On PPI Adult Normal Values DDW 2006
食管腔内ph阻抗压力测量技术
57
动态24小时pH-阻抗-测压 反流 咳嗽
Sifrim et al. Gut
弱酸性反流 (pH 5.6)
April 2006
58
阻抗
pH 食管 pH 底部 测压
咳嗽
April 2006
动态24小时pH-阻抗-测压 反流 咳嗽
Sifrim et al. Gut
咳嗽
弱酸性反流
59
阻抗
pH 食管 pH 底部 测压
April 2006
42
无梗阻吞咽困难
40 例无梗阻吞咽困难患者 测压＋阻抗联合检查
测压结果
正常
20
无效运动
13
食管痉挛
4
失迟缓
3
合计 40
阻抗 (传输结果) 35% 反常传输 85 %反常传输 67 %反常传输 100 %反常传输
April 2006
43
气体传输 吞气和打嗝
April 2006
38
正常的 食团传 输
April 2006
39
食管功能测试使用多通道氧化铝阻抗和测压联合检查: 健康志愿者的多通道研究
Tutuian R et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;1:174-182
43 健康人 固态测压 10 液体, 10 凝胶（试餐）吞咽
– 24 小时pH 监测
April 2006
50
胃－食管反流(GERD)
胃产生的酸性物质反流至食管 pH探头探测
April 2006
51
阻抗
反流
非酸性反流 弱酸性反流
pH探头无法监测 阻抗可以 监测到
菲利普·罗斯的《人性的污秽》中的存在性焦虑
学校代码：10327学号：1120150480硕士学位论文Existential Anxiety in Philip Roth’s The Human Stain 菲利普·罗斯的《人性的污秽》中的存在性焦虑学院：外国语学院专业：英语语言文学研究方向：英美文学学位类型：学术学位姓名：聂翔指导教师：孙勇彬完成日期：2018年4月30日答辩日期：2018年5月31日Existential Anxiety in Philip Roth’s TheHuman StainA Dissertation Submitted toNanjing University of Finance and EconomicsFor the Academic Degree of Master of ArtsByNie XiangSupervised byProfessor Sun YongbinSchool of Foreign LanguagesNanjing University of Finance and EconomicsMay 2018学位论文独创性声明本论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
论文中除了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或其他机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。
其他同志对本研究和所做的贡献均已在论文中作了明确的声明并表示了谢意。
作者签名：日期：学位论文使用授权声明本人完全了解南京财经大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印件、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。
保密的论文在解密后遵守此规定。
作者签名：导师签名：日期：、摘要菲利普·罗斯是二十世纪美国文坛中的杰出作家之一。
因其犹太裔身份，罗斯的作品不可避免涉及犹太性问题，特别是美国犹太移民在现实生活中面临的挑战与生存境遇，罗斯起初是以自省与批评的方式表现犹太民族文化与伦理道德，到了后期，他试图摆脱犹太民族，上升到整个人类的高度，来分析美国社会生活中不同群体的生存困境与冲突，重点刻画了人物的内心焦虑。
备战高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用)专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇(第六期)(含解析)
备战高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用)第六期专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）Mark Temple, a medical molecular (分子的) biologist, used to spend a lot of time in his lab researching new drugs for cancer treatments. He would extract DNA from cells and then add a drug to see where it was binding (结合) along the chemical sequence(序列). Before he introduced the drug, he’d look at DNA combination on a screen to see what might work best for the experiment, but the visual readout of the sequences was often unimaginably large.So Temple wondered if there was an easier way to detect favorable patterns. I realized I wanted to hear the sequence,” says Temple, who is also a musician. He started his own system of assigning notes to the different elements of DNA — human DNA is made of four distinct bases, so it was easy to start off with four notes — and made a little tune out of his materials. This trick indeed helped him better spot patterns in the sequences, which allowed him to make better choices about which DNA combinations to use.Temple isn’t the first person to turn scientific data into sound. In the past 40 years, researchers have gone from exploring this trick as a fun way to spot patterns in their studies tousing it as a guide to discovery. And the scientific community has come to realize that there’s some long-term value in this type of work. Temple, who from that first experiment has created his own algorithmic software to turn data into sound, believes the resulting music can be used to improve research and science communication.So Temple decided to add layers of sound to make the sonification (可听化) into songs. He sees a clear difference between “sonification” and “musification”. Using sound to represent data is scientific, but very different from using creative input to make songs. The musical notes from DNA may be melodic to the human ear, but they don’t sound like a song you’d listen to on the radio. So when he tried to sonify the virus, he added layers of drums and guitar, and had some musician friends add their own music to turn the virus into a full-blown post-rock song.Temple sees this work as an effective communication tool that will help a general audience understand complex systems in biology. He has performed his songs in public at concert halls in Australia.1．What is Mark Temple’s purpose in turning DNA data into sound?A．To help him fight boredom.B．To develop his creative ability.C．To make his drug more powerful.D．To aid the process of his experiments.2．What can we learn about Temple’s system?A．Its effect remains to be seen.B．It failed to work as expected.C．It is too complicated to operate.D．It has produced satisfying results.3．Why did Temple try to make the virus sound like real music when sonifying it?A．To get rid of public fear of the virus.B．To show h1s talent in producing music.C．To facilitate people’s understanding of science.D．To remind people or the roe or Science in art creation.4．What does the text mainly talk about?A．Why scientists are turning molecules into music.B．How scientists help the public understand science.C．Why music can be the best way to present science.D．How music helps scientists conduct their research.（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）Phonics, which involves sounding out words syllable (音节) by syllable, is the best way to teach children to read. But in many classrooms, this can be a dirty word. So much so that some teachers have had to take phonics teaching materials secretly into the classroom. Most American children are taught to read in a way that study after study has found to be wrong.The consequences of this are striking. Less than half of all American adults were efficient readers in 2017. American fourth graders rank 15th on the Progress in International Literacy Study, an international exam.America is stuck in a debate about teaching children to read that has been going on for decades. Some advocate teaching symbol sound relationships (the sound k can be spelled as c, k, ck, or ch) known as phonics Others support an immersive approach (using pictures of cat to learn the word cat), known as “whole language”. Most teachers today, almost three out of four according to a survey by EdWeek Research Centre in 2019, use a mix of the two methods called “balanced literacy”.“A little phonics is far from enough.” says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reding at Mississippi’s education department. “It has to be systematic and explicitly taught.”Mississippi, often behind in social policy, has set an example here. In a state once blamed for its low reading scores, the Mississippi state legislature passed new literacy standards in 2013.Since then Mississippi has seen remarkable gains., Its fourth graders have moved from 49th (out of 50 states) to 20th on the National assessment of Educational Progress, a nationwide exam.Mississippi’s success is attributed to application of reading methods supported by a body of research known as the science of reading. In 1997 experts from the Department of Education ended the “reading war” and summed up the evidence. They found that phonics, along with explicit instruction in phonemic (音位的) awareness,fluency and comprehension, worked best.Yet over two decades on, “balanced literacy” is still being taught in classrooms. But advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method. To the teacher who is an efficient reader, literacy seem like a natural process that requires educated guessing, rather than the deliberate process emphasized by phonics. Teachers can imagine that they learned to read through osmosis(潜移默化) when they were children. Without proper training, they bring this to classrooms.5．What do we learn about phonics in many American classrooms?A．It is ill reputed.B．It is mostly misapplied.C．It is totally ignored.D．It is seemingly contradictory.6．What has America been witnessing?A．A burning passion for improving teaching methods.B．A lasting debate over how to teach children to read.C．An increasing concern with children’s inadequacy in literacy.D．A forceful advocacy of a combined method for teaching reading.7．What’s Tenette Smith’s attitude towards “balanced literacy”?A．Tolerant.B．Enthusiastic.C．Unclear.D．Disapproving.8．According to the author what contributed to Mississippi’s success?A．Focusing on the natural process rather than deliberate training.B．Obtaining support from other states to upgrade teaching methods.C．Adopting scientifically grounded approaches to teaching reading.D．Placing sufficient emphasis upon both fluency and comprehension.（2024·江苏泰州·一模）A satellite is an object in space that orbits around another. It has two kinds — natural satellites and artificial satellites. The moon is a natural satellite that moves around the earth while artificial satellites are those made by man.Despite their widespread impact on daily life, artificial satellites mainly depend on different complicated makeups. On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work. Among them, high-resolution cameras and communication electronics are typical ones. Besides, the part that carries the load and holds all the parts together is called the bus.Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like humans. Computers function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth. Advanced digital cameras serve asthe satellite’s eyes. Sensors are other important parts that not only recognize light, heat, and gases, but also record changes in what is being observed. Radios on the satellite send information back to the earth. Solar panels provide electrical power for the computers and other equipment, as well as the power to move the satellite forward.Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity. The satellite’s speed works against earth’s gravity just enough so that it doesn’t go speeding into space or falling back to the earth.Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits, based on the tasks they need to perform. Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit, which can be 200-500 miles high. The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.9．What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A．The appearance of artificial satellites.B．The components of artificial satellites.C．The basic function of artificial satellites.D．The specific mission of artificial satellites.10．What is the role of computers in artificial satellites?A．Providing electrical power.B．Recording changes observed.C．Monitoring space environment.D．Processing information received.11．How do artificial satellites stay in their orbits?A．By relying on powerful rockets to get out of gravity.B．By orbiting at a fixed speed regardless of gravity’s pull.C．By changing speed constantly based on the pull of gravity.D．By resisting the pull of gravity with advanced technologies.12．Why do satellites in higher-earth orbit travel more slowly?A．They are more affected by earth’s gravity.B．They take advantage of rockets more effectively.C．They have weaker pull of gravity in higher orbits.D．They are equipped with more advanced instruments.（2024·江苏泰州·一模）The human body possesses an efficient defense system to battle with flu viruses. The immune system protects against the attack of harmful microbes (微生物) by producing chemicals called antibodies, which are programmed to destroy a specific type of microbe. They travel in the blood and search the body for invaders (入侵者). When they find an invasive microbe, antibodies attack and destroy any cell thatcontains the virus. However, flu viruses can be a terrible enemy. Even if your body successfully fights against the viruses, with their ability to evolve rapidly, your body may have no protection or immunity from the new ones.Your body produces white blood cells to protect you against infectious diseases. Your body can detect invading microbes in your bloodstream because they carry antigens in their proteins. White blood cells in your immune system, such as T cells, can sense antigens in the viruses in your cells. Once your body finds an antigen, it takes immediate action in many different ways. For example, T cells produce more antibodies, call in cells that eat microbes, and destroy cells that are infected with a virus.One of the best things about the immune system is that it will always remember a microbe it has fought before and know just how to fight it again in the future. Your body can learn to fight so well that your immune system can completely destroy a virus before you feel sick at all.However, even the most cautious people can become infected. Fortunately, medical scientists have developed vaccines (疫苗), which are weakened or dead flu viruses that enter a person’s body before the person gets sick. These viruses cause the body to produce antibodies to attack and destroy the strong viruses that may invade during flu season.13．Why does flu pose a threat to the immune system?A．Microbes contain large quantities of viruses.B．Antibodies are too weak to attack flu viruses.C．The body has few effective ways to tackle flu.D．It’s hard to keep pace with the evolution of viruses.14．What does the underlined word “antigens” refer to in Paragraph 2?A．The cell protecting your body from viruses.B．The matter serving as the indicator of viruses.C．The antibodies helping to fight against viruses.D．The substance destroying cells infected with viruses.15．How do vaccines defend the body against the flu viruses?A．They strengthen the body’s immune system.B．They battle against weakened or dead viruses.C．They help produce antibodies to wipe out viruses.D．They expose the body to viruses during flu season.16．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．Antibodies Save Our Health.B．Vaccines Are Of Great Necessity.C．Infectious Flu Viruses Are Around.D．Human Body Fights Against Flu Viruses.（23-24高三下·江苏扬州·开学考试）A recent study, led by Professor Andrew Barron, Dr. HaDi MaBouDi, and Professor James Marshall, illustrates how evolution has fine-tuned honey bees to make quick judgments while minimizing danger.“Animal lives are full of decisions,” says Professor Barron. “A honey bee has a brain smaller than a sesame (芝麻) seed. And yet it can make decisions faster and more accurately than’ we can. A robot programmed to do a bee’s job would need the backup of a supercomputer.”Bees need to work quickly and efficiently. They need to make decisions. Which flower will have a sweet liquid? While they’re flying, they face threats from the air. While landing, they’re vulnerable to potential hunter, some of which pretend to look like flowers.Researchers trained 20 bees to associate each of the five different colored “flower disks” with their visit history of reward and punishment. Blue flowers always had sugar juice. Green flowers always had a type of liquid with a bitter taste for bees. Other colors sometimes had glucose (葡萄糖). “Then we introduced each bee to a ‘garden’ with artificial ‘flowers’. We filmed each bee and timed their decision-making process,” says Dr. MaBouDi. “If the bees were confident that a flower would have food, they quickly decided to land on it, taking an average of 0.6 seconds. If they were confident that a flower wouldn’t have food, they made a decision just as quickly. If unsure, they took on average 1.4 seconds, and the time reflected the probability that a flower had food.”The team then built a computer model mirroring the bees’ decision-making process. They found the structure of the model looked very similar to the physical layout of a bee brain. “AI researchers can learn much from bees and other ‘simple’ animals. Millions of years of evolution has led to incredibly efficient brains with very low power requirements,” says Professor Marshall who co-founded a company that uses insect brain patterns to enable machines to move autonomously, like nature.17．Why does Professor Andrew Barron mention “a supercomputer”?A．To illustrate how a honey bee’s brain resemble each other.B．To explain how animals arrive at informed decisions fast.C．To demonstrate how a robot could finish a honey bee’s job.D．To emphasize how honey bees make decisions remarkably.18．Which of the following can best replace “vulnerable to” underlined in paragraph 3?A．Easily harmed by.B．Highly sensitive to.C．Deeply critical to.D．Closely followed by.19．What influenced the speed of trained bees in making decisions?A．Their judgments about reward and punishment.B．Their preference for the colors of flower disks.C．Their confirmation of food’s presence and absence.D．Their ability to tell real flowers from artificial ones.20．What message does Professor James Marshall want to give us?A．The power of bee brains is underestimated.B．Biology can inspire future AI.C．Autonomous machines are changing nature.D．AI should be far more efficient.（23-24高三下·江苏扬州·开学考试）Are you frequently overwhelmed by the feeling that life is leaving you behind, particularly when you look through social media sites and see all the exciting things your friends are up to? If so, you are not alone.FOMO, or Fear of Missing Out, refers to the perception that other people’s lives are superior to our own, whether this concerns socializing, accomplishing professional goals or generally having a more deeply fulfilling life. It shows itself as a deep sense of envy, and constant exposure to it can have a weakening effect on our self-respect. The feeling that we are always being left out of fundamentally important events, or that our lives are not living up to the image pictured by others, can have long-term damaging psychological consequences.While feelings of envy and inadequacy seem to be naturally human, social media seems to have added fuel to the fire in several ways. The reason why social media has such a triggering effect is tied to the appeal of social media in the first place: these are platforms which allow us to share only the most glowing presentations of our accomplishments, while leaving out the boring aspects of life. While this kind of misrepresentation could be characterized as dishonest, it is what the polished atmosphere of social media seems to demand.So how do we avoid falling into the trap of our own insecurities? Firstly, consider your own social media posts. Have you ever chosen photos or quotes which lead others to the rosiest conclusions about your life? Well, so have others and what they’ve left hidden is the fact that loneliness and boredom are unavoidably a part of everyone’s day-to-day life, and you are not the only one feeling left out. Secondly, learn to appreciate the positives. You may not be a regular at exciting parties or a climber of dizzying peaks, but you have your health, a place to live, and real friends who appreciate your presence in their lives. Last of all, learn to shake things off. We are all bombarded daily with images of other people’s perfection, but really, what does it matter? They are probably no more real than the most ridiculous reality TV shows.21．What can frequently experiencing FOMO lead to?A．Harm to one’s feeling of self-value.B．A more satisfying and fulfilling social life.C．Damage to one’s work productivity.D．Less likelihood of professional success.22．What does the author suggest in the third paragraph?A．The primary reason for FOMO is deeply rooted in social media.B．Our own social media posts help us feel much more confident.C．People who don’t share posts on social media are more bored.D．Social media’s nature enhances envious feelings and self-doubt.23．Why does the author mention reality TV shows in the last paragraph?A．To emphasize how false what we see on social media can be.B．To indicate how complicated social media has turned to.C．To figure out how popular and useful social media has been.D．To point out how educational value reality TV shows reflect.24．Which is the best title for the text?A．Myths and misconceptions about FOMO B．FOMO: what it is and how to overcome itC．How FOMO is changing human relationships D．We’re now all in the power of “FOMO addiction”（23-24高三上·江苏泰州·阶段练习）While Huawei’s official website does not call Mate 60 Pro a 5G smartphone, the phone’s wideband capabilities are on par with other 5G smartphones, raising a related question: As a leader in 5G technology, has Huawei managed to develop a 5G smartphone on its own?The answer is not simple. Huawei, as a pioneer in global 5G communication equipment, has played a leading role in the commercialization of 5G technology, with its strong system design and fields such as baseband chips (基带芯片), baseband processors and 5G modems.However, basebands and modems are not the only aspects that define 5G wireless communication. The stability and high-quality signals of a 5G smartphone also depend on other critical components such as RF transceivers (射频收发器) and RF front ends and antennas (天线) . These components are largely dominated by four US high-tech giants—Qualcomm, Avago Technologies, Ansem and Qorvo—which account for a surprising global market share.Huawei has faced significant challenges in getting critical components because of the sanctions imposed by the United States which are primarily responsible for the inability of the Chinese company to launch 5G smartphones in the past three years. However, Mate 60 Pro, despite not being labeled a 5G device, exhibits mobile network speeds comparable to Apple’s latest 5G-enabled devices, offering a stable communication experience. This suggests Huawei has, over the past three years, overcome the 5G development and production limits due to the US sanctions by cooperating with domestic partners, and establishing an independent and controllable stable supply chain.Considering that Huawei has not explicitly marketed this device as a 5G smartphone, it is possible that it isyet to fully overcome some key core technological and componential shortcomings. For the time being, we can consider Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro as 4.99G. But when combined with the satellite communication capabilities of Mate 60 Pro, it is clear Huawei has been trying to find more advanced wireless communication solutions for smartphones and making significant progress in this attempt. This should be recognized as a remarkable endeavor, even a breakthrough.25．What do the underlined words “on par with” mean in Paragraph 1?A．as poor as.B．as good as.C．worse than.D．better than.26．Why was it tough for Huawei to develop a 5G smartphone three years ago?A．Its system design and fields needed to be updated.B．It only focused on the commercialization of 5G technology.C．It was unwilling to cooperate with high-tech giants in America.D．It lacked critical components mainly controlled by US high-tech giants.27．What does Paragraph 4 centre on?A．The US sanctions.B．Critical components.C．Apple’s latest 5G-enabled devices.D．Progress in Mate 60 Pro.28．What is the text mainly about?A．Huawei faced with significant challengesB．Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro—a 5G smartphoneC．Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro—a remarkable breakthroughD．Huawei leading in global 5G communication equipment（23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末）Blue-light-filtering glasses (滤蓝光眼镜) have become an increasingly popular solution for protecting our eyes from electronic screens’ near-inescapable glow — light that is commonly associated with eyestrain (眼疲劳). In recent years they’ve even become fashion statements that are recognized by celebrities and ranked in style guides. But a recent review paper shows such glasses might not be as effective as people think.The paper, published last week in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, analyzed data from previous trials that studied how blue-light-filtering glasses affect vision tiredness and eye health. The study’s authors found that wearing blue-light-filtering glasses does not reduce the eyestrain people feel after using computers.“It’s an excellent review,” says Mark Rosenfield, a professor at the State University of New York College of Optometry, who was not involved in the study. “The conclusions are no surprise at all. There have been a number of studies that have found exactly the same thing, that there’s just no evidence that blue-blocking glasses have anyeffect on eyestrain.” He adds that the new review reinforces the fact that there is virtually no evidence that blue-blocking glasses affect eyestrain despite them being specifically marketed for that purpose. As for using blue-light-filtering eyeglasses for eye health, for now, Rosenfield says, “there’s nothing to support people buying them”.The strain we may feel while staring at our phone or computer screen too long is likely to be caused by multiple factors, such as bad habits or underlying conditions, an associate professor of vision science at the University of Melbourne, Downie says. She argues that how we interact with digital devices contributes more to eyestrain than screens’ blue light does. Changing the frequency and duration of screen usage and distancing one’s eyes from the screens might be more important in reducing discomfort, Downie says. She adds that people who experience eyestrain should see a doctor to assess whether they have an underlying health issue such as far-sightedness or dry eye disease.29．What can we know about blue-light-filtering glasses from the text?A．They can improve eyesight.B．They may not reduce eyestrain.C．They can promote eye health.D．They can help to cure eye diseases.30．What can we infer from paragraph 2?A．A great many professors were involved in the study.B．Blue-blocking glasses on the market are harmful to eyes.C．The finding of the study comes as a surprise to the public.D．Data from previous trials help the study a lot.31．What does the underlined word “reinforces” mean in paragraph 3?A．Denies.B．Opposes.C．Strengthens.D．Evaluates.32．What should we do if we suffer from eyestrain according to Downie?A．Wear blue-light-filtering glasses.B．Have an examination in the hospital.C．Stop staring at the screen for ever.D．Focus on the frequency of phone usage.（2024·江苏连云港·一模）Not all birds sing, but several thousand species do. They sing to defend their territory and croon (柔声唱) to impress potential mates. “Why birds sing is relatively well-answered,” says Iris Adam, a behavioral neuroscientist. However, the big question for her was why birds sing so much.“As soon as you sing, you reveal yourself,” Adam says. “Like, where you are and where your territory is.” In a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, Adam and her co-workers offer a new explanation for why birds take that risk. They may have to sing a lot every day to give their vocal (发声的) muscles the regular exercise they need to produce top-quality songs. To figure out whether the muscles that produce birdsongsrequire daily exercise, Adam designed an experiment on zebra finches-the little Australian songbirds.She prevented them from singing for a week by keeping them in the dark cage almost around the clock. Light is what galvanizes the birds to sing, so she had to work to keep them from warbling (鸣叫). “The first two or three days, it’s quite easy,” she says. “But the longer the experiment goes, the more they are like, ‘I need to sing.’” At that point, she’d tap the cage and tell them to stop singing.After a week, the birds’ singing muscles lost half their strength. But Adam wondered whether that impacted the quality of songs. When she played a male’s song before and after the seven days of darkness, she couldn’t hear a difference. But when Adam played it to a group of female birds, six out of nine preferred the song that came from a male who’d been using his singing muscles daily.Adam’s conclusion shows that “songbirds need to exercise their vocal muscles to produce top-performance songs. If they don’t sing, they lose performance, and their songs get less attractive to females.” This may help explain songbirds’ continuous singing.It’s a good rule to live by, whether you’re a bird or a human-practice makes perfect, at least when it comes to singing one’s heart out.33．According to Iris Adam, birds sing so much to ______.A．warn other birds of risks B．produce more songsC．perform perfectly in singing D．defend their territory34．What does the underlined word “galvanizes” in Paragraph 3 mean?A．Prepares.B．Stimulates.C．Forbids.D．Frightens.35．What do we know about the caged birds in the experiment?A．They lost the ability to sing.B．They strengthened their muscles.C．Their songs showed no difference.D．Their songs became less appealing.36．What may Iris Adam agree with?A．The songbirds live on music.B．The songbirds are born singers.C．Daily exercise keeps birds healthy.D．Practice makes birds perfect singers.（23-24高三上·江苏扬州·期末）Sometimes called “Earth’s twin,” Venus is similar to our world in size and composition. The two rocky planets are also roughly the same distance from the sun, and both have an atmosphere. While Venus’s cold and unpleasant landscape does make it seem far less like Earth, scientists recently detected another striking similarity between the two, the presence of active volcanoes.When NASA’s Magellan mission mapped much of the planet with radar in the 1990sit revealed an。
新进阶3综合Unit4
New Progressive College English Book III1.Teachin.Objectives:Students will be able toA.hav..thoroug.understandin.o.th.tex.contextuall.an.linguistically;.th.ke.word.an.expression.i.contex.properly;C.discus.th.importan.aspect.o.becomin.a.adult;par.America.an.Chines.view.o.emergin.adulthood;E. talk about changes in expectations of young adults and changes in the degreeof independence from their parents young adults are able to achieve in today’s world;F.writ.a.essa.abou.thei.view.o.emergin.adulthood.2.Tim.Allotment:1st Period: Lead-in Activities (Warm-up activities; Discussion about adulthood) 2nd Period: Global Reading (Text: Approaching the theme; Analyzing the text organization)3rd Period: Detailed Reading (Understanding the text in a deeper level; Analyzingdifficult sentence structures)4th Period: Detailed Reading Continued (Learning new words; Summarizing good usage)5th Period: Comprehending Reading 1 (Skimming the text; Explaining the difficult sentences of the text; Doing sentence translation))6th Period: After Reading (Viewing and listening; Speaking; Assignment) 3.Teachin.Procedures:3.1 Lead-in ActivitiesSte.1.Warm-u.activitiesThe teacher leads students to figure out the five stages of life (infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age) and tells them a new life stage “emerging adulthood” has been proposed by psychologists to describe the period of time between adolescence and adulthood..Method: PPT, communicative approach.Step 2: Discussion about adulthoodTh.teache.ha.student.wor.i.pair.an.discus.th.question.i.Opene.abou.thei.ow.crit eri.fo.reachin.adulthood.Th.teache.remind.student.t.refe.t.th.helpfu.word.an.ex pression.give.belo.th.pictures.Method: Using task-based language teaching method, communicative approach.3.2 Global ReadingSte.1.Approachin.th.themeThe teacher has students know the background information about the term “emerging adulthood” in Culture Notes.Emergin.Adulthood.Startin.i.1995.psychologis.Jeffre.Jense.Arnet.interviewe .30.youn.peopl.age.1.t.2.i.citie.aroun.th.natio.ove.fiv.years.askin.the.questi on.abou.wha.the.wante.ou.o.life.Workin.fro.thos.interview.an.examinin.broa.dem ographi.indicators.Arnet.propose..ne.perio.o.life-spa.developmen.h.call.“emergin.adulthood”.从1995年开始, 历时5年, 心理学家杰弗里·阿内特在美国许多城市访谈了300位18-29岁的年轻人, 就他们想从生活中得到什么进行提问。
葡萄系数 毕恩系数
葡萄系数和毕恩系数
葡萄系数（Grapefruit coefficient）和毕恩系数（Pearson's coefficient）是统计学和计量经济学中常用的两种衡量两个变量之间相关性的方法。
葡萄系数是一种非参数检验方法，用于比较两个变量之间的差异。
它基于葡萄状分布的概念，将数据分为若干个区间，然后计算每个区间内数据点的比例。
最后，将这些比例绘制成一个葡萄状图，并计算每个区间的平均值和标准差，从而得到葡萄系数。
葡萄系数的取值范围为0到1，其中0表示两个变量之间没有相关性，1表示两个变量之间完全正相关。
毕恩系数是一种线性相关性系数，用于衡量两个变量之间的线性相关性。
它基于皮尔逊（Karl Pearson）提出的线性回归模型，通过计算两个变量之间的协方差来衡量它们之间的相关性。
毕恩系数的取值范围为-1到1，其中-1表示两个变量之间完全负相关，1表示两个变量之间完全正相关，0表示两个变量之间没有相关性。
两种系数都可以帮助人们了解两个变量之间的关系，但它们的计算方法和应用场景有所不同。
unit6 TextA 课文翻译
一位大学生抗击抑郁的故事威尔•哈图年1.对于威尔•哈图年来说，生活可不是让人快乐得起来的事情，自轻和自责每天如影随形。
尽管他每天早晨能起来并努力面对新的一天，但对自己人生不绝的愤懑，让他的生活了无情趣。
抑郁似乎已成为他挥之不去的部分，成为生活的常态。
克服抑郁的可能性越来越渺茫。
2.哈图年，加州州立大学北岭分校一名22岁的学生，曾患抑郁症而一度一筹莫展。
3.哈图年说：“一般说来，抑郁让人感到无助、无望、无用和自责，无用和自责这后两种感觉最困扰我”。
他觉得他的抑郁陷入了恶性循环。
这些感受如此强烈，他甚至觉得这已成为他性格的一部分了。
“我倒不至于经常因太过沮丧而卧床不起。
我只是觉得不开心，感觉陷入了泥潭而难以自拔，”哈图年说道。
4.因为害怕自己被别人归入异类、另眼对待，他不敢谈论他的抑郁，也不敢寻求帮助和治疗。
困在抑郁中但又没有办法克服，自杀的念头开始在他的心中冒起。
“我考虑过自杀，甚至已经筹划好了” 哈图年说。
“我终于敢说出自己的抑郁了，对我而言，是迈出了一大步。
”5.研究表明，像哈图年这样的情况绝非个案。
抗击抑郁是一场艰难的奋战，而疾病控制与预防中心的数据表明，约十分之一的美国人有此经历。
一则美国心理学会研究调查显示，百分之五十三的大学生曾有过不同程度的抑郁症状，但很多学生只是默默忍受。
按心理康复中心的说法，超过三分之二的年轻人不会说出自己的抑郁，也不愿寻求心理健康治疗。
6.哈图年以前从不觉得自己的抑郁是种病，直到大二那年，在听了一场抗抑郁工程（Blues Project）讲演后，他才意识到他的抑郁是可以克服，而且可以得到帮助。
7.抑郁可能导致自杀念头的出现，因此寻求帮助至关重要。
美国心理协会的研究对象中百分之九的人坦陈，入学后他们至少有过一次自杀念头。
一份美国大学健康协会报告显示，1.6万名学生中，有百分之一点五曾尝试过自杀。
8.马歇尔•布鲁姆是大学心理辅导服务中心的心理医生，也是抗抑郁工程小组负责人。
2006年考研英语完型填空题真题解析
一、完型填空参考译文：无家可归者占美国人口的比例越来越大。
而且，无家可归者已经增加了地方政府都无法应对的地步。
为了帮助无家可归者走向独立，联邦政府必须支持就业培训项目、提高最低工资并资助建设更多低价住房。
美国到底有多少无家可归者大家的意见并不一致，估计是在60万到300万之间。
尽管人们估计的数字可能各不相同，分析家们对另外一个问题的意见的确是一致的：无家可归者的数量正在增长。
联邦政府的一项研究预测，在本十年结束之前，无家可归者的数量将接近1900万。
想办法帮助这些越来越多的无家可归者任务越来越艰巨。
即使无家可归者找到了住处，白天有三餐，晚上能安眠，还是会有很多人每天大部分时间流落街头。
部分问题是，许多无家可归的成年人都是酒鬼或者瘾君子；而相当多的无家可归者患有严重的精神病；还有许多人虽然不喝酒吸毒，精神也正常，但就是没有使自己翻身的基本生活能力。
《波士顿环球日报》记者克里斯。
雷迪认为只有通过全面规划来解决这些无家可归者的各种需求，这种局面才有可能得到改善。
用马塞诸塞州本特里学院社区服务部主任爱德华。
布罗特科瓦斯克的话来说就是：“各种规划必须协调运行，我们需要的是一篮子计划。
”二、参考答案及要点分析：1. D.本句接第一句。
前句说无家可归者的比例越来越大，接下来的这句话表示递进，所以选furthermore.A选项表示“的确”，B选项likewise意思为“同理，同样”，C选项therefore 表示因果关系，三个错误选项干扰性最大的是A选项，因为从逻辑上来分析，它入选的可能也很大，但相比之下递进的意思更符合逻辑。
难度：☆☆☆☆2. B这里表示第一句中提到的问题已经让地方政府无法应付了，因此选择cope（应付，应对）。
A选项stand表示“容忍”，C选项approve表示“同意”，D选项retain表示“保留”，均不合题意。
难度：☆☆3. D本句表示“帮助无家可归的人走向独立”，故选择toward.本题的干扰项是C选项的with.虽然我们学过to help sb. with…这样的句型，但该句型表示的是“帮助某人做/学什么”的意思，如help me with my English（帮助我学习英语），help me with my exercises（帮助我做作业）。
6条目孤独感量表（ULS-6）是测量中国成年人群孤独感的有效工具
孤独感是当个体缺乏社会支持或者社会互动不足时产生的消极主观体验［1］，这种消极体验已越来越成为全球备受关注的公共卫生问题，多项研究表明，持续的孤独感会影响个体的身心健康，长期有孤独感经历和体验的人会产生更多的焦虑、抑郁症状和睡眠问题，甚至会有更大的自杀和早期死亡风险［2-5］。
目前有关研究大多集中在老年人群体上，这是因为孤独感是老年人明确的严重疾病和死亡的危险因素［6］。
但老年人并不是唯一面临孤独感风险的人群，孤独感普遍存在于各个年龄阶段的人群中。
如今青年人的孤独感正在逐渐升高，孤独感的高峰值也被证实存在于大约30岁和60岁年龄阶层的人群中［7］。
且自疫情发生以来，由于隔离政策的实行，许多人的生活和工作方式被迫发生了改变，社交距离的拉长进一步导致了孤独感流行率的增高，孤独感的发生更为普遍［8-11］，所以在关注老年人群体孤独感的同时，其它成年人群的孤独感也亟需引起重视。
洛杉矶加州大学孤独感量表（ULS ）［12］是目前最常用的测量成年人群孤独感的量表［13,14］，为减轻被试的答题负担及探究量表在不同人群中的适用情况，ULS 被修订为多个简式版本，如Hughes 等［15］修订的3条目简式版本、Russell 等［16］修订的4条目简式版本、Hays 等［17］修订的8条目简式孤独感量表（ULS-8）。
其中ULS-8在国内Reliability and validity of the 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale （ULS-6）for application in adultsXIAO Rong 1,2,DU Jingwen 11Department of Psychology,School of Public Health,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China;2Department of Psychiatry,Zhujiang Hospital,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510282,China摘要：目的修订6条目孤独感量表（ULS-6）并在成年人群中使用，评价其测量学性能和适用性。
异种族娘风评鉴定指南全集的英语
异种族娘风评鉴定指南全集的英语In today's globalized world, the concept of inter-racial relationships has become increasingly common. However, with the rise of multicultural interactions comes the need for understanding and respect for different cultures and races. This guide aims to provide an in-depth analysis of how to evaluate and understand the reputation of inter-racial girls, emphasizing the importance of cultural sensitivity and open-mindedness.Firstly, it is crucial to recognize that every individual is unique, regardless of their racial background. Stereotypes and preconceived notions should be set aside when evaluating someone's reputation. Instead, focus on their personal qualities, achievements, and character traits.Secondly, cultural differences should be acknowledged and respected. Understanding the customs, traditions, and values of different cultures can provide valuable insight into a person's behavior and reputation. This includes being aware of the social norms and expectations within their community.Thirdly, communication is key. Open and honest dialogue can help bridge cultural gaps and foster a deeper understanding of each other's perspectives. It is essential to listen actively and be willing to learn from one another.Moreover, it is important to consider the context inwhich the reputation is being evaluated. Factors such as the social environment, the influence of media, and the prevalence of cultural biases can all play a role in shaping public opinion.Lastly, this guide encourages empathy and compassion. It is through understanding and accepting our differences that we can build a more inclusive and harmonious society.In conclusion, the evaluation of inter-racial girl reputation is a complex process that requires cultural awareness, open communication, and empathy. By following these guidelines, we can foster a more respectful and understanding approach to inter-racial relationships and interactions.。
地球百人村
如果您冰箱里有食物、有衣服穿、还有地方住，恭 喜您，您比全世界75%的人还富有。
如果您在银行还有存款、钱包里还有钞票、还有一些零 钱，恭喜您，您是全世界前8%的有钱人。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
如果您的双亲都还健在而且没有离婚，您算是幸运儿。
您可以读这篇文章，那是双重幸福，因为有人想到 您这个朋友，而且有20亿人根本不识字。
Welcome
美国史坦福大学医学研究所的菲利普马特（Phillip Marter），半年前 在网络讨论群组发表了一篇文字，引起了许多网友的共鸣，纷纷张贴转 载，历久不衰。他在文章里说，如果我们把全球人口压缩成一个只有100 人的部落，而且维持人类的各种比率，那么我们会得到：
（1）.57个亚洲人、21个欧洲人、14个美洲人、8个非洲人 （2）.52个男人、48个女人 （3）.30个白种人、70个非白种人 （4）.30个基督徒、70个非基督徒
当我们从这样浓缩的角度来看这个世界时 我们更清楚这个世界需要更多的接纳、谅解、和教育。
还有一些值得我们深思的：
如果您今天早上醒来的时候还算健康，恭喜您， 因为有一百万人将活不过星期一。
如果您不会经历战争的危险、被监禁的寂寞、被凌虐的 痛苦、或是饥寒交迫，恭喜您，您比5亿人还好命。
如果您可以参加宗教活动而不必担心被骚扰、逮捕、 凌虐、或死亡，恭喜您，您比30亿人还自由。
工作，可以不必要汲汲营营；用心去爱，即使您曾经受伤；尽 情跳舞，引喉高歌，管别人怎么想；让自己活在人间天堂。
如果您愿意，把这篇文章传给您的朋友吧。
您不会因为不传给朋友而遭殃，也不会因为传给朋友而中彩 券，但是很有可能您的朋友会因为看了这篇文章而微笑，所 以我要传给您看，因为您是我的朋友！
Goodbye.
产品说明书：人类饮食行为与早上倾向与晚上倾向的关系
Morningness–eveningness preference and eating disorders Vincenzo Natale a,*,Donatella Ballardini b ,Romana Schumann b ,Chiara Mencarelli c ,Valentina Magelli a a Department of Psychology,University of Bologna,Viale Berti Pichat 5–40127Bologna,ItalybGRUBER Centre,Treatment Centre for Eating Disorders,Via Santo Stefano 6–40100Bologna,Italyc Department of Biomedical Sciences,University of Chieti,Via dei Vestini 31–66013Chieti Scalo,Italy a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 7August 2007Received in revised form 28May 2008Accepted 12June 2008Available online 23July 2008Keywords:Human circadian rhythms Morningness–eveningness Eating disordersBulimiaCircadian typologya b s t r a c tThe aim of this work was to attempt to clarify the relationship between eveningness preferences and eat-ing behaviour.In a survey a sample of 270females (146recruited in a treatment centre for eating disor-ders and 124control)was administered the reduced version of the morningness–eveningness questionnaire (MEQr)and the eating disorder inventory 2(EDI-2).A significant higher percentage of evening-type in patient versus control group was observed.About 46patients who participated in the survey were enrolled in a further prospective study.A significant regression of symptomatology as scored by EDI-2corresponded to a significant increase in MEQr scores (i.e.shift towards morningness).We con-cluded that altered eating behaviours could modulate circadian preference.The results are discussed in relation to possible applications for clinical treatment.Ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionMost biological and behavioural parameters present a rhyth-micity synchronised with the light–dark environmental cycle(24-h period or circadian rhythm).Their endogenous origin hasbeen proven to the extent that they continue to present the samebehavioural patterns even when there is no environmental input(Wehr,1996).However,people living under the same environmental condi-tions and with similar daily activities present rhythmic variationsthat differ according to the parameters considered.It has beenshown that there are individual differences that affect the expres-sion of circadian rhythms.One of the most robust individual differ-ence is the morningness–eveningness preference or circadiantypology (morning-,intermediate-,and evening-type),whichseems to be based on endogenous rhythmic control (Kerkhof &Van Dongen,1996).Systematic investigations in chronobiologyand chronopsychology have extensively described the differencesbetween extreme groups in circadian rhythmicity.Morning-typesdisplay a phase advance in the peak of body temperature(121min)and alertness (171min),and in the sleep–wake cycle(80min)and performance (from 1to 6h depending on the typeof task)compared with evening types (Kerkhof,1985;Tankova,Adan,&Buela-Casal,1994).Circadian typology might reflect an underlying difference in the synchronisation of the biological clock with the environment (Na-tale &Adan,1999).The morning-type pattern is more synchronised or entrained with environmental (e.g.light–dark cycle)Zeitgeber (i.e.forcing environmental oscillation which entrains a biological self-sustaining rhythm)than the evening type.Moreover,females often appear to be skewed toward a morningness pattern when they are compared to males (Adan &Natale,2002;Randler,2007).Morningness–eveningness preference is not a fixed feature but can change during the span of an individual’s life.Morning preference is more frequent until 10years and after 50years (Roenneberg et al.,2004).Nevertheless,scientists have encoun-tered substantial difficulties in attempting to give an exhaustive explanation of morningness–eveningness preference.Thus,it re-mains to clarify whether the development of circadian rhythms is determined mainly by biological (Katzenberg et al.,1998),environ-mental (Natale,Adan,&Chotai,2002)or cultural factors (Caci et al.,2005;Shinomiya,Takeuchi,Martoni,Natale,&Harada,2004).A greater tendency towards eveningness has been observed in different behavioural disorders:bipolar disorder (Hakkarainen et al.,2003),depression (Chelminski,Ferraro,Petros,&Plaud,1999;Drennan,Klauber,Kripke,&Goyette,1991),drug addiction (Adan,1994),impulsivity (Caci,Robert,&Boyer,2004),and seasonal depression (Johansson et al.,2003,2004;Murray,Allen,&Trinder,2003;Natale,Adan,&Scapellato,2005).It is still not clear if eve-ningness in itself might reflect a premorbid trait or an aspecific risk factor for behavioural diseases (Chelminski et al.,1999)or,rather,if the misalignment amongst biological clock and other rhythms,0191-8869/$-see front matter Ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.014*Corresponding author.Tel.:+39512091846;fax:+3951243086.E-mail address:************************(V.Natale).Personality and Individual Differences 45(2008)549–553Contents lists available at ScienceDirectPersonality and Individual Differencesjournal homepag e:www.elsevier.c o m /l o c a t e /p a idsuch as social(social jet-lag–Roenneberg,Wirz-Justice,&Merrow, 2003),plays an important role in modulating psychological well-being(Natale et al.,2005).A possible relationship between eveningness preference and eating disorders has also been suggested(Kasov,2001;Tortorella, Monteleone,Martiadis,Perris,&Maj,2007).The tendency to eat in the evening is more prevalent amongst individuals who binge frequently than amongst weight-matched controls(Greeno,Wing, &Marcus,1995;Rand,Macgregor,&Stunkard,1997).Both binge and purging are substantially more probable in the evening than during the day,independently from setting,occupation,and day of the week(Johnson,Schlundt,Barclay,Carr-Nangle,&Engler, 1995;Mitchell,Pyle,&Fletcher,1991).In other words eveningness should increase the probability of binging and purging,increasing the number of waking hours spent during the evening versus day. Binging and purging,therefore should occur more frequently in people biased more towards eveningness than morningness.This hypothesis is consistent with a study by Latzer,Tzischin-sky,Epstein,Kklein,and Lavie(1999),who used ambulatory acti-graphic monitoring to assess sleep–wake patterns in bulimic patients and control participants.Although the two groups did not differ in total sleep time or in sleep quality indexes(like sleep latency,sleep efficiency,and motor activity)the bulimic patient’s mean time of sleep onset and awaking were approximately1h la-ter than those of control participants.The possible link between circadian typology and eating behav-iours could be supported both by biological and personality factors. In the past10years,strong evidence has accumulated showing that timing of sleep can be genetically determined(Archer et al., 2003;Katzenberg et al.,1998).Eating disorders are characterised by a disruption of circadian feeding pattern as well as by altera-tions in the circadian rhythms of hormone release.Those,a possi-ble role of gene polymorphism in the biological vulnerability to eating disorders may by suggested(Tortorella et al.,2007).In the same way many investigations have shown that extreme circadian typology groups significantly differ in cognitive styles(Fabbri, Antonietti,Giorgetti,Tonetti,&Natale,2007)and personality traits (Cavallera&Giudici,2008;Diaz-Morales,2007).The individual profile describes a morning type as who processes information using consolidated schema and considering social norms and rules. On the contrary,the evening-type profile describes a person who processes information through emotional parameters,who builds new and original schema,and is highly creative but lacks of self-confidence in social relationships.Eveningness is positively corre-lated to novelty seeking,whereas it was negatively correlated to conscientiousness.Consequently,evening types have a less healthy lifestyle than morning types(Adan,Fabbri,Natale,&Prat,2006; Taillard,Philip,Chastang,Diefenbach,&Bioulac,2001).Even if a specific personality profile relative to eating disorders does not ex-ist(Claes et al.,2006;Lilenfeld,Wonderlich,Riso,Crosby,&Mitch-ell,2006),the above mentioned personality features could support the prevision of a high correlation between eveningness and eating disorders.The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship be-tween eating disorders and eveningness in a survey(including both patient and control subjects)and in a prospective research (analyzing eating symptomatology and eveningness in patient with eating disorders along thefirsts6months of the psychother-apeutic treatment).2.SurveyTo avoid confusing premorbid traits/characteristics with actual symptoms of eating disorders,we chose to perform a survey including a sample of patients with eating disorders and a sample of control participants.If eveningness were really related to altered eating behaviour,we would expect to see scores compatible with eating disorders in evening versus morning types in both samples. In contrast,if the altered eating behaviour acted like a Zeitgeber, we would expect tofind a higher percentage of eveningness types in the clinical versus control sample.On account of the novelty of this research,we used a questionnaire to evaluate overall eating behaviour.2.1.Method2.1.1.ParticipantsOne hundred forty-six female patients(age=31.23±11.34-years;range:18–44)suffering from eating disorders were re-cruited for the study from the Gruber Centre,Treatment Centre for Eating Disorders,prior to treatment.According to criteria out-lined in the4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(American Psychiatric Association,1994)of the146participants48were affected by bulimia nervosa,41by anorexia nervosa,and57by binge eating disorders.Patients suffer-ing from psychiatric comorbidity or taking psychotropic medica-tions were excluded from the survey.A total of124female subjects(age=31.98±10.31years;range: 18–44)with no psychiatric history were used as control group.All participants provided written informed consent.2.1.2.Procedure and measuresEach subject completed two questionnaires:the Italian version of the morningness–eveningness questionnaires reduced(MEQr) (Natale,1999),and the second Italian edition of the eating disorder inventory(EDI-2)(Rizzardi,Trombini,&Trombini Corazza,1995).The reduced version of MEQ(MEQr:Adan&Almirall,1991), whose psychometric properties have been well assessed(Adan& Almirall,1991;Chelminski,Petros,Plaud,&Ferraro,2000;Natale, Esposito,Martoni,&Fabbri,2006a;Natale et al.,2006b),was administered to identify circadian typology.The questionnaire comprisedfive questions derived from the original19items ver-sion by Horne and Ostberg(1976).Three questions were set to establish preferred morning wake-up,preferred evening bed time and the hour of day when peak personal efficiency is maximum. Respondents also had to evaluate the degree of tiredness within thefirst half hour after their awakening and to indicate which cir-cadian type they thought they belonged to.A total score was ob-tained by summing scores of each question.Overall scores ranged from4to25.Italian cut-off criteria(Natale,1999)were used to label participants evening-(range4–10),intermediate-(11–18)or morning-type(19–25)individuals.EDI-2(Garner,1991)consists of91questions,divided into11 dimensions:three specifically refer to eating behaviour(drive for thinness,Bulimia,and body dissatisfaction),the other eight to spe-cific behavioural aspects correlated to eating disorders(ineffective-ness,perfectionism,interpersonal distrust,interoceptive awareness, maturity fears,asceticism,impulse regulation,and social insecurity).2.2.Results2.2.1.MEQr scoreThe MEQr scores ranged from6to23(mean=14.75±4.04)in the clinical sample and from6to23(mean=15.01±4.14)in the control sample.The frequency distribution of MEQr scores did not differ between the two samples(Kolmogorov–Smirnov).The mean MEQr score was significantly lower in the clinical sample(t=2.07 and p<.05).No differences emerged when diagnostic subsamples550V.Natale et al./Personality and Individual Differences45(2008)549–553。
英文等级考试
1、Which of the following is NOT a type of conditional sentence in English?A. Zero conditionalB. First conditionalC. Second conditionalD. Absolute conditional(答案：D)2、Which phrase is used to express a high degree of certainty in the past?A. Must have + past participleB. Could have + past participleC. Would have + past participleD. Might have + past participle(答案：A)3、What is the correct form of the present continuous tense for the verb 'to write'?A. WriteB. WroteC. WritingD. Is writing(答案：D)4、Which modal verb is used to make a suggestion?A. ShouldB. MustC. CouldD. Will(答案：C)5、Which of the following is an example of a transitive verb?A. SleepB. RunC. EatD. Laugh(答案：C)6、Which preposition is commonly used after the verb 'depend'?A. InB. OnC. AtD. By(答案：B)7、Which of these sentences correctly uses the past perfect tense?A. I have finished my homework before I went out to play.B. I had finished my homework before I went out to play.C. I finished my homework before I went out to play.D. I will have finished my homework before I go out to play.(答案：B)8、Which word is a common irregular plural noun that does not end in '-s'?A. BookB. ChildC. SheepD. House(答案：C)。
腾格尔系数
腾格尔系数全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：腾格尔系数是一个用于衡量区域或群体内部收入差距的指标。
它是由意大利经济学家科洛雷多·腾格尔（Corrado Gini）于1912年提出的。
腾格尔系数通常用于衡量一个区域或国家收入分配的不平等程度，其数值范围在0到1之间，0表示完全平等，1表示完全不平等。
腾格尔系数的计算方法是通过积分计算实现的。
将收入水平按照从低到高的顺序排列，然后计算累积收入的百分比和累积人口的百分比。
在累积曲线图中，腾格尔系数可以表示为曲线下面积与45度对角线下面积的比值。
在实际应用中，腾格尔系数通常用于衡量一个国家或地区内部不同社会经济群体之间的收入差距。
较低的腾格尔系数表明收入分配较为平等，而较高的腾格尔系数则表明收入分配不均衡。
腾格尔系数的研究对于揭示社会经济不平等和贫富差距具有重要意义。
通过对不同地区或国家的腾格尔系数进行比较，可以帮助政府制定更有效的贫困减少和社会公平政策。
腾格尔系数也可以用于评估各种经济政策对收入分配的影响，以及监测不同社会群体之间的收入差距变化。
腾格尔系数也存在一些局限性。
它只是一种单一的指标，难以全面反映一个国家或地区的整体经济状况。
计算腾格尔系数需要大量的数据和复杂的数学模型，这对于一些发展中国家或地区来说可能并不容易实现。
腾格尔系数是一个重要的分析工具，可以帮助我们更好地了解社会经济不平等问题，促进社会公平和可持续经济发展。
我们应该继续研究和利用腾格尔系数，以促进全球收入分配的公平和均衡。
第二篇示例：腾格尔系数是一种用来衡量某一变量之间关系的强度和方向的统计量，通常用于描述两个变量之间的相关性。
它是由英国统计学家卡尔·皮尔逊在19世纪末提出的，是统计学中最常用的相关系数之一。
在统计分析中，腾格尔系数通常用r表示，其取值范围在-1到+1之间。
当腾格尔系数为+1时，表示两个变量的相关性是完全正相关的，也就是说随着一个变量的增加，另一个变量也会增加；而当腾格尔系数为-1时，表示两个变量的相关性是完全负相关的，也就是说随着一个变量的增加，另一个变量会减少。
2006年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
但为君故系列
3
出时顺便看看。RSC 主张，是看戏者给城镇带来大量的税收，因为他们通常花整 晚上时间（有些是四到五个晚上）在旅馆或饭店里大量消费。然而游览者在当天 的黄昏前就能把所有事情做完了，然后离开小镇。 当地居民并不这么认为，地方政府也直接没有给予 RSC 补贴。Stratford 一 向都会哭穷。然而城镇上每一家旅馆似乎都增加了新的部门或是鸡尾酒酒吧。希 尔顿也在这儿建了一座自己的酒店， 这里肯定可以能看到被装饰一新的哈姆雷特 汉堡酒吧，Lear 休息室，宴会厅等等。进一步说，这里消费将很贵。 总之，居民不明白为什么 RSC 需要补贴。 （剧院已经打破了连续三年以来的 就座率纪录。去年整年的 1431 个座位的就坐率达到了 94%，今年将会更高。 ）当 然，原因是，演戏的花费高了，然而票价仍然很低。 大幅增加票价是一件很为难的事情，因为这样会把 Stratford 的最有魅力的 顾客－年轻人赶走。他们完全是为了戏而来，不是为风景。他们看起来都一个样 （虽然他们从各个地方而来） ——消瘦、率直、专注的脸庞，穿着牛仔裤和便 鞋，吃着小圆面包，在剧场外的石板上过夜，以便能买得到 20 张座票和 80 张 站票，这些票都是为那些睡觉的人准备的，并且在票房第二天上午 10 点半开始 售票时就卖给他们。 26. 从文章的前两段可知 A 该镇居民否认 RSC 对增加该镇收入有贡献 B RSC 的演员在台上台下都模仿莎士比亚 C RSC 的两个分支机构关系不好 D 该镇居民从旅游业获利很少 27. 从第三段可以推断出 A 观光客不能分开游览沃里克城堡和布兰汉姆宫 B 看戏者比观光客花钱多 C 观光客比看戏者购物多 D 看戏者在镇上只光顾剧院，哪儿也不去 28. 作者提到“Stratford cries poor traditionally”（第四段第二行） ， 其暗含的意思是 A 斯特拉福镇无法负担扩建计划的费用 B 斯特拉福镇长期处于经济困难状态 C 该镇并不真正缺钱 D 该镇居民过去收入很低 29. 在斯特拉福镇居民看来，RSC 不应该获得拨款，因为 A 可以提高票价来支付开销 B 公司财务管理不善 2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为君故
选择另一半不应该首先看学历英文作文
选择另一半不应该首先看学历英文作文Choosing a life partner is one of the most important decisions we make in our lives. While many people believe that education and qualifications should be the first criteria when selecting a partner, I argue that this should not be the case. In this essay, I will discuss why choosing a life partner should not be based solely on their educational background.Firstly, education is not always a reliable indicator of a person's character or values. While having a good education can be a reflection of hard work and dedication, it does not necessarily mean that a person is trustworthy, kind, or compatible with you. A person's values, beliefs, and personality are much more important in a relationship than their academic achievements. Therefore, focusing solely on a person's education may lead you to overlook other important qualities that are essential for a successful and fulfilling relationship.Secondly, it is important to remember that education is just one aspect of a person's life. While it is certainly important to have someone who is intellectually stimulating and can engage in meaningful conversations with you, it is equally important to have someone who is emotionally supportive, caring, and understanding. These qualities cannot be measured by aperson's academic qualifications and should not be overlooked when choosing a life partner.Furthermore, basing your decision on a person's education may lead you to make assumptions about their upbringing, social status, and values. This can create a barrier between you and your partner, as you may judge them unfairly based on their educational background. It is important to remember that each person is unique and should be judged on their own merits, rather than on their qualifications or achievements.Additionally, focusing solely on a person's education can be limiting and may prevent you from exploring and experiencing different perspectives and lifestyles. By being open-minded and looking beyond someone's educational background, you may meet someone who challenges you, inspires you, and helps you grow as a person. It is important to be willing to step out of your comfort zone and embrace diversity in order to find a partner who truly complements you.In conclusion, choosing a life partner should not be based solely on their educational background. While education is important, it is not the only factor that determines a person's character, values, and compatibility. It is essential to look beyond someone's qualifications and focus on their personality, values,and how they make you feel. By being open-minded and considering a person as a whole, rather than just their education, you may find a partner who truly enriches your life and brings you happiness and fulfillment.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Normal values for ambulatory 24-h combined impedance-pH monitoring on acid suppressive therapy.
Radu Tutuian, Inder Mainie, Amit Agrawal, Janice Freeman, Donald O Castell
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina
Background: Combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH (MII-pH) is increasingly used to monitor patients with persistent reflux symptoms on proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. The normal range of the number of reflux episodes “on therapy” (<73) w as determined by extrapolating data from healthy volunteers “off therapy” (Shay et al. Am J Gastro 2004) and by assuming that PPI primarily change the pH of the refluxate without affecting the total number of reflux episodes as seen during post-prandial studies (Vela et al. Gastroenterology 2001).
Aim: Evaluate the effects of twice daily PPI on reflux 24-h parameters during combined MII-pH monitoring and define normal values “on therapy”.
Methods: Healthy volunteers underwent combined MII-pH monitoring before and after dosing with esomeprazole 40mg bid AC for 5 days. The 8 channel combined MII-pH probe recorded impedance data at 3, 5, 7, 9, 15 and 17 cm above the LES and pH data 5cm above and 10cm below the LES. In each subject we counted the total number of MII-detected reflux episodes, the number of acid reflux episodes (MII-detected reflux episodes with intraesophageal pH <4) and the number of non-acid reflux episodes (MII-detected reflux episodes with intraesophageal pH >4).
Results: Twenty healthy volunteers (12F, age mean 32y, range 18-67y) completed baseline and “on therapy” impedance-pH monitoring. There was a statistically significant decrease in the total number of reflux episodes and the number of acid reflux episodes at 5 and 15cm above the LES during dosing with esomeprazole compared to baseline. The number of non-acid reflux episodes was unchanged during dosing with PPI compared to baseline.
baseline esomeprazole 40mg bid p-value
(N=20) (N=20)
Mean ±SD Mean ±SD
Distal esophagus (5cm above LES)
Total 41.8 ±18.6 21.9 ±13.2 <0.001
Acid 23.2 ±14.4 2.1 ± 5.1 <0.001
Non-acid 18.7 ±7.2 19.8 ±11.9 0.73 Proximal esophagus (15cm above LES)
Total 14.4 ±9.8 7.2 ± 5.6 0.006
Acid 9.7 ±7.5 0.9 ± 2.1 <0.001
Non-acid 4.7 ± 3.4 6.3 ± 5.7 0.29
p-value: paired Student t-test
Conclusions: Acid suppressive therapy reduces the number of acid reflux episodes but not the number of non-acid reflux episodes. The revised upper limit of normal for reflux episodes on PPI therapy (<48) should improve the sensitivity of identifying patients with an abnormal number of reflux episodes on acid suppressive therapy.。