花样滑冰(中英文)

花样滑冰是技巧与艺术性相结合的一个冰上运动项目。

运动员在冰上滑行中做出各种姿势的跳跃和旋转，裁判员根据动作评分，决定名次。

花样滑冰的竞赛项目，包括单人滑、双人滑和冰上舞蹈。

单人滑分男女两种，除完成规定图形、规定自由滑外，还可由运动员自选音乐，在规定时间内完成一套自由滑动作。

规定图形是在冰上滑出各种规定的图形花样；自由滑是用结合跳跃和旋转的各种不同的步法，随着音乐的韵律和节拍，在规定的时间内滑出优美的动作。

单人滑的规定图形有十七种，共八十二种滑法，世界比赛只滑其中的九种图形，并将其分为三组。

用抽签的方法，从两组中确定其中一组的三个图形进行比赛。

规定自由滑共有四组，每组七个规定动作。

每次比赛只滑其中一组由国际滑联规定。

双人滑内容除凌晨人滑的动作外，还包括双人旋转、托举、跳跃、和双人步法等双人协同、配合完成动作。

阔步舞蹈不允许有典型的双人滑动作，只允许在冰上做一些步伐和姿态的表演。

花样滑冰起源及发展滑冰在向速度方面发展的同时，也随之变化着花样。

出现花样滑冰是近百年的事。

由于十八世纪欧洲冶铁工业的发展，铁制冰刀代替了骨制冰刀，但刀身下面没有沟漕，因此只能滑螺旋线、屈膝大一字、燕式平衡及各种切替步等简单动作。

尽管如此，冰上的花样滑法引起了人们的极大兴趣。

美国的芭蕾舞表演艺术家杰克逊海因斯别出心裁地把滑冰运动与舞蹈艺术揉为一体，赋予了花样滑冰以新的面貌。

1863年，他来到欧洲，在斯德哥尔摩、柏林、布达佩斯、彼得堡、赫尔辛基等城市作巡回表演；1868年，他来到世界名城奥地利的维也纳，在冰场上他伴随着音乐，穿着冰鞋，跳起了当时最流行的华尔姿舞、玛组卡舞和卡德里舞，特别是他表演的吨蹲踞旋转，以敏捷的步伐和优美的舞姿轰动了维也纳，奥地利国王约瑟夫一世大加赞赏。

于是，许多人纷纷拜他为师，并成立了花样滑冰俱乐部，开始了专门的练习，还进行了一些比赛。

1868年，召开了第一次美洲美洲滑冰代表会议，决定了一些有关花样滑冰的竞赛方法。

从此，花样滑冰运动开展得更广泛了。

1872年奥地利人举行了世界第一次花样滑冰比赛。

1882年，奥地利花栗滑冰选手弗列依和他的妻子在维也纳冰场手拉手跳起了双人舞，在场的人都为他们新颖的动作和协调的配合所吸引。

此后，双人滑诞生了。

1892年在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹召开了第一次各国滑冰协会代表的联席会议。

荷兰、德国、奥地利、匈牙利、英国、瑞典等国十六名代表参加了会议，制定了竞赛规则，并决定率处举行一次世界速度滑冰、花样滑冰锦标赛及欧洲供给样滑冰、速滑锦标赛。

成立了国际联合会，会址设在瑞士的达沃斯，并规定每两年举行一次代表大会。

1896年在俄国彼得堡举行了第一次世界男子单人花样滑冰锦标赛，当时仅有四人参加。

1906年在瑞士达沃斯举行了第一次世界女子单人花样滑冰锦标赛。

1908年在伦敦举行的奥运会花样滑冰比赛中，俄国选手巴宁夺得了男子单人滑冠军。

他在这届比赛中设计和制造了第一双现代供给样滑冰刀。

由于冰刀的改革，为供给样滑冰技术的发展开辟了新的前景。

同年，在俄国彼得堡举行了第一次世界双人花样滑冰锦标赛。

1952年在法国巴黎举行了世界冰上舞蹈锦标赛。

世界花样滑冰锦标赛从1896年至于982年已举行过七十二届；冬季奥运会花样滑冰比赛至1980年已举行了十三届。

频繁的国际比赛，大大促进了冰上运动的广泛开展。

Combining artistic skills with figure skating is a sport ice. Heineken taxiing athletes in a variety of positions agility and spin moves under score referees decide rankings. Figure skating competitions, including single skating, ice dance and double slide. Two single skating men and women, in addition to completing graphics Free Figure regulations, but also by the demand music players, in a specified time to complete a Free Figure action. Graphic ice slid off the various provisions in the graphic pattern; Free Figure rotation iscombined with agility and the various steps, with the rhythm and beats of the music. at the time skidded off the graceful movements. Graphics is the single skating 17, a total of 82 kinds of slide, the slide only nine games graphics. will be divided into three groups. Using the method of drawing lots from a group which identified two of the three graphics Games. Free Figure provides a total of four groups, each of the seven moves. Competition is only one of each slide Guojihualian provided by the group. Double slide in addition to the morning skating movements, it also includes 84 rotating, lift, jump, and 84 other 84-step coordination. with the completion of action. Allowed to dance with their typical 84-slip movement, allowing the ice to do some pace and profile of performances. Origin and Development of figure skating to speed skating at the same time, however, changes with tricks. There are nearly 100 years of figure skating. Since the 18th century, European metal fabrication industries, metal ice skates instead of ice skates bone system, but did not add the following ditch channels. Therefore only spiral slide, the first big knees, Yan balance, and various simple Kirikae further action. Nevertheless, the ice Huayanghua law was a matter of great interest. American Ballet performing artists try to put Jackson Hayes rubbed skating movement and dance as one. given a figure skating with a new outlook. In 1863, he went to Europe, Stockholm, Berlin, Budapest, St. Petersburg. ;1868 Helsinki and other cities for the tour, he came to the world the city of Vienna, Austria. Along with his music market in the ice, wearing skates, in the spring of 1730, then the most popular dance posture Martinsen Kadri dance groups and dance cards, In particular, he performed tons SJS rotation to the quick pace and beautiful dancing sensation Vienna, Joseph King Austria life much appreciated. So many people have worshiped him as a teacher, established the figure skating club and began a special exercise. There has also been some competition. In 1868, held the first American representatives of American skating, figure skating competitions and decisions on some of the methods. Since then, more extensive campaign of figure skating. Austrians were first held in 1872 in the world figure skating tournament. 1882, Austria Hanakuri ice skater Sykora skating rink in Vienna, according to his wife and leapt into the outstretched hands in public, They are new to the scene and coordinated with the action attracted. After 84 slide was born. 1892 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands held the first joint meeting of representatives of national skating association. Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Britain, Sweden, and other representatives from 16 countries attended the meeting and formulated the rules of the game. Speaking at a rate of the world and decided to speed skating, figure skating championships and the European supply skating, speed skating championships. Establishment of the International Federation, at a venue in Davos, Switzerland, and provides Congress is held once every two years. Russia was held in St. Petersburg in 1896 in the first men's World Figure Skating Championships, then only four participants. 1906 in Davos, Switzerland, at the first world women's single figure skating championships. 1908 Olympic figure skating tournament held in London, the Russian player Nanzishanrenhua BA Ning won the championship. In this year's competition, he designed and produced the first modern supply-skating knife. Since the reform of ice skates, skating to supply technology for the development of new prospects. The sameyear, held in St. Petersburg, Russia in the first 84 World Figure Skating Championships. 1952 in Paris, France at the World Ice Dance Championships. As for the 4982 World Figure Skating Championships from 1896, has held 72 sessions; Winter Olympics figure skating competition has been held for 13 to 1980. Frequent international competitions, greatly promoting the widespread launch of the ice sports.7。