Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature

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化工热力学单词表

thermodynamics n. 热力学 system n. 体系 thermodynamic state 热力学状态 dimension 量纲 SI= International System of Units 国际单位制强度（热力学）变量广度（热力学）变量celsius scale 摄氏刻度 → fahrenheit scale 华氏刻度 kelvin scale 开尔文刻度 → Rankine scale dead-weight gauge 静压、压力表 mano meter （流体）压力计 product 乘积 kinetic energy 动能 221muE k =potential energy 势能mgzE P =conservation守恒* Terms in chapter 2sublimation curve 升华线 fusion curve 熔融线vaporization curve （蒸发）汽化线single-phase region 单相区 triple point 三相点univariant 单变量 divariant 多变量critical point 临界点 critical pressure 临界压力critical temperature 临界温度dome-shaped curve 圆拱形曲线saturated vapors at their condensation temperatures 露点的饱和蒸汽 saturated liquids at their vaporization(boiling) temperatures 泡点的饱和液体vapor pressure 蒸汽压subcooled-liquid region 过冷液体区 superheated-vapor region 过热蒸汽区partial derivative 偏导数differentiate v . 求微分，求导 differentiation n. derivate n. 求导数 derivation 求导数，求解incompressible fluid 不可压缩流体 ideal-gas理想气体simple fluid简单流体（argon 、krypton 、xenon ）virial expansion维里展开式 virial coefficients 维里系数 virial equation维里方程equation of state状态方程compressibility factor 压缩因子 RTPV Z =volume expansivity体积膨胀系数PT V V ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂=1βisothermal compressibility 等温压缩系数 TP V V ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂=1κacentric factor偏心因子isothermal process等温过程isobaric process 等压过程 isochoric process 等容过程 adiabatic process 绝热过程 polytropic process多变过程throttling process节流过程 0=∆Htruncate equation to two terms 截断方程前二项 cubic equation of state 立方型状态方程reduced pressure 对比压力 reduced temperature 对比温度 reduced density对比密度corresponding-state parameters 对应态参数 generalized correlations 普遍化关联nonpolar非极性的 slightly polar 弱极性的 highly polar高极性的volumetric properties 容积性质 realistic 现实主义的，逼真的dashed line虚线dotted line 点线 straight line 实线Terms in chapter 3internal energy 内能 transport across kinetic energy 动能 221muE t =potential energy 势能 m g z E p = conservation 守恒operator 算符，运算符（such as “Δ”） system 体系 surroundings 环境 closed system 封闭体系 open system 开放体系finite change 有限的变化 infinitesimal change 无限的变化 differential change 微分（小）的变化 intensive property 强度性质 extensive property 广度性质specific or molar property 单位（比）性质或摩尔性质 property — variable — functionthermodynamics state of the system 体系热力学状态 thermodynamics properties 热力学性质 state function(s) 状态函数equilibrium 平衡 (the) phase rule 相率reversible process 可逆过程irreversible process 不可逆过程mechanically reversible 机械可逆thermostate 恒温箱constant—temperature bath 恒温浴efficiency 效率，（有效）系数enthalpy 焓heat capacity 热容constant—volume heat capacity 恒容热容constant—pressure heat capacity 恒压热容vector quantity 矢量scalar magnitude 数量，纯量continuity equation 连续方程steady state (flow process) 移去（流动过程）datum level 基准面shaft work 体积功stirring work 搅拌功work associated with moving the flow streams 流动功expansion work 膨胀功surface work 表面功electricity work 电功calorimeter 量热计(测定焓)intensive property 强度性质extensive property 广度性质shaft work 轴功enthalpy 焓entropy 熵heat-capacity 热容Gibbs energy (G) 吉布斯自由能Helmholtz energy (A) 亥姆霍茨自由能internal energy 内能system 系统，体系close system 封闭体系equilibrium state 平衡态total differential of F F的全微分exact differential expression 全微分表达式Maxwell equations 麦克斯威尔方程homogeneous fluid 均相流体residual property 剩余性质real gas 真实气体actual gasideal gas 理想气体explicit function 显函数volume explicit 体积显函数pressure explicit 压力显函数isentropic process 等熵过程reversible adiabatic process 绝热可逆过程pseudocritical parameter 虚拟临界参数path variables 过程变量state variables 状态变量等压热容constant pressure heat capacity Cconstant volume heat capacity C V 等容热容residual property 剩余性质reference state 参比态reference conditionpartial derivative 偏导数total derivative 全导数β volume expansivity 体积膨胀系数κ isothermal compressibility 等温压缩系数quality 干度fugacity 逸度fugacity coefficient 逸度系数*Terms in Chapter 4chemical potential 化学势，化学位partial property 偏性质partial molar property 偏摩尔性质ideal solution 理想溶液real solution 真实溶液excess property 超额/过量性质excess Gibbs energy 超额/过量自由焓partial excess property 偏摩尔超额/过量性质activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数standard state 标准态property change of mixing 混合性质regular solution 正规溶液atherpical solution 无热溶液local-composition 局部组成local molar fraction 局部摩尔分数*Terms in Chapter 5First Law of thermodynamics（energy conservation law）热力学第一定律steady-state flow processes 稳定状态流动过程control volume 控制体heat Engines 热机Carnot engine 卡诺热机thermal efficiency 热效率thermodynamic efficiency 热力学效率isentropic efficiency 等熵效率ideal work and lost work 理想功和损耗功exergy 火用available Energy, availability, utilizable Energy 有效能*Terms in Chapter 6steam Power cycle 蒸汽动力循环Carnot-engine cycle 卡诺循环cycle with feed water heaters 抽气回热循环heat-power cycle 热电循环exhaust steam 乏气heat reservoir 热源working substance of the engine 工质specific steam consumption 汽耗率SSCrefrigeration Cycle 制冷循环vapor-compression cycle 蒸汽压缩（制冷）循环absorption refrigeration 吸收式制冷Carnot refrigeration 卡诺冷机reversed heat-engine cycle 逆热机循环multi-stage compression refrigeration多级压缩制冷heat pump 热泵throttling expansion process 节流膨胀过程reversible adiabatic expansion process 可逆绝热膨胀过程inversion curve and inversion point 转变曲线和转变点condenser 冷凝器expander 膨胀机compressor 压缩机evaporator 蒸发器supheater 过热器turbine 透平机boiler 锅炉pump 泵*Statements of the second lawstatement1: No apparatus can operate in such a way that its only effect (in system and surrounings) is to convert heat absorbed by a system completely into work done by the system。

Advanced Thermodynamics

Advanced ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. It is a fundamental concept in the studyof energy and its transformations, and it plays a crucial role in various fields such as engineering, chemistry, and environmental science. Advanced thermodynamics, in particular, delves into more complex and intricate aspects of this subject, exploring the behavior of energy and matter under extreme conditions and in non-equilibrium states. One of the key challenges in advanced thermodynamics is understanding and predicting the behavior of systems that are far from equilibrium. In classical thermodynamics, most systems are assumed to be in a state of equilibrium, where the macroscopic properties such as temperature, pressure, and density are uniform throughout the system. However, in many real-world scenarios, systems are constantly subjected to external forces, fluctuations, and non-uniformities, leading to non-equilibrium conditions. This can occur in various natural and engineered systems, such as turbulent flows, chemical reactions, and biological processes. To address this challenge, advanced thermodynamics employs sophisticated mathematical and computational tools to model and analyze non-equilibrium systems. This often involves the use of partial differential equations, stochastic processes, and statistical mechanics to describe the behavior of individual particles or molecules within the system. These advanced mathematical techniques allow researchers to gain insights into the macroscopic behavior ofnon-equilibrium systems, such as the emergence of patterns, fluctuations, and dissipative structures. In addition to the mathematical and computational aspects, advanced thermodynamics also encompasses experimental and observational studies of non-equilibrium systems. This involves the development of advanced measurement techniques and instrumentation to probe the behavior of energy and matter at small scales and fast timescales. For example, advanced imaging techniques such as high-speed cameras and atomic force microscopes enable researchers to directly observe the dynamics of non-equilibrium systems, providing valuable experimental data for validating theoretical models and simulations. Furthermore, advanced thermodynamics also explores the implications of non-equilibrium behavior in practical applications and technological systems. For instance, understanding thenon-equilibrium dynamics of combustion processes is crucial for optimizing the performance and efficiency of engines and power plants. Similarly, the study of non-equilibrium transport phenomena is essential for designing advanced materials with specific thermal, electrical, or mechanical properties. By gaining a deeper understanding of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, researchers and engineers can develop innovative solutions for energy conversion, storage, and utilization. Overall, advanced thermodynamics is a multidisciplinary field that combines theoretical, computational, experimental, and applied aspects to study the behavior of energy and matter in non-equilibrium systems. It is a challenging yet fascinating area of research that has far-reaching implications for our understanding of natural phenomena, technological innovation, and sustainable development. As we continue to push the boundaries of scientific knowledge and technological capabilities, advanced thermodynamics will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in shaping the future of energy and materials science.。

化工热力学英文词汇

thermodynamics n. 热力学 system n. 体系 thermodynamic state 热力学状态 dimension 量纲 SI= International System of Units 国际单位制强度（热力学）变量广度（热力学）变量celsius scale 摄氏刻度 → fahrenheit scale 华氏刻度 kelvin scale 开尔文刻度 → Rankine scale dead-weight gauge 静压、压力表 mano meter （流体）压力计 product 乘积 kinetic energy 动能 221mu E k = potential energy 势能mgz E P =conservation守恒* Terms in chapter 2sublimation curve 升华线 fusion curve 熔融线vaporization curve （蒸发）汽化线single-phase region 单相区 triple point 三相点univariant 单变量 divariant 多变量critical point 临界点 critical pressure 临界压力critical temperature 临界温度dome-shaped curve 圆拱形曲线saturated vapors at their condensation temperatures 露点的饱和蒸汽 saturated liquids at their vaporization(boiling) temperatures 泡点的饱和液体vapor pressure 蒸汽压subcooled-liquid region 过冷液体区 superheated-vapor region 过热蒸汽区partial derivative 偏导数differentiate v . 求微分，求导 differentiation n. derivate n. 求导数 derivation 求导数，求解incompressible fluid 不可压缩流体 ideal-gas理想气体simple fluid简单流体（argon 、krypton 、xenon ）virial expansion维里展开式 virial coefficients 维里系数 virial equation维里方程equation of state状态方程compressibility factor 压缩因子 RTPVZ = volume expansivity体积膨胀系数PT V V ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂=1βisothermal compressibility 等温压缩系数 TP V V ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂=1κ acentric factor偏心因子isothermal process 等温过程 isobaric process 等压过程 isochoric process等容过程 adiabatic process 绝热过程 polytropic process 多变过程throttling process节流过程 0=∆Htruncate equation to two terms 截断方程前二项 cubic equation of state 立方型状态方程reduced pressure 对比压力 reduced temperature 对比温度 reduced density对比密度corresponding-state parameters 对应态参数 generalized correlations 普遍化关联nonpolar非极性的 slightly polar 弱极性的 highly polar高极性的volumetric properties 容积性质 realistic 现实主义的，逼真的dashed line虚线dotted line 点线 straight line 实线Terms in chapter 3internal energy 内能 transport across kinetic energy 动能 221mu E t =potential energy 势能 m g z E p = conservation 守恒operator 算符，运算符（such as “Δ”） system 体系 surroundings 环境 closed system 封闭体系 open system 开放体系finite change 有限的变化 infinitesimal change 无限的变化 differential change 微分（小）的变化 intensive property 强度性质 extensive property 广度性质specific or molar property 单位（比）性质或摩尔性质 property — variable — functionthermodynamics state of the system 体系热力学状态 thermodynamics properties 热力学性质 state function(s) 状态函数equilibrium 平衡 (the) phase rule 相率reversible process 可逆过程irreversible process 不可逆过程mechanically reversible 机械可逆thermostate 恒温箱constant—temperature bath 恒温浴efficiency 效率，（有效）系数enthalpy 焓heat capacity 热容constant—volume heat capacity 恒容热容constant—pressure heat capacity 恒压热容vector quantity 矢量scalar magnitude 数量，纯量continuity equation 连续方程steady state (flow process) 移去（流动过程）datum level 基准面shaft work 体积功stirring work 搅拌功work associated with moving the flow streams 流动功expansion work 膨胀功surface work 表面功electricity work 电功calorimeter 量热计(测定焓)intensive property 强度性质extensive property 广度性质shaft work 轴功enthalpy 焓entropy 熵heat-capacity 热容Gibbs energy (G) 吉布斯自由能Helmholtz energy (A) 亥姆霍茨自由能internal energy 内能system 系统，体系close system 封闭体系equilibrium state 平衡态total differential of F F的全微分exact differential expression 全微分表达式Maxwell equations 麦克斯威尔方程homogeneous fluid 均相流体residual property 剩余性质real gas 真实气体actual gasideal gas 理想气体explicit function 显函数volume explicit 体积显函数pressure explicit 压力显函数isentropic process 等熵过程reversible adiabatic process 绝热可逆过程pseudocritical parameter 虚拟临界参数path variables 过程变量state variables 状态变量constant pressure heat capacity CP 等压热容constant volume heat capacity C V 等容热容residual property 剩余性质reference state 参比态reference conditionpartial derivative 偏导数total derivative 全导数β volume expansivity 体积膨胀系数κ isothermal compressibility 等温压缩系数quality 干度fugacity 逸度fugacity coefficient 逸度系数*Terms in Chapter 4chemical potential 化学势，化学位partial property 偏性质partial molar property 偏摩尔性质ideal solution 理想溶液real solution 真实溶液excess property 超额/过量性质excess Gibbs energy 超额/过量自由焓partial excess property 偏摩尔超额/过量性质activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数standard state 标准态property change of mixing 混合性质regular solution 正规溶液atherpical solution 无热溶液local-composition 局部组成local molar fraction 局部摩尔分数*Terms in Chapter 5First Law of thermodynamics（energy conservation law）热力学第一定律steady-state flow processes 稳定状态流动过程control volume 控制体heat Engines 热机Carnot engine 卡诺热机thermal efficiency 热效率thermodynamic efficiency 热力学效率isentropic efficiency 等熵效率ideal work and lost work 理想功和损耗功exergy 火用available Energy, availability, utilizable Energy 有效能*Terms in Chapter 6steam Power cycle 蒸汽动力循环Carnot-engine cycle 卡诺循环cycle with feed water heaters 抽气回热循环heat-power cycle 热电循环exhaust steam 乏气heat reservoir 热源working substance of the engine 工质specific steam consumption 汽耗率SSCrefrigeration Cycle 制冷循环vapor-compression cycle 蒸汽压缩（制冷）循环absorption refrigeration 吸收式制冷Carnot refrigeration 卡诺冷机reversed heat-engine cycle 逆热机循环multi-stage compression refrigeration多级压缩制冷heat pump 热泵throttling expansion process 节流膨胀过程reversible adiabatic expansion process 可逆绝热膨胀过程inversion curve and inversion point 转变曲线和转变点condenser 冷凝器expander 膨胀机compressor 压缩机evaporator 蒸发器supheater 过热器turbine 透平机boiler 锅炉pump 泵*Statements of the second lawstatement1: No apparatus can operate in such a way that its only effect (in system and surrounings) is to convert heat absorbed by a system completely into work done by the system。

Advanced-Thermodynamics (1)

Advanced ThermodynamicsAdvanced thermodynamics is a field of study that delves deep into the behavior of energy and matter at a macroscopic level. With its roots in physics and engineering, it encompasses a wide range of complex concepts and principles that have far-reaching implications in various industries. This multifaceted discipline plays a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of the fundamental workings of the physical world and has contributed significantly to technological advancements. In this article, we will explore the intricacies of advanced thermodynamics, shedding light on its significance, applications, and ongoing research. To begin with, it is essential to comprehend the foundational principles that underpin advanced thermodynamics. At its core, thermodynamics deals with the transfer and conversion of energy, encompassing topics such as heat and work. Advanced thermodynamics takes this understanding a step further by integrating principlesof statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics, providing a more comprehensive framework for analyzing complex systems. This integration allows for a deeper exploration of phenomena such as phase transitions, critical points, and non-equilibrium thermodynamics, which are crucial in diverse fields ranging from chemistry and materials science to astrophysics. One of the most compelling aspects of advanced thermodynamics is its wide-ranging applications across various industries. In the realm of renewable energy, for instance, it plays a crucialrole in the design and optimization of efficient and sustainable energy systems.By utilizing advanced thermodynamic principles, engineers and scientists can develop innovative solutions for harnessing solar, wind, and geothermal energy, thereby contributing to the global shift towards clean energy sources. Furthermore, in the field of aerospace engineering, advanced thermodynamics is instrumental in the design of high-performance propulsion systems, enabling the development ofnext-generation aircraft and spacecraft. Moreover, advanced thermodynamics has profound implications in the realm of nanotechnology and materials science. With the emergence of novel materials and nanostructures, the ability to understand and manipulate their thermodynamic properties becomes increasingly vital. This is exemplified in the development of advanced functional materials with tailored thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties, paving the way for groundbreakinginnovations in electronics, healthcare, and environmental remediation. Additionally, the study of thermodynamics at the nanoscale has spurred remarkable progress in the field of nanotechnology, leading to advancements in nanofabrication, nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS), and nanoscale heat transfer. In the pursuit of furthering our understanding of advanced thermodynamics, ongoing research plays a pivotal role. The exploration of complex phenomena such as quantum thermodynamics and the thermodynamics of small systems has opened up new frontiers in the field. Quantum thermodynamics, in particular, seeks to elucidate the thermodynamic behavior of quantum systems, offeringinsights into the fundamental limits of energy conversion and the underlying principles governing quantum engines and refrigerators. Furthermore, the study of small systems, including individual molecules and nanoparticles, has presented intriguing challenges and opportunities in understanding thermodynamic phenomena at the nanoscale, with implications for both fundamental scientific inquiry and technological applications. Beyond its scientific and technological significance, advanced thermodynamics evokes a sense of wonder and appreciation for theintricate workings of the natural world. The elegant interplay of energy, entropy, and information in complex systems captivates the imagination, inspiring researchers to unravel the mysteries of thermodynamics at increasingly fundamental levels. This sense of awe and curiosity fuels the ongoing exploration of advanced thermodynamics, driving interdisciplinary collaboration and pushing the boundaries of our knowledge. In conclusion, advanced thermodynamics stands as a cornerstone of modern science and engineering, with far-reaching implications across diverse fields. From its foundational principles rooted in energy and matter to its applications in renewable energy, materials science, and nanotechnology, it continues to shape our technological landscape. Ongoing research endeavors further push the boundaries of our understanding, unveiling new layers of complexity and opening doors to unprecedented advancements. As we navigate the complexities of advanced thermodynamics, an enduring sense of wonder and curiosity underscores our journey, propelling us towards new frontiers of knowledge and innovation.。

thermodynamics

(force) x (distance) (P~ x area) x (distance) = AV
where AV is the volume change. If the bubble is suddenly erupted to the earth’s surface where the pressure is P2. it expands to V2 and the work of expansion can be expressed by the formula
Q, introduced into a system is given a positive sign whereas, work, W, is negative (Figure
2.1). Work done of the surroundings is considered a positive and hence the positive sign (I know this is rather confusing, but the sign convention is important to an understanding of the equations to come!).
2.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
2~ ~modyr~~mIe~
2.1 Introduction
T hermodynamics is the study of energy. Much of its terminology derives from the early application of thermodynamics to the study of engines and their efficiency. However, its application is not limited to the engineering fields. Thermodynamics has been invaluable in the study of magmas and, in particular, the chemical reactions which occur at elevated temperature. Although the subject matter at first appears quite complex, the value of thermodynamics lies in the shear simplicity of the underlying principles. For example, although energy can be converted from one form to another (chemical to thermal, etc.) it cannot be destroyed. In addition, simple observation tells us that heats flows from hot to cold bodies, never the reverse. The first observation is embodied in the First Law of Thermodynamics and the second in the Second Law of Thermodynamics. These observations can be stated mathematically and the resultant equations combined and manipulated in a variety of important ways. For example, we can determine the melting points of minerals, compositions of minerals crystallizing from a magma, temperatures and pressures of metamorphism, relative stability of minerals in a weathering environment and compositions of ore-forming solutions

A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide Covering the Fluid Region

1514
1514 1516 1516 1516 1516 1517 1517 1518 1518
3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.
Melting Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Sublimation Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Vapor Pressure ....................... " Saturated Liquid Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Saturated Vapor Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Caloric Data on the Liquid-Vapor Phase Boundary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Experimental Basis of the New Equation of State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4.1 Thermal Properties .................... " 4.2 Specific Isobaric Heat Capacity. . . . . . . . . . .. 4.2.1 Experimental Results for the Specific Isobaric Heat Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4.2.2 Results for the Specific Isobaric Heat

新编化学化工专业英语

前几课翻译链接：/s/1o6qiyuQLesson 10 ThermodynamicsThermodynamics is the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes. Thermodynamics is closely related to statistical mechanics from which many thermodynamic relationships can be derived.热力学是物理能量，热，工作过程，熵和自发性。

热力学是密切相关的统计力学，热力学关系可以推导出。

While dealing with processes in which systems exchange matter or energy, classical thermodynamics is not concerned with the rate at which such processes take place, termed kinetics. For this reason, the use of the term “thermodynamics”usually refers to equilibrium thermodynamics. In this connection, a central concept in thermodynamics is that of quasistatic processes, which are idealized, “infinitely slow”processes. Time-dependent thermodynamic processes are studied by non-equilibrium thermodynamics.在处理中，系统交换物质或能量的过程，经典热力学不关心这些过程发生的速率，称为动力学。

英文科技论文写作_北京理工大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年

英文科技论文写作_北京理工大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.If a real physical system shows a variation of both material properties acrossthe graded layer, the assumed linear variation may not give the bestapproximation.答案:may2.The idea of 'community' in terms of GRT lives is very strong and could beseen to correspond to some of the nostalgic constructs that non-GRT groups place on 'community'.答案:could be seen3.Is the research topic “How safe is nuclear power” effective?答案:正确4.Decide whether the following statement is true or false.c.Introductionincludes more detailed information than abstract.答案:正确5.Tertiary education may be ________ asthe period of study which is spent atuniversity.答案:defined6.Unbalanced Force ________ tothe sum total or net force exerted on an object.答案:refers7.This scatter can be attributed to the difficulties in measuring the dent depthdue to specimen processing.答案:can be attributed8.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the following sentence.Arocket traveling away from Earth ____________ a speed greater than 11.186kilometers per second (6.95 miles per second) or 40,270 kilometers per hour (25,023 mph) will eventually escape Earth’s gravity.答案:at9.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the following sentence.Inmechanical systems, power, the rate of doing work, can be computed____________ the product of force × velocity.答案:as10.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the followingsentence.N ewton’s first law, the law of inertia, __________ that it takes a force to change the motion of an object.答案:states11.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the followingsentence.Newton’s second law relates force, acceleration, and mass and it is often ___________ as the equation:f = ma答案:written12.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the followingsentence.Because all types of energy can be expressed ___________ the sameunits, joules, this conversion can be expressed quantitatively in simplemodels.答案:in13.Choose a proper word from the choices to complete the followingsentence.So a key difference between a rocket and a jet plane is ____________ a rocket’s engine lifts it directly upward into the sky, whereas a jet’s engin es simply speed the plane forward so its wings can generate lift.答案:that14.Which of the following are the guidelines for writing formulas and equations?答案:Numbering all equations in sequence if referred to later._Centeringequations on their own separate lines._Using equations as grammatical units in sentences._Defining the symbols that are used.15.Acceleration relates to motion. It ________ a change in motion.答案:means16.Assertiveness is ________ asa skill of being able to stand up for your own orother people's rights in a calm and positive way, without being eitheraggressive, or passively accepting 'wrong'.答案:viewed17.The force that pushes a rocket upward is ________ thrust.答案:called18.Water ________ a liquid made up of molecules of hydrogen and oxygen in theratio of 2 to 1.答案:is19.The number of private cars increased ______60% from 2015 to 2016.答案:by20.Which can be the situations for writing a researchproposal?答案:Applying for an opportunity for a project_Applying for a bachelor’s, or master’s or doctor’s degree_Applying for some research funds or grants21.Who are usually the readers of the research proposals?答案:Specialists_Professors_Supervisors for the students_Professionals22.What are the elements to make the research proposal persuasive?答案:Reasonable budget_Clear Schedule_A Capable research team_Theimportance and necessity of the research question23.What are the language features of the research proposal?答案:Future tense_First person24.The purpose of writing a proposal is to ________________ the readers that theresearch plan is feasible and we are capable to do it.答案:persuade25.What types of information are generally supposed to be included in theintroduction section in the report?答案:Background_Summary of the results and conclusion_The purpose of the research26.Please decide whether the following statement is T(true) orF(false)according to the video.Discussion section analyzesand evaluates the research methods.答案:错误27.Please decide whether the following statement is T(true) orF(false)according to the video.Conclusion and recommendation sectionstates the significance of the findings and usually includes possible directions for further research.答案:正确28.These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, ______ Europehaving as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation.答案:with29.Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030, whereas gas will remainstable ______ 25q.答案:at30.Manufacturing value added amounted ______12.3% of total U.S. grossdomestic product (GDP) in 2012, according to United Nations calculations.答案:to31.Chinese manufacturing value added accounted ______ 30.6% of its economy’stotal output in 2012, according to the UN.答案:for32.Japan ranked third ______ manufacturing value added at $1.1 trillion (seeFigure 1).答案:in33.About 4.2% of the 1,120 respondents were younger than 20 years, and 26.7%were ______ 21 and 30 years old.答案:between34.______ all the respondents, 67.1% were married and 32.9% were single.答案:of35.Decide whether the following statement is true or false.b.Both introductionand abstract include research findings.答案:错误36.Decide whether the following statement is true or false.a.It is possible to findtables or diagrams in introduction.答案:正确37.What are the possible contents of an introduction?答案:Reviewing the existing literature relevant to the presentstudy_Announcing the purpose/focus of the study_Identifying a gap in the existing literature_Explaining the significance or necessity of the research38.Choose the proper answers for the following questions.Ways to organize thereferences include:答案:a. Chronological order of publications_b. Researchmethods_c. Research theories_d. Research modes39.This indicates that there is a possibility of obtaining fluid density from soundspeed measurements and suggests that it is possible to measure soundabsorption with an ultrasonic cell to determine oil viscosity.In this sentence, the writer presents答案:Implication40.The measurements were shown to lead to an accurate determination of thebubble point of the oil.In this sentence, the writer presents答案:Results and achievement41.An ultrasonic cell was constructed to measure the speed of sound and testedin a crude oil sample. The speed of sound was measured at temperaturesbetween 260 and 411 K at pressures up to 75 MPs.In this sentence, thewriter presents答案:Methodology42.The aim of this study was to investigate the use of an ultrasonic cell todetermine crude oil properties, in particular oil density.In this sentence, the writer presents答案:Research aim43. A citation gives the s____ where the information or idea is from.答案:source44.An in-text citation usually includes information about the author and thep____ year.答案:publishing##%_YZPRLFH_%##publication45.To avoid plagiarism, using citations is the best way to give c____ to theoriginal author.答案:credit46.The publication details of the references listed at the end of the paper usuallyare put in a____ order.答案:alphabetical##%_YZPRLFH_%##alphabetic##%_YZPRLFH_%##alphab et47.The speed of sound in a fluid is determined by, and therefore an indicator of,the thermodynamic properties of that fluid.In this sentence, the writerpresents答案:Background factual information48.Citations are not necessary if the source is not clear.答案:错误49.Unintentional plagiarism can be excused.答案:错误50.Citing will make our writing less original.答案:错误51.Citing can effectively stress the originality of someone’s work.答案:正确52.As for the purposes of a literature review, which one is not included?答案:predicting the trend in relation to a central research question orhypothesis53. A literature review could be possibly presented as a/an ______.答案:all of the above54.The heading “Brief review of literature: drawing a timeline from 2005 to2017” shows the literature review is arranged in ______ order.答案:chronological55.About writing a literature review, which of the following statements is notcorrect?答案:To show respect to others’ work, our own interpretations should not be included.56.In terms of the writing feature, a research paper resembles a/an______.答案:argumentation57.Each citation can only have one particular citing purpose.答案:错误pared with in-text citations, the end-of-text references are more detailed.答案:正确59.In-text citations provide the abbreviation of an author’s given/first namerather than family/last name.答案:错误60.When the Chinese writers’ ideas are cited, the first names in Pinyin will begiven in in-text citations.答案:错误61.When a process is described, _____________ are usually used to show the orderof the stages or steps.答案:sequencers62.To help the reader better understand a complicated process, _____________ is(are) very often used.答案:visual aids63.What information is usually included when defining a process?答案:Equipment._Product_Material64.Decide whether the following statement is true or false.Researchers arerequired to use past tense when describing a process.答案:错误65.Decide whether the following statement is true or false.A definition of theprocess is very often given first when a process is described.答案:正确66.Escherichia coli, when found in conjunction with urethritis, often indicateinfection higher in the uro-genital tract.答案:正确67.The 'management' of danger is also not the sort of language to appear withinpolicy documents that refer to GRT children, which reflects systematicfailures in schools.错误68.Conceivably, different forms, changing at different rates and showingcontrasting combinations of characteristics, were present in different areas.答案:正确69.Viewing a movie in which alcohol is portrayed appears to lead to higher totalalcohol consumption of young people while watching the movie.答案:正确70.Furthermore, this proves that humans are wired to imitate.答案:错误71.One possibility is that generalized latent inhibition is likely to be weaker thanthat produced by pre-exposure to the CS itself and thus is more likely to be susceptible to the effect of the long interval.答案:正确72.It is unquestionable that our survey proved that the portrayal of alcohol anddrinking characters in movies directly leads to more alcohol consumption in young adult male viewers when alcohol is available within the situation.错误73.Implications of these findings may be that, if moderation of alcoholconsumption in certain groups is strived for, it may be sensible to cut down on the portrayal of alcohol in programmes aimed at these groups and thecommercials shown in between.答案:正确74.This effect might occur regardless of whether it concerns a real-lifeinteraction.答案:正确75.It definitely proves that a movie in which a lot of partying is involved triggersa social process between two participants that affects total drinking amounts.答案:错误76.It is believed that alcohol related health problems are on the rise.答案:believed77.Drinking to excess, or 'binge drinking' is often the cause of inappropriatebehaviour amongst teenagers.often78.It seems as though the experiment conducted simply confirms suspicionsheld by the academic and medical professions.答案:seems79.However, attrition was greatest among the heaviest drinking segment of thesample, suggesting under-estimation in the findings, and although the study provided associational, prospective evidence on alcohol advertising effects on youth drinking, it addressed limitations of other research, particularly the unreliability of exposure measures based on self-reporting (Synder andSlater, 2006).答案:suggesting80.These differences may be due to the fact participants reporting higherconsumption levels were primed to overrate their weekly drinking by the condition they were in.答案:may81.The crack tends to grow into the more brittle material and then stay in there,whether the initial crack tip lies in the graded material or in the more ductile material (and thereafter advances across the graded layer.答案:tends82.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.Light smokingseems to have dramatic effects on cardiovascular disease.答案:正确83.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.The impact ofthe UK’s ageing population will lead to increased welfare costs. Definitely,this will result in higher taxes and an increased retirement age for younger people.答案:错误84.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.Althoughduration of smoking is also important when considering risk, it is highlycorrelated with age, which itself is a risk factor, so separating their effectscan be difficult.答案:正确85.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.All these factstaken together point toward the likely presence of calcium carbonate in the soils that Phoenix has analyzed.答案:正确86.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.Because thesefeatures are carved into the Tharsis Plateau, they must have an intermediate age.答案:错误87.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.They appearto be covered with multiple layers of volcanic flows and sedimentary debris that originated in the south.答案:正确88.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.Steven M.Clifford of the Lunar and Planetary Science Institute in Houston, amongothers, has conjectured that melting under a glacier or a thick layer ofpermafrost could also have recharged subterranean water sources.答案:正确89.Decidewhether hedging language is used in thesentence below.Earlier thisyear Philip Christensen of Arizona State University discovered gullies that clearly emerge from underneath a bank of snow and ice.答案:错误90.Put the following expressions in the proper place of the Discussion.A. Thesedata suggestB. In this study, we demonstrate C. it is critical to emphasizeD.additional research will be requiredE. we were unable todetermineDiscussionIndividuals who recover from certain viral infections typically develop virus-specific antibody responses that provide robustprotective immunity against re-exposure, but some viruses do not generate protective natural immunity, such as HIV-1. Human challenge studies for the common cold coronavirus 229E have suggested that there may be partialnatural immunity. However, there is currently no data whether humans who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection are protected from re-exposure.This is a critical issue with profound implications for vaccine development, public health strategies, antibody-based therapeutics, and epidemiologicmodeling of herd immunity. _____1_______ that SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesusmacaques provided protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge.We developed a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection thatrecapitulates many aspects of human SARS-CoV-2 infection, including high levels of viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract and clear pathologic evidence of viral pneumonia. Histopathology,immunohistochemistry, RNAscope, and CyCIF imaging demonstratedmultifocal clusters of virus infected cells in areas of acute inflammation, with evidence for virus infection of alveolar pneumocytes and ciliated bronchial epithelial cells. ______2_______ the utility of rhesus macaques as a model forSARS-CoV-2 infection for testing vaccines and therapeutics and for studying immunopathogenesis. However, neither nonhuman primate model led torespiratory failure or mortality, and thus further research will be required to develop a nonhuman primate model of severe COVID-19 disease.SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques led to humoral and cellular immune responses and provided protection against rechallenge. Residual low levels ofsubgenomic mRNA in nasal swabs in a subset of animals and anamnesticimmune responses in all animals following SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge suggest that protection was mediated by immunologic control and likely was notsterilizing.Given the near-complete protection in all animals following SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge, ______3_______ immune correlates of protection in thisstudy. SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus monkeys resulted in the induction of neutralizing antibody titers of approximately 100 by both a pseudovirusneutralization assay and a live virus neutralization assay, but the relativeimportance of neutralizing antibodies, other functional antibodies, cellular immunity, and innate immunity to protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2remains to be determined. Moreover, ______4_______ to define the durability of natural immunity.In summary, SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaquesinduced humoral and cellular immune responses and provided protectiveefficacy against SARS-CoV-2 rechallenge. These data raise the possibility that immunologic approaches to the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2infection may in fact be possible. However,______5_______ that there areimportant differences between SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaques andhumans, with many parameters still yet to be defined in both species, andthus our data should be interpreted cautiously. Rigorous clinical studies will be required to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 infection effectively protects against SARS-CoV-2 re-exposure in humans.答案:BAEDC91.Rearrange the order of the following sentences to make a coherent andmeaningful abstract.1.These antibodies neutralized 10 representative SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggesting a possible broader neutralizing ability against otherstrains. Three immunizations using two different doses, 3 or 6 micrograms per dose, provided partial or complete protection in macaques against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, respectively, without observable antibody-dependentenhancement of infection.2.The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an unprecedented public health crisis. Because of the novelty of the virus, there are currently no SARS-CoV-2–specifictreatments or vaccines available.3.Therefore, rapid development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed.4.Here, we developed apilot-scale production of PiCoVacc, a purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine candidate, which induced SARS-CoV-2–specific neutralizingantibodies in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates.5.These data support the clinical development and testing of PiCoVacc for use in humans.答案:2341592.It seems likely that the details of the predictions depend on the assumedvariations of the toughness parameter and the yield stress.答案:It seems likely that93.The Relationships of Meteorological Factors and Nutrient Levels withPhytoplankton Biomass in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Dominated byCyanobacteria, Lake Dianchi from 1991 to 2013A. The SHs, WS, and TPconcentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season.B.Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor.C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles incontrolling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics.D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms.E. Insummary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrientlevels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplanktonbiomass.F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change andeutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, andappropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms.G.Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initiallyconsidered during the entire period and during the dry season, anddecreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season.H. However, the relative importance of these factors may changeaccording to precipitation patterns.1.2.B3.A4.G5.5. __________答案:F94.The Relationships of Meteorological Factors and Nutrient Levels withPhytoplankton Biomass in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Dominated byCyanobacteria, Lake Dianchi from 1991 to 2013A. The SHs, WS, and TPconcentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season.B.Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor.C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles incontrolling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics.D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms.E. Insummary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrientlevels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplanktonbiomass.F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change andeutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, andappropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms.G.Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initiallyconsidered during the entire period and during the dry season, anddecreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season.H. However, the relative importance of these factors may changeaccording to precipitation patterns.1.2.B3.A4.G5.4. __________答案:D95.The Relationships of Meteorological Factors and Nutrient Levels withPhytoplankton Biomass in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Dominated byCyanobacteria, Lake Dianchi from 1991 to 2013A. The SHs, WS, and TPconcentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season.B.Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor.C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles incontrolling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics.D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms.E. Insummary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrientlevels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplanktonbiomass.F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change andeutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, andappropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms.G.Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initiallyconsidered during the entire period and during the dry season, anddecreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season.H. However, the relative importance of these factors may changeaccording to precipitation patterns.1.2.B3.A4.G5.3. __________答案:H96.The Relationships of Meteorological Factors and Nutrient Levels withPhytoplankton Biomass in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Dominated byCyanobacteria, Lake Dianchi from 1991 to 2013A. The SHs, WS, and TPconcentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season.B.Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor.C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles incontrolling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics.D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms.E. Insummary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrientlevels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplanktonbiomass.F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change andeutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, andappropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms.G.Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initiallyconsidered during the entire period and during the dry season, anddecreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season.H. However, the relative importance of these factors may changeaccording to precipitation patterns.1.2.B3.A4.G5.2. __________答案:C97.The Relationships of Meteorological Factors and Nutrient Levels withPhytoplankton Biomass in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake Dominated byCyanobacteria, Lake Dianchi from 1991 to 2013A. The SHs, WS, and TPconcentrations controlled the bloom dynamics during the dry season, among which the TP concentration was the most important factors, whereas the TN and TP concentrations were the primary factors during the rainy season.B.Interannual analysis revealed that the phytoplankton biomass increased with increases in air temperature and TP concentration, with TP concentration as the main contributing factor.C. The results of our study demonstrated that both meteorological factors and nutrient levels had important roles incontrolling cyanobacterial bloom dynamics.D. All of these results suggest that both climate change regulation and eutrophication management should be considered in strategies aimed at controlling cyanobacterial blooms.E. Insummary, we analyzed the effects of meteorological factors and nutrientlevels on bloom dynamics in Lake Dianchi to represent the phytoplanktonbiomass.F. Further studies should assess the effects of climate change andeutrophication on cyanobacterial bloom dynamics based on data collected over a longer duration and more frequent and complete variables, andappropriate measures should be proposed to control these blooms.G.Decreasing nutrient levels, particularly the TP load should be initiallyconsidered during the entire period and during the dry season, anddecreasing both the TN and TP loads should be considered during the rainy season.H. However, the relative importance of these factors may changeaccording to precipitation patterns.1.2.B3.A4.G5.1. __________答案:E98.It is rare to offer recommendations forfuture researchin Conclusion section.。

空气的热力学性质

ρ kg m–3 957.6 0.1421 956.5 0.1504 948.2 0.2318 939.9 0.3460 931.5 0.5018 923.0 0.7089 914.4 0.9785 905.7 1.322 897.0 1.753 888.1 2.285 879.1 2.933 870.0 3.711 860.7 4.635 851.3 5.724 841.7 6.993 832.0 8.464
ρ kg m–3 822.0 10.16 811.8 12.09 801.4 14.29 790.7 16.78 779.7 19.60 768.4 22.76 756.7 26.32 744.6 30.31 732.1 34.78 719.1 39.79 705.5 45.41 691.2 51.73 676.2 58.84 660.3 66.88 643.4 76.04 625.1 86.55 605.3 98.76 583.3 113.2 558.3 130.6 528.3 152.6 488.3 182.7 411.2 235.4 302.6
Cv kJ kg–1 K–1
1.174 0.7184 1.173 0.7186 1.157 0.7198 1.143 0.7212 1.129 0.7230 1.115 0.7252 1.102 0.7277 1.090 0.7305 1.078 0.7338 1.067 0.7375 1.056 0.7416 1.045 0.7460 1.035 0.7510 1.025 0.7563 1.016 0.7620 1.007 0.7682
fied by the high densities in the liquid and the low densities in the vapor. Additional calculations at state points not listed below can be obtained by using the NIST program REFPROP (http://www. /srd/nist23.htm).

二元金属合金及其相图(7)

Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5ThermodynamicsPool et al. [67Poo1] have determined thermodynamic activities in the β-phase at several temperatures using a Knudsen effusion technique. Analogous measurements have been performed for the Laves phases.Results obtained by Rolinski et al. [72Rol1] for ternary Ti-Cr-V alloys agree with those reported by Pool et al. [67Poo1]. Activity measurements by Rubatsov et al. [70Rub1] (1023 K…1123 K) are less precise.Thermodynamic activities reported by Pool et al [67Poo1] are presented as isotherms in Fig. 4 (a Ti S ) and Fig. 5 (a Cr S ). From the temperature dependence of the activities enthalpies of formation and entropies of formation of solid Cr-Ti alloys have been calculated [67Poo1]. The results are given in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7,respectively.The enthalpy of transformation for theβ-transition at 94 at% Ti amounts to ∆H T = 1880 (210)J g-atom −1 (Gertsriken et al. [62Ger1]).Thermodynamic calculations of phase equilibria have been performed by Molokanov et al. [75Mol1]and Kaufman et al. [70Kau1, 78Kau1].Fig. 4. Cr-Ti. Thermodynamic activity of Ti in solid solutions at 1523 K and 1633 K.Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Fig. 5. Cr-Ti.Thermodynamic activity of Cr in solid solutions at 1523 K and 1633 K.Fig. 6. Cr-Ti. Enthalpy of formation for (Cr, β-Ti) solid solution at 1653 K.Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Fig. 7. Cr-Ti. Entropy of formation for (Cr, β-Ti) solid solution at 1653 K.References40Vog1Vogel, R., Wenderott, B.: Arch. Eisenhüttenwes. 14 (1940) 279.50Cra1Craighead, C.M., Simmons, O.W., Eastwood, L.W.: Trans. AIME 188 (1950) 485.51Mcp1McPherson, D.J., Fontana, M.G.: Trans. ASM 43 (1951) 1098.51Mcq1McQuillan, A.D.: Aeronaut. Res. Lab., Dept. of Supply, Australia, Report SM-165, January (1951).52Cuf1Cuff, F.B., Grant, N.J., Floe, C.F.: Trans. AIME 194 (1952) 848.52Duw1Duwez, P., Martens, H.: Trans. AIME 194 (1952) 72.52Duw2Duwez, P., Taylor, J.L.: Trans. ASM. 44 (1952) 495.52Van1Van Thyne, R.J., Kessler, H.O., Hansen, M.: Trans. ASM 44 (1952) 974.53Duw1Duwez, P.: Trans. ASM 45 (1953) 934.54Ere1Eremenko, V.N.: Tr. In-Ta Chernoi Metall, Akad. Nauk SSSR (1954).54Mcq1McQuillan, A.D.: J. Inst. Met. 82 (1954) 433.54Ott1Otte, H.M.: Nature 174 (1954) 506.55Bag1Bagariatskii, Yu.A., Nosova, G.I., Tagunova, T.V.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 105 (1955)1225.57Kor1Kornilov, I.I., Mikheyev, V.S., Chernova, T.S.: Trudy Inst. Metall. Akad. Nauk SSSR 2(1957) 126.58Bag1Bagariatskii, I.A., Tiapkin, I.D.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 3 (1958) 1025; Sov. Phys. 3 (1958) 1025.58Bag2Bagariatskii, Yu.A., Nosova, G.I.: Kristallografiya 3 (1958) 17; Sov. Phys.-Cryst. 3 (1958)15.58Bag3Bagariatskii, Yu.A., Nosowa, G.I., Tagunova, T.V.: Zh. Neorg. Khim. 3 (1958) 330.58Ell1Elliott, R.P., Rostocker, W.: Trans. Am. Soc. Met.50 (1958) 617.58Sil1Silcock, J.M.: Acta Metall. 6 (1958) 481.59Gol1Goldstein, A.W., Metcalfe, A.G., Rostoker, W.: Trans. ASM 51 (1959) 1036.60Gro1Gross, K.A., Lamborn, I.R.: J. Inst. Met. 88 (1960) 416.60Sat1Sato, T., Hukai, S., Huang, Y.C.: J. Austral. Inst. Met. 5 (1960) 149.61Erm1Ermanis, F., Farrar, P.A., Margolin, H.: Trans. AIME 221 (1961) 904.61Gri1Gridnev, V.N., Trefilov, V.I., Lotsko, D.V.,Chernenko, N.F.: Akad. Nauk. URSR., Kiew Instytut Metallofiz. Sbor. Nauchn. Rabot 12 (1961) 37.62Ger1Gertsriken, S.D., Slyusar, B.P.: Ukr. Fiz. Zh. 7 (1962) 439.62Mik1Mikheev, V.S., Chernova, T.S.: Titan i Ego Splavy, Akad. Nauk CSSR, Inst. Met. 7 (1962)68.62Sve1Svechnikov, V.N., Kocharzhinskii, Yu.A., Latysheva, V.I.: Problems in the Physics of Metals and Metallurgy 16 (1962) 132.63Age1Ageev, N.V., Model, M.S.: Dokl, Akad. Nauk SSSR 148 (1963) 84; Dokl. Chem. Proc.Acad. Sci. USSR 148 (1963) 1.63Bor1Borok, B.A., Novikova, E.K., Golubeva, L.S., Shchegoleva, R.P., Rucheva, N.A.: Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met. 2 (1963) 13; Met. Sci. Heat Treat. 2 (1963) 78.63Far1Farrar, P.A., Margolin, H.: Trans. AIME 227 (1963) 1342.63Kor1Kornilov, I.I., Shakhova, K.I., Budberg, P.B., Nedurmova, N.A.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 149 (1963) 1340; Dokl. Chem. Proc. Akad. Sci. USSR 149 (1963) 362.63Luz1Luzhnikov, L.P., Novikova, V.M., Mareev, A.P.: Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met. (1963) 13; Met. Sci. Heat Treatment (1963) 78.63Moi1Moiseev, V.N.: Metalloved. Term. Obrab. Met. 2 (1963) 87.65Kor2Kornilov, I.I., Budberg, P.B., Shakhova, K.I., Alisowa, S.P.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 161 (1965) 1378.66Kol1Kolachev, B.A., Lyastoskaya, V.S.: Izv. VUZ Metall. 2 (1966) 123.67Poo1Pool, M.J., Speiser, R., St. Pierre, G.R.: Trans. AIME 239 (1967) 1180.69Hic1Hickman, B.S.: Trans. AIME 245 (1969) 1329.69Luh1Luhman, T.S., Taggart, R., Polonis, D.H.: Scr. Metallurg. 3 (1969) 377.69Rud1Rudy, E.: Techn. Rept. AFML-TR-65-2 (1969) 21, 127.69Rud4Rudy, E.: Techn, Rept. AFML-TR-65-2 Part V, Wright Patterson Air Force Base (1969). 70Kau1Kaufman, L., Bernstein, H.: "Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams", New York: Acad.Press. (1970) p. 188.70Rub1Rubatsov, A.N., Olesov, Yu.G., Cherkashin, V.I., Suchkov, A.B.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. 6 (1970) 84; Russ. Metall. 6 (1970) 56.70Sve1Svechnikov, V.N., Kobzenko, G.F., Ivanchenko, V.G.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukrain. RSR, Ser. A; Fiz. Tekh. Mat. Nauki (1970) 758.70Sve3Svechnikov, V.N., Teslyuk, M.Yu., Kocherzhinskii, Yu.A., Petkov, V.V., Debizha, E.V.: Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr. RSR A 32 (1970) 837.71Min1Minaeva, S.B., Budberg, P.B., Gavze, A.L.: Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Met. (1971) 205; Russ.Metall. (1971) 145.71Miy1Miyagi, M., Shin. S.: J. Jpn. Inst. Met. 35 (1971) 716.72Rol1Rolinski, E.J., Hoch, M., Oblinger, C.J.: Metall. Trans. 3 (1972) 1413.73Fed1Fedotov, S.G.: Sci. Technol. Appl. Titanium, Proc. Int. Conf., Jaffee, R.I. (ed.), (1973) 871. 74Don1Donohue, J.: "The Structure of the Elements", J. Wiley, New York (1974).74Sve2Svechnikov, V.N., Kocherzhinskii, Yu.A., Kobzenko, G.F., Pan, V.M., Shurin, A.K.: Akad.Nauk. Ukr. SSSR, Metallofiz. 52 (1974) 3.75Mol1Molokanov, V.V., Budberg, P.B., Alisova, S.P.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 223 (1975) 1184; Dokl. Phys. Chem. 223 (1975) 847.Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/578Kau1Kaufman, L., Nesor, H.: CALPHAD 2 (1978) 55.81Mur1Murray, J.L.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 2 (1981) 174.83Lyn1Lynch, J.F., Johnson, J.R., Bowman, R.C.: NATO Conf. Series 6 (1983) 437. 87Hel1Hellstern, E., Schultz, L.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 93 (1987) 213.Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Cr-Th (Chromium-Thorium)Phase diagramWilhelm et al. [46Wil1] has stated that the phase diagram is a simple eutectic one with the eutectic at 75 at% Th and 1508 K. There are no intermediate phases and the mutual solubility of the components in the solid state is rather small. For a short discussion see Venkatraman et al. [85Ven5], from where the speculative phase diagram has been redrawn (Fig. 1).Fig. 1. Cr-Th. Tentative phase diagram.References46Wil1Wilhelm, H.A., Newton, A.S., Daane, A.H., Neher, C.: "Thorium Metallurgy", U.S.Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. CT-3714 (1946) 42.85Ven5Venkatraman, M., Neumann, J.P., Peterson, D.E.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 6 (1985)423.Cr-Te (Chromium-Tellurium)Phase diagramThe first more thoroughly performed investigations concerning the equilibria in this system have been done by Haraldsen et al. [37Har2] who applied magnetic measurements and X-ray diffractography. Then the work by Galperin [49Gal1, 49Gal2] should be mentioned. The crystallographic structure of intermediate phases has been determined relatively often. To get information on the homogeneity range of the intermediate phases metallographic investigations have been done, too. There should be mentioned the work by Berg [50Ber1], Gaidukov et al. [60Gai1], Dudkin et al. [61Dud1], Chevreton et al. [63Che1], Jellinek [57Jel1], Chevreton et al. [61Che1], Con et al. [63Con1], Suchet et al. [66Suc1].Cr7Te8 occurs in two modifications: ordered monoclinic at low temperatures and disordered hexagonal at high temperatures (Hashimoto et al. [69Has1]). From C p measurements Gronvold [73Gro1] found a λ-transition at 903 K. CrTe3 has been found by Klepp et al. [79Kle1], and this has been confirmed by [82Kle1] who stated that CrTe3 is a polyanionic compound (see also Gunia [79Gun1]).The phase equilibria were investigated by Ipser et al. [83Ips1] by differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffractography. Constructing the phase diagram, vapor pressure measurements performed by Ipser et al. [80Ips1] have been regarded, too. From there information was taken to draw Fig. 1.In the concentration range between 46 and 63 at% Te not all results obtained were included in Fig. 1. This part of the phase diagram is given on an enlarged scale and in completed form in Fig. 2 (for temperatures below 1200 K, as given by Ipser et al. [83Ips1]).For the range in the neighbourhood of the congruently melting intermediate phase, Ipser et al. [83Ips1] have given two possible interpretations of the thermal effects obtained (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). In Fig. 3 a phase transition of the NiAs-related phases to a modification γ' is assumed. The phase γ means Cr3Te4 (h) or Cr5Te8 (m). For Fig. 4 the γ-phase is assumed to be stable up to the melting point. Possibly, the impurities of oxygen or nitrogen affect the phase transitions.Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Fig. 1. Cr-Te.Phase diagram.Fig. 2. Cr-Te. Partial phase diagram (50…64 at % Te).Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Fig. 3. Cr-Te. Partial phase diagram (45…65 at % Te) showing the phase transition γγ'.Fig. 4. Cr-Te. Partial phase diagram (45…65 at % Te) with the γ-phase stable up to the melting point.Crystal structureFour different crystallographic structures are distinguishable in the concentration range between 52.5 and 61.5 at% Te (at higher temperatures; see Ipser et al. [83Ips1]). These are: Cr 1-x Te (hexagonal), Cr 3Te 4-h (monoclinic), Cr 5Te 8-m (monoclinic) and Cr 5Te 8-tr (trigonal). At low temperatures Cr 3Te 4-l (monoclinic)and Cr 2Te 3 (trigonal) exist. The structures are defect derivatives of the NiAs-type. Lattice parameters as a function of concentration are given in Fig. 5 to Fig. 8. Fig. 9 gives the lattice parameters of the hexagonal (Cr 2S 3-type) Cr 2Te 3 phase. The phase richest in Te, CrTe 3, has monoclinic structure (a = 0.7887 nm;b = 1.122 nm; c = 1.156 nm; β = 118.4° [83Ips1]; see also [79Kle1]).Ipser et al. [83Ips1] stated that the "CrTe" phase mentioned and investigated very often, does not exist in reality. Instead a two phase mixture with Cr is stable at 50 at% Te at all temperatures up to 1450 K.Fig. 5. Cr-Te. Lattice parameters for hexagonal (NiAs-type) solid solution (Cr1-x Te).Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Fig. 6. Cr-Te. Lattice parameters for monoclinic (Cr3S4-type) solid solution (Cr3Te4).Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Fig. 7. Cr-Te. Lattice parameters for monoclinic (V5Sc8-type) for solid solution (Cr5Te8)-m.Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Fig. 8. Cr-Te. Hexagonal unit cell parameters for trigonal (Cr 5Te 8)-tr solid solution.Fig. 9. Cr-Te. Lattice parameters for hexagonal (Cr 2S 3-type) solid solution (Cr 2Te 3).ThermodynamicsGoncharuk et al. [74Gon1, 76Gon1] have determined thermodynamic data by EMF measurements. More reliable results were obtained by Ipser et al. [80Ips1] using the isopiestic method to determine partial vapor pressure of tellurium above Cr-Te alloys. The latter investigation has been performed in the concentration range between 55 and 62 at% Te and from 800 K to 1300 K. From the results obtained the authors calculated for Te thermodynamic activities, partial enthalpies of formation and partial entropies of formation of solid alloys. As standard states solid Cr and liquid Te have been taken. The results are givenin Fig. 10 (ln a Te S ), Fig. 11 (∆H Te S ), and Fig. 12 (∆S Te S ).Fig. 10. Cr-Te. Thermodynamic activity of Te in solid solutions at 1073 K. Standard states: solid Cr and liquid Te.Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Fig. 11. Cr-Te. Partial enthalpy of formation for Te in solid solutions at 1073 K. Standard states: solid Cr and liquidTe.Fig. 12. Cr-Te. Partial entropy of formation for Te in solid solutions at 1073 K. Standard states: solid Cr and liquid Te.References37Har2Haraldsen, H., Neuber, A.: Z. Anorg. Chem. 234 (1937) 353.49Gal1Galperin, F.M., Perekalina, T.M.: Zhur. Eksptl. Theoret. Fiz. 19 (1949) 470.49Gal2Galperin, F.M., Perekalina, T.M.: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 69 (1949) 19.50Ber1Berg, A.: Thesis, University of Oslo, (1950).57Jel1Jellinek, F.: Acta Crystallogr. 10 (1957) 620.60Gai1Gaidukov, L.G., Novogrudskii, V.N., Fakidov, I.G.: Phys. Met. Metallogr. (USSR) 9 (1960) 131.61Che1Chevreton, M., Bertaut, E.F.: C.R. Acad. Sci. 253 (1961) 145.61Dud1Dudkin, L.D., Vaidanich, V.I.: Voprosy Metallurgii i Fiziki Poluprovodnikov, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow (1961).63Che1Chevreton, M., Bertaut, E.F., Jellinek, F.: Acta Crystallogr. 16 (1963) 431.63Con1Con, K.V., Suchet, J.: C.R. Acad. Sci. 256 (1963) 2823.66Suc1Suchet, J.P., Druille, R., Loriers, J.: Inorg. Mater. (USSR) 2 (1960) 796.69Has1Hashimoto, T., Yamaguchi, M.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 27 (1969) 1121.73Gro1Gronvold, F.: J. Chem. Thermodyn. 5 (1973) 545.74Gon1Goncharuk, L.V., Lukashenko, G.M.: Poroshkov. Met. 9 (1974) 45.76Gon1Goncharuk, L.V., Lukashenko, G.M.: Zhur. Fiz. Khim 50 (1976) 2787.79Gun1Gunia, P.G.: Thesis, Gesamthochschule Siegen (1979).79Kle1Klepp, K.O., Ipser, H.: Monatsh. Chem. 110 (1979) 499.80Ips1Ipser, H., Klepp, K.O., Komarek, K.L.: Monatsh. Chem. 111 (1980) 761.82Kle1Kleppa, O.J., Watanabe, S.: Metal. Trans. B 13 (1982) 391.83Ips1Ipser, H., Komarek, K.L.: J. Less-Common Met. 92 (1983) 265.Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Cr-Tc (Chromium-Technetium)Phase diagramNo experimentally determined phase diagram is available.Using X-ray diffraction techniques, Darby Jr. et al. [61Dar1] and Darby Jr. et al. [62Dar1] have found and investigated an intermediate phase in the concentration range from 60 to 75 at% Tc (σ-phase as it occurs in the Cr-Mn and the Cr-Re systems, too). Assuming that the Cr-Tc system should be similar to the Cr-Re system, Venkatraman et al. [86Ven3] have proposed a speculative phase diagram, which has been taken as a basis for Fig. 1.Fig. 1. Cr-Tc. Tentative phase diagram.Crystal structureAs mentioned above, Darby Jr. et al. [61Dar1, 62Dar1] have determined crystallographic data for the σ-phase occurring in this system. Its structure is tetragonal (Cr-Fe-type). The lattice parameters as a function of concentration are plotted in Fig. 2 (see [91Vil2]).Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Fig. 2. Cr-Tc. Lattice parameters for the tetragonal σ-phase. Samples annealed at 973 K.ThermodynamicsThe enthalpy of formation of CrTc 2 (or σ) has been estimated by de Boer et al. [82Boe1] using Miedema's model to be ∆H S = − 10 kJ g-atom −1.References61Dar1Darby jr., J.B., Lam, D.J.: US Atomic Energy Comm., Argonne Nat. Lab., Rept. ANL-6516 (1961) 254.62Dar1Darby jr., J.B., Lam., D.J., Norton, L.J., Downey, J.W.: J. Less-Common Met. 4 (1962)558.82Boe1de Boer, F.R., Boom, R., Miedema, A.R.: Physica B 113 (1982) 18.86Ven3Venkatraman, M., Neumann, J.P.: Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams 7 (1986) 573.91Vil2Villars, P., Calvert, L.D.: "Pearson's Handbook of Crystallographic Data for IntermetallicPhases", Second Edition, Vol. 3, Amer. Soc. Metals International., Materials Park, Ohio(1991).Tm-Yb 1Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Tm-Yb (Thulium-Ytterbium)Phase diagramAn experimentally obtained phase diagram is not known.Moffatt [81Mof1] has assumed similarity to Gd-Yb and Lu-Yb systems (Beaudry et al. [74Bea1]). On this basis he sketched the Tm-Yb phase diagram, which has been redrawn by Massalski [90Mas1] and which, also, has been taken as the main information to construct Fig. 1.Fig. 1. Tm-Yb. Phase diagram.References74Bea1Beaudry, B.J., Spedding, F.H.: Metall. Trans. 5 (1974) 163181Mof1Moffatt, W.G.: "The Handbook of Binary Phase Diagrams", Schenectady, N.Y.: General Electric Comp. (1981)90Mas1Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 3,T.B. Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990)Th-Tl 1Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5Th-Tl (Thorium-Thallium)Phase diagramUsing differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction experiments, Palenzona et al. [85Pal1] have determined the phase diagram and Massalski [90Mas1] has redrawn it. From the latter compilation information has been taken to draw Fig. 1.Fig. 1. Th-Tl. Phase diagram.Crystal structureCrystallographic data of intermediate phases are listed in Table 1.Th-Tl2 Table 1. Th-Tl. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of intermediate phases [85Pal1].Phase Structure Type a [nm]b [nm]c [nm]Th2Tl tetr Al2Cu0.77080.6212Th5Tl3hex Mn5Si30.93880.6420ThTl orth ThIn 1.07700.99320.6554Th3Tl5orth Pu3Pd5 1.02490.8260 1.0419ThTl3cub AuCu30.4751References85Pal1Palenzona, A., Cirafici, S., Canepa, F.: J. Less-Common Met. 114 (1985) 31190Mas1Massalski, T.B. (editor-in-chief): "Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams", Second Edition, Vol. 3, T.B. Massalski (editor-in-chief), Materials Information Soc., Materials Park, Ohio (1990) Landolt-BörnsteinNew Series IV/5。

热力学英文版Thermodynamics

• Postulate 5: The entropy of the system is zero when the system is found in a state whose absolute temperature is 0. (Third principle of thermodynamics; Planck). Equivalently, the variation of entropy ∆S → 0, when T → 0. (Nernst)
1
A.
The Principles of Thermodynamics
• The First Principle: The internal energy U of an isolated system is conserved. U is a state function of the system equal to the sum of the kinetic and potential energy (generated by both intra-particle interaction and by the interaction with the external ﬁelds) of the constituents of the system. (This principle establishes if a certain process is possible or not.) • The Second Principle The natural evolution of a physical system is unidirectional, i. e., thermodynamic processes have broken time reversal symmetry. Clausius: There is a state function which increases toward equilibrium, the entropy. S increases during the evolution of an isolated system and is an additive function for composed systems: S (a) = S1 (a1 ) + S2 (a2 ). In a process (a) → (b), S (a) ≤ S (b), where the equality holds for reversible processes. (This principle establishes if the process is natural or not.)

热力学计算英文

热力学计算英文Thermodynamics, a branch of physics dealing with the relationship between heat and other forms of energy, such as work, plays a pivotal role in various engineering and scientific fields. Understanding and mastering thermodynamic calculations are crucial for engineers, physicists, and chemists alike, as they provide insights into energy conversions, efficiencies, and equilibria in systems.**Basics of Thermodynamic Calculations**Thermodynamic calculations often involve the laws of thermodynamics, which outline the fundamental principles governing energy transfers and conversions. The Zeroth Law establishes the concept of thermodynamic equilibrium, stating that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then the two systems will reach thermal equilibrium with each other. The First Law, known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only transformed from one form to another. The Second Law, often referred to as the Law of Entropy, outlines the directionality of naturalprocesses, stating that the entropy of an isolated system always increases or remains constant.**Applications of Thermodynamic Calculations**Thermodynamic calculations find widespread applications in various industries and research fields. In the automotive industry, for instance, thermodynamic calculations are employed to analyze engine efficiency,fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. In the chemical industry, they play a vital role in reaction optimization, predicting equilibrium constants, and understanding reaction mechanisms. Furthermore, thermodynamiccalculations are also crucial in energy conversion systems, such as solar cells and fuel cells, where they help in optimizing efficiency and understanding energy losses.**Key Concepts in Thermodynamic Calculations**Several key concepts underlie thermodynamic calculations, including entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy. Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system, and it plays a crucial role in determining the directionality of natural processes. Enthalpy represents the total heat content of a system, accounting for bothinternal energy and the work done by or on the system.Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential thatindicates whether a process will occur spontaneously or not, taking into account both entropy and enthalpy changes.**Advanced Thermodynamic Calculations**Advanced thermodynamic calculations involve more complex concepts and equations, such as those dealing with multi-component systems, non-ideal gases, and phase transitions. These calculations require a deepunderstanding of thermodynamics and a proficiency in mathematical techniques such as partial derivatives and integration. By mastering these advanced calculations, engineers and scientists can gain a deeper understanding of complex systems and develop more efficient and sustainable technologies.**Conclusion**Thermodynamic calculations are essential for understanding and optimizing energy conversions, efficiencies, and equilibria in various systems. By mastering the basics and exploring advanced concepts, engineers and scientists can make significant contributionsto fields ranging from automotive design to renewableenergy research. As the world continues to grapple with energy and environmental challenges, thermodynamic calculations will play a pivotal role in developing sustainable and efficient solutions.**热力学计算的深入探索**热力学是物理学的一个分支，研究热量与其他能量形式（如功）之间的关系，在工程和科学领域的各个分支中发挥着至关重要的作用。

(物理化学专业论文)多孔材料中的吸附和扩散

多孔材料中的吸附和扩散 adsorptionanddiffusioninporous【aterialsabstractporousmaterialsscienceisstillexpanding,andmanykindsofporousmaterialssuchactivatedcarbonsandzeolitesareincreasinglyimportantthemodemchemicalindustry.forlongtime,scientistsandengineershavebeenveryinterestedintheresearchfieldofadsorptionanddiffusioninporousmaterials.withthedevelopmentexperimentaltechniquesaswellastheimprovementofmolecularsimulationstudiesonadsorptionanddiffusionbecomemoreprosperous.indeedadsorptionanddiffusionareveryimportantmanyapplicationssuchasthecharacterizationporousmaterials,adsorption—basedseparationprocesses,catalysis,especiallycatalytickinetics.thismscresearchhasbeenfocusedonadsorptiondiffusioninporousmaterials,andthemainresultsaresummarizedasfollows:combinedwithcarbondioxide(c02)adsorptionandamultiple—processadsorptionequilibrium(mpae)model,activatedcarbonshavebeencharacterizedindetail.singlecomponentadsorptionequilibriaofc02onthreecommercialactivatedcarbonsweresystematicallyinvestigatedbymeansofavolumetricmethodatpressuresupto

TA Instruments 热分析产品概述指南 2020说明书

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These experiments allow the user to examine end-use performance, molecular structure and mobility, composition, processing, and stability.Performance, Quality &SupportDiscovery DSC 2500, 250, 25 and X3Discovery SDT 650(Simultaneous DSC and TGA)Discovery DSC 25P (High Pressure)Discovery DMA 850 TMA 450Discovery TGA 5500, 550 and 55TGA Q5000 SA(Vapor Sorption Analysis)IsoSORP SA(High Pressure Sorption)Discovery HP-TGA 750(High Pressure TGA)THE NEWEST DSC... DISCOVERY X3The Discovery X3 Differential Scanning Calorimeter featuring a multi-sample cell that delivers high quality heat flow data for up to three samples simultaneously. The Discovery X3 DSC combines industry-leading performance with the tools to increase productivity on every level of material research. 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Thermodynamic binding signatures not only reveal the strength of a binding event, but the specific or non-specific driving forces involved. Structural stability profiles from DSC reveal strengths and weaknesses in higher order structure and define the behavior of individual domains and their interactions. We also offer the ultrasensitive TAM IV isothermal calorimeter, a configurable platform with a wide range of applications such as shelf-life stability for small molecule and biologics, amorphicity content, microbial activity, and more.The TAM IV Micro XL is a powerful tool for measuring the electrochemical reactions occurring inside of a battery cell. Characterizing reactions occurring in a battery cell is critical to developing novel battery technology to address battery shelf-life and stability studies, as well as electrolyte and additive development. Experiments can be conducted under passive storage conditions, or in conjunction with a battery cycler to evaluate battery charging and discharging dynamics. The TAM IV Micro XL is a real-time, non-destructive, and extremely sensitive measurement device for R&D andQuality Control.Affinity ITC Nano DSC TAM lV Micro XLTAM AirTAM lV ELECTROFORCE ® MECHANICAL TEST INSTRUMENTSThe ElectroForce Mechanical Test products have revolutionized mechanical testing by perfecting powerful and durable electromagnetic motor technologies. Over 20 years of innovations have resulted in the development of patented high-performance linear motors that feature zero-friction moving-magnet designs. The ElectroForce instruments all leverage this motor technology and enable development of materials, components and devices through evaluation of durability and mechanical characteristics with high levels of speeds, frequencies and precision. Explore for yourself the unique TA ElectroForce technologies that provide demonstrable benefits for your testing needs that rangefrom versatile load frames and High-Force DMAs to specialized medical device and tissue engineering solutions.Fatigue Instruments for Medical Device DurabilityElectroForce LoadFrame Series DMA 3200High Force DMA & Fatigue TestBenchInstrumentsMechanical Stimulation Bioreactors forTissue EngineeringDILATOMETRYTA Instruments Dilatometers are high-precision systems designed to measure dimensional changes of a specimen caused by changes in its thermal environment. Linear thermal expansion coefficient, annealing characteristics, sintering processes and other physical or chemical changes manifesting themselves as a change of dimensions can be precisely determined. Optimization of processing parameters as reflected by dimensional changes of the material can be studied in great detail through duplication of thermal cycles and rates used in theactual process. 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热力学函数英文

热力学函数英文Thermodynamic FunctionsThermodynamic functions are mathematical expressions that describe the relationships between various properties of a thermodynamic system. These functions are essential in understanding the behavior and interactions of systems in different states of matter, such as solids, liquids, and gases. The four fundamental thermodynamic functions are internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Helmholtz free energy. Each of these functions provides valuable insights into the nature of a system and its interactions with its surroundings.Internal energy is a measure of the total energy contained within a system, including the kinetic energy of the particles and the potential energy stored in the system's bonds and interactions. It represents the total energy available to do work or cause change within the system. The change in internal energy of a system is directly related to the work done on or by the system and the heat transferred to or from the system.Enthalpy, on the other hand, is a measure of the total energy of asystem, including its internal energy and the work done by or on the system due to changes in pressure and volume. Enthalpy is particularly useful in understanding chemical reactions and phase changes, as it takes into account the energy released or absorbed during these processes.Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. It represents the amount of energy that is not available to do useful work and is instead dissipated as heat. Entropy is a crucial concept in understanding the spontaneous behavior of systems and the direction of natural processes. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.Helmholtz free energy, also known as the Helmholtz function, is a combination of internal energy and entropy. It represents the maximum amount of work that can be extracted from a system at constant volume and temperature. The Helmholtz free energy is particularly useful in the study of closed systems, where the volume and temperature are held constant.These four thermodynamic functions are interrelated and can be expressed in terms of each other. For example, the change in Helmholtz free energy can be expressed as the change in internalenergy minus the product of temperature and the change in entropy. Similarly, the change in enthalpy can be expressed as the change in internal energy plus the product of pressure and the change in volume.The applications of thermodynamic functions are vast and diverse, ranging from the design of efficient engines and power plants to the understanding of chemical equilibria and the behavior of materials. In the field of chemistry, thermodynamic functions are used to determine the spontaneity of reactions, the feasibility of processes, and the stability of various compounds and mixtures. In the field of physics, they are used to study the behavior of solids, liquids, and gases, as well as the behavior of superconductors and other advanced materials.Furthermore, thermodynamic functions are essential in the study of biological systems, where they are used to understand the behavior of proteins, enzymes, and other biomolecules. They also play a crucial role in the development of renewable energy technologies, such as solar cells and wind turbines, where the efficient conversion and storage of energy are of paramount importance.In conclusion, thermodynamic functions are fundamental tools in the study of the physical world. They provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the behavior of systems and theinteractions between them. By mastering the concepts of internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, and Helmholtz free energy, scientists and engineers can gain valuable insights into the nature of the universe and develop innovative solutions to complex problems.。

人暖棉被还是棉被暖人作文

人暖棉被还是棉被暖人作文英文回答：When it comes to warmth and comfort during cold nights, the age-old question arises: does a human warm a comforter, or does a comforter warm a human?The answer to this intriguing question lies in the intricate interplay of thermodynamics and thermal comfort. To begin with, it is important to understand that both a human body and a comforter are objects capable of holding and transferring heat. Heat, as we know, is a form of energy that flows from an object at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature.When a person lies down on a bed, the body's natural heat begins to dissipate into the surrounding environment. The comforter, on the other hand, acts as a barrier between the body and the cold air outside. It traps the heat radiating from the body, creating a warm and cozymicroclimate.From a thermodynamic perspective, the human body can be considered a heat source, while the comforter can be seen as a heat insulator. The human body generates heat through various metabolic processes, such as breathing, digestion, and movement. This heat is then transferred from the body's core to the skin's surface, where it radiates into the surrounding air.The comforter, with its insulating properties, inhibits the escape of heat from the body. It creates a layer of warm air around the body, effectively trapping the radiated heat and preventing it from dissipating into the colder environment. This thermal insulation provided by the comforter enhances the body's ability to maintain its optimal temperature, leading to a feeling of warmth and comfort.However, it is crucial to note that a comforter'sability to provide warmth is not solely determined by its insulating properties. The material composition andthickness of the comforter also play a significant role. Comforters made from materials with high thermal conductivity, such as cotton or wool, are more effective in retaining heat compared to those made from materials with low thermal conductivity, such as down or feathers. Additionally, a thicker comforter provides greater insulation than a thinner one.In summary, the answer to the question of whether a human warms a comforter or a comforter warms a human is a matter of perspective. From a thermodynamic standpoint, a human body is the primary source of heat, while a comforter acts as a heat insulator. The comforter traps the heat dissipated by the body, creating a warm and comfortable sleeping environment. However, the materials used to make the comforter and its thickness can influence its overall effectiveness in providing warmth.中文回答：对于在寒冷夜晚获得温暖和舒适度这个问题，有一个由来已久的问题，是人暖被子还是被子暖人？这个问题的答案在于热力学和热舒适度的复杂相互作用。

标准吉布斯自由能符号

标准吉布斯自由能符号The standard Gibbs free energy symbol, commonly denoted as G, is a fundamental concept in chemistry. It represents the maximum amount of useful work that can be obtained from a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure. The significance of the Gibbs free energy lies in its ability to predict the spontaneity of a reaction. If the Gibbs free energy change for a reaction is negative, then the reaction is considered spontaneous and will proceed without any external influence. Conversely, if the Gibbs free energy change is positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous and will not occur without the input of energy.标准吉布斯自由能符号通常表示为G，在化学中是一个基础概念。

它代表在恒定温度和压力下从化学反应中可以获得的最大有用功。

吉布斯自由能的重要性在于它能够预测一个反应的自发性。

如果一个反应的吉布斯自由能变化为负数，那么这个反应被认为是自发的，将会在没有任何外部影响的情况下进行。

相反，如果吉布斯自由能变化为正数，该反应是非自发的，将不会在没有输入能量的情况下发生。

统计热力学(中英文版)

The statistical definition of S is the fundamental one while the other two can be mathematically derived from it, but not vice versa.
Relating the number of microstate of a
Ni N;
iNi E U
i
i
Where:
N : the number of particles; i : energy level; E : total energy of N particles;
i : the energy of ith level
The number of microstates for each macrostate will be equal to the number of ways in which we can choose these Ni from N particles.
The answer is: g!/[N!(gN)!]
Problem 4.
If there is no limit on the number of objects in any box, how many ways can we put N indistinguishable objects into g distinguishable boxes?
system to its S
Considering a gas to spontaneously compress itself from the Vi into Vf
of finding N molecules in Vi : i = (Vi )N ; in Vf : f = (Vf )N ln(f / i) = nNA ln(Vf / Vi )

温度标准值英文

温度标准值英文Temperature is a fundamental physical quantity that describes the degree of hotness or coldness of an object or environment The concept of temperature and the need for accurate measurement have been central to the advancement of science and technology over the centuries Temperature standards are essential for ensuring consistency and reliability in various applications ranging from scientific research to industrial processes and everyday lifeThe development of temperature standards has a long and fascinating history dating back to the early days of thermometry in the 17th and 18th centuries As scientists began to understand the nature of heat and its relationship to other physical phenomena they recognized the need for a consistent and universal way to measure temperature This led to the establishment of various temperature scales and the creation of primary temperature standardsOne of the earliest and most well-known temperature scales is the Celsius scale named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius The Celsius scale defines the freezing point of water at standardatmospheric pressure as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water at the same pressure as 100 degrees This scale was later refined and adopted as the international standard for temperature measurement in many countriesAnother important temperature scale is the Fahrenheit scale developed by the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in the early 18th century The Fahrenheit scale sets the freezing point of a brine solution at 32 degrees and the average human body temperature at 96 degrees though this was later revised to 98 6 degrees While less widely used internationally the Fahrenheit scale remains the standard for temperature measurement in the United StatesIn addition to these historical temperature scales the development of the Kelvin scale in the 19th century by the British physicist William Thomson Lord Kelvin was a significant milestone in the advancement of temperature standards The Kelvin scale is based on the concept of absolute zero the lowest theoretically possible temperature at which all molecular motion ceases This scale is now the primary temperature standard used in scientific and technical applications worldwideThe establishment of these temperature scales and the associated primary standards was an important step but it was not the end ofthe story as the need for more precise and accurate temperature measurement continued to grow Over time various national and international organizations have developed increasingly sophisticated temperature standards and measurement techniques to meet the demands of modern science industry and societyOne of the most important organizations in this regard is the International Bureau of Weights and Measures BIPM an intergovernmental organization established in 1875 to ensure worldwide uniformity of measurements The BIPM is responsible for maintaining the International System of Units SI which includes the definition of the kelvin the SI unit of thermodynamic temperatureThe BIPM and other metrology institutes around the world have developed a comprehensive system of temperature standards and calibration procedures to ensure the accuracy and traceability of temperature measurements This includes the definition of primary temperature standards fixed points that can be used to calibrate temperature measuring instruments as well as secondary and working standards that are used for routine measurementsThe primary temperature standards are based on the thermodynamic properties of well defined physical systems such as the triple point of water the freezing point of pure metals and the critical point of gases These fixed points provide highly reproducible and stable referencetemperatures that can be used to calibrate a wide range of temperature measuring instrumentsIn addition to these primary standards a variety of secondary and working temperature standards have been developed to meet the needs of different applications These include resistance thermometers thermocouples pyrometers and other specialized temperature sensors that can be calibrated against the primary standards and used to measure temperature in a wide range of environments and conditionsThe development of these temperature standards and measurement techniques has had a profound impact on numerous fields of science and technology From the precise control of industrial processes to the accurate measurement of climate change and the exploration of the universe temperature standards have become essential tools for advancing human knowledge and capabilitiesHowever the quest for ever more accurate and reliable temperature measurement continues as new technologies and applications emerge For example the development of quantum based temperature standards using phenomena such as atomic clocks and Bose Einstein condensates hold the promise of even greater precision and stability in the futureOverall the evolution of temperature standards reflects the ongoing human endeavor to understand and control the physical world around us Temperature measurement has been central to this endeavor and the development of increasingly sophisticated temperature standards and measurement techniques has been a key driver of scientific and technological progress over the centuries As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible the importance of temperature standards will only grow in the years and decades to come。

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thermodynamiC ProPerties as a funCtion of temPerature l. V. Gurvich, V. s. iorish, V. s. yungman, and o. V. dorofeevaThe thermodynamic properties C°p(T), S°(T), H°(T)-H°(T r), -[G°(T)-H°(T r)]/T and formation properties ∆f H°(T), ∆f G°(T), log K f°(T) are tabulated as functions of temperature in the range 298 .15 to 1500 K for 80 substances in the standard state .T he ref-erence temperature, T r, is equal to 298 .15 K . The standard state pressure is taken as 1 bar (100,000 Pa) . The tables are presented in the JANAF Thermochemical Tables format (Reference 2) . The numerical data are extracted from IVTANTHERMO databases except for C2H4O, C3H6O, C6H6, C6H6O, C10H8, and CH5N, which are based upon TRC Tables . See the references for information on standard states and other details .references1 . Gurvich, L . V ., Veyts, I . V ., and Alcock, C . B ., Eds ., ThermodynamicProperties of Individual Substances, 4th ed., Hemisphere Publishing Corp ., New York, 1989 .2 . Chase, M . W ., et al ., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 3rd ed., J. Phys.Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl . 1, 1985 .No.Formula Name State 1Ar Argon g 2Br Bromine g 3Br2Dibromine g 4BrH Hydrogen bromide g 5C Carbon (graphite)cr 6C Carbon (diamond)cr 7C2Dicarbon g 8C3Tricarbon g 9CO Carbon oxide g 10CO2Carbon dioxide g 11CH4Methane g 12C2H2Acetylene g 13C2H4Ethylene g 14C2H6Ethane g 15C3H6Cyclopropane g 16C3H8Propane g 17C6H6Benzene l 18C6H6Benzene g 19C10H8Naphthalene cr, l 20C10H8Naphthalene g 21CH2O Formaldehyde g 22CH4O Methanol g 23C2H4O Acetaldehyde g 24C2H6O Ethanol g 25C2H4O2Acetic acid g 26C3H6O Acetone g 27C6H6O Phenol g 28CF4Carbon tetrafluoride g 29CHF3Trifluoromethane g 30CClF3Chlorotrifluoromethane g 31CCl2F2Dichlorodifluoromethane g 32CHClF2Chlorodifluoromethane g 33CH5N Methylamine g 34Cl Chlorine g 35Cl2Dichlorine g 36ClH Hydrogen chloride g 37Cu Copper cr, l 38Cu Copper g 39CuO Copper oxide cr 40Cu2O Dicopper oxide cr 41CuCl2Copper dichloride cr, l No.Formula Name State 42CuCl2Copper dichloride g 43F Fluorine g44F2Difluorine g 45FH Hydrogen fluoride g 46Ge Germanium cr, l 47Ge Germanium g 48GeO2Germanium dioxide cr, l 49GeCl4Germanium tetrachloride g 50H Hydrogen g 51H2Dihydrogen g 52HO Hydroxyl g 53H2O Water l 54H2O Water g 55I Iodine g 56I2Diiodine cr, l 57I2Diiodine g 58IH Hydrogen iodide g 59K Potassium cr, l 60K Potassium g 61K2O Dipotassium oxide cr, l 62KOH Potassium hydroxide cr, l 63KOH Potassium hydroxide g 64KCl Potassium chloride cr, l 65KCl Potassium chloride g 66N2Dinitrogen g 67NO Nitric oxide g 68NO2Nitrogen dioxide g 69NH3Ammonia g 70O Oxygen g 71O2Dioxygen g 72S Sulfur cr, l 73S Sulfur g 74S2Disulfur g 75S8Octasulfur g 76SO2Sulfur dioxide g 77Si Silicon cr 78Si Silicon g 79SiO2Silicon dioxide cr 80SiCl4Silicon tetrachloride gOrder of listing of Tables5-431. ARGON Ar (g)298 .1520 .786154 .845154 .8450 .0000 .0000 .0000 .000 30020 .786154 .973154 .8450 .0380 .0000 .0000 .000 40020 .786160 .953155 .660 2 .1170 .0000 .0000 .000 50020 .786165 .591157 .200 4 .1960 .0000 .0000 .000 60020 .786169 .381158 .924 6 .2740 .0000 .0000 .000 70020 .786172 .585160 .653 8 .3530 .0000 .0000 .000 80020 .786175 .361162 .32210 .4310 .0000 .0000 .000 90020 .786177 .809163 .90912 .5100 .0000 .0000 .000 100020 .786179 .999165 .41014 .5890 .0000 .0000 .000 110020 .786181 .980166 .82816 .6670 .0000 .0000 .000 120020 .786183 .789168 .16718 .7460 .0000 .0000 .000 130020 .786185 .453169 .43420 .8240 .0000 .0000 .000 140020 .786186 .993170 .63422 .9030 .0000 .0000 .000 150020 .786188 .427171 .77324 .9820 .0000 .0000 .000 2. BROMINE Br (g)298 .1520 .786175 .017175 .0170 .000111 .87082 .379–14 .432 30020 .786175 .146175 .0180 .038111 .83882 .196–14 .311 40020 .787181 .126175 .833 2 .11796 .67775 .460–9 .854 50020 .798185 .765177 .373 4 .19696 .91070 .129–7 .326 60020 .833189 .559179 .097 6 .27797 .13164 .752–5 .637 70020 .908192 .776180 .8278 .36497 .34859 .338–4 .428 80021 .027195 .575182 .49910 .46197 .56853 .893–3 .519 90021 .184198 .061184 .09312 .57197 .79648 .420–2 .810 100021 .365200 .302185 .60414 .69898 .03642 .921–2 .242 110021 .559202 .347187 .03416 .84498 .29137 .397–1 .776 120021 .752204 .231188 .39019 .01098 .56031 .850–1 .386 130021 .937205 .980189 .67621 .19598 .84426 .279–1 .056 140022 .107207 .612190 .90023 .39799 .14120 .686–0 .772 150022 .258209 .142192 .06525 .61599 .44915 .072–0 .525 3. DIBROMINE Br2 (g)298 .1536 .057245 .467245 .4670 .00030 .910 3 .105–0 .544 30036 .074245 .690245 .4680 .06730 .836 2 .933–0 .511 332 .2536 .340249 .387245 .671 1 .235pressure = 1 bar40036 .729256 .169246 .892 3 .7110 .0000 .0000 .000 50037 .082264 .406249 .6007 .4030 .0000 .0000 .000 60037 .305271 .188252 .65011 .1230 .0000 .0000 .000 70037 .464276 .951255 .72014 .8620 .0000 .0000 .000 80037 .590281 .962258 .69418 .6150 .0000 .0000 .000 90037 .697286 .396261 .53022 .3790 .0000 .0000 .000 100037 .793290 .373264 .21926 .1540 .0000 .0000 .000 110037 .883293 .979266 .76329 .9380 .0000 .0000 .000 120037 .970297 .279269 .17033 .7300 .0000 .0000 .000 130038 .060300 .322271 .45137 .5320 .0000 .0000 .000 140038 .158303 .146273 .61541 .3430 .0000 .0000 .000 150038 .264305 .782275 .67345 .1640 .0000 .0000 .000 4. HYDROGEN BROMIDE HBr (g)298 .1529 .141198 .697198 .6970 .000–36 .290–53 .3609 .348 30029 .141198 .878198 .6980 .054–36 .333–53 .4669 .309 40029 .220207 .269199 .842 2 .971–52 .109–55 .9407 .305 50029 .454213 .811202 .005 5 .903–52 .484–56 .854 5 .939 60029 .872219 .216204 .4368 .868–52 .844–57 .694 5 .023 70030 .431223 .861206 .88611 .882–53 .168–58 .476 4 .363 80031 .063227 .965209 .26914 .957–53 .446–59 .214 3 .866 90031 .709231 .661211 .55518 .095–53 .677–59 .921 3 .478 100032 .335235 .035213 .73721 .298–53 .864–60 .604 3 .166 110032 .919238 .145215 .81624 .561–54 .012–61 .271 2 .909120033 .454241 .032217 .79927 .880–54 .129–61 .925 2 .696 130033 .938243 .729219 .69131 .250–54 .220–62 .571 2 .514 140034 .374246 .261221 .49934 .666–54 .291–63 .211 2 .358 150034 .766248 .646223 .23038 .123–54 .348–63 .846 2 .223 5. CARBON (GRAPHITE) C (cr; graphite)298 .158 .536 5 .740 5 .7400 .0000 .0000 .0000 .000 3008 .610 5 .793 5 .7400 .0160 .0000 .0000 .000 40011 .9748 .757 6 .122 1 .0540 .0000 .0000 .000 50014 .53711 .715 6 .946 2 .3850 .0000 .0000 .000 60016 .60714 .5557 .979 3 .9450 .0000 .0000 .000 70018 .30617 .2479 .113 5 .6940 .0000 .0000 .000 80019 .69919 .78510 .2907 .5960 .0000 .0000 .000 90020 .83222 .17311 .4799 .6250 .0000 .0000 .000 100021 .73924 .41712 .66211 .7550 .0000 .0000 .000 110022 .45226 .52413 .82713 .9660 .0000 .0000 .000 120023 .00028 .50214 .96816 .2400 .0000 .0000 .000 130023 .40930 .36016 .08218 .5620 .0000 .0000 .000 140023 .70732 .10617 .16420 .9180 .0000 .0000 .000 150023 .91933 .74918 .21623 .3000 .0000 .0000 .000 6. CARBON (DIAMOND) C (cr; diamond)298 .15 6 .109 2 .362 2 .3620 .000 1 .850 2 .857–0 .501 300 6 .201 2 .400 2 .3620 .011 1 .846 2 .863–0 .499 40010 .321 4 .783 2 .6590 .850 1 .645 3 .235–0 .422 50013 .4047 .431 3 .347 2 .042 1 .507 3 .649–0 .381 60015 .88510 .102 4 .251 3 .511 1 .415 4 .087–0 .356 70017 .93012 .709 5 .274 5 .205 1 .361 4 .537–0 .339 80019 .61915 .217 6 .3617 .085 1 .338 4 .993–0 .326 90021 .00617 .6117 .4799 .118 1 .343 5 .450–0 .316 100022 .12919 .8848 .60711 .277 1 .372 5 .905–0 .308 110023 .02022 .0379 .73113 .536 1 .420 6 .356–0 .302 120023 .70924 .07110 .84215 .874 1 .484 6 .802–0 .296 130024 .22225 .99011 .93418 .272 1 .5617 .242–0 .291 140024 .58527 .79913 .00320 .714 1 .6467 .675–0 .286 150024 .82429 .50414 .04723 .185 1 .7358 .103–0 .282 7. DICARBON C2 (g)298 .1543 .548197 .095197 .0950 .000830 .457775 .116–135 .795 30043 .575197 .365197 .0960 .081830 .506774 .772–134 .898 40042 .169209 .809198 .802 4 .403832 .751755 .833–98 .700 50039 .529218 .924201 .9598 .483834 .170736 .423–76 .933 60037 .837225 .966205 .39512 .342834 .909716 .795–62 .402 70036 .984231 .726208 .75816 .078835 .148697 .085–52 .016 80036 .621236 .637211 .94319 .755835 .020677 .366–44 .227 90036 .524240 .943214 .93123 .411834 .618657 .681–38 .170 100036 .569244 .793217 .72827 .065834 .012638 .052–33 .328 110036 .696248 .284220 .34930 .728833 .252618 .492–29 .369 120036 .874251 .484222 .81234 .406832 .383599 .006–26 .074 130037 .089254 .444225 .13338 .104831 .437579 .596–23 .288 140037 .329257 .201227 .32641 .824830 .445560 .261–20 .903 150037 .589259 .785229 .40545 .570829 .427540 .997–18 .839 8. TRICARBON C3 (g)298 .1542 .202237 .611237 .6110 .000839 .958774 .249–135 .643 30042 .218237 .872237 .6110 .078839 .989773 .841–134 .736 40043 .383250 .164239 .280 4 .354841 .149751 .592–98 .147 50044 .883260 .003242 .4718 .766841 .570729 .141–76 .172 60046 .406268 .322246 .10413 .331841 .453706 .659–61 .519 70047 .796275 .582249 .80718 .042840 .919684 .230–51 .057 80048 .997282 .045253 .44022 .884840 .053661 .901–43 .21790050 .006287 .876256 .94827 .835838 .919639 .698–37 .127 100050 .844293 .189260 .31032 .879837 .572617 .633–32 .261 110051 .535298 .069263 .52437 .999836 .059595 .711–28 .288 120052 .106302 .578266 .59343 .182834 .420573 .933–24 .982 130052 .579306 .768269 .52448 .417832 .690552 .295–22 .191 140052 .974310 .679272 .32653 .695830 .899530 .793–19 .804 150053 .307314 .346275 .00659 .010829 .068509 .421–17 .739 9. CARBON OXIDE CO (g)298 .1529 .141197 .658197 .6580 .000–110 .530–137 .16824 .031 30029 .142197 .838197 .6590 .054–110 .519–137 .33323 .912 40029 .340206 .243198 .803 2 .976–110 .121–146 .34119 .110 50029 .792212 .834200 .973 5 .930–110 .027–155 .41216 .236 60030 .440218 .321203 .4198 .941–110 .157–164 .48014 .319 70031 .170223 .067205 .89512 .021–110 .453–173 .51312 .948 80031 .898227 .277208 .30915 .175–110 .870–182 .49411 .915 90032 .573231 .074210 .63118 .399–111 .378–191 .41711 .109 100033 .178234 .538212 .85121 .687–111 .952–200 .28110 .461 110033 .709237 .726214 .96925 .032–112 .573–209 .0849 .928 120034 .169240 .679216 .99028 .426–113 .228–217 .8299 .482 130034 .568243 .430218 .92031 .864–113 .904–226 .5189 .101 140034 .914246 .005220 .76335 .338–114 .594–235 .1558 .774 150035 .213248 .424222 .52738 .845–115 .291–243 .7428 .488 10. CARBON DIOXIDE CO2 (g)298 .1537 .135213 .783213 .7830 .000–393 .510–394 .37369 .092 30037 .220214 .013213 .7840 .069–393 .511–394 .37968 .667 40041 .328225 .305215 .296 4 .004–393 .586–394 .65651 .536 50044 .627234 .895218 .2808 .307–393 .672–394 .91441 .256 60047 .327243 .278221 .76212 .909–393 .791–395 .15234 .401 70049 .569250 .747225 .37917 .758–393 .946–395 .36729 .502 80051 .442257 .492228 .97822 .811–394 .133–395 .55825 .827 90053 .008263 .644232 .49328 .036–394 .343–395 .72422 .967 100054 .320269 .299235 .89533 .404–394 .568–395 .86520 .678 110055 .423274 .529239 .17238 .893–394 .801–395 .98418 .803 120056 .354279 .393242 .32444 .483–395 .035–396 .08117 .241 130057 .144283 .936245 .35250 .159–395 .265–396 .15915 .918 140057 .818288 .196248 .26155 .908–395 .488–396 .21914 .783 150058 .397292 .205251 .05961 .719–395 .702–396 .26413 .799 11. METHANE CH4 (g)298 .1535 .695186 .369186 .3690 .000–74 .600–50 .5308 .853 30035 .765186 .590186 .3700 .066–74 .656–50 .3818 .772 40040 .631197 .501187 .825 3 .871–77 .703–41 .827 5 .462 50046 .627207 .202190 .7448 .229–80 .520–32 .525 3 .398 60052 .742216 .246194 .24813 .199–82 .969–22 .690 1 .975 70058 .603224 .821198 .00818 .769–85 .023–12 .4760 .931 80064 .084233 .008201 .87524 .907–86 .693–1 .9930 .130 90069 .137240 .852205 .77331 .571–88 .0068 .677–0 .504 100073 .746248 .379209 .66038 .719–88 .99619 .475–1 .017 110077 .919255 .607213 .51146 .306–89 .69830 .358–1 .442 120081 .682262 .551217 .31054 .289–90 .14541 .294–1 .797 130085 .067269 .225221 .04862 .630–90 .36752 .258–2 .100 140088 .112275 .643224 .72071 .291–90 .39063 .231–2 .359 150090 .856281 .817228 .32280 .242–90 .23774 .200–2 .584 12. ACETYLENE C2H2 (g)298 .1544 .036200 .927200 .9270 .000227 .400209 .879–36 .769 30044 .174201 .199200 .9270 .082227 .397209 .770–36 .524 40050 .388214 .814202 .741 4 .829227 .161203 .928–26 .630 50054 .751226 .552206 .35710 .097226 .846198 .154–20 .70160058 .121236 .842210 .59815 .747226 .445192 .452–16 .754 70060 .970246 .021215 .01421 .704225 .968186 .823–13 .941 80063 .511254 .331219 .41827 .931225 .436181 .267–11 .835 90065 .831261 .947223 .72634 .399224 .873175 .779–10 .202 100067 .960268 .995227 .90541 .090224 .300170 .355–8 .898 110069 .909275 .565231 .94247 .985223 .734164 .988–7 .835 120071 .686281 .725235 .83755 .067223 .189159 .672–6 .950 130073 .299287 .528239 .59262 .317222 .676154 .400–6 .204 140074 .758293 .014243 .21469 .721222 .203149 .166–5 .565 150076 .077298 .218246 .70977 .264221 .774143 .964–5 .013 13. ETHYLENE C2H4 (g)298 .1542 .883219 .316219 .3160 .00052 .40068 .358–11 .976 30043 .059219 .582219 .3170 .07952 .34168 .457–11 .919 40053 .045233 .327221 .124 4 .88149 .25474 .302–9 .703 50062 .479246 .198224 .86410 .66746 .53380 .887–8 .450 60070 .673258 .332229 .44117 .33544 .22187 .982–7 .659 70077 .733269 .770234 .39324 .76442 .27895 .434–7 .121 80083 .868280 .559239 .49632 .85140 .655103 .142–6 .734 90089 .234290 .754244 .63041 .51239 .310111 .036–6 .444 100093 .939300 .405249 .73050 .67538 .205119 .067–6 .219 110098 .061309 .556254 .75660 .28037 .310127 .198–6 .040 1200101 .670318 .247259 .68870 .27136 .596135 .402–5 .894 1300104 .829326 .512264 .51380 .59936 .041143 .660–5 .772 1400107 .594334 .384269 .22591 .22335 .623151 .955–5 .669 1500110 .018341 .892273 .821102 .10735 .327160 .275–5 .581 14. ETHANE C2H6 (g)298 .1552 .487229 .161229 .1610 .000–84 .000–32 .015 5 .609 30052 .711229 .487229 .1620 .097–84 .094–31 .692 5 .518 40065 .459246 .378231 .379 5 .999–88 .988–13 .473 1 .759 50077 .941262 .344235 .98913 .177–93 .238 5 .912–0 .618 60089 .188277 .568241 .66021 .545–96 .77926 .086–2 .271 70099 .136292 .080247 .83530 .972–99 .66346 .800–3 .492 800107 .936305 .904254 .23641 .334–101 .96367 .887–4 .433 900115 .709319 .075260 .71552 .525–103 .75489 .231–5 .179 1000122 .552331 .628267 .18364 .445–105 .105110 .750–5 .785 1100128 .553343 .597273 .59077 .007–106 .082132 .385–6 .286 1200133 .804355 .012279 .90490 .131–106 .741154 .096–6 .708 1300138 .391365 .908286 .103103 .746–107 .131175 .850–7 .066 1400142 .399376 .314292 .178117 .790–107 .292197 .625–7 .373 1500145 .905386 .260298 .121132 .209–107 .260219 .404–7 .640 15. CYCLOPROPANE C3H6 (g)298 .1555 .571237 .488237 .4880 .00053 .300104 .514–18 .310 30055 .941237 .832237 .4890 .10353 .195104 .832–18 .253 40076 .052256 .695239 .924 6 .70847 .967122 .857–16 .043 50093 .859275 .637245 .17715 .23043 .730142 .091–14 .844 600108 .542294 .092251 .80125 .37440 .405162 .089–14 .111 700120 .682311 .763259 .11536 .85437 .825182 .583–13 .624 800130 .910328 .564266 .75549 .44735 .854203 .404–13 .281 900139 .658344 .501274 .51662 .98734 .384224 .441–13 .026 1000147 .207359 .616282 .27777 .33933 .334245 .618–12 .830 1100153 .749373 .961289 .96592 .39532 .640266 .883–12 .673 1200159 .432387 .588297 .538108 .06032 .249288 .197–12 .545 1300164 .378400 .549304 .967124 .25732 .119309 .533–12 .437 1400168 .689412 .892312 .239140 .91532 .215330 .870–12 .345 1500172 .453424 .662319 .344157 .97632 .507352 .193–12 .264 16. PROPANE C3H8 (g)298 .1573 .597270 .313270 .3130 .000–103 .847–23 .458 4 .11030073 .931270 .769270 .3140 .136–103 .972–22 .959 3 .997 40094 .014294 .739273 .4478 .517–110 .3315 .029–0 .657 500112 .591317 .768280 .02518 .872–115 .65834 .507–3 .605 600128 .700339 .753288 .16230 .955–119 .97364 .961–5 .655 700142 .674360 .668297 .03944 .540–123 .38496 .065–7 .168 800154 .766380 .528306 .24559 .427–126 .016127 .603–8 .331 900165 .352399 .381315 .55575 .444–127 .982159 .430–9 .253 1000174 .598417 .293324 .84192 .452–129 .380191 .444–10 .000 1100182 .673434 .321334 .026110 .325–130 .296223 .574–10 .617 1200189 .745450 .526343 .064128 .954–130 .802255 .770–11 .133 1300195 .853465 .961351 .929148 .241–130 .961287 .993–11 .572 1400201 .209480 .675360 .604168 .100–130 .829320 .217–11 .947 1500205 .895494 .721369 .080188 .460–130 .445352 .422–12 .272 17. BENZENE C6H6 (l)298 .15135 .950173 .450173 .4500 .00049 .080124 .521–21 .815 300136 .312174 .292173 .453 .25249 .077124 .989–21 .762 400161 .793216 .837179 .08215 .10248 .978150 .320–19 .630 500207 .599257 .048190 .63933 .20450 .330175 .559–18 .340 18. BENZENE C6H6 (g)298 .1582 .430269 .190269 .1900 .00082 .880129 .750–22 .731 30083 .020269 .700269 .1900 .15382 .780130 .040–22 .641 400113 .510297 .840272 .82310 .00777 .780146 .570–19 .140 500139 .340326 .050280 .65822 .69673 .740164 .260–17 .160 600160 .090353 .360290 .51737 .70670 .490182 .680–15 .903 700176 .790379 .330301 .36054 .57967 .910201 .590–15 .042 800190 .460403 .860312 .65872 .96265 .910220 .820–14 .418 900201 .840426 .970324 .08492 .59764 .410240 .280–13 .945 1000211 .430448 .740335 .473113 .26763 .340259 .890–13 .575 1100219 .580469 .280346 .710134 .82762 .620277 .640–13 .184 1200226 .540488 .690357 .743157 .13762 .200299 .320–13 .029 ******* .520507 .070368 .534180 .09762 .000319 .090–12 .821 1400237 .680524 .490379 .056203 .60761 .990338 .870–12 .643 1500242 .140541 .040389 .302227 .60762 .110358 .640–12 .489 19. NAPHTHALENE C10H8 (cr, l)298 .15165 .720167 .390167 .3900 .00078 .530201 .585–35 .316 300167 .001168 .419167 .3930 .30878 .466202 .349–35 .232 353 .43208 .722198 .948169 .83310 .29096 .099224 .543–33 .186 PHASE TRANSITION: ∆trs H = 18.980 kJ/mol, ∆trs S = 53.702 J/K.mol, cr–l353 .43217 .200252 .650169 .83329 .27096 .099224 .543–33 .186 400241 .577280 .916181 .12439 .91796 .067241 .475–31 .533 470276 .409322 .712199 .11458 .09197 .012266 .859–29 .658 20. NAPHTHALENE C10H8 (g)298 .15131 .920333 .150333 .1500 .000150 .580224 .100–39 .260 300132 .840333 .970333 .1570 .244150 .450224 .560–39 .098 400180 .070378 .800338 .95015 .940144 .190250 .270–32 .681 500219 .740423 .400351 .40036 .000139 .220277 .340–28 .973 600251 .530466 .380367 .00759 .624135 .350305 .330–26 .581 700277 .010507 .140384 .14686 .096132 .330333 .950–24 .919 800297 .730545 .520401 .935114 .868130 .050362 .920–23 .696 900314 .850581 .610419 .918145 .523128 .430392 .150–22 .759 1000329 .170615 .550437 .806177 .744127 .510421 .700–22 .027 ******* .240647 .500455 .426211 .281127 .100450 .630–21 .398 1200351 .500677 .650472 .707245 .932126 .960480 .450–20 .913 1300360 .260706 .130489 .568281 .531127 .060509 .770–20 .482 1400367 .780733 .110506 .009317 .941127 .390539 .740–20 .137 1500374 .270758 .720522 .019355 .051127 .920568 .940–19 .81221. FORMALDEHYDE H2CO (g)298 .1535 .387218 .760218 .7600 .000–108 .700–102 .66717 .987 30035 .443218 .979218 .7610 .066–108 .731–102 .63017 .869 40039 .240229 .665220 .192 3 .789–110 .438–100 .34013 .103 50043 .736238 .900223 .0287 .936–112 .073–97 .62310 .198 60048 .181247 .270226 .38112 .534–113 .545–94 .5928 .235 70052 .280255 .011229 .92417 .560–114 .833–91 .328 6 .815 80055 .941262 .236233 .51722 .975–115 .942–87 .893 5 .739 90059 .156269 .014237 .08828 .734–116 .889–84 .328 4 .894 100061 .951275 .395240 .60334 .792–117 .696–80 .666 4 .213 110064 .368281 .416244 .04241 .111–118 .382–76 .929 3 .653 120066 .453287 .108247 .39647 .655–118 .966–73 .134 3 .183 130068 .251292 .500250 .66054 .392–119 .463–69 .294 2 .784 140069 .803297 .616253 .83361 .297–119 .887–65 .418 2 .441 150071 .146302 .479256 .91568 .346–120 .249–61 .514 2 .142 22. METHANOL CH3OH (g)298 .1544 .101239 .865239 .8650 .000–201 .000–162 .29828 .434 30044 .219240 .139239 .8660 .082–201 .068–162 .05728 .216 40051 .713253 .845241 .685 4 .864–204 .622–148 .50919 .393 50059 .800266 .257245 .37410 .442–207 .750–134 .10914 .010 60067 .294277 .835249 .83016 .803–210 .387–119 .12510 .371 70073 .958288 .719254 .61623 .873–212 .570–103 .7377 .741 80079 .838298 .987259 .52631 .569–214 .350–88 .063 5 .750 90085 .025308 .696264 .45539 .817–215 .782–72 .188 4 .190 100089 .597317 .896269 .34348 .553–216 .916–56 .170 2 .934 110093 .624326 .629274 .15857 .718–217 .794–40 .050 1 .902 120097 .165334 .930278 .87967 .262–218 .457–23 .861 1 .039 1300100 .277342 .833283 .49777 .137–218 .936–7 .6240 .306 1400103 .014350 .367288 .00787 .304–219 .2618 .644–0 .322 1500105 .422357 .558292 .40597 .729–219 .45624 .930–0 .868 23. ACETALDEHYDE C2H4O (g)298 .1555 .318263 .840263 .8400 .000–166 .190–133 .01023 .302 30055 .510264 .180263 .8370 .103–166 .250–132 .80023 .122 40066 .282281 .620266 .147 6 .189–169 .530–121 .13015 .818 50076 .675297 .540270 .85013 .345–172 .420–108 .70011 .356 60085 .942312 .360276 .55021 .486–174 .870–95 .7208 .334 70094 .035326 .230282 .66730 .494–176 .910–82 .350 6 .145 800101 .070339 .260288 .93840 .258–178 .570–68 .730 4 .487 900107 .190351 .520295 .18950 .698–179 .880–54 .920 3 .187 1000112 .490363 .100301 .43161 .669–180 .850–40 .930 2 .138 1100117 .080374 .040307 .53773 .153–181 .560–27 .010 1 .283 1200121 .060384 .400313 .51285 .065–182 .070–12 .8600 .560 1300124 .500394 .230319 .35097 .344–182 .420 1 .240–0 .050 1400127 .490403 .570325 .031109 .954–182 .64015 .470–0 .577 1500130 .090412 .460330 .571122 .834–182 .75029 .580–1 .030 24. ETHANOL C2H5OH (g)298 .1565 .652281 .622281 .6220 .000–234 .800–167 .87429 .410 30065 .926282 .029281 .6230 .122–234 .897–167 .45829 .157 40081 .169303 .076284 .3907 .474–239 .826–144 .21618 .832 50095 .400322 .750290 .11516 .318–243 .940–119 .82012 .517 600107 .656341 .257297 .11226 .487–247 .260–94 .6728 .242 700118 .129358 .659304 .67437 .790–249 .895–69 .023 5 .151 800127 .171375 .038312 .45650 .065–251 .951–43 .038 2 .810 900135 .049390 .482320 .27663 .185–253 .515–16 .8250 .976 1000141 .934405 .075328 .03377 .042–254 .6629 .539–0 .498 1100147 .958418 .892335 .67091 .543–255 .45436 .000–1 .709 1200153 .232431 .997343 .156106 .609–255 .94762 .520–2 .7211300157 .849444 .448350 .473122 .168–256 .18489 .070–3 .579 1400161 .896456 .298357 .612138 .160–256 .206115 .630–4 .314 1500165 .447467 .591364 .571154 .531–256 .044142 .185–4 .951 25. ACETIC ACID C2H4O2 (g)298 .1563 .438283 .470283 .4700 .000–432 .249–374 .25465 .567 30063 .739283 .863283 .4710 .118–432 .324–373 .89365 .100 40079 .665304 .404286 .1647 .296–436 .006–353 .84046 .206 50093 .926323 .751291 .76515 .993–438 .875–332 .95034 .783 600106 .181341 .988298 .63126 .014–440 .993–311 .55427 .123 700116 .627359 .162306 .06437 .169–442 .466–289 .85621 .629 800125 .501375 .331313 .72249 .287–443 .395–267 .98517 .497 900132 .989390 .558321 .42262 .223–443 .873–246 .02614 .279 1000139 .257404 .904329 .06075 .844–443 .982–224 .03411 .702 1100144 .462418 .429336 .57690 .039–443 .798–202 .0469 .594 1200148 .760431 .189343 .933104 .707–443 .385–180 .0867 .839 1300152 .302443 .240351 .113119 .765–442 .795–158 .167 6 .355 1400155 .220454 .637358 .105135 .146–442 .071–136 .299 5 .085 1500157 .631465 .432364 .903150 .793–441 .247–114 .486 3 .987 26. ACETONE C3H6O (g)298 .1574 .517295 .349295 .3490 .000–217 .150–152 .71626 .757 30074 .810295 .809295 .3490 .138–217 .233–152 .33926 .521 40091 .755319 .658298 .4988 .464–222 .212–129 .91316 .962 500107 .864341 .916304 .98818 .464–226 .522–106 .31511 .107 600122 .047362 .836312 .87329 .978–230 .120–81 .9237 .133 700134 .306382 .627321 .47042 .810–233 .049–56 .986 4 .252 800144 .934401 .246330 .26556 .785–235 .350–31 .673 2 .068 900154 .097418 .860339 .14171 .747–237 .149–6 .1090 .353 1000162 .046435 .513347 .95087 .563–238 .40419 .707–1 .030 1100168 .908451 .286356 .617104 .136–239 .28345 .396–2 .157 1200174 .891466 .265365 .155121 .332–239 .82771 .463–3 .110 1300180 .079480 .491373 .513139 .072–240 .12097 .362–3 .912 1400184 .556493 .963381 .596157 .314–240 .203123 .470–4 .607 1500188 .447506 .850389 .533175 .975–240 .120149 .369–5 .202 27. PHENOL C6H6O (g)298 .15103 .220314 .810314 .8100 .000–96 .400–32 .630 5 .720 300103 .860315 .450314 .8100 .192–96 .490–32 .230 5 .610 400135 .790349 .820319 .27812 .217–100 .870–10 .180 1 .330 500161 .910383 .040328 .73627 .152–104 .24012 .970–1 .360 600182 .480414 .450340 .43044 .412–106 .81036 .650–3 .190 700198 .840443 .860353 .13463 .508–108 .80060 .750–4 .530 800212 .140471 .310366 .21184 .079–110 .30085 .020–5 .550 900223 .190496 .950379 .327105 .861–111 .370109 .590–6 .360 1000232 .490520 .960392 .302128 .658–111 .990134 .280–7 .010 ******* .410543 .500405 .033152 .314–112 .280158 .620–7 .530 1200247 .200564 .720417 .468176 .703–112 .390183 .350–7 .980 1300253 .060584 .740429 .568201 .723–112 .330208 .070–8 .360 1400258 .120603 .680441 .331227 .288–112 .120233 .050–8 .700 1500262 .520621 .650452 .767253 .325–111 .780257 .540–8 .970 28. CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE CF4 (g)298 .1561 .050261 .455261 .4550 .000–933 .200–888 .518155 .663 30061 .284261 .833261 .4560 .113–933 .219–888 .240154 .654 40072 .399281 .057264 .001 6 .822–933 .986–873 .120114 .016 50080 .713298 .153269 .15514 .499–934 .372–857 .85289 .618 60086 .783313 .434275 .28422 .890–934 .490–842 .53373 .348 70091 .212327 .162281 .73231 .801–934 .431–827 .21061 .726 80094 .479339 .566288 .19941 .094–934 .261–811 .90353 .011 90096 .929350 .842294 .54250 .670–934 .024–796 .62246 .234100098 .798361 .156300 .69560 .460–933 .745–781 .36940 .814 1100100 .250370 .643306 .62970 .416–933 .442–766 .14636 .381 1200101 .396379 .417312 .33480 .500–933 .125–750 .95232 .688 1300102 .314387 .571317 .81190 .687–932 .800–735 .78429 .564 1400103 .059395 .181323 .069100 .957–932 .470–720 .64126 .887 1500103 .671402 .313328 .116111 .295–932 .137–705 .52224 .568 29. TRIFLUOROMETHANE CHF3 (g)298 .1551 .069259 .675259 .6750 .000–696 .700–662 .237116 .020 30051 .258259 .991259 .6760 .095–696 .735–662 .023115 .267 40061 .148276 .113261 .807 5 .722–698 .427–650 .18684 .905 50069 .631290 .700266 .14912 .275–699 .715–637 .96966 .647 60076 .453304 .022271 .36819 .593–700 .634–625 .52854 .456 70081 .868316 .230276 .91727 .519–701 .253–612 .95745 .739 80086 .201327 .455282 .54235 .930–701 .636–600 .31539 .196 90089 .719337 .818288 .11644 .732–701 .832–587 .63634 .105 100092 .617347 .426293 .57253 .854–701 .879–574 .94430 .032 110095 .038356 .370298 .87963 .240–701 .805–562 .25326 .699 120097 .084364 .730304 .02272 .849–701 .629–549 .57423 .922 130098 .833372 .571308 .99782 .647–701 .368–536 .91321 .573 1400100 .344379 .952313 .80492 .607–701 .033–524 .27419 .561 1500101 .660386 .921318 .449102 .709–700 .635–511 .66217 .817 30. CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHANE CClF3 (g)298 .1566 .886285 .419285 .4190 .000–707 .800–667 .238116 .896 30067 .111285 .834285 .4210 .124–707 .810–666 .986116 .131 40077 .528306 .646288 .1877 .383–708 .153–653 .31685 .313 50085 .013324 .797293 .73415 .532–708 .170–639 .59966 .818 60090 .329340 .794300 .27124 .314–707 .975–625 .90154 .489 70094 .132355 .020307 .09633 .547–707 .654–612 .24645 .686 80096 .899367 .780313 .89743 .106–707 .264–598 .64239 .087 90098 .951379 .317320 .53652 .903–706 .837–585 .09033 .957 1000100 .507389 .827326 .94762 .880–706 .396–571 .58629 .856 1100101 .708399 .465333 .10872 .993–705 .950–558 .12626 .503 1200102 .651408 .357339 .01383 .213–705 .505–544 .70723 .710 1300103 .404416 .604344 .66893 .517–705 .064–531 .32621 .349 1400104 .012424 .290350 .084103 .889–704 .628–517 .97719 .326 1500104 .512431 .484355 .273114 .316–704 .196–504 .66017 .574 31. DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE CCl2F2 (g)298 .1572 .476300 .903300 .9030 .000–486 .000–447 .03078 .317 30072 .691301 .352300 .9050 .134–486 .002–446 .78877 .792 40082 .408323 .682303 .8837 .919–485 .945–433 .71656 .637 50089 .063342 .833309 .80416 .514–485 .618–420 .69243 .949 60093 .635359 .500316 .72925 .663–485 .136–407 .75135 .497 70096 .832374 .189323 .90935 .196–484 .576–394 .89729 .467 80099 .121387 .276331 .02744 .999–483 .984–382 .12624 .950 900100 .801399 .053337 .94255 .000–483 .388–369 .42921 .441 1000102 .062409 .742344 .59665 .146–482 .800–356 .79918 .637 1100103 .030419 .517350 .96975 .402–482 .226–344 .22716 .346 1200103 .786428 .515357 .06185 .745–481 .667–331 .70614 .439 1300104 .388436 .847362 .88296 .154–481 .121–319 .23212 .827 1400104 .874444 .602368 .445106 .618–480 .588–306 .79911 .447 1500105 .270451 .851373 .767117 .126–480 .065–294 .40410 .252 32. CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE CHClF2 (g)298 .1555 .853280 .915280 .9150 .000–475 .000–443 .84577 .759 30056 .039281 .261280 .9160 .104–475 .028–443 .65277 .246 40065 .395298 .701283 .231 6 .188–476 .390–432 .97856 .540 50073 .008314 .145287 .89813 .123–477 .398–422 .00144 .086 60078 .940328 .003293 .44820 .733–478 .103–410 .85135 .767。