关于dutch的词汇学ppt展示
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
.
14
3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
.
13
Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
6
What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
Chapter 词汇学
2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development
• For each phase of the development, the following points must be made clear:
– Time range – Features of English – Social and historical events that influenced English greatly
1. The first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts. 2. The Germanic tribes include Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. They were first allies of Celts to fight against Picts and Scots, but then they became new conquerors. 3. Angles, Saxons and Jutes all have their dialects. The Saxons were numerically superior to the Angles, but the latter were influential enough to impose their name on the whole. 4. Old English was almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. It was a highly inflected language, of which nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowel changes or both.
Dutch 和French 的相关表达及含义
造公鸡，在风的吹动下不停旋转，用于测定风向，传统上被视为变幻无常的
象征）是按照法国的国家象征雄鸡来设计的。顺便一提，Frenchman 在英语
中还有“英国人之外的任何外国人”之意，也可见英国人对法国人的偏见和
敌意。
□
The lishman went to Spain on a fishing trip.
* 吴其尧，上海外国语大学英语学院教授，主要从事英美文学教学和研究。 1 参见 Mark Forsyth: The Etymologicon, p.76。 2 参见 Jeremy Paxman: The English, p.24。
Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.
2022·11 英语世界
Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.
While there, Roland hired a Spanish guide to help him find the best fishing spots. Since Roland was learning Spanish, he asked the guide to speak to him in Spanish and to correct any mistakes of usage.
Together they were hiking on a mountain trail when a very large, purple and blue fly crossed their path. The Englishmen pointed at the insect with his fishing rod, and announced, ‘Mira el mosca.’
词汇学第二章
第二章英语词汇的发展在单词研究中，知道词汇的源头和发展是重要的。
词汇随着语言而发展。
英语不是英国群岛上原住民的语言。
但是它从哪里来？为何它被认为是英语？通过什么方式和其他语言相联系？最初居民的词汇有多少？它是如何发展成为现在这样一个大的词汇量？这一章将对所有这些问题做一解答。
Isle岛屿2.1印欧语系假定世界上有将近三千（一些人说是五千）种语言，可以在词储和语法相似的基础上分为将近300个语系。
印欧语系是其中之一。
它包括欧洲，近东，和印度的大多数语言。
史前印欧语系的父语被认为是一种高度转折的语言。
在这语言中一个给定单词的不同形式表示在句子中它和其他词的关系。
当这种语群离开发源的大陆。
相信是欧洲东部的某地，每个语群的语言沿着不同的道路发展，很多和现在美国和澳洲英语与英国的英语区别相似。
经过漫长的时间完成分离独立的任务，这些同一种语言的不同方言改变了很多，以至于变成了独立的语言。
一种语言的使用者不能被其他语言的使用者所理解。
现存的语言展示不同程度的彼此类似。
这种相似程度或多或少受他们地理位置分布的影响。
它们因此被分成了八个主要的语群，那些语群被再次划分入东方体系：斯拉夫语，印度伊朗语，亚美尼亚语，阿尔巴尼亚语；西方体系：凯尔特语，意大利语，希腊语系，日耳曼语系。
在东方体系中，亚美尼亚语和阿尔巴尼亚语是相对仅存的现代语。
斯拉夫语包括一些现代语，像是普鲁士语，立陶宛语，波兰语，捷克语，保加利亚语，斯洛文尼亚语，俄语。
在印度伊朗语系中我们有波斯语，孟加拉语，印地语，吉普赛语，最后三种来自于已经死亡的语言sankirt。
在西方体系中，希腊语是来自于希腊的现代语。
在凯尔特语系中，我们发现了苏格兰语，爱尔兰语，威尔士语，布里多尼语等等。
有五种拉丁语言，就是葡萄牙语，西班牙语，法语，意大利语，罗马尼亚语都属于意大利语系，中间的接续语言是拉丁语。
日耳曼语系包括哟四种北欧语言，挪威语，冰岛语，丹麦语和瑞典语，这些都被称作斯堪的纳维亚语言。
英语词汇学 第八章课件详细版.ppt
8.2 The Role of Context: 语境的作用
❖ 1.Elimination of Ambiguity. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy. 消除歧义。由于词的多义词和 同音同形异义性，歧义现象经常出现。
❖ Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity. 语法结构也会引起歧义。
11
❖ 4) Synonymy.同义词关系 ❖ Synonyms or synonymous expressions
are frequently employed by authors to explain new words. 作家们频繁地使用同义词或同义词组来解释 新词 。
12
❖ 5) Antonymy.反义关系 ❖ Contrasting words or statements are also
6
8.2.2 Indication of Referents.限定所指
7
8.2.3 Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning 提供推断词义的线索
❖ In many cases, when a new word (thought to be) appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. 在很多情形中，当一个新词（所谓的）第一 次出现时，作者一般会想方设法提供一些可 能帮助读者抓住概念或理解观点的暗示。
词汇学之构词法课件
目录
CONTENTS
• 构词法简介 • 前缀构词法 • 后缀构词法 • 合成词构词法 • 转化词构词法 • 总结与展望
01 构词法简介
什么是构词法
01
构词法是研究词汇变化和形成的 科学，它主要研究词素组合的方 式、词素替换的规则等。
02
构词法包括词根、前缀、后缀、 词尾等元素，这些元素可以组合 、替换、变化，形成新的词汇。
构词法的重要性
构词法是语言学中重要的分支学科， 它对于理解语言的形成和发展、词汇 的变化规律以及语言的实际应用都有 重要的意义。
通过学习构词法，可以更好地理解词 汇的构成和意义，提高语言表达能力 。
构词法的分类
合成法
派生法
将两个或多个词素组合在一起形成新词的 方法。例如，“bookstore”由“book” 和“store”组合而成。
特点
前缀构词法是一种相对简单且易于掌 握的构词方法，通过添加前缀可以快 速创造新词。
规律
限制
虽然前缀构词法可以创造大量新词， 但并不是所有词根都可以随意添加前 缀，需要考虑到语言的语法和语义规 则。
前缀构词法有一定的规律可循，如 “dis-”通常表示否定意义，“re-” 通常表示重复或再次。
03 后缀构词法
04 合成词构词法
合成词的定义与构成方式
合成词定义
由两个或两个以上的词素组合而成的词。
构成方式
通过不同的组合方式，如名词+动词、形容词+名词、副词+动词等，形成具有特 定意义的合成词。
常见英语合成词举例
名词+动词
bookcase（书架）、 playground（操场）
形容词+名词
基础英语词汇PPT课件
• Hold on to • In the sun • keep(on) doing • self-sufficient • in general • become accustomed to • apply to • depend on • get along with • from bad to worse • from day to day • in use • admission free • get sth.free • find out • draw a conclusion • traffic jams • visual aids
• a host of
• Clothes-peg • Clothes-line • A dishcloth • The rich • The old • In the fPrimitive people • Be dressed in • Scrape…from • Make…into • Over four thousand years ago • The rich and the poor alike • Cut off • Keep a secret • Indirect taxes • Taxpayer • Tax-free • Local taxes • orm of
• strong competition • downtown business district • insurance • be limited by • confine…to • for all practical purposes • turn…to • general principles • relate to • solar power • lead up • an energy crisis • an amateur painter • the phenomena of nature • a commercial bank • a financial centre
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
英语词汇学教程课件第8章English Lexicology 8上
Lecture Eight
Idioms, Multiword Verbs and Proverbs
Idioms, multiword verbs and proverbs constitute an important part of the English language. They are very common in spoken and written English. The general tendency of present-day English is towards more idiomatic usage.
noun and noun (e.g. bread and butter, part and parcel),
noun + prepositional phrase (e.g. a snake in the grass, a bull in a china shop),
as + as construction (e.g. as clear as crystal, as like as two peas),
Nautical life and military life are the source of when one's ship comes home, to be in the same boat as someone, to be in deep waters, to sail under false colors, to cross swords with someone, to fight a pitched battle, to fight a losing/winning battle.
词汇学拼缀法截短法ppt课件
1
4.4 BLENDING 拼缀法
Blending is formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends（拼缀词） or portmanteau words（混成词）.（Page 82 Para 1）
Watergate（水门事件）
Specific case of political crisis resulting from scandalous deception(欺骗)
Muldergate (马尔德门) Billiegate （比利门） Cattlegate（牲畜们）
具体的政治危机事件
4
Structurally, blending fall into four categories: (page 82 para 3) 1. head + tail(词尾) 2. head + head 3. head + word 4. word + tail
拼缀法是将两个词的某一部分合并，或者将一个词加上 另外一个词的一部分而构成新词的方法。用这种方法构 成的词叫拼缀词或者混成词。
E.g. flush(脸红) flash + blush(使脸红) smog smoke + frog
2
BLENDING
(Page 82 para 2)
➢ A very productive process ➢ Well-established ➢ Models for new formation
英语词汇学 ppt课件
eg. (1) hām(home)的变格： Singular
Subjective hām
Possessive hāmes
Patient
hāme
Objective hām
Plural hāmas hāma hāmum hāmas
ppt课件
23
6）Loan Words 外来语
（1） Introduction of Christianity(基督教) Fr. Latin: bargain, cheap, inch, pound, cup, dish, wall, wine, etc.; abbot, alter, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, num, priest, pope, shrine, temple, etc. （2） Scandinavian invasion — Vikings Fr. Old Norse: are, they, their, them, till, call, die give, take skin, sky, window, ill, weak, etc.
3000 BC, Iberians --- Neolithic
500 BC, Celts
55BC – 410 AD, the Roman occupation
55BC: Julius Caesar
43AD: Emperor Claudius
--- The Roman Conquest罗马人的征服
inflectional and derivational affix?
ppt课件
4
6. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?
关于构词法的课件.ppt
super- 超级,上层subway
sur- 表面
supermarket, superior
tele- 远
surface, surname, surround
的trans- 横穿 ,通过telephone, telegram, television
tri- 三
transplant, transport, transform
greenhouse
温室
walkout
罢工
black hole
黑洞
mad-doctorห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
神经科医生
pig iron
生铁
the Milky
银河
3.W合a y成词的形式：连写，分写，连字符。（美语多不
用连字符，英语多用连字符；有些合成词取得固定地
位后，连写。）
派生法 --- 词缀法
1 . 加前缀的构词法 :
名词性后缀
-ness 状态, 性 质
-ment 行为, 结 果 -ship 状态
happiness, illness, selfishness, sadness darkness, carelessness, endlessness ， speechlessness
equipment, entertainment, amusement, excitement, agreement, management, argument
active, creative, negative, positive, expensive
manlike, childlike, warlike
-ly
有…性质的
-ous
有…性质的
-some
词汇学Chapter-2-the development of the English vocabulary
2.1 Indo-European Language Family
Eastern Set
Western Set Celtic Italic Hellenic Germanic
Indo-Iranian Balto-Slavic Armenian Albanian
2.1 The Indo-European Language Family
1. Hellenic希腊语族 ➢ Greek
2. Celtic凯尔特语族 ➢ Scotish苏格兰语 ➢ Irish爱尔兰语 ➢ Welsh威尔士 ➢ Breton布列塔尼语 ➢ Pictish皮克特语
3. Hittite希泰语族 4. Tocharian吐火罗语族
Norwegian挪威语
Icelandic冰岛语
➢ Scandinavian languages
Swedish瑞典语
Three periods of development
➢Old English/AngloSaxon English (449-1150 AD)
➢Middle English (1100-1500AD)
➢Modern English (1500-present)
➢ Russian俄罗斯语
2. Indo-Iranian印伊语族 ➢ Persian波斯语 ➢ Bengali 孟加拉语 ➢ Hindi 北印度语 ➢ Romany吉普赛语
3. Armenian亚美尼亚语族 ➢ Armenian
4. Albanian阿尔巴尼语族 ➢ Albanian
The Western Set
The first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts.
自考英语词汇学 第二章课件
In fact, more than twenty-five percent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages. 事实上，现代英语词汇 中有 25%以上几乎是直接从古典语言中直接介入的 （WBD）。 In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.在现代英语中，除了少数几个 词之外，词尾几乎都消失了。可以这样说，英语已 从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言 。
2
- The Indo-European is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. 印欧 语就是其中之一。该语系包括欧洲的大多数 语言、近东诸语言和古梵语。
2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500) -中古英语 Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. 虽然英语也从拉丁语中借词，但影响英语的主要还 是日耳曼语。 Between 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words of French origin poured into English. Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today.从 1250 年 到 1500 年的 250 年间，大约有 9000 个法语词汇 进入到英语中，其中 75%仍在使用。 If we say that Old English was a language of full endings. Middle English was one of leveled endings. 如果说古英语是全词尾的话，那么中古英 语的词尾已去了一半
张维友英语词汇学教程
2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development
1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50,000-60,000 words The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts, the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons and Jutes and their language, Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century, the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. In the 9th century, many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English, our daily life and speech. 特点： highly inflected language, complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）
otherculturescoin创造source来源changing变化lifestyle生活方式breed繁殖astrobiology太空生物学shuttle穿梭机orbit轨道retrovirus逆转录酶病毒surgery外科手术fallout放射尘irradiation放射atomic原子的megavitamin大量维生素soymilk豆奶grannyglasses金框眼镜pantsuit喘气装hiphugger拥抱punkrock朋克摇滚soulmusic黑人乐talkshows谈话节目boobtube电视机petropolitics石油政治watergate水门stagflation物价上涨demandpull通货膨胀openuniversity开放大学passfailinggrade传递失败等级telequiz电视问答chairperson主席girlcott妇女抵制maryjane大麻softdrug软毒品headshopcuisine菜肴stirfryingpitabread疲沓面包t
英语词汇学 Chapter1
English is a crazy language, full of wonders and attractions, thus making it an interesting subject as well as a useful one.
8
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
Aims of the course:
Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations. Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
5
If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Why do people recite at a play, and play at a recital? Ship by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动 词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在 独奏会上却要演奏：----（polysemy)一词多义
词汇学1-3
1、选择题 10题 20% 前三章概念2、填空题 5题 15% 前三章3、搭配题 10% 前四章4、名词解释题 5题 10% 如 loan words prefix5、简答题课后问题How why what 15%6、分析题提供一个单词对此词做出分析15%评论题用例子评论观点是否正确 15%题型例如一、选择题：1. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT( ) . A. –fulEnglish and ( ) belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. B. Danishadded to the end of words to indicate Grammatik relationships are known as ( )morphemes. C. inflectionalattached to other morphemes to create new words are known as ( ) affixes. B .derivational二、.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions 填空题1. affixation Is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases .2. Almost all affixes are bound morphemes because few as independent words.三、配对四、Define the following terms. 名词解释题五、Answer the following questions，简答题Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language FamilyThe Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world.It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have differentdegrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.六、1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.1Destructive de+struct+tive 2antibiotic anti+bio+tic3composition com+po+si+tion 4unbearable un+bear+able5international inter+nation+nal 6ex-prisoner ex+prison+er2. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, but now it refers to a specific animal. What kind of word-meaning change has the word experiencedWhat accounts for the change of word-meaning1) The word “deer” has experienced narrowing or specialization of meaning.2) The narrowing of word-meaning is caused by the influx of borrowings, one of the major linguistic factors leading to the change of word-meaning. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, and later the word “animal” from Latin and the word “beast” from French found their way into English. As the three terms were synonymous, “animal” retai ned the original meaning, the meaning of “deer” was narrowed and “beast” changed in colour.Chapter 1: a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.A word is(1)a minimal free form of a language;(2)a sound unity;(3)a unity of meaning;(4)a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic functionA word is a smallest unit of a language.is the language of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words used in some social sense.are the terms peculiar to a class, sect, trade or profession.means the vocabulary peculiar to the underworld.5.Classification of English Words According to Different CriteriaBy origin：native words ，borrowed wordsBy usage：common words，literary words，colloquial words，slang words，technical words By notion：function words，content wordsnative words features:1. All-national character Every English person uses the words of the native element.2. Great stability The native element lives for centuries providing the English with a basisfor theformation of new words.3. Monosyllabic The native element in Modem English is mostly monosyllabic.4. Word-forming ability The great stability and semantic peculiarities of Anglo-Saxon wordsaccount for the great word building power.5. Wide collocability Many native words enter quite a number of set expressions, idioms, phrasesand proverbial sayings.6. Plurality of meanings Most of the native words have undergone striking transformations insemantic structure, and are nowadays highly polysemantic7. High frequency value The native element (words of Anglo-Saxon origin) forms the bulk ofthe most frequent elements used in any style of speech8. Stylistically neutral Most native words are stylistically neutral.Classification of the borrowed words:Aliens: are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. From French: elite, coupéDenizens: are foreign words which have been conformed to native English in accent, spelling and even in adoption of an English affix, or words made up of two parts both fromforeign soil.get (a Scandinavian borrowing)theater (a French loan) sociology (socio- from French and -logy from Greek)Translation-Loans: are words and expressions formed from the material already existing in English, but according to patterns taken from another language, by way ofliteral morpheme-for-morpheme translation. black humour (from Frenchhumor noir)found object (from French object trouve)Semantic Loan words: are words of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word inanother language, or words which acquired new meanings under theinfluence of language or languages other than the source tongue.(gift meant “the price of a wife” in Old English and after the semanticborrowing of the meaning of gift or present of the Scandinavian termgipt, it meant and still means “gift” in the modern sense of it. )Classification of English Words by usageCommon words are connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. In English, most of the literary words are of French, Latin or Greek origin. For example,cast (throw), edifice(building), endeavor(try), purchase(buy), etc. More examples: recognition, distinction, inclination, dubious, amelioration…colloquial words or expressions are used mainly in spoken English, as in conversation among friends and colleagues. They can also be use in informal writings, but are inappropriate in formal speeches or writings. They are marked colloq. or informal in dictionaries. Such as: kid, guy, fellow, gay…区别literary word and colloquial word and common worda.Feeling fatigued, Tom retired early. (literary)b.Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early. (colloquial)c.John was dismissed for petty thieving. (common)d.John was fired for petty thieving. (colloquial)a.Penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced. (literary)b.You have got to pay fines for overdue books. (colloquial)c.They approved of the plan. (literary)d.They agreed to the plan.(common)Slang word is defined as language, words or phrases of a colorful, humorous, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. The chief reason for the formation and use of slang expressions is to secure freshness and novelty.Technical words refer to those words used in particular disciplines and academic areas. = terminologies or technical terms. symphony, sonata, orchestra, concerto，audiovisual, microteaching，algebra, geometry, calculus，clone, embryo, cell , organism, DNA(deoxyribonucleicacid), geneFunction words(or grammatical words or autosemantic words) are words that have little lexicalmeaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships withother words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Function wordsmight be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, grammatical articles or particles,all of which belong to the group of closed-class words.Content words: Words that are not function words are called content words (or open class wordsor lexical words). Include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although someadverbs are function words ., then and why).a. sub-standard words often used on informal occasions ( slang )b. specialized vocabulary common in certain professions ( jargon )c. words used by sup-cultural groups especiallyby underground society (argot )d. words that have rich notions ( content words )e. words of Anglo-Saxon origin( native words )f. words borrowed by way of translation ( translation loans )g. old words with new meanings( neologisms )h. foreign words which have become assimilated ( denizens )i. words whose meanings are borrowed (semantic loans)j. words essential to native speakers daily communication(dialectal words 本地语)配对 tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girlChapter 2Modern English Words : Borrowing& NeologismBorrowing: From French: attach, caféFrom Italian: concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome,balcony, in the fields of music, art, architectureFrom Spanish: armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigarFrom Portuguese: caste, pagodaFrom German: bismuth, cobalt, nickel, zincFrom Dutch: dock, freight, keelFrom Russian: vodka, troika, ruble, tsarFrom Australian: boomerang, kangaroo, dingoFrom Arabic: sugar, sultan,alcoholFrom Indian: coolie, cashmere, khakiFrom Chinese: tea, typhoon, yamenFrom Japanese: kimono, tycoonFrom African: gorilla, zebraNeologisms are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society. Neologisms: moonfall登月, space suit太空服, black hole黑洞, environmentalist环保人士, software软件 visual pollution视觉污染, data base 数据库 green revolution 绿色革命 clone 克隆nanotechnology纳米技术 income gap收入差距 Euro欧元 Watergate水门事件netspeak 网络词汇 distance education 远程教育 TV dinner 电视便餐/速冻食品feminism 女权主义 teach-in 讨论会/时事宣讲会, hippies嬉皮士 soul music 黑人音乐the lost generation迷惘的一代 talk shows 脱口秀 Karaoke (Japanese),black humor (French), paper tiger, Red Guards, Kungfu, tofu, wok, typhoon (Chinese). chapter 3One morpheme: nationTwo morphemes: nation-alThree morphemes: nation-al-izeFour morphemes: de-nation-al-izedecentralization de-, center, -al, -ize, -ationspecialize species, -al, -izeindividualistic in-, divide, -al, -ist, -ichalf-hearted half, heart, -edundeveloped -un, develop, -edsupernatural -super, nature, -alinequality -in, equal, -ityIn word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix.root 词根：所有曲折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的部分 stem 词干：所有的曲折词缀被去掉后所剩余的部分morphemebase 词基：任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式inflectional affix 曲折词缀affix 词缀derivational affix 派生词缀词根与词基的区别：词基可派生词缀，词根不可以进一步分析词基可加派生词缀与曲折词缀，词根只可加曲折词缀是词根（不可再分解）desire(v.) 是词干（可以加曲折词缀，如过去时ed）是词基是词基（可加词缀，又能再分解，able是派生后缀）desirable(adj.) 不是词根（它可再分解）不是词干（不可加曲折词缀）不是词根（可再分解—）undesirable (n.) 是词干，可加曲折词缀，如-s,是词基Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.. work, workable, worker, worked,workingFree roots（free morphemes）自由词素，可以独立成词are forms that can stand alone as words such as boy, moon, walk, black.Bound root(bond morpheme) ：粘着词素，即必须依附于另一个词素For example. -tain ，contain，detain ，sustain ，retain Affixes词缀are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Inflectional affixes曲折词素，放在单词后一般表示语法行为attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known asinflectional morphemes. cats, walked, walking , John’s bookDerivational affixes派生词素，形成新词并可能改变词性are added to other morphemes to createnew words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.Prefix 前缀are affixes that come before the word， such as pre+war， sub+seaSuffix后缀 : Affix comes after the word.Allomorph : 词素变体An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. . the morpheme of plurality {-s}: /s/ after thesounds /t, p, k//z/ after /d, b, g, l/; /iz/ after /s, z, …/A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (imperfect, imbalance, immobile). Itsallomorphs areir-before r (irregular, irresponsible);il- before l(illogical,illegal);in- before all other consonants and vowels (inflexible, incomplete).Native affixes are those that existed in the OE period or were formed from OE words, such as un-, mis-, be-, out-, over-, -ness, -dom, -hood, -ly, –er. undemocratic ,Foreign affixes came as a part of loan words from Latin, Greek, French, or other languages. Examples: ab-(L), bi-(L), dis-(L), re-(L), kilo-(Gk), poly-(Gk), mal-(F), -ic(Gk), -ism(Gk),-ist(Gk), -able (F), -ize(F).1) a minimum meaningful unit of a language (morpheme)2) one of the variants that realize a morpheme (allomorph)3) a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme(bound morpheme)4) a morpheme that can stand alone (free morpheme )5) a morpheme attached to a stem or a root (affix )6) an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( informational affix)7) an affix that forms new words with a base,stem or a root (derivational affix )8) what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes (root )9) a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( b ase)10)that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes（stem）chapter4negative prefixes ：apolitical，destabilize，declassify，disenfranchise ，disinvest，illegal，irresponsible，imperceptible，non-economic ，non-party，unacceptable，non-negative prefixes ： hyperlink，hypertext，overestimate ，overcompensate，semi-annual，supermarket，superintendant，ultra-secret，ultra-conservative，embark ，enclose，external，ex-wife ，inter-American ，inter-government，postgraduate，preliminary，autonomy，miscalculation1. Noun-forming suffixes-age: passage, marriage, mileage -dom: freedom, kingdom-ance/-ence: assistance, predominance, correspondence-ee: employee, referee, absentee -eer/er: engineer, profiteer, manager-ess: manageress, heiress -ist: economist-hood: adulthood, singlehood -ing: building, meaning, packing-ion/-sion/-tion/-ition/-ation: production, conclusion, realization-ism: consumerism, perfectionism -ment: agreement, investment-ness: effectiveness, kindness -ship: ownership, friendship-ty/-ity: productivity, prosperity -ure/-ture: procedure, expenditure2. Adjective-forming suffixes-able/-ible: manageable, permissible -al/-tal/-ial/-tial: economical, statistical -ant/-ent: redundant, dependent -ary: monetary, inflationary-ate/-ete: accurate, complete -ful: dutiful, powerful-ish: snobbish, reddish, bookish -ive: effective, extensive-less: effortless, powerless -like: businesslike, lifelike-ly: costly, orderly -ous/-ious: ambiguous, nutritious-some: troublesome, worrisome -y: sexy, worthy, daddy3. Verb-forming suffixes-en: brighten, moisten -ify/-fy: intensify, qualify, liquefy, glorify -ize/-ise: rationalize, advertise, stabilize*‘ize’ is often used in American English . maximize) as an alternative spelling of ‘ise’ in British English . maximise).4. Adverb forming suffixes-ly: frequently, perfectly -ward/-wards: windward, backward, homewards -wise: vote-wise, percentage-wise, housingwise*Words formed with ‘ward’ can usually be used as either adverbs or adjectives. Words formed with ‘wards’ are mainly used as adverbs . westward, westwards).Modern suffixes:1. mega- (very large) : negacity megadestruction megagame megastructure megarichmegaversity(automatic/computerized): cyberculture cyberbrain cyberart cyber-securitycyber-space cyber-privacy(super/too much): hypermedia hyperlinks hyperfriction hyperslow hyberverbal4. info- (information): infotech infocenter infotainment infomercial5. nano- (one billionth): nanotech nanofabrication nanocomputer(technology): technomania technophobia techno-centric7. tele- (long-distance transfer/television): telead telrbanking telebus telecentertele-education8. e- (electronic) : e-mail e-text e-zine e-cash9. -bot (robot): knowbot mobot microbot10. -size (measurements) : downsize upsize rightsize life-size11. -ware (articles of the same kind): glassware soft/hardware middleware silverwarewarehouse(of the center/taking…as the center): user-centric male-centric net-centric warIBM compatible-centricchapter1 简答题1. What is a word2. What is the relationship between words and vocabulary3. What are the characteristics of the basic vocabulary4. What is the fundamental difference between content words and functional words5. How do you account for the role of native words in English in relation to loan wordschapter2 简答题1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-EuropeanLanguage FamilyThe Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family havedifferent degrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. What are the fundamental differences between the vocabularies of the threeperiods of developmentDo you think we can divide the historical development in other waysDefend your argument.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one another.Old English has (1) a small vocabulary (50,000—60,000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings.Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled.Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and(3) words with lost endings.Yes, we can divide the development in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066 the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of the three phases of the original division is lost.3. What characteristics of English make the English language heterogeneousIt is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.chapter3简答题is the difference between morph形素, morpheme词素, allomorphs词素变体Morph: A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.Morpheme :A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. . the morpheme of plurality {-s}:are the ways of creating new morphemesis the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes, and inflectional and derivational morphemes Give examples to illustrate their relationships.Inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as -s(-es), -ed, -ing and -est(to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including reflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and was; lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes.。
初中英语词汇学精美课件pp t(5)
I: fact,fac=“do,make”做，作
Factory ~~做 + ory场所
=工厂
Benefactor ~~bene好+做+or人
=捐助者
Malefaction/mælə'fækʃən/ ~~male-坏+做+人
=做坏事的人,罪犯
Factitio[fæk'tiʃəs] ~~做+tious表示"...的";"具有...
Inflate ~~in“使”+膨胀 =使膨胀
Inflation~~inflate去e+ion表“状态” =通货膨胀，（充气引起的）膨胀
Deflate~~↔inflate→ =使漏气，使干瘪
Deflation~~deflate去e+ion =通货紧缩，放气
Conflation~~con(m)共同+flate+ion =熔合，混合
Confer~~con(com)一起完全+拿，带
=商谈
Floriferous ~~ fori表示花+带+abj.词缀
=有花的
Aquiferous ~~aqui水+带ous ~~ cruci(法）在十字架上钉的 死刑+带+adj.词缀
花科的
=有十字形的，十字
III：fic,fig=虚构的，编造的
的
=人工的
fact,fac=“do,make”做，作
Facile/fæ sail] ~~做+ile Adj.词尾。不费力的 =容易做到的
Facility~~做+ity表示性质 =设备，设施
初中英语词汇学精美课件pp t(1)
equity equit-平等+ -y 名词后缀
n. 公平，公正
equivocal
equi-平等+ -voc 声音→主张 + -al ……的 adj.意义模糊的 有歧义的
equilateral
equi-平等+-lateral侧面的
adj.（三角形）等边的
eu=good 好，优
词后缀
adj.协调的 韵律体操的
ev=time时间
medieval adj. 中世纪的 古老的 primeval adj. 原始的 longevity
long-长+-ev 时间+-ity名词后缀 n.长寿 →adj. longevous
coeval
co-共同的+-ev时间+-al形容词后缀 adj. 同时代的,同年龄的
Ed=eat (吃)
edible ed- 吃 + -ible 可……的
可以食用的acity ed-吃+ -acity名词后缀 （有…… 倾向的）
n.贪婪，贪食，狼吞虎咽 edacious adj.贪吃的
equivalent adj.相等的 等值的 equate v. 使相等 使平等对待
fable n.寓言 fabulist n.寓言作家 说谎者 fabulous
adj.寓言中的 传说的；极好的； 惊人的
fab=fable(寓言）→说
Confab con-前缀 表示“一起 ”+-fab说 n.| Vi.交谈，闲谈
Confabulate Vi. 谈论，虚谈 虚构
eugenics ed- 优+ -gen 产生+ -ics 学科