l’université.参考答案:la plus24.Elle va Paris.参考答案:à25.Nous allons à Carrefour, là on peut acheter du pain.参考答案:et26.Ils vont Chine.参考答案:en27.Quelle banque convient mieux étudiants étrangers ?参考答案:aux28.Je te propose apporter ton passeport pour ouvrir un compte bancaire.参考答案:d’29.En France, il faut prendre un rendez-vous avant y aller.参考答案:d’30.Je vais à la poste à 15 heures. Peux-tu aller avec moi ?参考答案:y31.Bonjour madame, je suis votre service.参考答案:à32.Vous allez avoir votre Carte Bleue et votre de chèque dans une semaine.参考答案:carnet33.En France, on paie souvent chèque.参考答案:par34.- Mercipour votre service. -参考答案:Je vous en prie.35.homme grand est mon professeur.参考答案:Cet36.LI Li va en France une semaine.参考答案:dans37.- -vous bien !参考答案:Reposez38.以下哪个单词发音的元音部分与其它单词不同？参考答案:tin39.以下哪一个选项不是半元音？参考答案:[g]40.Mon père est acteur, et ma mère est aussi . Ils sont .参考答案:actrice, acteurs41.Elleà la station de taxis.参考答案:arrive42.Avez-vous de la difficulté respirer ?参考答案:à43.Ellefrançaise.参考答案:n’est pas44.- est Sorbonne Université ? - Elle est dans le Quartier latin.参考答案:Où45.- livres avez-vous ? - Je ne sais pas.参考答案:Combien de46.Le médecin la température de LI Li.参考答案:prend47.Je n’arrive pas parler correctement.参考答案:à48.- À 17 heures, ça te va ? -参考答案:Pas de problème !49.- On se voit à la station de métro ? - .参考答案:D’accord !50.LI Li téléphone Catherine pour confirmer son rendez-vous.参考答案:à51.À l’Unive rsité de Paris, beaucoup de départements.参考答案:il y a52.- Tu es quelle faculté ? - Je suis à la faculté de Médecine.参考答案:dans53.- Merci beaucoup ! -参考答案:De rien !54.Il est professeur.参考答案:/55.- On se voit ? - Demain, à 14 heures.参考答案:à quelle heure56.- - À midi !参考答案:Au revoir !57.Moi, je n’ai pas cours.参考答案:de58.- cours as-tu ? - J’ai la biologie et l’anglais.参考答案:Quels59.- est ta faculté ? - Elle est très bonne.参考答案:Comment60.- Quel est ton numéro de téléphone ? - Mon numéro est 01 02 03 04 05.参考答案:le61.Il fort, on ne pas sortir.参考答案:pleut, peut62.Il faut courage pour être pompier.参考答案:du63.Il a argent.参考答案:de l’64.Elle chante que moi.参考答案:mieux65.LI Li est intélligente que toi.参考答案:aussi66.- Tu connais le supermarché Carrefour ? - Oui, je connais.参考答案:lement on appelle le supermarché Carrefour chinois ?参考答案:en68.- - Ça veut dire « la famille, la joie et le bonheur ».参考答案:Qu’est-ce que ça veut dire ?69.Elle est étudiante biologie.参考答案:en70.Nous sommes première année à l’Université de Paris.参考答案:en71.Il ne pas où est la faculté de Sciences.参考答案:sait72.- Qu’est-ce que tu veux acheter ? - Je veux acheter .参考答案:un peu de tout73.Le professeur encourage ses étudiants bien apprendre le français.参考答案:à74.Vous avez une forte motivation d’apprendre le français.参考答案:tous75.Ces produits laitiers sont chers qu’en Chine.参考答案:moins76.Je (J’) .参考答案:aime vous parler77.- Aimes-tu fromage ?- Pas beaucoup.参考答案:le78.Je un comté.参考答案:prends79.- Merci Catherine. -参考答案:Avec plaisir.80.français, s’il vous plaît.参考答案:Parlez81.Écoutez-!参考答案:moi82.以下哪个字母发音的元音部分与其它字母不同？参考答案:Grmatique的重音位置在？参考答案:-tique84.以下哪一组单词读音完全相同？参考答案:ver - vert85.J’ai ami français.参考答案:un86.Elle aime bien musique.参考答案:la87.Pierre fait études à Sorbonne Université.参考答案:ses88.- - Oui, il est chinois.参考答案:Il est chinois ?89.Ne regarde pas !参考答案:me90.Les exercices, vous ne voulez pas faire maintenant ?参考答案:les91.Il appelle demain.参考答案:t’92.Je à mes parents.参考答案:veux le présenter93.samedi的发音为？参考答案:[samdi]94.以下哪个单词中字母o的发音与其它单词不同？参考答案:rose95.C’est une fille.参考答案:très intélligente96.C’est LI Li, je parle de mes parents.参考答案:lui97.Elle va à l’université.参考答案:régulièrement98.- Tu dors bien ? - Non, , je dors mal.参考答案:pas du tout grammaire française est très difficile moi.参考答案:pour100.Il faut réciter les temps.参考答案:tous prononciation de la classe est parfaite !参考答案:toute102.字母组合-tion在以下哪个单词中的发音与其它单词不同？参考答案:question103.trois的发音为？参考答案:[trwa]104.Le professeur sait-son nom ?参考答案:il105.- Vous n’êtes pas chinois ? - , je suis chinoise.参考答案:Si106.Nous sommes amies.参考答案:de bonnes107.法语字母B, C, D的共同发音是什么？参考答案:[e]108.Asie的发音为？参考答案:[azi]109.aime Paris.参考答案:J’110.Elle a très mal la gorge.参考答案:à111.J’ai peut-être de la fièvre, je(j’) très froid.参考答案:ai112.WANG Ping va département de biologie.参考答案:s’inscrire a u113.Elle ne connaît la littérature français.参考答案:pas du tout114.Je suis heureux de vous .参考答案:connaître115.LI Li est en année à la faculté.参考答案:deuxième116.C’est mon cours de français.参考答案:premier117.Elle est aimée tous.参考答案:de118.Ces questions sont par Sophie.参考答案:posées。
法语综合教程1学生用书课后习题参考答案(7-16课)
Leçon 7Conversation sur InternetDialogueC ompréhension du texteI. Vrai ou faux（对或错）?1. Faux.2. Vrai.3.Faux.4.Faux.5.Vrai.II. Relisez le dialogue et répondez（读课文回答问题）:1.Non, c’est la première fois qu’elle entre dans un salon de Chat sur Internet.2.Il est Français.3.Parce qu’il adore le kung-fu chinois.4.Il habite à Paris.5.Joëlle aime le parfum français.TexteC ompréhension du texteI. Relisez le texte et répondez（读课文回答问题）:1.Joëlle est en première année à l’université.2.Elle apprend le français.3.Elle est grande.4.Elle est mince.5.Elle rencontre un Français sur Internet.II．Liez selon le texte et faites des phrases（根据课文内容连线并造句）: connaître —la ville de Hangzhou Je connais la ville de Hangzhou.avoir —les yeux noirs Joëlle a les yeux noirs.être —drôle et amusant Est-ce qu’il est drôle et amusant?rencontrer —quelqu’un sur Internet Il rencontre quelqu’un sur Internet.parler —français Je parle un peu français.apprendre —le français Il apprend le français à l’université. III. Faites des phrases selon le modèle（请按照范例造句）:1.– V oilà une photo. 7. – V oilà un portable.– Regarde la photo. – Regarde le portable.2.– V oilà un ordinateur. 8. – V oilà des lunettes.–Regarde l’ordinateur.– Regarde les lunettes.3.– V oilà une montre. 9. – V oilà une classe.– Regarde la montre. – Regarde la classe. 4.– V oilà un homme. 10. – V oilà un salon.– Regarde l’homme. – Regarde le salon. 5.– V oilà une femme. 11. – V oilà une chambre.– Regarde la femme. – Regarde la chambre.6.– V oilà un monsieur. 12. – V oilà un fauteuil.– Regarde le monsieur. – Regarde le fauteuil.GrammaireE xercices de grammaireI. Mettez le nom au féminin（将名词变为阴性）：1. une Chinoise 6. une amie2. une Française 7. une journaliste3. une étudiante 8. une employée4. une femme 9. une ministre5. une dame 10. une danseuseII. Même exercice（同上练习）：1. une musicienne 6. une mère2. une Parisienne 7. une cousine3. une étrangère 8. une sportive4. une directrice 9. une touriste5.une actrice 10.une comédienneIII. Mettez le nom au pluriel（将名词变为复数）：1. des livres 6. des ordinateurs2. des fauteuils 7. des rues3. des hommes 8. des chaises4. des femmes 9. des montres5. des amis 10. des chambresIV. Même exercice（同上练习）：1. des bateaux 6. des gaz2. des animaux 7. des voix3. des hôpitaux 8. des pays4. des choux 9. des noyaux5. des bijoux 10. des journauxExcercicesE xercices de vocabulaireI. Conjuguez les verbes （动词变位）:aimer1. aimons2. aime3. aiment4. aimez5. aime6. aiment7. aiment8. aimes9. (J’)aime 10. aiment connaître1. connaissons2. connaissent3. Connaissez4. connais5. connaissez6. connaître7. connais8. connais9. Connaissent 10. connaissent venir 1. viens 2. vient 3. viennent 4. venez 5. viennent, viennent 6. viens 7. venons 8. viens 9. vient 10. venez faire 1. fais 2. font 3. fait 4. faites, faisons 5. fait 6. faites 7. fait 8. font 9. faire 10. faites, faisonsE xercices de structureI. Posez des questions selon la partie soulignée （对划线部分提问）: 1. Qu’est -ce que vous faites dans la vie ? 2. Où habite Monsieur Lavigne ? / Dans quelle ville habite Monsieur Lavigne ? 3. Comment est Joëlle ?4. A quelle heure vient le professeur ?5. Pourquoi est-ce qu’elle est pressée ?6. Qu’est -ce qu’il aime ?7. Qui est-ce ?8. Où vont les étudiants à sept heures et demie ?9. Qui cherche Philippe ?10. Pourquoi est-ce qu’il ne vient pas aujourd’hui ?II. Substituez selon le modèle （根据范例做替换练习）: 1. des étudiants travailleurs 2. un homme pressé3. une longue conversation4. des manteaux noirs5. une dame douce6.des étudiants prêts7.une trousse brune8.des lunettes noires9.une employée amusanteIII. Faites des phrases d’après le modèle（根据范例造句）:1.Ce sont des étudiants travailleurs.2.Je rencontre des femmes pressées.3.Marc et Philippe font une longue conversation.4.Elle a trois manteaux noirs.5.C’est une dame gaie et douce.6.Les étudiants ne sont pas encore prêts. trousse brune est petite.8.Philippe a des lunettes noires.9.Nous rencontrons une employée amusante.E xercices audio-orauxI. Écoutez et remplissez les blancs（听录音并填空） :je m’appelle, Française, Chinoise, viens de, tu fais, apprends, j’aime bien, difficile, pour II. Choisissez la bonne réponse（选择正确的答案）:1. c2. b3. d4. b5. cE xercices de traductionI. Traduisez les mots et locutions（翻译词组）:三个朋友四个问题十名大学生八位女士两个法国人trois amis quatre questions dix étudiants huit dames deux Français 五件大衣七本书一位小姐六位先生九个小时cinq manteaux sept livres une demoiselle six messieurs neuf heures II. Rendez les phrases en français（翻译句子）:-你好。
博世汽车SPC
4th Edition, 07.20053rd Edition dated 06.19942nd Edition dated 05.19901st Edition dated 09.19872005 Robert Bosch GmbHTable of ContentsIntroduction (5)1. Terms for Statistical Process Control (6)2. Planning .........................................................................................................................................................8 2.1 Selection of Product Characteristics .................................................................................................8 2.1.1 Test Variable ........................................................................................................................8 2.1.2 Controllability ......................................................................................................................9 2.2 Measuring Equipment .......................................................................................................................9 2.3 Machinery .........................................................................................................................................9 2.4 Types of Characteristics and Quality Control Charts ......................................................................10 2.5 Random Sample Size ......................................................................................................................11 2.6 Defining the Interval for Taking Random Samples (11)3. Determining Statistical Process Parameters ................................................................................................12 3.1 Trial Run .........................................................................................................................................12 3.2 Disturbances ....................................................................................................................................12 3.3 General Comments on Statistical Calculation Methods ..................................................................12 3.4 Process Average ..............................................................................................................................13 3.5 Process Variation . (14)4. Calculation of Control Limits ......................................................................................................................15 4.1 Process-Related Control Limits ......................................................................................................15 4.1.1 Natural Control Limits for Stable Processes ......................................................................16 4.1.1.1 Control Limits for Location Control Charts .........................................................16 4.1.1.2 Control Limits for Variation Control Charts ........................................................18 4.1.2 Calculating Control Limits for Processes with Systematic Changes in the Average .........19 4.2 Acceptance Control Chart (Tolerance-Related Control Limits) .....................................................20 4.3 Selection of the Control Chart .........................................................................................................21 4.4 Characteristics of the Different Types of Control Charts . (22)5. Preparation and Use of Control Charts ........................................................................................................23 5.1 Reaction Plan (Action Catalog) .......................................................................................................23 5.2 Preparation of the Control Chart .....................................................................................................23 5.3 Use of the Control Chart .................................................................................................................23 5.4 Evaluation and Control Criteria ......................................................................................................24 5.5 Which Comparisons Can be Made? (25)6. Quality Control, Documentation .................................................................................................................26 6.1 Evaluation .......................................................................................................................................26 6.2 Documentation .. (26)7. SPC with Discrete Characteristics ...............................................................................................................27 7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................27 7.2 Defect Tally Chart for 100% Testing . (27)8. Tables (28)9. Example of an Event Code for Mechanically Processed Parts ....................................................................29 9.1 Causes .............................................................................................................................................29 9.2 Action ..............................................................................................................................................29 9.3 Handling of the Parts/Goods ...........................................................................................................30 9.4 Action Catalog .. (30)10. Example of an x -s Control Chart (32)11. Literature (33)12. Symbols (34)Index (35)IntroductionStatistical Process Control (SPC) is a procedure for open or closed loop control of manufacturing processes, based on statistical methods.Random samples of parts are taken from the manufacturing process according to process-specific sampling rules. Their characteristics are measured and entered in control charts. This can be done with computer support. Statistical indicators are calculated from the measurements and used to assess the current status of the process. If necessary, the process is corrected with suitable actions.Statistical principles must be observed when taking random samples.The control chart method was developed by Walter Andrew Shewhart (1891-1967) in the 1920´s and described in detail in his book “Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product”, published in 1931.There are many publications and self-study programs on SPC. The procedures described in various publications sometimes differ significant-ly from RB procedures.SPC is used at RB in a common manner in all divisions. The procedure is defined in QSP0402 [1] in agreement with all business divisions and can be presented to customers as the Bosch approach.Current questions on use of SPC and related topics are discussed in the SPC work group. Results that are helpful for daily work and of general interest can be summarized and published as QA Information sheets. SPC is an application of inductive statistics. Not all parts have been measured, as would be the case for 100% testing. A small set of data, the random sample measurements, is used to estimate parameters of the entire population.In order to correctly interpret results, we have to know which mathematical model to use, where its limits are and to what extent it can be used for practical reasons, even if it differs from the real situation.We differentiate between discrete (countable) and continuous (measurable) characteristics. Control charts can be used for both types of characteristics.Statistical process control is based on the concept that many inputs can influence a process.The “5 M´s” – man, machine, material, milieu, method – are the primary groups of inputs. Each “M” can be subdivided, e.g. milieu in temperature, humidity, vibration, contamination, lighting, ....Despite careful process control, uncontrolled, random effects of several inputs cause deviation of actual characteristic values from their targets (usually the middle of the tolerance range).The random effects of several inputs ideally result in a normal distribution for the characteristic.Many situations can be well described with a normal distribution for SPC.A normal distribution is characterized with two parameters, the mean µ and the standard deviation σ.The graph of the density function of a normal distribution is the typical bell curve, with inflection points at σµ− and σµ+.In SPC, the parameters µ and σ of the population are estimated based on random sample measurements and these estimates are used to assess the current status of the process.1. Terms for Statistical Process ControlProcessA process is a series of activities and/or procedures that transform raw materials or pre-processed parts/components into an output product.The definition from the standard [3] is: “Set of interrelated or interacting activities which trans-forms inputs into outputs.”This booklet only refers to manufacturing or assembly processes.Stable processA stable process (process in a state of statistical control) is only subject to random influences (causes). Especially the location and variation of the process characteristic are stable over time (refer to [4])Capable processA process is capable when it is able to completely fulfill the specified requirements. Refer to [11] for determining capability indices. Shewhart quality control chartQuality control chart for monitoring a parameter of the probability distribution of a characteristic, in order to determine whether the parameter varies from a specified value.SPCSPC is a standard method for visualizing and controlling (open or closed loop) processes, based on measurements of random samples.The goal of SPC is to ensure that the planned process output is achieved and that corresponding customer requirements are fulfilled.SPC is always linked to (manual or software supported) use of a quality control chart (QCC). QCC´s are filled out with the goal of achieving, maintaining and improving stable and capable processes. This is done by recording process or product data, drawing conclusions from this data and reacting to undesirable data with appropriate actions.The following definitions are the same as or at least equivalent to those in [6].Limiting valueLower or upper limiting valueLower limiting valueLowest permissible value of a characteristic (lower specification limit LSL)Upper limiting valueHighest permissible value of a characteristic (upper specification limit USL)ToleranceUpper limiting value minus lower limiting value:LSLUSLT−=Tolerance rangeRange of permissible characteristic values between the lower and upper limiting valuesCenter point C of the tolerance rangeThe average of the lower and upper limiting values:2LSLUSL C +=Note: For characteristics with one-sided limits (only USL is specified), such as roughness (Rz), form and position (e.g. roundness, perpen-dicularity), it is not appropriate to assume 0=LSL and thus to set 2/USLC= (also refer to the first comment in Section 4.1.1.1).PopulationThe total of all units taken into considerationRandom sampleOne or more units taken from the population or from a sub-population (part of a population)Random sample size nThe number of units taken for the random sample Mean (arithmetic)The sum of theix measurements divided by the number of measurements n:∑=⋅=niixnx11Median of a sampleFor an odd number of samples put in order from the lowest to highest value, the value of the sample number (n+1)/2. For an even number of samples put in order from the lowest to highest value, normally the average of the two samples numbered n/2 and (n/2)+1. (also refer to [13])Example: For a sample of 5 parts put in order from the lowest to the highest value, the median is the middle value of the 5 values.Variance of a sampleThe sum of the squared deviations of the measurements from their arithmetic mean, divided by the number of samples minus 1:()∑=−⋅−=niixxns12211Standard deviation of a sampleThe square root of the variance:2ss=RangeThe largest individual value minus the smallest individual value:minmaxxxR−=2. PlanningPlanning according to the current edition of QSP 0402 “SPC”, which defines responsibilities. SPC control of a characteristic is one possibility for quality assurance during manufacturing and test engineering.2.1 Selection of Product CharacteristicsSpecification of SPC characteristics and their processes should be done as early as possible (e.g. by the simultaneous engineering team). They can also, for example, be an output of the FMEA.This should take• Function,• Reliability,• Safety,•Consequential costs of defects,•The degree of difficulty of the process,• Customer requests, and•Customer connection interfaces, etc.into account.The 7 W-questions can be helpful in specifying SPC characteristics (refer to “data collection” in “Elementary Quality Assurance Tools” [8]): Example of a simple procedure for inspection planning:Why do I need to know what, when, where and how exactly?How large is the risk if I don’t know this? Note: It may be necessary to add new SPC characteristics to a process already in operation. On the other hand, there can be reasons (e.g. change of a manufacturing method or intro-duction of 100% testing) for replacing existing SPC control with other actions.SPC characteristics can be product or process characteristics.Why?Which or what? Which number or how many?Where? Who?When?With what or how exactly?2.1.1 Test VariableDefinition of the “SPC characteristic”, direct or indirect test variable. Note: If a characteristic cannot be measured directly, then a substitute characteristic must be found that has a known relationship to it.2.1.2 ControllabilityThe process must be able to be influenced (controlled) with respect to the test variable. Normally manufacturing equipment can be directly controlled in a manner that changes the test variable in the desired way (small control loop). According to Section 1, “control” in the broadest sense can also be a change of tooling, machine repair or a quality meeting with a supplier to discuss quality assurance activities (large control loop).2.2 Measuring EquipmentDefinition and procurement or check of the measuring equipment for the test variable.Pay attention to:• Capability of measuring and test processes, • Objectiveness,• Display system (digital),• Handling. The suitability of a measurement process for the tested characteristic must be proven with a capability study per [12].In special cases, a measurement process with known uncertainty can be used (pay attention to [10] and [12]).Note: The units and reference value must correspond to the variables selected for the measurement process.2.3 MachineryBefore new or modified machinery is used, a machine capability study must be performed (refer to QSP0402 [1] and [11]). This also applies after major repairs.Short-term studies (e.g. machine capability studies) register and evaluate characteristics of products that were manufactured in one continuous production run. Long-term studies use product measurements from a longer period of time, representative of mass production. Note: The general definition of SPC (Section 1) does not presume capable machines. However, if the machines are not capable, then additional actions are necessary to ensure that the quality requirements for manufactured products are fulfilled.2.4 Types of Characteristics and Control Charts This booklet only deals with continuous anddiscrete characteristics. Refer to [6] for these andother types of characteristics.In measurement technology, physical variables are defined as continuous characteristics. Counted characteristics are special discrete characteristics. The value of the characteristic is called a “counted value”. For example, the number of “bad” parts (defective parts) resulting from testing with a limit gage is a counted value. The value of the characteristic (e.g. the number 17, if 17 defective parts were found) is called a “counted value”.SPC is performed with manually filled out form sheets (quality control charts) or on a computer.A control chart consists of a chart-like grid for entering numerical data from measured samples and a diagram to visualize the statistical indices for the process location and variation calculated from the data.If a characteristic can be measured, then a control chart for continuous characteristics must be used. Normally the sx− chart with sample size 5=n is used.2.5 Random Sample SizeThe appropriate random sample size is a compromise between process performance, desired accuracy of the selected control chart (type I and type II errors, operation characteristic) and the need for an acceptable amount of testing. Normally 5=n is selected. Smaller random samples should only be selected if absolutely necessary.2.6 Defining the Interval for Taking Random SamplesWhen a control chart triggers action, i.e. when the control limits are exceeded, the root cause must be determined as described in Section 5.4, reaction to the disturbance initiated with suitable actions (refer to the action catalog) and a decision made on what to do with the parts produced since the last random sample was taken. In order to limit the financial “damage” caused by potentially necessary sorting or rework, the random sample interval – the time between taking two random samples – should not be too long.The sampling interval must be individually determined for each process and must be modified if the process performance has permanently changed.It is not possible to derive or justify the sampling interval from the percentage of defects. A defect level well below 1% cannot be detected on a practical basis with random samples. A 100% test would be necessary, but this is not the goal of SPC. SPC is used to detect process changes.The following text lists a few examples of SPC criteria to be followed.1. After setup, elimination of disturbances orafter tooling changes or readjustment, measure continuously (100% or with randomsamples) until the process is correctly centered (the average of several measure-ments/medians!). The last measurements canbe used as the first random sample for furtherprocess monitoring (and entered in the control chart). 2. Random sample intervals for ongoingprocess control can be defined in the following manner, selecting the shortest interval appropriate for the process.Definition corresponding to the expected average frequency of disturbances (as determined in the trial run or as is knownfrom previous process experience).Approximately 10 random samples within this time period.Definition depending on specified preventivetooling changes or readjustment intervals.Approximately 3 random samples within thistime period.Specification of tooling changes or readjust-ment depending on SPC random samples.Approximately 5 random samples within theaverage tooling life or readjustment interval.But at least once for the production quantitythat can still be contained (e.g. delivery lot,transfer to the next process, defined lots forconnected production lines)!3. Take a final random sample at the end of aseries, before switching to a different producttype, in order to confirm process capabilityuntil the end of the series.Note: The test interval is defined based on quantities (or time periods) in a manner that detects process changes before defects are produced. More frequent testing is necessary for unstable processes.3. Determining Statistical Process Parameters3.1 Trial RunDefinition of control limits requires knowledge or estimation of process parameters. This is determined with a trial run with sampling size and interval as specified in Sections 2.5 and 2.6. For an adequate number of parts for initial calculations, take a representative number of unsorted parts, at least 25=m samples (with n = 5, for example), yielding no fewer than 125 measured values. It is important to assess the graphs of the measured values themselves, the means and the standard deviations. Their curves can often deliver information on process performance characteristics (e.g. trends, cyclical variations).3.2 DisturbancesIf non-random influences (disturbances) occur frequently during the trial run, then the process is not stable (not in control). The causes of the disturbances must be determined and elimi-nated before process control is implemented (repeat the trial run).3.3 General Comments on Statistical Calculation MethodsComplicated mathematical procedures are no longer a problem due to currently available statistics software, and use of these programs is of course allowed and widespread (also refer to QSP0402 [1]).The following procedures were originally developed for use with pocket calculators. They are typically included in statistics programs.Note: Currently available software programs allow use of methods for preparing, using and evaluation control charts that are better adapted to process-specific circumstances (e.g. process models) than is possible with manual calculation methods. However, this unavoidably requires better knowledge of statistical methods and use of statistics software. Personnel and training requirements must take this into account.Each business division and each plant should have a comprehensively trained SPC specialist as a contact person.Parameter µ is estimated by:Example (Section 10): samplesof number valuesx the of total mxx mj j===∑=1ˆµ3622562862662.......x ˆ=+++==µor:samplesof number mediansthe of total mxx m j j===∑=1~~ˆµ46225626363....x ~ˆ=+++==µIf µˆ significantly deviates from the center point C for a characteristic with two-sided limits, then this deviation should be corrected by adjusting the machine.Parameter σ is estimated by:Example (Section 10):a) ∑=⋅=m j j s m 121ˆσ41125552450550222.......ˆ=+++=σsamplesof number variancesthe of total =σˆNote: s =σˆ is calculated directly from 25 individual measurements taken from sequential random samples (pocket calculator).or b) na s=σˆ, where27125552450550.......s =+++=samplesof number deviationsdard tan s the of total ms s mj j==∑=1351940271...a s ˆn ===σnn a3 0.89 5 0.94 See Section 8, Table 1 7 0.96 for additional valuesor c) ndR =σˆ, with96225611....R =+++= samplesof number rangesthe of total mR R mj j==∑=1271332962...d R ˆn ===σn n d3 1.69 5 2.33 See Section 8, Table 1 7 2.70 for additional values Note: The use of table values n a and n d pre-supposes a normal distribution!Some of these calculation methods were originally developed to enable manual calculation using a pocket calculator. Formula a) is normally used in currently available statistics software.4. Calculation of Control Limits4.1 Process-Related Control LimitsThe control limits (lower control limit LCL andupper control limit UCL) are set such that 99% of all the values lie within the control limits in the case of a process which is only affected by random influences (random causes).If the control limits are exceeded, it must there-fore be assumed that systematic, non-random influences (non-random causes) are affecting the process.These effects must be corrected or eliminated by taking suitable action (e.g. adjustment).Relation between the variance (standard deviation x σ) of the single values (original values, individuals) and the variance (standard deviation x σ) of the mean values: nxx σσ=.4.1.1 Natural Control Limits for Stable Processes4.1.1.1 Control Limits for Location Control Charts (Shewhart Charts)For two-sided tolerances, the limits for controlling the mean must always be based on the center point C. Note: C is replaced by the process mean x =µˆ for processes where the center point C cannot be achieved or for characteristics with one-sided limits.* Do not use for moving calculation of indices!Note: Use of the median-R chart is onlyappropriate when charts are manually filled out, without computer support.n*A E C n c'E EE E3 1.68 1.02 1.16 2.93 1.73 5 1.230.59 1.20 3.09 1.337 1.020.44 1.21 3.19 1.18Estimated values µˆ and σˆ are calculated per Sections 3.4 and 3.5.Refer to Section 8 Table 2 for additional values.Comments on the average chart: For characteristics with one-sided limits (or in general for skewed distributions) and small n , the random sample averages are not necessarily normally distributed. It could be appropriate to use a Pearson chart in this case. This chart has the advantage compared to the Shewhart chart that the control limits are somewhat wider apart. However, it has the disadvantage that calculation of the control limits is more complicated, in actual practice only possible on the computer.Control charts with moving averagesThe x chart with a moving average is a special case of the x chart. For this chart, only single random samples are taken.n sample measurements are formally grouped as a random sample and the average of these n measurements is calculated as the mean.For each new measurement from a single random sample that is added to the group, the first measurement of the last group is deleted, yielding a new group of size n , for which the new average is calculated.Of course, moving averages calculated in this manner are not mutually independent. That is why this chart has a delayed reaction to sudden process changes. The control limits correspond to those for “normal” average charts:σˆn .C LCL ⋅−=582 σˆn.C UCL ⋅+=582Calculate σˆ according to Section 3.5 a)Control limits for )3(1=n :σˆ.C LCL ⋅−=51 σˆ.C UCL ⋅+=51Example for )3(1=n :3 74 741.x = 3 7 4 9 762.x = 3 7 4 9 2 053.x = 3 7 4 9 2 8 364.x =This approach for moving sample measurements can also be applied to the variation, so that an s x − chart with a moving average and moving standard deviation can be used.After intervention in the process or process changes, previously obtained measurements may no longer be used to calculate moving indices.4.1.1.2 Control Limits for Variation Control ChartsThe control limits to monitor the variation (depending on n ) relate to σˆ and s and like-wise R (= “Central line”).s charta) generally applicable formula(also for the moving s x − chart)Example (Section 10):σˆB UCL 'Eob⋅= 62351931...UCL =⋅=σˆB LCL 'Eun ⋅= 30351230...LCL =⋅=b) for standard s x − chartNote: Formula a) must be used in the case ofmoving s calculation. Calculation of σˆ per Section 3.5 a).s B UCL *Eob ⋅= 62271052...UCL =⋅=s B LCL *Eun ⋅=30271240...LCL =⋅=R chartR D UCL Eob ⋅=2696212...UCL =⋅=R D LCL Eun ⋅=70962240...LCL =⋅=Tablen 'Eun B 'Eob B *Eun B *Eob B Eun D Eob D3 5 70.07 0.23 0.34 2.30 1.93 1.76 0.08 0.24 0.35 2.60 2.05 1.88 0.08 0.24 0.34 2.61 2.10 1.91See Section 8, Table 2 for further values4.1.2 Calculating Control Limits for Processes with Systematic Changes in the AverageIf changes of the mean need to be considered as a process-specific feature (trend, lot steps, etc.) and it is not economical to prevent such changes of the mean, then it is necessary to extend the “natural control limits”. The procedure for calculating an average chart with extended control limits is shown below.The overall variation consists of both the “inner” variation (refer to Section 3.5) of the random samples and of the “outer” variation between the random samples.Calculation procedure Control limits for the mean。
英语作文请你给你的好朋友写一张贺卡
英语作文请你给你的好朋友写一张贺卡全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Here's an English essay of around 2000 words, written from the perspective of an elementary school student, as a greeting card for a good friend:Dear Jamie,Hi there, my bestest friend in the whole wide world! I hope this card finds you well and happy. I'm writing to you today because it's a very special day – your birthday! And not just any birthday, but your 10th birthday! Can you believe we're already in double digits? It feels like just yesterday we were little kids playing in the sandbox at the park.Speaking of the park, do you remember that time when we tried to catch that squirrel? We chased it all over the place, climbing trees and crawling through bushes, until we finally gave up and sat down on a bench, out of breath and giggling like crazy. That's one of my favorite memories with you, Jamie. We've had so many adventures together, and I can't wait for all the ones still to come!Remember when we joined the school's drama club last year?I was so nervous about being on stage, but you helped me practice my lines and gave me the courage to go through with it. And then, on opening night, when I forgot my line, you whispered it to me from the wings, and nobody even noticed! You're always there for me, Jamie, and I'm so grateful to have a friend like you.Oh, and remember that time we tried to bake cookies for our moms' birthdays? What a mess we made in the kitchen! But you know what? Those cookies tasted amazing, even if they were a little lopsided and burnt around the edges. That's because we made them together, with love and laughter. Memories like that are the best kind, don't you think?Jamie, you're the kindest, funniest, and most loyal friend anyone could ever ask for. You always know how to make me smile, even on my worst days. Like that time when I fell off my bike and scraped my knee, and you made me laugh by telling that silly joke about the chicken crossing the road. Or when I was feeling down because I didn't do well on a test, and you cheered me up by reminding me how good I am at drawing.You're also the bravest person I know. Remember when we went camping with our families last summer, and we got lost inthe woods? While the rest of us were freaking out, you kept your cool and led us back to the campsite. You're like a real-life adventurer, Jamie!I could go on and on about all the wonderful things that make you such an amazing friend, but then this card would be like a million pages long! Just know that I'm so lucky to have you in my life, and I can't imagine what it would be like without you.Happy 10th birthday, Jamie! I hope this year brings you all the joy, laughter, and adventures you deserve. Let's make even more amazing memories together, just like we always do.Your best friend forever,[Your Name]P.S. I can't wait for your birthday party this weekend! I've got the perfect present for you – it's a surprise, but I think you're going to love it!篇2Dear Jamie,Hi bestie! It's me, your BFF Sarah. I'm writing this super special card just for you because you are the most awesome friend ever. I hope you like it!First of all, I want to say thank you for being such an amazing pal. Ever since we met on the first day of kindergarten and you shared your yummy chocolate chip cookies with me at snack time, I knew we were going to be besties forever. Remember how we used to make up funny handshakes and secret codes? Those were such fun times.Now that we're in the 5th grade, we've been through so much together - the good times and the bad. Like when we both tried out for the school play last year and you got the lead role instead of me. I was a little jealous at first, but then I was just so proud of you up on that stage. You were brilliant as the princess! And you cheered me on from the audience when it was my turn to be in the spelling bee. Even though I flubbed on "receiveable" (how's that even a real word?!), you gave me a high five anyway because you're the supportive-est friend there is.That's just one of the many reasons why I'm super lucky to have you as my bestie. You always know how to make me laugh, even when I'm feeling gloomy. Remember that time we had a sleepover and stayed up all night choreographing dances to our favorite pop songs? We giggled so much, and your mom had to tell us to keep it down like five times! Or when we put on those crazy makeovers with your mom's makeup and walked aroundthe mall pretending to be fancy ladies? We definitely turned a few heads that day.You're also the most loyal friend a girl could ask for. Like when Billy Jenkins was spreading those mean rumors about me last year, you stuck up for me and told him to back off. And you've never once ditched me to hang out with other friends when I really needed you. You're always there for me, no matter what.That's why you're simply the best, Jamie. Our friendship is better than the shiniest jewel or the most expensive toy. You make me feel smart when I don't understand something in class, and brave when I'm scared of things like roller coasters or the dark. You cheer me on in sports, even though I'm probably the clumsiest person on the planet. (Remember that time I tripped over my own feet in kickball?! Hilarious!) And you listen to me vent about stuff, even if it's boring grown-up things like my parents driving me crazy. You're quite simply the awesomest, funnest, silliest, nicest, most amazing friend ever!Here's to many more years of making crazy memories together. Who knows what adventures await us in middle school?! I can't wait to take on the world with you by my side, bestie. Thank you for always being you.Your BFF forever and ever,SarahP.S. This card wouldn't be complete without some cool doodles! Here's a cute cartoon of us making goofy faces, riding unicorns, and eating a mountain of ice cream (yum!). Let's never grow up, okay?篇3Dear Jamie,Hi bestie! It's me, your BFF (best friend forever) Taylor. I'm writing you this super special card because your birthday is coming up soon and I wanted to tell you how awesome you are!We've been friends for so long, ever since we were just little kids in kindergarten. Do you remember how we first became friends? I'll never forget that day on the playground when you came over and asked if you could play jump rope with me and Lily. From that moment on, we were total besties!There are so many fun memories we've made together over the years. Remember that time in first grade when we put on a pretend magic show for our families and you pulled a endless string of scarves out of my hair? My mom thought that was thefunniest thing ever! Or what about the time in second grade when we had our big sleepover party and we all tried to stay up all night telling scary stories? I don't think any of us actually made it until morning without falling asleep.Last year was so much fun too. I'll never forget our awesome third grade field trip to the science museum. Wasn't the planetarium show the coolest? I loved seeing all the stars and planets projected all around us on the domed ceiling. It really made me want to be an astronaut when I grow up so I can travel to outer space for real someday! Going through the dinosaur exhibit was epic too. Those giant skeletons of the T-Rex and Triceratops were massive! No wonder those dinos were the kings of the prehistoric world.Of course, my favorite memories are just the simple times we've spent playing together. Running around at recess, pushing each other super high on the swings. Having indoor picnics and tea parties in our living rooms. Putting on wacky fashion shows and talent shows for our families. Sleepovers full of movies, games, and staying up way too late giggling about everything and nothing. Those are the times I cherish most because you're my number one buddy that I can count on for fun and laughs every single day.You're genuinely the nicest, funniest, and most caring person I know, Jamie. Whenever I've been sad or upset about something, you've been right there to give me the biggest hugs and to cheer me up with your goofy jokes and silliness. You always know how to put a smile on my face and make me laugh until my stomach hurts. I'm so thankful we're besties because you bring so much happiness, light, and laughter into my life.Not only are you a total blast to be around, but you're also crazy smart and talented too. You're one of the brightest students in our whole class. I'm constantly blown away by how well you excel at all of your schoolwork, from acing math tests to writing beautifully creative stories during writing time. You're amazing at picking up new skills too, like when you learned to do cartwheels in gymnastics so quickly last year. I have no doubt you'll continue to soar in everything you set your mind to.Most importantly though, you have the kindest heart of anyone I know. You're always looking out for others, including kids that get left out sometimes. I've seen you go out of your way to make sure everyone feels welcome and included. You donate toys and books you've outgrown so other kids who don't have as much can enjoy them too. You volunteer to help out teachers, parents, and anyone else who needs an extra hand without everbeing asked. You're living proof that one person's acts of kindness, no matter how small, can make a big difference in the world. That's what I admire most about you.So Jamie, I just want to say a huge happy 9th birthday to my dearest friend in the entire universe! I hope you have the most wonderful, funfilled, candy-tastic day full of celebration and making lots of new happy memories. You deserve to feel like a total superstar today and every day for being the amazing human that you are. Thanks for being my best buddy through thick and thin. Our friendship means the world to me and I'm so lucky we found each other all those years ago. Here's to many more years of laughter, adventures and fun together!Love always,Your BFF Taylor。
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Ex 3 The boot is a small routine. Generally, the boot is stored on
Ex4 The magnetic circuit is completed through the iron of the other machine member, and excitation coils, or field windings, are placed on that member to act as the primary source of flux.
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Ex 2 Only by studying such cases of human intelligence with all the details and by comparing the results of exact investigation with the solutions of AI (Artificial Intelligence) usually given in the elementary books on computer science can a computer engineer acquire a thorough understanding of theory and method in AI, develop intelligent computer programs that work in a human-like way, and apply them to solving more complex and difficult problems that present computer can't.
Terminology: amplifier, diode, armature
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1.2.2 Many nominalizations
Ex 1 Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. Ex 2 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. Ex 3 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss can be considerably reduced. Ex 4 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.
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Ex5 In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another. Ex6 Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions. Ex7 There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another. EX8 In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn, messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.
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1.2.3 Non-finite forms of verbs are frequently used
Ex1 A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction. Ex2 Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise. Ex3 A body can move uniformly and in a straight line, there being no cause to change that motion. Ex4 Vibrating objects produce sound waves, each vibration producing one sound wave.
译文:随着航天飞机的出现 有可能把一个沿轨道运行的太阳能发电站送到离地 译文:随着航天飞机的出现,有可能把一个沿轨道运行的太阳能发电站送到离地 英里的一条定常轨道上去. 球24,000英里的一条定常轨道上去.这个太阳能发电站几乎不间断地采取太阳 英里的一条定常轨道上去 它还能够用光电池将太阳能直接转换成电能,或者用平板集热器或聚焦集热 能.它还能够用光电池将太阳能直接转换成电能 或者用平板集热器或聚焦集热 器将太阳能间接转换成电能,即集热器使热传导体汽化 驱动涡轮机发电. 即集热器使热传导体汽化,驱动涡轮机发电 器将太阳能间接转换成电能 即集热器使热传导体汽化 驱动涡轮机发电.
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1.2 Basic Features of EST
1.2.1 A great many of specialized words Common words, Semi-technical words, Terminology Semi-technical words: Power-Mathematics :幂,乘方,the second power of three; Physics: 功率,power factor; Electrical engineering : 电力,power plant; Statistics: 功效. Optics: 放大率, the power of the microscope
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Transmission-Electrical engineering: 输送,power transmission; Communication: 发射, signal transmission; Mechanics: 传动, mechanical transmission; Medical science: 遗传, gene transmission. Ex 1 If a mouse is installed in a computer, then the available memory space for user will reduce. Ex 2 Connect the black pigtail with the dog-house.
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1.2.5 Passive sentences are used widely
Ex 1 Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 应当注意机器的工作温度. You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine . Ex 2 This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here . Ex 3 Computers may be classified as analog and digital. Ex 4 The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times .
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1.2.4. Sentences are longer with less varied patterns
Ex 1 With the advent of the space shuttle, it will be possible to put an orbiting solar power plant in stationary orbit 24000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells or indirectly with flat-plate or focused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine that then in turn would generate electricity.
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1.2.6 Written style is accurate, concise, objective and novel
Ex In contrast to the continuous-time system whose operation is described or modeled by a set of differential equations, the discrete-time system is one whose operation is described by a set of difference equations. The transform method employed in the analysis of linear time-invariant continuous-time system is the Lapalace transform; in a similar manner, the transform used in the analysis of linear timeinvariant discrete-time systems is the z-transform.