英语句子成分及结构专题
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一、句子成分(Members of a Sentence)
英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”、“同位语”和“独立成分”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。独立成分与句子的其他成分没有语法上的联系，能用作独立成分的有：感叹词、呼语和插入语。
1.主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构有：①名词②代词③数词④名词化的形容词（如the rich）⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦主语从句等表示。例如：Tom is a clever boy.（专有名词人名作主语）
画出句子的主语，并说明其构成方式：
①During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
②We often speak English in class.
③One-third of the students in this class are girls.
④To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
⑤Smoking does harm to the health.
⑥The rich should help the poor.
⑦When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
⑧It is necessary to master a foreign language.
⑨That he isn’t at home is not true.
正确运用主语的各种形式
2.谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，一般放在主语之后。谓语
的构成如下：
（1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如：
He practises running every morning.（动词practise作谓语）
We usually listen to the music on weekends.（动词短语listen to作谓语）
（2）复合谓语：
①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。例如：
You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
②由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。例如：
We are students. Your idea sounds great.
画出句子的谓语，并说明其构成方式：
①My sister is crying over there.
②I have been waiting for you all the time.
③I would stay at home all day.
正确运用主语的各种形式
3.表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, keep, stay,
remain, seem, appear, look, smell, sound, feel, taste, become, get, grow, go, turn, prove等）之后。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词②代词③数词④分词⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦介词短语⑧副词⑨表语从句等表示。例如：She is very beautiful.（形容词作表语）
画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：
①Our teacher of English is an American.
②Is it yours?
③The weather has turned cold.
④The speech is exciting.
⑤Three times seven is twenty one.
⑥His job is to teach English.
⑦His hobby is playing football.
⑧The machine must be under repair.
⑨The truth is that he has never been abroad.
正确运用主语的各种形式
4.宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构。可以作表语的词性或语法结构有：①名词②代词③数词④名词化的分词⑤不定式⑥动名词⑦宾语从句等表示。例如：They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词作动宾）
画出句子的表语，并说明其构成方式：
①They planted many trees yesterday.
②-- How many dictionaries do you have? --I have five.
③They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
④I wanted to buy a car.
⑤He pretended not to see me.
⑥I enjoy listening to popular music.
⑦I think（that）he is fit for his office.