Chapter two-three
红楼梦章节概括一句话
红楼梦章节概括一句话**红楼梦章节概括一句话**英文：Chapter One: Introduction to the Stones and the Dream, setting the stage for the tragic tale.Chapter Two: The Jia Family's Prosperity, portraying the opulence and decay within.Chapter Three: Bao-Yu's Childhood, revealing his unique nature and early encounters.Chapter Four: The Entry of Dai-Yu, marking the beginning of a fateful love triangle.Chapter Five: The Festivities of the Jia Family, showcasing the lavish lifestyle and hidden tensions.Chapter Six: The Struggle for Power, exposing the intrigues and ambitions within the family.中文翻译：第一章：石头记与梦幻缘，为悲剧故事拉开序幕。
第二章：贾家荣华，展现家族内部的富贵与腐朽。
第三章：宝玉童年，揭示其独特性格与早期经历。
第四章：黛玉进府，标志着一场命运多舛的三角恋情的开始。
第五章：贾家喜庆，展示奢华生活和隐藏的紧张氛围。
第六章：权力斗争，揭露家族内部的阴谋与野心。
这些章节概括了《红楼梦》中的一些关键情节和主题，从家族的繁荣到内部的矛盾，再到人物之间的情感纠葛，展现了这部古典名著的丰富内涵和深刻思想。
每一章都承载着作者对人性、社会和命运的深刻洞察，使得这部小说成为中国文学史上不朽的经典之作。
civil-engineering-CHAPTER-TWO（土木工程概论英文课件）
civil-engineering-CHAPTER-TWO（土木工程概论英文课件）CHAPTER TWOPREPARATION FOR BEING A CIVIL ENGINEER The first step to be a civil engineer is generally to study civil engineering in a university or college, or major in主修civil engineering or other related programs. In most countries, the certificate （a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts）of Registered Engineer注册工程师is only given to those who have accepted higher education in accredited （given official approval to act）programs. In this chapter, the reader will acquire the information about the typical（of a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing）content of these programs.2 .1 What Kinds of Knowledge Are Necessary for a civil Engineer?Engineering education in universities domestic and abroad includes general education and special engineering education. At first, science and mathematics should be mentioned in general education. Engineering is a system of the applying of science and technology, so scientific principles set the foundation of engineering. This is the most important difference between modern civil engineering and ancient construction activities, although construction has always depended to some extent on scientific principles. Since the Industrial Revolution 工业革命, and even as far back as早在，远在the Renaissance（the revival of learning and culture）, civil engineering has always been a branch of technologic science. For these reasons, science and mathematics become the common base of engineering educationincluding civil engineering education.Owing to the accumulation of several centuries, modern science has accumulated. a massive（containing a great quantity of matter）body of literature and knowledge.However, the beginner need not sit under apple tree to discover the laws of universal gravitation as Isaac Newton did in legend（a story about mythical）. Neither does he have to exhaust （wear out completely）his brain for the principle of transform between energy and the mass. Based on the work of numerous pioneers, new students can now enter into the paradise of science easily. Nowadays, engineering is a synthetic system not only depending on traditional mechanics, but also closely relating to advanced science. You can find the courses such as Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Material Science, Environmental Science, and perhaps more, in your civil engineering program.One characteristic of modern science is that it can be described exactly and beautifully by mathematics. So the engineer should grasp this powerful tool to solve the problems they will meet in engineering analysis, design, planning and control. In this aspect, engineering students should learn advanced mathematics高等数学including analyticgeometry解析几何；分析几何学（the use of algebra代数学to study geometric properties）;, differential and integral calculus 微积分, progression, differential equation微分方程（an equation containing differentials of a function）. In addition, study of linear algebra线性代数, matrix, probability, numerical methods数值方法；计算方法is usually required by Civil Engineering Program. Using all of this knowledge, an engineer is able to predict preciselyimportant things about the project. For example, an engineercan tell whether a house or a bridge is safe or dangerous when earthquake occurs, or when it is hit by a hurricane. How can the skilled engineer do it? The engineer does this by using abstract models from physical objects（物理对象visible entity）, which can be described and predicted by mathematics. Mathematics数学运算provides engineers with a solid foundation in their engineering activities. Furthermore, by strict training through verification确认，查证；核实（additional proof that something that was believed (some fact or hypothesis or theory) is correct）, deduction推论（something that is inferred）and calculation in the study of mathematics, one will accustom oneself to logicality, strictness, and more rationality; important qualities for a good engineer.An engineer not only just takes the responsibility or the technology and production activities of a project but also has the duty to the society. Does your engineering project benefit your people and society or harm them? A qualified engineer should be conscientiously aware of this point at all times and for this reason universities also organize social science and humanities education for their students. Students enrolling in engineering programs should accept the education in this aspect. Philosophy, ethics, history, literature, aesthetics（the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art), as well economics, management （the act of managing something）and foreign language are a useful and necessary tool.The necessary knowledge for professional occupation of civil engineering is composed of two parts; base knowledge for entire civil engineering and corresponding knowledge for a special aspect.Most civil engineering projects can be seen as varieties of structures. In order to ensure the safety of structures, civil engineers should understand their mechanical properties力学性能, such as forces, stresses （force that produces strain on a physical body）, displacements （move something from its natural environment）and deformations（the act of twisting or deforming the shape of something）of the structures, caused by the weight of the structure itself and facilities, winds on the structure, vehicles车辆, varying of temperatures, and perhaps earthquakes. Courses, usually named mechanics of materials材料力学, structural analysis结构分析, elasticity（the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed）, are set for this purpose. Because civil engineering projects are laid on or under the ground, to know soil and rock properties well is necessary. Thus geo-engineering, soil mechanics and foundation studies are also base knowledge. Water and wind, those will act on or react with the structures, have common properties in the view of mechanics, and fluid mechanics流体力学（study of the mechanics of fluids）deals with the concerned theories. Furthermore, a knowledge of engineering chart drawing (a skill to express the design idea by pictures in common rules understood by engineers* technicians and workers), surveying(to measure the landform for construction), and electricity, machinery, construction management建筑工程管理and general technic, budget（a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose）, bidding投标；出价（the number of tricks a bridge player is willing to contract to make）the tendering are also required.绘制应力应变图Since civil engineering covers many fields of knowledge with many aspects which will be found in the rest chapters of thisbook, it is impossible to learn all of the knowledge in these areas. Almost all of the universities in the world to provide students with several options to enable them to specialize专门研究in the fields mentioned in Chapter One. Such a method is also being re-accepted by civil engineering education in China since 1998 although it was the way in the early history of higher civil engineering education before 1950s. For example, students can now choose options in building structures, bridge, tunnel, road pavement and construction, railway and so on, to know how to design, construct, and organize a civil engineering project. And the students are usually encouraged to choose more options for their future professional life.You can choose one of them as your direction2 2 What Can the University Education Provide for Students?COURSES: Basically, university offers students a variety of courses. The branches of knowledge mentioned above are involved in the courses and courses are usually divided into three types: requirement anything indispensable, approved electives批准选修, and free choice.The requirement and approval electives are both the courses that the students majored in must learn. There are some differences between the two types. Students can not miss any requirement course while have limited right to elect some of the approved electives. In that case那样的话a university usually tells students the minimum which they should choose in the list of the approval electives. As for关于the free choice, universities normally ask for a necessary number of credits or class hours. Those who hope to graduate and be awarded the corresponding degree, have to meet the requirement of the university or the school.Universities should continually adjust teaching plans and course tables 课程表with the development of science and technology, to meet the needs of future engineers. So the contents of courses are changed from time to time.TEACHERS: As in middle and high schools,teachers in universities give lectures, check homework, organize panel discussion专题讨论会(discussion of a subject of public interest by a group of persons forming a panel usually before an audience) for special problems, guide the students to experiments and also check answers in test sheets at the end of semester.Simultaneously, most of them play the role of scientists and/or engineers. They publish research papers研究论文in journals, spend much time in laboratory to verify a new discovery, test a renewal material with the engineering purpose, or design and make a new tool for engineering purpose. Some of them are registered engineers注册土木工程师if their field is civil engineering, and even have their own design institutes. In famous universities, when you knock a door to ask your professor a question, you will be probably told that the professor who you are talking is a respectable academician of Academy of Sciences orEngineering. The groups of wisdoms, who are good at theories and practice experience, are the best gift the universities afford to the students. Unlike the teachers in middle and high schools, university professors rarely monitor your daily study, because they appreciate students should study on individual initiative.With the development of internet, the tele-course is becoming fashionable. A young student will be in a puzzle about the large number of teachers in one university, but will find, faceto face lecture and discussion is always charming, and direct communication not limited in speech. Communication is also by means of expression of teacher's eyes and gestures. The close distance between you, your classmates and the lecturer, will make for an excited atmosphere, it is why since Socrates苏格拉底（古希腊哲学家）(ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC), Confucius孔子（中国哲学家，教育家）(Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC), no matter how modern the society has become, and no matter what kind of high tech is introduced into the education process, the university always keeps its campus and excellent scholars学者们in a remarkable size.LABORATORY AND SITE PRACTICE BASE: For engineering colleges, the laboratories equipped with variety of test machines and measuring devices, and opened to students are indispensable. There are several types of experiments with special purpose, for demonstration, observation, validation确认；批准；生效(the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something), practical training实习训练, exploration探究(a careful systematic search), or others. The basic experimental skill necessary for engineers can be learned in the laboratories. Most of test items测验项目are specified in the textbook, and detailed instruction is printed. In recent years, universities in China encourage students to design the experiments themselves, and do what they are interested in the related fields, to make students have the desire for innovation.It is cognized that a qualified engineer should possess rich experience obtained from engineering practice, so practicalexercise becomes one important part of the education plan of civil engineering program. Laboratory training is part of this practical training.Others are design work both in classroom and in workroom of consulting companies or design institutes, construction site work, geologic investigation地质勘察, surveying and measurement outside. In most cases Chinese universities, set practice bases at construction companies and design institutes. Usually students are requested to join the construction site work during the summer or winter vacation. A new procedure is tried in a few universities to ask students to search the projects being constructed and go there for their practical training. The procedure itself is taken as a practice. Most universities take the practical trainings to be requirement or approved electives.LIBRARY AND OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES: Self-study is a typical mode of university students. Successful students are always those who do not satisfy the contents of lectures and homework given by teachers. For themcomprehensive reading is undertaken outside indicated textbooks. Books, journals, reports and dissertations学位论文in the form of collection of printed pages打印页面which are stored in the book shelves are also read. Of course, the libraries in modern universities are reformed with the computer system and network, and the electronic libraries make it more convenient for students more convenience to borrow and read. The ability to search, find, and grasp information becomes more and more important in this age, and it is the task of the university education to let students have this ability.SPIRIT AND ATMOSPHERE: In the common sense, the universities are the place where there are freedom for thinking,equality in academy, and advocation of creation. Furthermore, the alternation of new students every year, make university campuses full of the energy of the younger generation.New student military trainingACTIVITIES OUT OF CLASS: there are different student organizations in the campus that help connect classroom to career, develop professionalism, increase technical proficiency, and refine ethical judgment. For example, the Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) of British welcomes the students enrolled in program of civil engineering to be student members; even ICE develops its members in Chinese universities.Recently American Society of Civil Engineering ( ASCE) joined this action too. There are many sports teams for soccer, basketball, badminton, swimming, track and field, which are organized inter-class, department and even college. Societies in literatures and arts, will afford students a total different area from those in the class.2.3 What Abilities Shall a Future Civil Engineer Possess?THE ABILITY TO APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE：Elementary knowledge is essential to a civil engineering student. In common, by four-year period study, the student should be proficient熟练的，精通的in mathematics through differential equations 微分方程, probability and statistics概率论与数理统计, calculus-based physics微积分学, and general chemistry普通化学; proficiency ln the material mechanics材料力学, fluidmechanics流体力学, structural analysis and geo-techknowledge? good command of theprimary skills for engineering survey, drawing, test, and calculation and design, and at least deeper understanding several major civil engineering areas.The emphasis should be shifted to the application of the knowledge after we understand the importance of the knowledge. 'To know' is mere the first step. For engineers, the more important thing is to apply his knowledge i.e. natural science, mathematics and elementary engineering knowledge recorded in the textbooks or papers in the form of rules, principles, formulae and data, to solve engineering problems.THE ABILITY TO CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS AND EXPLAN THE RESULTS: The ability to plan and conduct experiments and analyse the results are basic aspects of the engineer's abilities.The future engineer is required to conduct laboratory experiments and to critically analyze and interpret data. Though many problems can be solved efficiently and economically by computation in a fine mechanical model, it is not everything. When new material or new structural system is used in civil engineering project, there are new variables which are not reflected, covered in the ready-made model. It will be dangerous if engineers do not change their mathematical model in time. However, how to calibrate the model? The most practical way is to do an experiment. Similar things also encounter in built-up or 'older' constructions, because there are many unknown factors. For example, material used in the structure will weaken, be damaged and lose its function through the duration of a structure's life while the change cannot usually be fully expected at the beginning. And on the other hand, the surroundings, conditions and real loads can also change. Engineers and researchers make the same phenomena, in most case, to recur (happen or occur again) in the laboratory, so that they can reveal the mechanism which now should be understood for the purpose of the safety of the structure. Though according to the basetheory, research engineers are able to judge the results of the experiments, it is common that the observed phenomena or obtained data in the experiments conflict with the known knowledge. In this case, the conflict will bring new discovery and improve an engineer's work. Give a rational explanation to a seemingly strange phenomenon is a wonderful task. It needs to synthesize knowledge of many subjects and to create new knowledge which is not mentioned or recorded in the literature.THE ABILITY OF DESIGN: For engineers, the ability to design a system, a component- or a procedure of construction is basically required. Civil engineers are creating substantial entities every day and everywhere in the world. Before they make them，they should be 'described'. It is the description of the non-existed entity that is called 'design'. The design shows what the future project is, and how to make it in a language which can be understood by constructors. The engineering design is quite different from the design of a piece of artwork, though we sometimes hear the admiration for a building as 'a graceful sculpture'. However, an artist can make a sculpture horse supporting only by one hoof, it will be impossible at ten times the size because the weight increases in three power of the size. Here the key factors will be functionality, safety and low-cost. It means that only the design which meets this requirements is practicable. So the engineering design work should obey the codes, specifications and guidance which arebased on scientific principles and the summary of accumulated experience. On the other hand, as an enterprising engineer. he or she never satisfies the existed ways or technics, so to search a possible way under the limited conditions to realize the 'impossible' things in design will be a challengeable butcharming work forever.THE ABILITY TO COOPERATE WITH WORKING TEAM: An engineer never work alone. Each project is a system, so the design work involves many people' efforts. For a big size building structure, the structural engineers should work with other experts from different disciplines, such as architects, surveyors, mechanical engineers and electricians. In the past, a skilful engineer would play several roles in a project with small size, but nowadays the different jobs should be taken by qualified engineers possessing certificates. When you are in the position of chief engineer in the work team, you should be in more harmony with your fellows. in order to cooperate with others well, every engineer should know how to hear and understand others, to consider things in both sides, you and your fellows, and to make necessary concession after discussion or even quarrels.THE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY:This is the ability which is an engineer should pay more attention to in the modern society. T o the engineer, as a designer, you should let your clients to accept your design, recognize that what you designed is the most suitable one in many possibilities; you should let the examiners and officers from government believe that your design accords with the low and specification so that the public and surroundings are safety? and you should let the contractors, manufacturers and construction companies understand your consideration and its rationality and feasibility. After being an engineer, you will find that you are frequently asked to attend meetings, to explain something for the project you designed, and you have to go to the construction site to hear new problems and tell the technician the answers. All of these need good communication unfortunately, until now our highschools and universities gave few chances to most of students to train their communication skills. Young engineering students now should take this seriously, and make great efforts to improve their communication ability.The basic element of communication is to speak. So try to look on your audience, no matter in seminars, in meetings or even in your friends' parties, make your voice loud, speak clearly and use plain but vivid vocabulary as possible.Besides speaking, the effective communication includes writing skill and expression of one's idea both in pictures and simple formulas. There are many skills you should learn, but the most important thing is to remember that the purpose of effective communication is for thoroughly understanding between you and your companion.Communication is not the same thing performing on a stage, where the key point should be exchange of information successfully. Good communication skill also includes hearing and considering companion's opinion. Discussion is also involved in the process of communication.2.4How Do You Match the Demands of the Program Education?Through four-year-period study to make yourselves acquire basic knowledge and training for being an engineer is one of the main targets that makes you enter into a university and enroll into a special engineering program.University is a new circumstance to freshmen students. For those who just left high school, and perhaps many of them are first time to sleep in dormitory of school, they should he familiar with the new life as early as possible.STUDY IN CLASSROOM: Needless to say, study is the mostimportant task. There are many things to 'study'. However, to study and understand the knowledge which are necessary for the education objectives as introduced previously in this chapter and specified by the program, education plan is the basic requirement.As a student, you have had the school experience more than ten years, so you know the study skill well; reading textbooks, attending the lectures, taking noteswhen listening, doing homework ............... .. those are almost the same as in high schools. But something changes.The engineering students usually do not have their fixed classroom. They should move from one building to another during the ten minute break between classes. Nobody shares one standard curriculum schedule with his classmates in the same program, especially in the junior and senior year. Students have the opportunity to choose what they 'prefer', and every one shall type the number of the course he wants to join in the next semester into the computer registered system, or after a long queue outside the administration office to fill in course register form. To Chinese students, the most difference from the traditional high school is perhaps that no teacher will strictly monitor your daily study life.Are you free? Certainly. But, just to certain extentSame as the other programs, the Civil Engineering Program requires necessary credits before you are approved to graduate from the university. Each course has its credits according to the class hours and the importance. After passing the examination, you can obtain the pointed credits. If the program asks its students to fulfill total 150 credits, you will never expect to be awarded the engineering bachelor degree in the case that youearned only 149 credits! Furthermore, as you have known, the courses you have to take are divided into three types, requirements, approval electives and free choice, but to each of the three types, the program education plan specifies a certain amount of credits you have to obtain. That is to say your freedom is not infinite.Sometimes, a student will be informed that he did not meet the requirement of the program because he does not pick enough credits in approval electives indicated by the program education plan. So, students had better to read program education plan and student manual carefully once enrolling in the program, and to follow it in the following days. What your tutor who is designated by the department for you, if any can do is to give you some suggestion or advice when you consider to choosesomething.To finish all the courses the program asks is important, and to get high points is encouraged. When you pursue advanced degree study, or apply for a good position1)i n your career life after graduation, high points are always helpful at the beginning. However, good students are not those who only know the description printed on the books or recite the formulae, but fail to explain practical phenomenon,to discover unknown things and to have strong motivation to create new knowledge himself. So university professors encourage students to consider problems in different views, and appreciate students to observe in their own eyes and to ask questions after thinking.JOIN ACTIVITIES IN CAMPUS OUT OF CLASS ACTIVELY: Since an engineer needs to learn effective communication with othersand smooth cooperation with work teams, and to be a good fellow and a success leader both in engineering and social activities, engineering students ought not to localize their 'study' only in academy or pure specialty. Fortunately, a university is such a school that provides with plenty of opportunities to those who would like to develop their multi-talents so that campus activities are called the 'amateurish classroom'. To join one or several activities which attract you in variety of campus activities, i.e. sports, drama and concerts, forums, competitions, clubs and reading party, will benefit your spirits and brain, enlarge your friend circle and get a way more comfortable to develop yourself. It is the university tradition to encourage students to join campus activities.PERSIST IN PHYSICAL EXERCISE: It is not a special requirement to civil engineering program students. Keeping in good health makes people to have confidence to live and work, to ensure the engineers energetically devote themselves into heavy work. By the way, though it is said not to work too heavy, in fact the work of civil engineers is really a heavy one, considering the duty engineer must take for the safety of human being and the society!Universities seek two main achievements in this aspect: to let the daily physical exercise become one of the personal customs of students and to train students to have some basic skills for physical exercise. Both of these are indispensable preparation for a qualified engineer.BE AWARE OF SOCIAL RESPOSSIBILITY:了解社会责任Why has society established a register engineer system, and why has this system been widely accepted by most of the industrial countries? The answer is that each engineering project that engineersinvolved in is not only a solution to a pure technical problem. At first, it will relate to the safety of life and estate. The failure of a building, collapse of a bridge or even a serious accident when undergoing construction may induce a real catastrophe to people, and make the loss of life and estate. So society asks that engineers who take the technical responsibility to the projects must be those who are qualified in knowledge and abilities. The procedure to cognize the candidate's qualification in engineering is the matter of register engineer system.With the development of natural and social science, people have more comprehensive understanding to human being and the relation with the world. In such a background, engineers should consider more and take larger responsibilities. The engineers are being required to understand the relation of his engineering projects with the society, and theinfluence of the projects on environment and continuous development. For example, if an industry building to be built will bring high benefits to investors, but also high risk to pollute the rivers and surrounding soils, what should the civil engineers do? The civil engineers shall be aware of the responsibility to cooperate with the experts in that field to solve the problem. In that case, a structural engineer may adjust the previous concept design if necessary.To be a responsible and conscientious engineer, the engineering student in the university should leave himself enough time to contact comprehensive knowledge about ethics, history and cultures of the different construction regions, beyond engineering subjects. The student needs to develop fine personality. A selfish person will be difficult to be a good engineer.。
CHAPTER TWO
2.1.1 以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称
疾病-arthritis（关节炎），bronchitis（支气管炎），
rickets（软骨病），
mumps（腮腺炎）， diabetes（糖尿病）-用作单数
Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. Arthritis is a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of body. Phlebitis（静脉炎） is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.
The herd of cows and claves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes.
2.2.4 a committee of 等+复数名词
如果主语是由a committee of/a panel of/a（the）board of+复数名词构成，动词通 常用单数。 A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter. A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition, It is meeting tomorrow.
2.5 Concord of Others
1. PRINCIPLES OF COCORD
Grammatical
Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity
1.1 GRAMATICAL CONCORD
公司法英文对照(1)完整篇.doc
公司法英文对照（1）-; TABLE OF CONTENTS; 第一章：总则Chapter One：General Provisions; 第二章：有限责任公司的设立和组织机构Chapter Two：Establishment and Organs of Limited Liability Company; 第一节：设立Section One Establishment; 第二节：组织机构Section Two Organs; 第三节：国有独资公司Section Three. Wholly State-owned Company; 第三章：股份有限公司的设立和组织机构Chapter Three：Establishment and Organs of Joint Stock Limited Company; 第一节：设立Section One. Establishment; 第二节：股东大会Section Two. Shareholders’ general committee; 第三节：董事会、经理Section Three. Board Of Directors And General Manager; 第四节：监事会Section Four. Board Of Supervisors; 第四章：股份有限公司的股份发行和转让Chapter Four：Issue and Transfer of Shares of Joint Stock Limited Company; 第一节：股份发行Section One. Issue Of Shares; 第二节：股份转让Section Two. Transfer Of Shares; 第三节：上市公司Section Three. Listed Company; 第五章：公司债券Chapter Five：Company Bonds; 第六章：公司财务、会计Chapter Six：Financial and Accounting Affairs of Company; 第七章：公司合并、分立Chapter Seven：Merger and Division of Company; 第八章：公司破产、解散和清算Chapter Eight：Bankruptcy，Dissolution and Liquidation of Company; 第九章：外国公司的分支机构Chapter Nine：Branch of Foreign Company; 第十章：法律责任Chapter Ten：Legal Liabilities; 第十一章：附则Chapter Eleven：Supplementary Provisions; 第一章：总则Chapter One：General Provisions; 第一条：为了适应建立现代企业制度的需要，规范公司的组织和行为，保护公司、股东和债权人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，根据宪法，制定本法。
2 chapter three William Langland(朗格兰)
• 农夫皮尔斯》是一部用中古英语西中部方言 写的押头韵的寓言长诗，用梦幻的形式和寓 意的象征，写出了1381年农民暴动前后的农 村现实，笔锋常带严峻的是非之感。作者通 过这一寓言批判了僧俗各界的寄生性和社会 上贿赂公行、追逐财利的现象，肯定了国王 的作用，希望他能凭理性和良心治国。作者 在这里还用寓言的形式说明要获得真理必须 首先通过诚实的劳动。他对贫苦的劳动者表 示极大的同情，反对怠惰和寄生生活，但他 要求劳动者恪守本分，不同意他们要求增加 工资。
① It’s a realistic picture of medieval England, better than any historical record. It praises the poor peasants, and condemns and exposes the sins of the oppressors, and thus it played an important part in arousing the revolutionary sentiment on the eve of the Rising of 1381 headed by Wat Tyler and John Ball.
• 《农夫皮尔斯》的艺术成就和思想内涵 远远超过了文学的范围。14世纪末英国 农民起义的领袖就曾引用该作品中的诗 句来作为革命口号。从14至16世纪的宗 教改革运动中，许多代表人物都曾直接 或间接地提到过这部作品。因此无论在 文学、历史和宗教等研究领域中，它都 是一部必读的作品。
Geoffrey Chaucer(13401400)
The Parliament of Fowls The House of Fame
• 乔叟的诗歌创作分为三个时期：①法国影响时 期（1360～1372）：主要翻译并仿效法国诗 人的作品，创作了《悼公爵夫人》，用伦敦方 言翻译了法国中世纪长篇叙事诗《玫瑰传奇》 等。②意大利影响时期（1372～1386）：诗 人接触了资产阶级人文主义的进步思想。这一 时期的创作如《百鸟会议》、《特罗伊勒斯和 克莱西德》、《好女人的故事》，反映了作者 面向生活现实的创作态度和人文主义观点。③ 成熟时期（1386～1400）：乔叟在这最后15 年里从事《坎特伯雷故事集》的创作。无论在 内容和技巧上都达到他创作的顶峰。他首创的 英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用，被 誉为“英国诗歌之父”。
Chapter 3_2
Chapter 3The Dominant Primordial BeastThe dominant primordial beast was strong in Buck, and under thefierce conditions of trail life it grew and grew. Yet it was a secret growth.His newborn cunning gave him poise and control. He was too busyadjusting himself to the new life to feel at ease, and not only did he notpick fights, but he avoided them whenever possible. A certaindeliberateness characterized his attitude. He was not prone to rashnessand precipitate action; and in the bitter hatred between him and Spitz hebetrayed no impatience, shunned all offensive acts.On the other hand, possibly because he divined in Buck a dangerousrival, Spitz never lost an opportunity of showing his teeth. He evenwent out of his way to bully Buck, strivingconstantly to start the fightwhich could end only in the death of one or the other. Early in the tripthis might have taken place had it not been for an unwonted accident.At the end of this day they made a bleak and miserable camp on theshore of Lake Le Barge. Driving snow, a wind that cut like a white-hotknife, and darkness had forced them to grope for a camping place.They could hardly have fared worse. At their backs rose aperpendicular wall of rock, and Perrault and Francois were compelled tomake their fire and spread their sleeping robes on the ice of the lakeitself. The tent they had discarded at Dyea in order to travel light. Afew sticks of driftwood furnished them with a fire that thawed downthrough the ice and left them to eat supper in the dark.Close in under the sheltering rock Buck made his nest. Sosnug andwarm was it, that he was loath to leave it when Francois distributed thefish which he had first thawed over the fire. But when Buck finishedhis ration and returned, he found his nest occupied. A warning snarltold him that the trespasser was Spitz. Till now Buck had avoidedtrouble with his enemy, but this was too much. The beast in him roared.He sprang upon Spitz with a fury which surprised them both, and Spitzparticularly, for his whole experience with Buck had gone to teach himthat his rival was an unusually timid dog, who managed to hold his ownonly because of his great weight and size.Francois was surprised, too, when they shot out in a tangle from thedisrupted nest and he divined the cause of the trouble. "A-a- ah!" hecried to Buck. "Gif it to heem, by Gar! Gif it to heem, the dirty t'eef!"Spitz was equally willing. He was crying with sheer rage andeagerness as he circled back and forth fora chance to spring in. Buckwas no less eager, and no less cautious, as he likewise circled back andforth for the advantage. But it was then that the unexpected happened,the thing which projected their struggle for supremacy far into the future,past many a weary mile of trail and toil.An oath from Perrault, the resounding impact of a club upon a bonyframe, and a shrill yelp of pain, heralded the breaking forth ofpandemonium. The camp was suddenly discovered to be alive withskulking furry forms, - starving huskies, four or five score of them, whohad scented the camp from some Indian village. They had crept inwhile Buck and Spitz were fighting, and when the two men sprangamong them with stout clubs they showed their teeth and fought back.They were crazed by the smell of the food. Perrault found one withhead buried in the grub-box. His club landed heavilyon the gaunt ribs,and the grub-box was capsized on the ground. On the instant a score ofthe famished brutes were scrambling for the bread and bacon. Theclubs fell upon them unheeded. They yelped and howled under the rainof blows, but struggled none the less madly till the last crumb had been devoured.In the meantime the astonished team-dogs had burst out of theirnests only to be set upon by the fierce invaders. Never had Buck seensuch dogs. it seemed as though their bones would burst through theirskins. They were mere skeletons, draped loosely in draggled hides,with blazing eyes and slavered fangs. But the hunger-madness made them terrifying, irresistible. There was no opposing them. The team-dogs were swept back against the cliff at the first onset. Buck wasbeset by three huskies, and in a trice his head and shoulders were rippedand slashed. The din was frightful. Billee was crying as usual.Dave and Sol-leks, dripping blood from a score of wounds, werefighting bravely side by side. Joe was snapping like a demon. Once,his teeth closed on the fore leg of a husky, and he crunched downthrough the bone. Pike, the malingerer, leaped upon the crippled animal,breaking its neck with a quick flash of teeth and a jerk, Buck got afrothing adversary by the throat, and was sprayed with blood when histeeth sank through the jugular. The warm taste of it in his mouthgoaded him to greater fierceness. He flung himself upon another, andat the same time felt teeth sink into his own throat. It was Spitz,treacherously attacking from the side.Perrault and Francois, having cleaned out their part of the camp,hurried to save their sled-dogs. The wild wave of famished beastsrolled back before them, and Buck shook himself free. But it was onlyfor a moment. The two men were compelled to run backto save thegrub, upon which the huskies returned to the attack on the team. Billee,terrified into bravery, sprang through the savage circle and fled awayover the ice. Pike and Dub followed on his heels, with the rest of theteam behind. As Buck drew himself together to spring after them, outof the tail of his eye he saw Spitz rush upon him with the evidentintention of overthrowing him. Once off his feet and under that massof huskies, there was no hope for him. But he braced himself to theshock of Spitz's charge, then joined the flight out on the lake.Later, the nine team-dogs gathered together and sought shelter in theforest. Though unpursued, they were in a sorry plight. There was notone who was not wounded in four or five places, while some werewounded grievously. Dub was badly injured in a hind leg; Dolly, thelast husky added to the teamat Dyea, had a badly torn throat; Joe hadlost an eye; while Billee, the good-natured, with an ear chewed and rentto ribbons, cried and whimpered throughout the night. At daybreakthey limped warily back to camp, to find the marauders gone and thetwo men in bad tempers. Fully half their grub supply was gone. Thehuskies had chewed through the sled lashings and canvas coverings. Infact, nothing, no matter how remotely eatable, had escaped them. Theyhad eaten a pair of Perrault's moose-hide moccasins, chunks out of theleather traces, and even two feet of lash from the end of Francois's whip.He broke from a mournful contemplation of it to look over his wounded dogs."Ah, my frien's," he said softly, "mebbe it mek you mad dog, dosemany bites. Mebbe all mad dog, sacredam! Wot you t'ink, eh, Perrault?"The courier shook his head dubiously. With fourhundred miles oftrail still between him and Dawson, he could ill afford to have madnessbreak out among his dogs. Two hours of cursing and exertion got theharnesses into shape, and the wound-stiffened team was under way,struggling painfully over the hardest part of the trail they had yetencountered, and for that matter, the hardest between them and Dawson.The Thirty Mile River was wide open. Its wild water defied thefrost, and it was in the eddies only and in the quiet places that the iceheld at all. Six days of exhausting toil were required to cover thosethirty terrible miles. And terrible they were, for every foot of them wasaccomplished at the risk of life to dog and man. A dozen times,Perrault, nosing the way broke through the ice bridges, being saved bythe long pole he carried, which he so held that it fell each time across thehole made by his body. But a cold snap was on, the thermometerregisteringfifty below zero, and each time he broke through he wascompelled for very life to build a fire and dry his garments.Nothing daunted him. It was because nothing daunted him that hehad been chosen for government courier. He took all manner of risks,resolutely thrusting his little weazened face into the frost and strugglingon from dim dawn to dark. He skirted the frowning shores on rim icethat bent and crackled under foot and upon which they dared not halt.Once, the sled broke through, with Dave and Buck, and they were half-frozen and all but drowned by the time they were dragged out. Theusual fire was necessary to save them. They were coated solidly withice, and the two men kept them on the run around the fire, sweating andthawing, so close that they were singed by the flames.At another time Spitz went through, dragging the whole teamafterhim up to Buck, who strained backward with all his strength, his foreThe Call of the Wild25paws on the slippery edge and the ice quivering and snapping all around.But behind him was Dave, likewise straining backward, and behind thesled was Francois, pulling till his tendons cracked.Again, the rim ice broke away before and behind, and there was noescape except up the cliff. Perrault scaled it by a miracle, whileFrancois prayed for just that miracle; and with every thong and sledlashing and the last bit of harness rove into a long rope, the dogs werehoisted, one by one, to the cliff crest. Francois came up last, after thesled and load. Then came the search for a place to descend, whichdescent was ultimately made by the aid of the rope, and night foundthem back on the river with a quarter of a mile to the day's credit.By the time they made the Hootalinqua and good ice, Buckwasplayed out. The rest of the dogs were in like condition; but Perrault, tomake up lost time, pushed them late and early. The first day theycovered thirty-five miles to the Big Salmon; the next day thirty-fivemore to the Little Salmon; the third day forty miles, which brought themwell up toward the Five Fingers.Buck's feet were not so compact and hard as the feet of the huskies.His had softened during the many generations since the day his last wildancestor was tamed by a cave-dweller or river man. AU day long helimped in agony, and camp once made, lay down like a dead dog.Hungry as he was, he would not move to receive his ration of fish,which Francois had to bring to him. Also, the dog-driver rubbedBuck's feet for half an hour each night after supper, and sacrificed thetops of his own moccasins to make four moccasinsfor Buck. This wasa great relief, and Buck caused even the weazened face of Perrault totwist itself into a grin one morning, when Francois forgot the moccasinsand Buck lay on his back, his four feet waving appealingly in the air, andrefused to budge without them. Later his feet grew hard to the trail,and the worn-out foot-gear was thrown away.At the Pelly one morning, as they were harnessing up, Dolly, whohad never been conspicuous for anything, went suddenly mad. Sheannounced her condition by a long, heartbreaking wolf howl that sentevery dog bristling with fear, then sprang straight for Buck. He hadnever seen a dog go mad, nor did he have any reason to fear madness;yet he knew that here was horror, and fled away from it in a panic.Straight away he raced, with Dolly, panting and frothing, one leapbehind; nor could she gain on him, so great was histerror, nor could heleave her, so great was her madness. He plunged through the woodedbreast of the island, flew down to the lower end, crossed a back channelfilled with rough ice to another island, gained a third island, curved backto the main river, and in desperation started to cross it. And all the time,though he did not took, he could hear her snarling just one leap behind.Francois called to him a quarter of a mile away and he doubled back,still one leap ahead, gasping painfully for air and putting all his faith inthat Francois would save him. The dog-driver held the axe poised inhis hand, and as Buck shot past him the axe crashed down upon madDolly's head.Buck staggered over against the sled, exhausted, sobbing for breath,helpless. This was Spitz's opportunity. He sprang upon Buck, andtwice his teeth sank into his unresisting foe andripped and tore the fleshto the bone. Then Francois's lash descended, and Buck had thesatisfaction of watching Spitz receive the worst whipping as yetadministered to any of the teams."One devil, dat Spitz," remarked Perrault. "Some dam day heem keel dat Buck.""Dat Buck two devils, " was Francois's rejoinder. "All de tam Iwatch dat Buck I know for sure. Lissen: some dam fine day heem getmad lak hell an' den heem chew dat Spitz all up an) spit heem out on desnow. Sure. I know."From then on it was war between them. Spitz, as lead-dog andacknowledged master of the team, felt his supremacy threatened by thisstrange Southland dog. And strange Buck was to him, for of the manySouthland dogs he had known, not one had shown up worthily in campand on trail. They were all too soft, dying under the toil, the frost, andstarvation. Buck was theexception. He alone endured and prospered,matching the husky in strength, savagery, and cunning. Then he was amasterful dog, and what made him dangerous was the fact that the clubof the man in the red sweater had knocked all blind pluck and rashnessout of his desire for mastery. He was preeminently cunning, and couldbide his time with a patience that was nothing less than primitive.It was inevitable that the clash for leadership should come. Buckwanted it. He wanted it because it was his nature, because he had beengripped tight by that nameless, incomprehensible pride of the trail andtrace--that pride which holds dogs in the toil to the last gasp, which luresthem to die joyfully in the harness, and breaks their hearts if they are cutout of the harness. This was the pride of Dave as wheel-dog, of Sol-leks as he pulled with all his strength; the pride that laid holdof them atbreak of camp, transforming them from sour and sullen brutes intostraining, eager, ambitious creatures; the pride that spurred them on allday and dropped them at pitch of camp at night, letting them fall backinto gloomy unrest and uncontent. This was the pride that bore upSpitz and made him thrash the sled-dogs who blundered and shirked inthe traces or hid away at harness-up time in the morning. Likewise itwas this pride that made him fear Buck as a possible lead-dog. Andthis was Buck's pride, too.He openly threatened the other's leadership. He came between himand the shirks he should have punished. And he did it deliberately.One night there was a heavy snowfall, and in the morning Pike, themalingerer, did not appear. He was securely hidden in his nest under afoot of snow. Francois called him and soughthim in vain. Spitz waswild with wrath. He raged through the camp, smelling and digging inevery likely place, snarling so frightfully that Pike heard and shivered inhis hiding-place.But when he was at last unearthed, and Spitz flew at him to punishhim, Buck flew, with equal rage, in between. So unexpected was it,and so shrewdly managed, that Spitz was hurled backward and off hisfeet. Pike, who had been trembling abjectly, took heart at this openmutiny, and sprang upon his overthrown leader. Buck, to whom fairplay was a forgotten code, likewise sprang upon Spitz. But Francois,chuckling at the incident while unswerving in the administration ofjustice, brought his lash down upon Buck with all his might. Thisfailed to drive Buck from his prostrate rival, and the butt of the whip wasbrought into play. Half- stunned by the blow, Buck was knockedbackward and the lash laid upon him again and again,while Spitzsoundly punished the many times offending Pike.In the days that followed, as Dawson grew closer and closer, Buckstill continued to interfere between Spitz and the culprits; but he did itcraftily, when Francois was not around, With the covert mutiny of Buck,a general insubordination sprang up and increased. Dave and Sol-lekswere unaffected, but the rest of the team went from bad to worse.Things no longer went right. There was continual bickering andjangling. Trouble was always afoot, and at the bottom of it was Buck.He kept Francois busy, for the dog- driver was in constant apprehension ofthe life-and-death struggle between the two which he knew must takeplace sooner or later; and on more than one night the sounds ofquarrelling and strife among the other dogs turned him out of hissleeping robe, fearful that Buck andSpitz were at it.But the opportunity did not present itself, and they pulled intoDawson one dreary afternoon with the great fight still to come. Herewere many men, and countless dogs, and Buck found them all at work.It seemed the ordained order of things that dogs should work. All daythey swung up and down the main street in long teams, and in the nighttheir jingling bells still went by. They hauled cabin logs and firewood,freighted up to the mines, and did all manner of work that horses did inthe Santa Clara Valley. Here and there Buck met Southland dogs, but inthe main they were the wild wolf husky breed. Every night, regularly,at nine, at twelve, at three, they lifted a nocturnal song, a weird and eeriechant, in which it was Buck's delight to join.With the aurora borealis flaming coldly overhead, or thestarsleaping in the frost dance, and the land numb and frozen under its pall ofsnow, this song of the huskies might have been the defiance of life, onlyit was pitched in minor key, with long- drawn wailings and half-sobs, andwas more the pleading of life, the articulate travail of existence. It wasan old song, old as the breed itself--one of the first songs of the youngerworld in a day when songs were sad. It was invested with the woe ofunnumbered generations, this plaint by which Buck was so strangelystirred. When he moaned and sobbed, it was with the pain of livingthat was of old the pain of his wild fathers, and the fear and mystery ofthe cold and dark that was to them fear and mystery. And that heshould be stirred by it marked the completeness with which he harkedback through the ages of fire and roof to the raw beginnings of life in thehowling ages.Seven days from the time they pulled into Dawson, theydroppeddown the steep bank by the Barracks to the Yukon Trail, and pulled forDyea and Salt Water. Perrault was carrying despatches if anythingmore urgent than those he had brought in; also, the travel pride hadgripped him, and he purposed to make the record trip of the year.Several things favored him in this. The week's rest had recuperated thedogs and put them in thorough trim. The trail they had broken into thecountry was packed hard by later journeyers. And further, the policehad arranged in two or three places deposits of grub for dog and man,and he was travelling light.They made Sixty Mile, which is a fifty-mile run, on the first day; andthe second day saw them booming up the Yukon well on their way toPelly. But such splendid running was achieved not without greattrouble and vexation on the part of Francois.The insidious revolt ledby Buck had destroyed the solidarity of the team. It no longer was asone dog leaping in the traces. The encouragement Buck gave the rebelsled them into all kinds of petty misdemeanors. No more was Spitz aleader greatly to be feared. The old awe departed, and they grew equalto challenging his authority. Pike robbed him of half a fish one night,and gulped it down under the protection of Buck. Another night Duband Joe fought Spitz and made him forego the punishment they deserved.And even Billee, the good-natured, was less good-natured, and whinednot half so placatingly as in former days. Buck never came near Spitzwithout snarling and bristling menacingly. In fact, his conductapproached that of a bully, and he was given to swaggering up and downbefore Spitz's very nose.The breaking down of discipline likewise affected the dogsin theirrelations with one another. They quarrelled and bickered more thanever among themselves, till at times the camp was a howling bedlam.Dave and Sol-leks alone were unaltered, though they were made irritableby the unending squabbling. Francois swore strange barbarous oaths,and stamped the snow in futile rage, and tore his hair. His lash wasalways singing among the dogs, but it was of small avail. Directly hisback was turned they were at it again. He backed up Spitz with hiswhip, while Buck backed up the remainder of the team. Francois knewhe was behind all the trouble, and Buck knew he knew; but Buck wastoo clever ever again to be caught red-handed. He worked faithfully inthe harness, for the toil had become a delight to him; yet it was agreater delight slyly to precipitate a fight amongst his mates and tanglethe traces.At the mouth of the Tahkeena, one night after supper, Dub turned upa snowshoe rabbit, blundered it, and missed. In a second the wholeteam was in full cry. A hundred yards away was a camp of theNorthwest Police, with fifty dogs, huskies all, who joined the chase.The rabbit sped down the river, turned off into a small creek, up thefrozen bed of which it held steadily. It ran lightly on the surface of thesnow, while the dogs ploughed through by main strength. Buck led thepack, sixty strong, around bend after bend, but he could not gain. Helay down low to the race, whining eagerly, his splendid body flashingforward, leap by leap, in the wan white moonlight. And leap by leap,like some pale frost wraith, the snowshoe rabbit flashed on ahead.All that stirring of old instincts which at stated periods drives menout from the sounding cities to forest and plain tokill things bychemically propelled leaden pellets, the blood lust, the joy to kill--allthis was Buck's, only it was infinitely more intimate. He was rangingat the head of the pack, running the wild thing down, the living meat, tokill with his own teeth and wash his muzzle to the eyes in warm blood.There is an ecstasy that marks the summit of life, and beyond whichlife cannot rise. And such is the paradox of living, this ecstasy comeswhen one is most alive, and it comes as a complete forgetfulness thatone is alive. This ecstasy, this forgetfulness of living, comes to theartist, caught up and out of himself in a sheet of flame; it comes to thesoldier, war-mad on a stricken field and refusing quarter; and it came toBuck, leading the pack, sounding the old wolf-cry, straining after thefood that was alive and that fled swiftly before him through themoonlight. He was sounding the deeps of his nature, and ofthe partsof his nature that were deeper than he, going back into the womb ofTime. He was mastered by the sheer surging of life, the tidal wave ofbeing, the perfect joy of each separate muscle, joint, and sinew in that itwas everything that was not death, that it was aglow and rampant,expressing itself in movement, flying exultantly under the stars and overthe face of dead matter that did not move.But Spitz, cold and calculating even in his supreme moods, left thepack and cut across a narrow neck of land where the creek made a longbend around. Buck did not know of this, and as he rounded the bend,the frost wraith of a rabbit still flitting before him, he saw another andlarger frost wraith leap from the overhanging bank into the immediatepath of the rabbit. It was Spitz. The rabbit could not turn, and as thewhite teeth broke its back in mid air it shrieked as loudly as a strickenman mayshriek. At sound of this, the cry of Life plunging down fromLife's apex in the grip of Death, the fall pack at Buck's heels raised ahell's chorus of delight.Buck did not cry out. He did not check himself, but drove in uponSpitz, shoulder to shoulder, so hard that he missed the throat. Theyrolled over and over in the powdery snow. Spitz gained his feet almostas though he had not been overthrown, slashing Buck down the shoulderand leaping clear. Twice his teeth clipped together, like the steel jaws ofa trap, as he backed away for better footing, with lean and lifting lipsthat writhed and snarled.In a flash Buck knew it. The time had come. It was to the death.As they circled about, snarling, ears laid back, keenly watchful for theadvantage, the scene came to Buck with a senseof familiarity. Heseemed to remember it all,--the white woods, and earth, and moonlight,and the thrill of battle. Over the whiteness and silence brooded aghostly calm. There was not the faintest whisper of air--nothing moved,not a leaf quivered, the visible breaths of the dogs rising slowly andlingering in the frosty air. They had made short work of the snowshoerabbit, these dogs that were ill-tamed wolves; and they were now drawnup in an expectant circle. They, too, were silent, their eyes onlygleaming and their breaths drifting slowly upward. To Buck it wasnothing new or strange, this scene of old time. It was as though it hadalways been, the wonted way of things.Spitz was a practised fighter. From Spitzbergen through the Arctic,and across Canada and the Barrens, he had held his own with all mannerof dogs and achieved to mastery over them. Bitter rage was his, butnever blind rage. In passion to rend anddestroy, he never forgot thathis enemy was in like passion to rend and destroy. He never rushed tillhe was prepared to receive a rush; never attacked till he had first defended that attack.In vain Buck strove to sink his teeth in the neck of the big white dog.Wherever his fangs struck for the softer flesh, they were countered bythe fangs of Spitz. Fang clashed fang, and lips were cut and bleeding,but Buck could not penetrate his enemy's guard. Then he warmed upand enveloped Spitz in a whirlwind of rushes. Time and time again hetried for the snow-white throat, where life bubbled near to the surface,and each time and every time Spitz slashed him and got away. ThenBuck took to rushing, as though for the throat, when, suddenly drawingback his head and curving in from the side, he would drive his shoulderat the shoulder of Spitz, as a ram by which to overthrow him.Butinstead, Buck's shoulder was slashed down each time as Spitz leaped lightly away.Spitz was untouched, while Buck was streaming with blood andpanting hard. The fight was growing desperate. And all the while thesilent and wolfish circle waited to finish off whichever dog went down.As Buck grew winded, Spitz took to rushing, and he kept him staggeringfor footing. Once Buck went over, and the whole circle of sixty dogsstarted up; but he recovered himself, almost in mid air, and the circlesank down again and waited.But Buck possessed a quality that made for greatness-- imagination.He fought by instinct, but he could fight by head as well. He rushed, asthough attempting the old shoulder trick, but at the last instant swept lowto the snow and in. His teeth closedon Spitz's left fore leg. Therewas a crunch of breaking bone, and the white dog faced him on threelegs. Thrice he tried to knock him over, then repeated the trick andbroke the right fore leg. Despite the pain and helplessness, Spitzstruggled madly to keep up. He saw the silent circle, with gleamingeyes, lolling tongues, and silvery breaths drifting upward, closing inupon him as he had seen similar circles close in upon beaten antagonistsin the past. Only this time he was the one who was beaten.There was no hope for him. Buck was inexorable. Mercy was athing reserved for gender climes. He manoeuvred for the final rush.The circle had tightened till he could feel the breaths of the huskies onhis flanks. He could see them, beyond Spitz and to either side, halfcrouching for the spring, their eyes fixedupon him. A pause seemed tofall. Every animal was motionless as though turned to stone. OnlySpitz quivered and bristled as he staggered back and forth, snarling withhorrible menace, as though to frighten off impending death. ThenBuck sprang in and out; but while he was in, shoulder had at lastsquarely met shoulder. The dark circle became a dot on the moon-flooded snow as Spitz disappeared from view. Buck stood and lookedon, the successful champion, the dominant primordial beast who hadmade his kill and found it good.。
了不起的盖茨比-CHAPTER TWO
PART 2
Characters introduction
Tom
Nick
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle） Mr.Wilson McKees Catherine
The dog vendor
spousal relationship
McKees
Tom:
and his determination to have my company bordered on violence. 他硬要我陪他的做法近乎暴力行为 "Go and buy ten more dogs with it.” 给你钱。拿去再买十只狗。 “Daisy! Daisy! Daisy!” shouted Mrs. Wilson. “I’ll say it whenever I want to! Daisy! Dai——” Making a short deft movement, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with his open hand. "黛西！黛西！黛西！"威尔逊太太大喊大叫，"我什么时候想 叫就叫！黛西！黛……" 汤姆· 布坎农动作敏捷，伸出手一巴掌打破了威尔逊太太的鼻 子。
pride violence conceit self-righteousness but rational
Mrs.Wilson（Myrtle）:
Mrs. Wilson gathered up her dog and her other purchases, and went haughtily in. 威尔逊太太向四周扫视一番，俨然一副皇后回宫的神气， 一面捧起小狗和其他买来的东西，趾高气扬地走了进去。 “I married him because I thought he was a gentleman,” she said finally. “I thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasn’t fit to lick my shoe.” "我嫁给了他，是因为我以为他是个上等人，"她最后说， "我以为他还有点教养，不料他连舔我的鞋都不配。"
财务专业英语ppt课件
a. How does the description of accounting as the "language of business" relate to accounting as being useful for investors and creditors?
a. Information used to determine which products to produce. b. Information about economic resources, claims to those resources,
and changes in both resources and claims. c. Information that is useful in assessing the amount, timing, and
•Definition of Accounting: business language information system basis for decisions
•Types of Accounting Information: (1)Financial Accounting: •Internal users
篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛 时间里 得分多 少来决 定胜负 的，因 此，篮 球比赛 的计时 计分系 统是一 种得分 类型的 系统
Contents
Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three Chapter Four
朗文5A-Chapter-2复习题要
朗文5A Chapter Two复习提要Part A and BNew words and phrases （要求：知道中文意思，会读，会拼写。
）competition 名词，竞争，比赛，竞赛 (注意发音)。
mark 名词，(考试的)分数，可数。
course 名词，1.科目，课程; 2.一道菜 the main course 主菜(4B)。
weight 名词，重量。
hard 它是个多义词，在本课中是个副词，意为“努力地”；比较级harder，更加努力地。
turn over a new leaf 它是英文中的习惯表达，类似汉语中的成语，意为“重新开始，改过自新，翻开新的一页”。
wishing tree 许愿树make plans for...为...制定计划the new school year 新学年want to do sth. 想要做某事win the swimming competition赢得游泳比赛get high marks 取得高分 put on weight发胖，增重practise swimming harder更加努力地练习游泳take a Japanese course 攻读一个日语课程join the Cubs加入幼童军Sentences （要求：会读，知道其中文意思，会拼，会写，会运用。
）本部分学习so作为连词的用法，在句中意为“所以，因此”What do you want to do? 你想要做什么？I want to win the swimming competition so I’m going to practise swimming harder. 我想要赢得游泳比赛，因此我计划更加努力地练习游泳。
句中用一般现在时描述目标，运用短语want to do sth. so后面连接计划、打算，用be going to一般现在将来时表达。
2. What do you want to do? I want to improve my English so I’m going to read more English books. 我想要提高英语，所以我计划读更多英文书。
Chapter Two 词汇翻译
China policy 对华政策（不是“中国政策”
21
black art 妖术（不是“黑色艺术”） black stranger 完全陌生的人（不是“陌生 的黑人”） white coal （作动力来源用的）水（不是 “白煤”） white man 忠实可靠的人（不是“皮肤白的 人”） yellow book 黄皮书（法国政府报告书，以 黄纸为封）（不是“黄色书籍”） red tape 官僚习气（不是“红色带子”） green hand 新手（不是“绿手”）
13
四
词语含义的理解
standing: To our knowledge, their financial standing is sound. (据我们了解，他们的财务状况良好） business standing (营业状况） commercial standing (商业信用）
14
turnover: This product has a fast turnover, three shipments going out per day. 这产品的成交量很高，每天可出三批 货 Starbucks’ annual turnover is 60 million yuan. The company has a fast turnover because of the poor working condition.
5
We are sorry to say we had to lodge a claim against you to cover our loss and hope you will take action immediately. 译文：十分遗憾的奉告，我方不得不向你方提 出索赔以弥补我方损失，并望尽快落实。
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英语数词专项练习
英语数词专项练习### English Numerals Practice1. Cardinal Numbers- One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.- Eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty.- Twenty-one, twenty-two, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety.2. Ordinal Numbers- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth.- Eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth. - Twenty-first, twenty-second, thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth.3. Fractions- One-half, one-third, one-fourth, three-fourths, one-fifth, two-fifths, three-fifths.- A quarter, three-quarters, one-sixth, five-sixths.4. Percentages- Ten percent, twenty percent, fifty percent, one hundred percent.5. Time- One o'clock, two o'clock, three o'clock, four o'clock.- Half past one, quarter past two, quarter to three.6. Dates- First of January, second of February, twentieth of March. - Tenth of April, eleventh of May, twelfth of June.7. Money- One dollar, two dollars, three dollars, four dollars.- Ten cents, twenty-five cents, fifty cents.8. Measurements- One meter, two meters, three meters.- One kilometer, two kilometers.9. Temperature- Thirty degrees Celsius, twenty degrees Fahrenheit.10. Telephone Numbers- One two three, four five six, seven eight nine zero.11. Addresses- Number one, number two, number three.- First Street, Second Avenue, Third Boulevard.12. Page Numbers- Page one, page two, page three.- Chapter one, chapter two, chapter three.Remember, mastering the use of numerals in English isessential for clear communication in both written and spoken forms. Practice using these numbers in various contexts to enhance your language proficiency.。
《哈利波特与秘室》第2章《多比的警告》英文版
Harry Potter and the Chamber of SecretsChapter TwoDobby’s WarningHarry managed not to shout out, but it was a cl ose thing. The little creature on the bed had large, bat-like ears and bulging green eyes the size of tennis balls. Harry knew instantly that this was what had been watching him out of the gard en hedge that morning.As they stared at each other, Harry heard Dudl ey's voice from the hall.‘May I take your coats, Mr and Mrs Mason?'The creature slipped off the bed and bowed so l ow that the end of its l ong thin nose touched the carpet. Harry noticed that it was wearing what l ooked like an ol d pillowcase, with rips for arm and l eg hol es.‘Er - hell o,' said Harry nervously.‘Harry Potter!’said the creature, in a high-pitched voice Harry was sure woul d carry d own the stairs. 'So l ong has Dobby wanted to meet you, sir ... Such an honour it is ...’'Th-thank you,' said Harry, edging along the wall and sinking into his d esk chair, next to Hedwig, who was asleep in her large cage. He wanted to ask, 'What are you?' but thought it woul d sound too rud e, so instead he said, 'Who are you?' ‘Dobby, sir. Just Dobby. Dobby the house-elf,’ said the creature.'Oh - really?' said Harry. ‘Er - I d on't want to be rud e or anything, but - this isn't a great time for me to have a house-elf in my bedroom.’Aunt Petunia's high, false laugh sound ed from the living room. The elf hung his head.'Not that I'm not pl eased to meet you,' said Harry quickly, ‘but, er, is there any particular reason you're here?'‘Oh, yes, sir,' said Dobby earnestly. ‘Dobby has come to tell you, sir ... it is difficult, sir ... Dobby wond ers where to begin ...'‘Sit d own,' said Harry politely, pointing at the bed.To his horror, the elf burst into tears - very noisy tears.‘S-sit d own!' he wail ed. ‘Never ... never ever. ..’Harry thought he heard the voices d ownstairs falter.‘I’m sorry,’ he whispered, 'I didn't mean to offend you or anything.'‘Offend Dobby!’ choked the elf. ‘Dobby has never been asked to sit d own by awizard - like an equal -′Harry, trying to say 'Shh!' and l ook comforting at the same time, ushered Dobby back onto the bed, where he sat hiccoughing, l ooking like a large and very ugly d oll. At last he managed to control himself, and sat with his great eyes fixed on Harry in an expression of watery ad oration.‘You can't have met many d ecent wizards,’ said Harry, trying to cheer him up.Dobby shook his head. Then, without warning, he l eapt up and started banging his head furiously on the wind ow, shouting, 'Bad Dobby! Bad Dobby!’‘Don't - what are you doing?' Harry hissed, springing up and pulling Dobby back onto the bed. Hedwig had woken up with a particularly l oud screech and was beating her wings wildly against the bars of her cage.‘Dobby had to punish himself, sir,' said the elf, who had gone slightly cross-eyed. ‘Dobby almost spoke ill of his family, sir ...'‘Your family?'‘The wizard family Dobby serves, sir ... Dobby is a house-elf - bound to serve one house and one family for ever ...’‘Do they know you're here?' asked Harry curiously.Dobby shudd ered.‘Oh no, sir, no ... Dobby will have to punish himself most grievously for coming to see you, sir. Dobby will have to shut his ears in the oven d oor for this. If they ever knew, sir -′‘But won’t they notice if you shut your ears in the oven d oor?’‘Dobby d oubts it, sir. Dobby is always having to punish himself for something, sir. They l ets Dobby get on with it, sir. Sometimes they reminds me to d o extra punishments ...’‘But why d on’t you l eave? Escape?’'A house-elf must be set free, sir. And the family will never set Dobby free ... Dobby will serve the family until he dies, sir ...’Harry stared.'A nd I thought I was hard-d one-by staying here for another four weeks,' he said. 'This makes the Dursl eys sound almost human. Can't anyone help you? Can't I?'Almost at once, Harry wished he hadn't spoken. Dobby dissolved again into wails of gratitud e.‘Pl ease,’Harry whispered frantically, 'pl ease be quiet. If the Dursl eys hear anything, if they know you're here ...'‘Harry Potter asks if he can help Dobby ... Dobby has heard of your greatness, sir, but of your goodness, Dobby never knew ...’Harry, who was feeling distinctly hot in the face, said, ‘Whatever you've heard about my greatness is a l oad of rubbish. I’m not even top of my year at Hogwarts, that's Hermione, she -'But he stopped quickly, because thinking about Hermione was painful.‘Harry Potter is humble and mod est,' said Dobby reverently, his orb-like eyes agl ow. ‘Harry Potter speaks not of his triumph over He Who Must Not Be Named.' ‘Vold emort?' said Harry.Dobby clapped his hands over his bat ears and moaned, ‘Ah,speak not the name, sir! Speak not the name!''Sorry,’said Harry quickly. ‘I know lots of peopl e d on't like it - my friend Ron ...’He stopped again. Thinking about Ron was painful, too.Dobby l eaned towards Harry, his eyes wid e as headlamps.‘Dobby heard tell,’ he said hoarsely, ‘that Harry Potter met the Dark Lord for a second time, just weeks ago ... that Harry Potter escaped yet again.'Harry nodd ed and Dobby's eyes sudd enly shone with tears.'A h, sir,' he gasped, dabbing his face with a corner of the grubby pillowcase he was wearing. 'Harry Potter is valiant and bol d! He has braved so many dangers already! But Dobby has come to protect Harry Potter, to warn him, even if he d oes have to shut his ears in the oven d oor later ... Harry Potter must not go back to Hogwarts.'There was a sil ence broken only by the chink of knives and forks from d ownstairs and the distant rumble of Uncle Vernon's voice.'W-what?' Harry stammered. ‘But I've got to go back- term starts on September the first. It's all that's keeping me going. You d on't know what it's like here. I d on't belong here. I belong in your world - at Hogwarts.’‘No,no, no,' squeaked Dobby, shaking his head so hard his ears flapped. 'Harry Potter must stay where he is safe. He is too great, too good, to l ose. If Harry Potter goes back to Hogwarts, he will be in mortal danger.’‘Why?' said Harry in surprise.‘There is a pl ot, Harry Potter. A pl ot to make most terribl e things happen at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry this year,' whispered Dobby, sudd enly trembling all over.‘Dobby has known it for months,sir. Harry Potter must not put himself in peril. He is too important, sir!'‘What terribl e things?' said Harry at once. 'Who's pl otting them?'Dobby mad e a funny choking noise and then banged his head madly against the wall.'A ll right!' cried Harry, grabbing the elf’s arm to stop him. 'You can't say, I und erstand. But why are you warning me?' A sudd en, unpl easant thought struck him. ‘Hang on - this hasn't got anything to d o with Vol- sorry - with You-Know-Who, has it? You coul d just shake or nod,' he ad d ed hastily, as Dobby's head tilted worryingly close to the wall again.Sl owly, Dobby shook his head.‘Not - not He Who Must Not Be Named, sir.'But Dobby's eyes were wid e and he seemed to be trying to give Harry a hint. Harry, however, was completely at sea.‘He hasn't got a brother, has he?'Dobby shook his head, his eyes wid er than ever.'Well then, I can't think who else woul d have a chance of making horribl e things happen at Hogwarts,’ said Harry. ‘I mean, there's Dumbl ed ore, for one thing - you know who Dumbled ore is, d on't you?’Dobby bowed his head.‘A lbus Dumbled ore is the greatest Headmaster Hogwarts has ever had. Dobby knows it, sir. Dobby has heard Dumbled ore's powers rival those of He Who Must Not Be Named at the height of his strength. But, sir,' Dobby's voice dropped to an urgent whisper, ‘there are powers Dumbledore d oesn't ... powers no d ecent wizard ...'And before Harry could stop him, Dobby bounded off the bed, seized Harry's d esk lamp and started beating himself around the head with ear-splitting yelps.A sudd en silence fell downstairs. Two seconds later Harry, heart thudding madly, heard Uncle Vernon coming into the hall, calling, ‘Dudl ey must have l eft his television on again, the little tyke!''Quick! In the wardrobe!’ hissed Harry, stuffing Dobby in, shutting the d oorand flinging himself onto the bed just as the d oor handl e turned.'What - the - d evil - are - you - d oing?' said Uncl e Vernon through gritted teeth, his face horribly cl ose to Harry's. 'You’ve just ruined the punchline of my Japanese-golfer joke ... one more sound and you'll wish you'd never been born, boy!’He stomped flat-footed from the room.Shaking, Harry l et Dobby out of the wardrobe.‘See what it's like here?' he said. 'See why I've got to go back to Hogwarts? It's the only place I've got - well, I think I’ve got friends.'‘Friends who d on't even write to Harry Potter?' said Dobby slyly.‘I expect they've just been - hang on,' said Harry, frowning. ‘How d o you know my friends haven't been writing to me?'Dobby shuffl ed his feet.‘Harry Potter mustn't be angry with Dobby - Dobby did it for the best ...’‘Ha ve you been stopping my l etters?’Dobby has them here, sir,' said the elf. Stepping nimbly out of Harry's reach, he pull ed a thick wad of envel opes from the insid e of the pillowcase he was wearing. Harry could make out Hermione's neat writing, Ron's untidy scrawl and even a scribbl e that l ooked as though it was from the Hogwarts gamekeeper, Hagrid.Dobby blinked anxiously up at Harry.‘Harry Potter mustn't be angry ... Dobby hoped ... if Harry Potter thought his friends had forgotten him ... Harry Potter might not want to go back to school, sir ...'Harry wasn't listening. He mad e a grab for the l etters, but Dobby jumped out of reach.'Harry Potter will have them, sir, if he gives Dobby his word that he will not return to Hogwarts. Ah, sir, this is a danger you must not face! Say you won't go back, sir!’‘No,' said Harry angrily. 'Give me my friends' letters!''Then Harry Potter l eaves Dobby no choice,' said the elf sadly.Before Harry coul d move, Dobby had darted to the bedroom d oor, pull ed it open - and sprinted d own the stairs.Mouth dry, stomach lurching, Harry sprang after him, trying not to make asound. He jumped the last six stairs, landing cat-like on the hall carpet, l ooking around for Dobby. From the dining room he heard Uncle Vernon saying, '... tell Petunia that very funny story about those American plumbers, Mr Mason, she's been dying to hear ...’Harry ran up the hall into the kitchen and felt his stomach disappear.Aunt Petunia's masterpiece of a pudding, the mountain of cream and sugared violets, was fl oating up near the ceiling. On top of a cupboard in the corner crouched Dobby.‘No,' croaked Harry. ‘Please ... they'll kill me ...''Harry Potter must say he's not going back to school -’‘Dobby ... pl ease ...'‘Say it, sir...'‘I can't!'Dobby gave him a tragic l ook.'Then Dobby must d o it, sir, for Harry Potter's own good.’The pud ding fell to the fl oor with a heart-stopping crash. Cream splattered the wind ows and walls as the dish shattered. With a crack like a whip, Dobby vanished.There were screams from the dining room and Uncle Vernon burst into the kitchen to find Harry, rigid with shock, covered from head to foot in Aunt Petunia's pud ding.At first,it l ooked as though Uncl e Vernon would manage to gl oss the whole thing over (Just our nephew - very disturbed - meeting strangers upsets him, so we kept him upstairs ...') He shooed the shocked Masons back into the dining room, promised Harry he woul d flay him to within an inch of his life when the Masons had l eft, and hand ed him a mop. Aunt Petunia dug some ice-cream out of the freezer and Harry, still shaking, started scrubbing the kitchen cl ean.Uncle Vernon might still have been abl e to make his d eal - if it hadn't been for the owl.Aunt Petunia was just handing round a box of after-dinner mints when a huge barn owl swooped through the dining room wind ow, dropped a letter on Mrs Mason's head and swooped out again. Mrs Mason screamed like a banshee and ran from the house, shouting about lunatics. Mr Mason stayed just l ong enough to tell the Dursl eys that his wife was mortally afraid of birds of all shapes and sizes,and to ask whether this was their id ea of a joke.Harry stood in the kitchen, clutching the mop for support as Uncl e Vernon advanced on him, a d emonic glint in his tiny eyes.‘Read it!' he hissed evilly, brandishing the l etter the owl had d elivered. 'Go on - read it!’Harry took it. It did not contain birthday greetings.Dear Mr Potter,We have received intelligence that a Hover Charm was used at your place of residence this evening at twelve minutes past nine.As you know, underage wizards are not permitted to perform spells outside school, and further spellwork on your part may lead to expulsion from said school (Decree for the Reasonable Restriction of Underage Sorcery, 1875, Paragraph C).We would also ask you to remember that any magical activity which risks notice by members of the non-magical community (Muggles) is a serious offence, under section 13 of the International Confederation of Warlocks' Statute of Secrecy.Enjoy your holidays!Yours sincerely,Matalda HopkirkImproper Use of Magic OfficeMinistry of MagicHarry l ooked up from the letter and gulped.'You didn't tell us you weren't all owed to use magic outsid e school,' said Uncl e Vernon, a mad gl eam dancing in his eyes. ‘Forgot to mention it ... slipped your mind, I dare say ...’He was bearing d own on Harry like a great bulld og, all his teeth bared. 'Well, I’ve got news for you, boy ... I'm l ocking you up ... you're never going back to that school ... never ... and if you try and magic yourself out - they’ll expel you!' And laughing like a maniac, he dragged Harry back upstairs.Uncle Vernon was as bad as his word. The foll owing morning, he paid a man to fit bars on Harry's wind ow. He himself fitted the cat-flap in the bedroom d oor, so that small amounts of food could be pushed insid e three times a day. They l et Harry out to use the bathroom morning and evening. Otherwise, he was l ocked in his room around the cl ock.Three days later, the Dursl eys were showing no sign of relenting and Harrycoul dn't see any way out of his situation. He lay on his bed watching the sun sinking behind the bars on the wind ow and wond ered miserably what was going to happen to him.What was the good of magicking himself out of his room if Hogwarts woul d expel him for d oing it? Yet life at Privet Drive had reached an all-time low. Now the Dursl eys knew they weren't going to wake up as fruitbats, he had l ost his only weapon. Dobby might have saved Harry from horribl e happenings at Hogwarts, but the way things were going, he'd probably starve to d eath anyway.The cat-flap rattled and Aunt Petunia's hand appeared, pushing a bowl of tinned soup into the room. Harry, whose insid es were aching with hunger, jumped off his bed and seized it. The soup was stone col d, but he drank half of it in one gulp. Then he crossed the room to Hedwig's cage and tipped the soggy vegetabl es at the bottom of the bowl into her empty food tray. She ruffl ed her feathers and gave him a l ook of d eep disgust.‘It's no good turning your beak up at it,that's all we've got,' said Harry grimly.He put the empty bowl back on the fl oor next to the cat-flap and lay back d own on the bed, somehow even hungrier than he had been before the soup.Supposing he was still alive in another four weeks, what would happen if he didn't turn up at Hogwarts? Woul d someone be sent to see why he hadn't come back? Would they be able to make the Dursl eys let him go?The room was growing dark. Exhausted, stomach rumbling, mind spinning over the same unanswerabl e questions, Harry fell into an uneasy sl eep.He dreamed that he was on show in a zoo, with a card reading 'Und erage Wizard' attached to his cage. Peopl e goggl ed through the bars at him as he lay, starving and weak, on a bed of straw. He saw Dobby's face in the crowd and shouted out, asking for help, but Dobby call ed, ‘Harry Potter is safe there, sir!' and vanished. Then the Dursl eys appeared and Dudl ey rattled the bars of the cage, laughing at him.‘Stop it,' Harry muttered, as the rattling pound ed in his sore head. 'Leave me alone ... cut it out ... I'm trying to sl eep ...'He opened his eyes. Moonlight was shining through the bars on the wind ow. And someone was goggling through the bars at him: a freckl e-faced, red-haired, l ong-nosed someone.Ron Weasl ey was outside Harry's wind ow.。
圣诞颂歌(英汉对照) 中国学生英语文库
谢谢观看
写作背景
《圣诞颂歌》是英国大作家狄更斯创作的一系列圣诞故事中最著名的一篇，被称为“有史以来第二个最伟大 的圣诞故事”（第一个最伟大的圣诞故事无疑是指福音书中记载的耶稣基督诞生的故事）。《圣诞颂歌》问世 160年来，千百万人为之陶醉，受其鼓舞。许许多多的版本和译本以及根据它改编的舞台、电视、电影剧本层出 不穷。然而鲜为人知的是，这个“欢快、辉煌的”的圣诞故事竟产生于作家创作生涯的一个阴郁时期。狄更斯当 时濒临破产，情绪极为低落，他写作此书原是为了摆脱债务（他称之为“一个小小的图谋”），但很快便发生了 不可思议的变化。当他在写自己喜爱的圣诞故事时，沮丧的情绪一扫而光。《圣诞颂歌》成了作家一项出自爱心 的劳作。狄更斯曾谈到他是怎样在创作时“哭泣、大笑、又哭泣”的，他从未怀疑过，《圣诞颂歌》会受人喜爱， 但此书带来的压倒一切的轰动效应，却是他和出版商都始料未及的。狄更斯后来回忆道，第一版的6000册在圣诞 节前夜销售一空，后来不断重印，仍供不应求，一时颇有“英伦纸贵”之势。这种现象在维多利亚时代的图书市 场上是极为罕见的。在某种意义上，《圣诞颂歌》永远地改变了作家的一生。1843年以后，在短短几年间，狄更 斯又发表了若干与圣诞节有关的中篇小说，如《古教堂的钟声》等。
1843年的伦敦是个相当肮脏的城市。房屋拥挤，人们用煤火取暖(斯克鲁奇在办公室就是这样取暖的)。煤烟 同低空的云混在一起，所产生的浓雾远远比今天的要严重。但如果没有雾，而烟尘能够上升的话，寒冷的天气带 来的是更洁净的空气——当时没有小汽车、卡车和以燃油为动力的引擎——雪也是洁白而干净的。
在圣诞节介 Chapter1Marley'sghost 第1章马利的鬼魂 Chapter2ThefirstofthethreeSpirits 第2章三个幽灵中的第一个 Chapter3TheSecondofthethreeSpirits 第3章三个幽灵中的第二个 Chapter4Thelastofthethreespirits 第4章三个幽灵中的最后一个 Chapter5Theendof
Chapter3翻译的过程
Chapter 3 翻译的过程翻译的过程是正确理解原文和创造性地用另一种语言再现原文的过程，大体上可分为理解、表达和校核三个阶段。
在翻译实践中，理解是表达的前提，但理解与表达通常是互相联系、往返反复的统一过程，不能截然分开。
在理解的时候，译者已自觉或不自觉地在挑选表达手段；在表达的时候，又进一步加深了理解。
在处理句子、段落或文章时，译者往往要从英语到汉语，从汉语到英语，反复推敲，仔细研究。
1 理解阶段——基础和关键理解（comprehension）可分为广义理解和狭义理解。
广义理解指对原文作者的个人、原文产生的时代背景、作品的内容以及原文读者对该作品的反映。
狭义的理解仅指对原作文本的理解。
对原文透彻的理解是确切翻译的第一步，也是翻译全过程最重要的一步。
正确的理解有助于正确的表达，而正确的理解取决于译者能否对原文进行深入细致的语法分析grammatical analysis、语义分析semantic analysis、语体分析stylistic analysis和语篇分析text analysis。
1.1语法分析——从语法的角度去剖析原文里句子的语法结构，弄清句子所传递的意义。
1.She recalled faintly an ecstasy of pain, the heavy odor of chloroform, a stupor which had deadened sensation, and an awakening to find a little new life to which she had given being, added to the great unnumbered multitude of souls that come and go.（重复译法）她模糊地回想起当时极度的痛苦，想起了浓烈的三氯甲烷麻醉剂的气味；她记得自己失去了知觉，昏了过去，而醒来时发现自己又为来来往往的芸芸众生增添了一条小小的新生命。
Chapter Two 词汇记忆
Chapter Two词汇记忆一．发音记忆法英语是拼音文字，语音感很强，发好音是学好英语记忆单词的第一关，记一个单词时，我们常常首先默念一下这个单词的发音，如[gud]，然后才拼出这个单词的字母g-o-o-d。
记单词，不能一个个字母地死记硬背，而是要结合英语的发音及发音规则进行记忆。
英语单词记忆无外乎是要记住单词的发音、拼写、词义和用法，而最首要的就是发音，读不出单词的语音，怎么能拼写出字母来呢？所以记单词首先应从语音上下功夫，掌握国际音标和发音规律，以达到科学记忆。
例如：我们知道元音字母0在重读音节时读[əu]，根据这条规则，go，hope，note 等词，不用费什么劲就记住了。
另外还有一条发音规则在0之后，如果是m，n，v，th时，o可以读[ʌ]，根据这条规则，我们不会把mother，some，come，dove,等单词中的0写错。
注意：发音记忆法的关键是发音正确。
如果一个单词听也听不懂，说也不会说，要想记住它实在是太难了。
二．分类记忆法英语词汇极其丰富，如果能把单词分明别类的进行记忆，是大有好处的。
分类方法灵活多样，例如：1）星期(week)Monday（星期一）、Tuesday（星期二）、Wednesday（星期三）、Thursday（星期四）、Friday （星期五）、Saturday（星期六）、Sunday（星期天）（2）月份(month)January（一月）、February（二月）、March（三月）、April（四月）、May（五月）、June （六月）、July（七月）、August（八月）、September（九月）、October（十月）、November （十一月）、December（十二月）（3）季节(season)spring（春节）、summer（夏天）、autumn（秋天）、winter（冬天）（4）颜色(color)red 红色（的）、yellow黄色（的）、blue蓝色（的）、green绿色（的）、black黑色（的）、white白色（的）、orange橙黄色（的）、brown棕色（的）、褐色（的）、pink粉红色（的）、purple紫色（的）、gray灰色（的）（5）国家(country)China(中国)、Japan（日本）、England(英国)、India（印度）、Canada（加拿大）、America / the United States(美国)、Australia（澳大利亚）、Germany（德国）、Russia（俄罗斯）、France（法国）（6）大洲Asia（亚洲）、Africa（非洲）、America（美洲）、Europe（欧洲）（7）动物(animal)lion（狮子）、tiger（老虎）、elephant（大象）、camel（骆驼）、cow（奶牛）、pig（猪）、fox（狐狸）、snake（蛇）、duck（鸭子）、chicken（鸡）、hen（母鸡）、bird（小鸟）、rabbit（兔子）、panda（熊猫）、deer（鹿）、giraffe（长颈鹿）、sheep（羊）、fish（鱼）、ant（蚂蚁）、mouse (mice) / rat（老鼠）、dog（狗）、cat（猫）、monkey（猴子）、pig （猪）（8）衣着clothes（衣服）、hat（帽子）、shirt（衬衫）、T-shirt（男衬衫）、coat（外套、上衣）、raincoat（雨衣）、uniform（制服）、skirt（裙子）、dress（连衣裙）、trousers（裤子）、jeans（牛仔裤）、sock（袜子）、shoe（鞋子）（9）科目(subject)Chinese（汉语）、math（数学）、English（英语）、history（历史）、geography（地理）、biology（生物）、physics（物理）、chemistry（化学）、P.E.（体育）（10）亲属father（父亲）、mother（母亲）、parents（父母）、grandfather / grandpa（爷爷、外公）、grandmother / grandma（奶奶、外婆）、grandparents（爷爷奶奶、外公外婆）、brother（哥、弟）、sister（姐、妹）、cousin堂（表）兄弟、堂（表）姐妹、husband （丈夫）、wife（妻子）、son（儿子）、daughter（女儿）、uncle（叔、伯、舅、姨夫、姑父）、aunt（姨母、姑母、伯母、婶母、舅母）三．构词记忆法大家都见过葡萄，摘葡萄都是一串一串地摘。
重阳节(英语ppt)解析
Thanks
Double ninth festival
chapter one chapter two chapter three chapter four
Origins of this festival
Related Folk Customs
Taoist Culture of its philosophical thought The Significance of Chinese Traditional Festivals
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In Taoist culture, the Double Ninth Festival on September 9 is the best time to "ascend to heaven and become immortals".
Taoists believe that on this day people can rise to heaven by means of pure air.
Ascend height
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Flower
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Double Ninth Cake is also known as "Flower Cake", a traditional food for Double Ninth Festival. In order to eat beautifully, people make the Double Ninth Cake into colorful, but also sprinkle some rhinoceros on the cake surface, so the Double Ninth Cake is also called osmanthus cake.
哈利·波特全集英文版收藏（全7册绝对经典）
哈利·波特全集《哈利.波特和魔法石》 (5)-CHAPTER ONE-THE BOY WHO LIVED (6)-CHAPTER TWO-THE VANISHING GLASS (11)-CHAPTER THREE-THE LETTERS FROM NO ONE (15)-CHAPTER FOUR-THE KEEPER OF THE KEYS (20)-CHAPTER FIVE-DIAGON ALLEY (24)-CHAPTER SIX-THE JOURNEY FROM PLATFORM NINE AND THREE-QUARTERS (33)-CHAPTER SEVEN-THE SOR TING HAT (41)-CHAPTER EIGHT-THE POTIONS MASTER (47)-CHAPTER NINE-THE MIDNIGHT DUEL (51)-CHAPTER TEN-HALLOWEEN (57)-CHAPTER ELEVEN-QUIDDITCH (63)-CHAPTER TWELVE-THE MIRROR OF ERISED (67)-CHAPTER THIRTEEN-NICOLAS FLAMEL (74)-CHAPTER FOUR TEEN-NORBERT THE NORWEGIAN RIDGEBACK (78)-CHAPTER FIFTEEN-THE FORIBIDDEN FOREST (83)-CHAPTER SIXTEEN-THROUGH THE TR APDOOR (89)-CHAPTER SEVENTEEN-THE MAN WITH TWO F ACES (98)《哈利.波特和藏秘室》 (106)-CHAPTER ONE-THE WORST BIRTHDAY (106)-CHAPTER TWO-DOBBY'S WARNING (109)-CHAPTER Three-THE BURROW (113)-CHAPTER FOUR- AT F L 0 V RR 11 $ H AND BLOTTS (119)-CHAPTER FIVE-THE WHOMPING WILLOW (126)-CHAPTER Six-GILDEROY LOCKHAR T (132)-CHAPTER NINE-THE WR TI TING ON THE WALL (149)-CHAPTER TEN-THE ROGUE BLUDGER (156)-CHAPTER ELEVEN-THE D-KJEL]ING C-L-IJIB (162)-CHAPTER TWELVE-THE POL YJUICE POTION (170)《哈利·波特和阿兹卡班的囚徒》............................ 错误！未定义书签。
Case analyses of Chapter Two $ Three
Chapter Two Verbal CommunicationCase 1---situation: two mothers, Carmen and Lin, are talking to each other at a park while their children are playing. They have a friendly relationship, but are not close friends.Carmen: hi, Lin. How are you?(Lin and Carmen’s children begin playing together in the sand.)Lin: fine. I am glad to see that our children like to play together.Carmen: yes, me too. I remember just a month ago they weren’t sharing their toys.Lin: now it looks like they are enjoying each other. Carmen: finally! Maybe we could get together at each other’s houses sometime. I am sure the kids would enjoy that.Lin: sure, that’d be fine.Carmen: well, let’s do it soon.Lin: Ok.Two weeks later at the park.Lin: hi, Carmen!Carmen: hi, I’ve been so busy lately, but I still want to get together soon. I know our kids would enjoy that. Lin: yes, they would.Carmen: let’s do it soon. I can’t stay long. I promised my kids that I would take them to the library across the street.Lin: Ok, I have to go too.Carmen: I will give you a call.Lin: That sounds good. Bye.Carmen: Bye.However, from then on, Lin believes Carmen is insincere, who is not worth making close friends.Case 2—situation: John is an American who teaches English at a middle school in China. One day after class, he is speaking to Nana, one of his students.John: Nana, your English is improving. I am pleased with your work.Nana: (looking downward) Oh, no, my English is not verygood.John: Why do you say that, Nana? You are doing very well in class.Nana: No, I am not a good student.John: Nana, you are making progress in this class. You should be proud of yourself.Nana: No, no, I am not a good student yet.John: (he is surprised by her response and wonders why she thinks her English is so bad. He doesn’t know what to say and wonders if he should stop giving her compliments.)Chapter 3 Nonverbal CommunicationCase analysis one(Visa application interviews)Part 1Interviewer: You should look at me when you are speaking and could you speak louder? I can not hear you (in a commanding tone). How do you plan to pay foryour tuition beyond the first year?Interviewee: My father, oh no, my uncle is going to be responsible (looking down).Interviewer: Your father or your uncle on earth (in an accusatory manner)? You indicated earlier that your father is going to pay your way (indicative of believability problem).Part 2Interviewer: You should look at me when you speak (simple assertion).Interviewee: Ok, I’ll try (he adjusted his behavior accordingly---began eye contacts and sat uprightly). Interviewer: Who is responsible for paying your tuition? Interviewee: My uncle, Mr. White.Interviewer: So your uncle will be paying for your tuition throughout your stay abroad.Interviewee: Yes, sir. There (pointing to a document in the interviewer’s hand) is the affidavit from him. Interviewer: What a nice uncle you must have…Questions:1.List some parts from part 1 that might lead to theinterviewer’s suspicion of the interviewee.2.What do these nonverbal messages really indicate inthe interviewer’s culture context?3.What is the difference in the nonverbal behaviorsbetween the two interviewees in two parts?4.What will happen to these two interviewees?Case analysis twoVu Nuyen was a Vietnamese, studying English in the United States. He often visited the local public library to read the magazines and newspapers. One day he found a book he wanted to read at home. So he asked the librarian, “Excuse me, may I borrow this book?”The librarian answered, “Why, of course. Just give me your library card.”Vu smiled at her and nodded his head politely. He wanted to show he was listening.The librarian kept talking. “That book is wonderful. Isn’t that author great?”Vu had never read anything by the author. But he smiled and nodded again to show his interest. Finally, he said, “I would like to borrow this book today. Could you please tell me how to apply for a library card?”The librarian looked confused. “Oh, I thought you said you have already had one. I’ll give you a temporary card for today. We’ll send you your regular card in the mail. It will be about two weeks. Come right this way to fill out the application.” The librarian held out her hand, palm up, moving only her index finger to get Vu to follow her.Now Vu was confused. He did not understand why the librarian had suddenly become so rude.However, Vu smiled to cover up his confusion. As the librarian gave Vu the application, she said to him, “You look happy. You must be glad about your new library card.”Question:Can you explain the misunderstanding out of different meanings of nonverbal behaviors mentioned in this case?Case analysis threeEva came to the United States from Peru to study at an American college. She wanted to live with an American family to find out more about the American way of life and she expected to improve her English.The foreign student office of her college found the Larsen family for Eva to live with. Eva spoke with Mrs. Larsen on the telephone. She sounded very warm and friendly to Eva. She told Eva she could move in the next day. Eva was very happy about it.Eva arrived the next day with all her luggage. She was excited to meet the Larsens. She rang the doorbell. A tall, blonde woman answered the door with big smile on her face. She said, “Oh, you must be Eva! I’m so glad you’re here! Let me help you with your bags. Come on in. I’m Hilda Larsen.”She took one of Eva’s bags into the house.When they got inside, Mrs. Larsen put the bag down and stood across from Eva, about 2 meters away. She crossed her arms in front of her and asked Eva, “Tell me about the trip. I’d love to go to Peru someday.”Just then, her teenaged son walked in, hands in his pockets. “Jimmy, meet Eva. Maybe she can help you with your Spanish this semester,” said his mother.Jimmy said, “Hi, glad to meet you.” His hands stayed in his pockets while he nodded his head.Eva didn’t know what to do with her hands. She felt uncomfortable. But she smiled and said, “Hi, nice to meet you.”The Larsens showed Eva her new room. Then they left her alone to unpack. Eva felt a little bit disappointed, but she didn’t know exactly why. She thought Mrs. Larsen seemed so friendly on the phone, but now she wasn’t sure. Jimmy also seemed a little bit cold, but he was justshy.Eva tried to find out what was wrong. She thought to herself. If an American girl came to stay with me in Peru, she would get a warmer welcome than that. My mother would give her a big kiss, instead of just standing there, far away from her. And my brother would give her a proper greeting. Well, people told me that Americans are cold. I guess they are right.Question:Could you try to help Eva to find out what was wrong?。
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Chapter 3
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