Fracture Mechanics of Polymers

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高分子力化学的英文

高分子力化学的英文Polymer Mechanochemistry: An Overview.Polymer mechanochemistry is an interdisciplinary field that explores the chemical reactions initiated or influenced by mechanical forces acting on polymers. At its core, this field merges the principles of polymer science, mechanics, and chemistry to understand how external forces can manipulate the chemical properties and structures of polymers.1. Principles of Polymer Mechanochemistry.Polymer mechanochemistry is based on the principle that mechanical stress or strain can activate chemical bonds within polymers, leading to bond scission, formation of new bonds, or changes in the overall polymer structure. This activation can occur through various mechanisms such as friction, compression, tension, or shear forces.2. Types of Polymer Mechanochemical Reactions.Bond Scission: Mechanical forces can cause the scission of polymer chains, resulting in chain shortening and changes in polymer properties.Cross-Linking: Under certain conditions, mechanical forces can promote the formation of cross-links between polymer chains, increasing the mechanical strength of the material.Isomerization: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes within polymer chains, leading to isomerization and altered physical properties.3. Applications of Polymer Mechanochemistry.Polymer mechanochemistry finds applications in various fields such as:Materials Science: Mechanical activation can be used to modify the properties of polymers for specificapplications, such as improving their mechanical strength, thermal stability, or conductivity.Waste Management: Polymers can be recycled or upcycled through mechanochemical processes, reducing waste and environmental impact.Sensors and Actuators: Polymers with mechanically responsive chemical properties can be used in sensors and actuators for monitoring and controlling physical parameters.4. Challenges and Future Outlook.While polymer mechanochemistry offers promising opportunities, it also faces several challenges:Controllability: Achieving precise control over mechanochemical reactions can be challenging due to the complexity of polymer systems.Scalability: Scaling up mechanochemical reactions forindustrial applications can be difficult due to equipment limitations and process control issues.Fundamental Understanding: A fundamental understanding of the mechanisms underlying polymer mechanochemical reactions is still evolving, necessitating further research.Conclusion.Polymer mechanochemistry represents a frontier in polymer science, offering new avenues for manipulating polymer properties and structures through mechanical forces. With continued research and technological advancements,this field has the potential to revolutionize polymer processing and applications across multiple disciplines.。

Basics of Material Science生物材料科学基础(双语)

4) Materials Design and Selection
2
Atomic
1) Atቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱmic Structure
2) Atomic and Ionic Arrangements
3) Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements
4) Atom and Ion Movements in Materials
Chapter
Title
Topic
1
Introduction to Material 1) What is Material Science and Engineering
Science and Engineering 2) Classification of Material
3) Environmental and Other Effects
2) Ceramic Materials 3) composites
24 south Section 1 Ring Road No.1 ChengDu, SiChuan 610065 P.R.China
Sichuan University
Department of Material Science and Engineering Basics of Material Science Course Syllabus
Course Name Basics of Material Science
Course No. Department
Course Descriptions
301101040
Material Science and Engineering

【高分子专业英语翻译】

【高分子专业英语翻译】第五课乳液聚合大部分的乳液聚合都是由自由基引发的并且表现出其他自由基体系的很多特点,最主要的反应机理的不同源自小体积元中自由基增长的场所不同。

乳液聚合不仅允许在高反应速率下获得较高分子量,这在本体聚合中是无法实现或效率低下的,,同时还有其他重要的实用优点。

水吸收了大部分聚合热且有利于反应控制,产物在低粘度体系中获得,容易处理,可直接使用或是在凝聚,水洗,干燥之后很快转化成固体聚合物。

在共聚中,尽管共聚原理适用于乳液体系,单体在水相中溶解能力的不同也可能导致其与本体聚合行为不同,从而有重要的实际意义。

乳液聚合的变化很大,从包含单一单体,乳化剂,水和单一引发剂的简单体系到这些包含有2,3个单体,一次或分批添加,,混合乳化剂和助稳定剂以及包括链转移剂的复合引发体系。

单体和水相的比例允许变化范围很大,但是在技术做法上通常限制在30/70到60/40。

单体和水相比更高时则达到了直接聚合允许的极限,只有通过分批添加单体方法来排除聚合产生的大量的热。

更复杂的是随着胶体数的增加粘度也大大增加,尤其是当水溶性的单体和聚合物易容时,反应结束胶乳浓度降低。

这一阶段常常伴随着通过聚集作用或是在热力学不稳定时凝结作用而使胶粒尺寸增大。

第十课高分子的构型和构象本课中我们将使用根据经典有机化学术语而来的构型和构象这两个词。

构型异构是由于分子中存在一个或多个不对称中心,以最简单的C原子为例,每一碳原子的绝对构型为R型和S型,当存在双键时会有顺式和反式几何异构。

以合成聚合物为例,构型异构的典型问题和R.S型不对称碳原子在主链上的排布有关。

这些不对称碳原子要么来自不对称单体,如环氧丙烷,要么来自对称单体,如乙烯单体,,这些物质的聚合,在每个单体单元中形成至少一个不对称碳原子。

大分子中的构型异构源于侧链上存在不对称的碳原子,例如不对称乙烯单体的聚合,也是可能的,现今已经被广泛研究。

和经典有机化学术语一致,构象,旋转体,旋转异构体,构象异构体,指的是由于分子单键的内旋转而形成的空间排布的不同。

力学名词英文翻译

广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differentialtype积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic conti-nuum内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor 声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutiverela-tions共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test 三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure 被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect 贯入阻力penetration resistance 沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature 电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media,seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement 不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundarylayer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics 流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect,Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure tech-nique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers 挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell 无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型V oigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow 哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, bloodrheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics 生物固体力学biological solid mechanics 宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体V oigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold尘暴dust storm计尘仪koniscope盛行风prevailing wind输沙率rate of sand transporting重演距离repetition distance跃移[运动] saltation跃移质saltation load沙波纹sand ripple沙影sand shadow沙暴sand storm流沙shifting sand翻滚tumble植物固沙vegetative sand-control流速线velocity line泥石流debris flow连续泥石流continuous debris flow 泥石铺床bed-predeposit of mud泥石流地声geosound of debris flow 气浪airsurge冻胀力frost heaving pressure冻土强度frozen soil strength雪崩avalanche冰崩iceslide冰压力ice pressure重力侵蚀gravity erosion分凝势segregation potential滑波landslide山洪torrent爆发blow up雪暴snowstorm火爆fire storm闪点flash point闪耀flare up阴燃smolder轰燃flashover飞火spotting, firebrand地表火surface fire地下火ground fire树冠火crown fire烛炬火candling fire狂燃火running fire火焰强度flame intensity火焰辐射flame radiation火龙卷fire tornado火旋涡fire whirl火蔓延fire spread对流柱convection column隔火带fire line隔火带强度fireline intensity非线性动力学nonlinear dynamics动态系统dynamical system原象preimage控制参量control parameter霍普夫分岔Hopf bifurcation倒倍周期分岔inverse period- doubling bifurca-tion全局分岔global bifurcation魔[鬼楼]梯devil's staircase非线性振动nonlinear vibration侵入物invader锁相phase- locking猎食模型predator- prey model[状]态空间state space[状]态变量state variable吕埃勒-塔肯斯道路Ruelle- Takens route 斯梅尔马蹄Smale horseshoe混沌chaos李-约克定理Li-Yorke theorem李-约克混沌Li-Yorke chaos洛伦茨吸引子Lorenz attractor混沌吸引子chaotic attractorKAM环面KAM torus费根鲍姆数Feigenbaum number费根鲍姆标度律Feigenbaum scaling KAM定理Kolmogorov-Arnol'd Moser theorem, KAM theorem勒斯勒尔方程Rossler equation混沌运动chaotic motion费根鲍姆函数方程Feigenbaum functional equation蝴蝶效应butterfly effect同宿点homoclinic point异宿点heteroclinic point同宿轨道homoclinic orbit异宿轨道heteroclinic orbit排斥子repellor超混沌hyperchaos阵发混沌intermittency chaos内禀随机性intrinsic stochasticity含混吸引子vague attractor [of Kolmogorov]VAK奇怪吸引子strange attractorFPU问题Fermi-Pasta- Ulam problem,FPU problem初态敏感性sensitivity to initial state反应扩散方程reaction-diffusion equation 非线性薛定谔方程nonlinear Schrodinger equation逆散射法inverse scattering method孤[立]波solitary wave奇异摄动singular perturbation正弦戈登方程sine-Gorden equation科赫岛Koch island豪斯多夫维数Hausdorff dimensionKS[动态]熵Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, KS entropy卡普兰-约克猜想Kaplan -Yorke conjecture 康托尔集[合] Cantor set欧几里得维数Euclidian dimension茹利亚集[合] Julia set科赫曲线Koch curve谢尔平斯基海绵Sierpinski sponge李雅普诺夫指数Lyapunov exponent芒德布罗集[合] Mandelbrot set李雅普诺夫维数Lyapunov dimension谢尔平斯基镂垫Sierpinski gasket雷尼熵Renyi entropy雷尼信息Renyi information分形fractal分形维数fractal dimension分形体fractal胖分形fat fractal退守物defender覆盖维数covering dimension信息维数information dimension度规熵metric entropy多重分形multi-fractal关联维数correlation dimension拓扑熵topological entropy拓扑维数topological dimension拉格朗日湍流Lagrange turbulence布鲁塞尔模型Brusselator贝纳尔对流Benard convection瑞利-贝纳尔不稳定性Rayleigh-Benard instability闭锁键blocked bond元胞自动机cellular automaton浸渐消去法adiabatic elimination连通键connected bond, unblocked bond自旋玻璃spin glass窘组frustration窘组嵌板frustration plaquette窘组函数frustration function窘组网络frustration network窘组位形frustrating configuration逾渗通路percolation path逾渗阈[值] percolation threshold入侵逾渗invasion percolation扩程逾渗extend range percolation多色逾渗polychromatic percolation快变量fast variable慢变量slow variable卷筒图型roll pattern六角[形]图形hexagon pattern主[宰]方程master equation役使原理slaving principle耗散结构dissipation structure离散流体[模型] discrete fluid自相似解self-similar solution协同学synergetics自组织self-organization跨越集团spanning cluster奇点singularity多重奇点multiple singularity多重定态multiple steady state不动点fixed point吸引子attractor自治系统autonomous system结点node焦点focus简单奇点simple singularity单切结点one-tangent node极限环limit cycle中心点center鞍点saddle [point]映射map[ping]逻辑斯谛映射logistic map[ping]沙尔科夫斯基序列Sharkovskii sequence 面包师变换baker's transformation吸引盆basin of attraction生灭过程birth-and death process台球问题biliard ball problem庞加莱映射Poincar'e map庞加莱截面Poincar'e section猫脸映射cat map[of Arnosov][映]象image揉面变换kneading transformation倍周期分岔period doubling bifurcation单峰映射single hump map[ping]圆[周]映射circle map[ping]埃农吸引子Henon attractor分岔bifurcation分岔集bifurcation set余维[数] co-dimension叉式分岔pitchfork bifurcation鞍结分岔saddle-node bifurcation次级分岔secondary bifurcation跨临界分岔transcritical bifurcation开折unfolding切分岔tangent bifurcation普适性universality突变catastrophe突变论catastrophe theory折叠[型突变] fold [catastrophe]尖拐[型突变] cusp [catastrophe]燕尾[型突变] swallow tail抛物脐[型突变] parabolic umbilic双曲脐[型突变] hyperbolic umbilic椭圆脐[型突变] elliptic umbilic蝴蝶[型突变] butterfly阿诺德舌[头] Arnol'd tongueBZ反应Belousov-Zhabotinskireaction, BZ reaction法里序列Farey sequence法里树Farey tree洛特卡-沃尔泰拉方程Lotka-V olterra equation 梅利尼科夫积分Mel'nikov integral锁频frequency-locking滞后[效应] hysteresis突跳jump准周期振动quasi-oscillation。

材料导论翻译上

简介聚合物的形式，塑料，橡胶和纤维，多年来发挥必不可少的，但不同的作用在日常生活中：作为电气绝缘，如轮胎，包装食品，仅举三个。

没有任何其他类别的材料，可以取代它们。

你有没有想知道是什么光盘了吗？什么是聚合物中使用的口香糖？这是第一次合成纤维做过？为什么有些塑料“洗碗机安全”和一些不呢？什么是防弹背心了吗？什么是聚合物用于不粘炊具？一个世纪前，聚合物行业正处于萌芽阶段。

第一人造塑料，某种形式的硝酸纤维素，是展示大国际展览在伦敦1862年。

展品安排到36个班。

其中展出的14000 C节第4类（动物和蔬菜中使用的物质制造）是一套小成型所作的亚历山大帕克斯从一个材料，他命名为Parkesine 。

据介绍展览的小册子作为替代天然材料，如象牙和玳瑁这已成为稀有和昂贵。

帕克斯出生于1813年和学徒作为一个黄铜的创始人。

他成为活跃在年轻的橡胶工业和1843年获得专利的防水面料，专利他卖掉后，查尔斯的Macintosh 。

防水面料自然的一个主要早期使用天然橡胶，这是得到的时候从树上在南美丛林中。

胶粘的不愉快的早期产品被淘汰的发现，固特异和汉考克在1840年的硫化硫的影响。

起初的硫只是灰尘的表面，但很快，这是应遵循的机械混合的橡胶和硫磺。

利益的帕克斯在婴儿橡胶和塑料业是象征性的科学和工业关系一直存在他们之间。

第一个真正的商业过程中生产的塑料材料由硝酸纤维素（赛璐珞）是由于约翰凯悦的奥尔巴尼，纽约州。

在1863年，凯悦，谁当时26岁的打印机，力求赢得奖金$ 10000所提供的费伦和Collander公司一个新的合成材料，使台球。

他认真研究了文献硝酸纤维素和知道发现了帕克斯的结合pyroxylin和樟脑制作了一个类似象牙的塑料。

凯悦构想用少量的溶剂和补充的热量和压力。

之后进行的早期试验在厨房里他的宿舍，他被驱逐到一个棚子。

赛璐珞是一个较低的硝酸盐纤维素-一种高的棉花是枪！凯悦是完全的成功与他的过程，专利在1870年发表的。

力学名词英文翻译

专业英语高分子专业术语

H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
C
H
Repeating Unit
重复单元——化学组成和结构可重复的最小单位
重复单元也称链节(chain unit) 重复单元的数量或链节数n又称聚合度(degree of polymerization)
H H C H
H
H
单体
C H
C H
C
n
重复单元
H
Homopolymer 均聚物——由同一种单体聚合而成
名称聚乙烯聚丙烯聚异丁烯聚苯乙烯聚氯乙烯聚二氯乙烯聚氟乙烯聚四氟乙烯聚丙烯腈
Name

缩写符号
polyethylene PE polypropene PP polyisobutylene PIB polystyrene PS poly(vinyl chloride) PVC poly(vinyl dichloride) PVDC poly(vinyl fluoride) PVF poly(tetrafluroethylene) PTFE poly(acrylonitrile) PAN
Graft polymer A A A A A AA A B B B B B B
聚合物的命名(Nomenclature of Polymers) 不像无机或有机小分子有一套以其化学结构为基础的系统命名方法；目前多种命名方法并存: a) 基于其组成来源的命名方法(Source-based)； b) 基于结构的命名方法(Structure-based)； c) 商品名及一些约定俗成的命名方法(Trade name) 其命名很难看出结构特点，但较为简单，目前仍广为流传

机械专业英语原文双译-unit1

For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. 就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。

计算机集成制造业包含许多先进的技术，如：计算机数字控制、计算机辅助设计、计算机辅助制造业、机器人技术和实时控制，它甚至是一种新的技术或新概念。

If we accept the fact that mechanical systems optimally coupled with electronics components will be the wave of the future, then we must also understand that the ripple effect (连锁反应)will be felt all the way back to the university, where we now keep the two disciplines of mechanics and electronics separated and allow them to meet only in occasional overview sessions(学期).
老外来了！！
The software used in ―Optimal Design of Machine‖
Ms.Adams
The reasons to study specialty English

高分子材料与工程专业部分翻译

This classification agrees well with the presently used general practice. 这种分类方法与目前实际情况相符合。 Agree well with…. 与。。。相符合。 When the repeating unit is composed of several monomeric components following each other in a regular fashion, the polymer is commonly named according to its structure. in a regular fashion，规则地当重复单元由几个单体组成物规则排布，聚合物通常根据它的结构来命名。 It must be borne in mind that, with the advent of Ziegler-Natta mechanisms and new techniques to improve and extend crystallinity, and the closeness of packing of chains, many older data given should be critically considered in relation to the stereoregular and crystalline structure. Bear in mind, 牢记，记住 With advent of…,随着。。。的出现 in relation to，关于。。。，与。。。有关 the closeness of packing of chains，链堆砌密度必须记住，随着Ziegler-Natta机理的出现，以及随着提高结晶度和提高链的堆砌密度的新方法的出现，对许多过去已经得到的关于空间结构和晶体结构旧的资料，应当批判地接受。必须记住，随着Ziegler-Natta机理，以及提高结晶度和链堆砌紧密度新技术的出现，许多与立构规整与结晶结构相关的旧数据应当批评地接受。

硅烷偶联剂改性纳米碳酸钙在PVC复合材料的应用研究

作者简介：邓传福（1982-），工程师，主要从事建筑材料的开发和检测工作。

收稿日期：2023-05-05聚氯乙烯（PVC ）是一种廉价易得的聚合物材料，在鞋材、管道管件、电线电缆、压延膜等行业有着广泛的应用[1]。

但众所周知，纯PVC 材料由于其韧性差和热稳定性不足，在许多应用中都存在局限性[2]。

因此，在许多行业中，开发了用各种填料改性的PVC 复合材料，以提高机其械性能和热稳定性能[3]。

高岭土[4]、硫酸钙[5]、碳酸钙[6]、滑石粉[7]、和二氧化硅[8]等无机填料已被证明可用于增强聚合物树脂的物理性能。

但显而易见，聚合物基体和填料之间的界面相将对复合材料的物理性能起着关键作用。

不幸的是，无机材料表面一般都呈现为强极性，与聚合物材料通常不相容，这无疑会导致无机填料与聚合物之间的无法形成有效的界面层。

为了克服上述问题，最常用的方法就是对无机填料进行表面改性，以改善其与聚合物材料之间的相容性。

目前市场上也出现了多种性能不俗的表面改性剂，如硅烷偶联剂、铝酸酯偶联剂、钛酸酯偶联剂等，在不同填料的改性上都有着广泛的应用。

然而目前的理论和实践普遍认为，由于碳酸钙表面羟基含量不高，因此并不适合使用硅烷偶联剂作为其表面改性剂，虽有部分研究者采用溶剂法可成功在碳酸钙表面接枝上硅烷偶联剂[9]，但成本因素几乎不可能工业化应用。

在本文的研究中，我们在纳米碳酸钙的制备过程中通过引入不同剂量的羟基，考察后期硅烷偶联剂对硅烷偶联剂改性纳米碳酸钙在PVC复合材料的应用研究邓传福1，颜干才2，杜年军2(1.钦州市建筑工程质量检测中心有限公司，广西钦州 535000； 2.广西平果市润丰钙新材料科技有限公司，广西平果 533822)摘要：采用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（KH -550）对纳米碳酸钙进行特殊表面改性，利用扫描电镜（SEM ）、红外光谱（IR ）、热机械分析仪（TMA ）、热重分析仪（TG ）、转矩流变仪等测试手段，探究了改性后的纳米碳酸钙对聚氯乙烯（PVC ）复合材料综合性能的影响。

高分子材料专业词典

高分子材料工程专业英语第二版(曹同玉)课后单词

专业英语accordion 手风琴activation 活化（作用）addition polymer 加成聚合物，加聚物aggravate 加重，恶化agitation 搅拌agrochemical 农药，化肥Alfin catalyst 醇（碱金属）烯催化剂align 排列成行aliphatic 脂肪（族）的alkali metal 碱金属allyl 烯丙基aluminum alkyl 烷基铝amidation 酰胺化（作用）amino 氨基，氨基的amorphous 无定型的，非晶体的anionic 阴（负）离子的antioxidant 抗氧剂antistatic agent 抗静电剂aromatic 芳香（族）的arrangement （空间）排布，排列atactic 无规立构的attraction 引力，吸引backbone 主链，骨干behavior 性能，行为biological 生物（学）的biomedical 生物医学的bond dissociation energy 键断裂能boundary 界限，范围brittle 脆的，易碎的butadiene 丁二烯butyllithium 丁基锂calendering 压延成型calendering 压延carboxyl 羧基carrier 载体catalyst 催化剂，触媒categorization 分类（法）category 种类，类型cation 正[阳]离子cationic 阳（正）离子的centrifuge 离心chain reaction 连锁反应chain termination 链终止char 炭characterize 表征成为…的特征chilled water 冷冻水chlorine 氯（气）coating 涂覆cocatalyst 助催化剂coil 线团coiling 线团状的colligative 依数性colloid 胶体commence 开始，着手common salt 食盐complex 络合物compliance 柔量condensation polymer 缩合聚合物，缩聚物conductive material 导电材料conformation 构象consistency 稠度，粘稠度contaminant 污物contour 外形，轮廓controlled release 控制释放controversy 争论，争议conversion 转化率conversion 转化copolymer 共聚物copolymerization 共聚（合）corrosion inhibitor 缓释剂countercurrent 逆流crosslinking 交联crystal 基体，结晶crystalline 晶体，晶态，结晶的，晶态的crystalline 结晶的crystallinity 结晶性，结晶度crystallite 微晶decomposition 分解defect 缺陷deformability 变形性，变形能力deformation 形变deformation 变形degree of polymerization 聚合度dehydrogenate 使脱氢density 密度depolymerization 解聚deposit 堆积物，沉积depropagation 降解dewater 脱水diacid 二（元）酸diamine 二（元）胺dibasic 二元的dieforming 口模成型diffraction 衍射diffuse 扩散dimension 尺寸dimensional stability 尺寸稳定性dimer 二聚物（体）diol 二（元）醇diolefin 二烯烃disintegrate 分解，分散，分离dislocation 错位，位错dispersant 分散剂dissociate 离解dissolution 溶解dissolve 使…溶解distort 使…变形，扭曲double bond 双键dough （生）面团，揉好的面drug 药品，药物elastic modulus 弹性模量elastomer 弹性体eliminate 消除，打开，除去elongation 伸长率，延伸率entanglement 缠结，纠缠entropy 熵equilibrium 平衡esterification 酯化（作用）evacuate 撤出extrusion 注射成型extrusion 挤出fiber 纤维flame retardant 阻燃剂flexible 柔软的flocculating agent 絮凝剂folded-chain lamella theory 折叠链片晶理论formulation 配方fractionation 分级fragment 碎屑，碎片fringed-micelle theory 缨状微束理论functional group 官能团functional polymer 功能聚合物functionalized polymer 功能聚合物gel 凝胶glass transition temperature 玻璃化温度glassy 玻璃（态）的glassy 玻璃态的glassy state 玻璃态globule 小球，液滴，颗粒growing chain 生长链，活性链gyration 旋转，回旋hardness 硬度heat transfer 热传递heterogeneous 不均匀的，非均匀的hydocy acid 羧基酸hydrogen 氢（气）hydrogen bonding 氢键hydrostatic 流体静力学hydroxyl 烃基hypothetical 假定的，理想的，有前提的ideal 理想的，概念的imagine 想象，推测imbed 嵌入，埋入，包埋imperfect 不完全的improve 增进，改善impurity 杂质indispensable 不了或缺的infrared spectroscopy 红外光谱法ingredient 成分initiation （链）引发initiator 引发剂inorganic polymer 无机聚合物interaction 相互作用interchain 链间的interlink 把…相互连接起来连接intermittent 间歇式的intermolecular (作用于)分子间的intrinsic 固有的ion 离子ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂ionic 离子的ionic polymerization 离子型聚合irradiation 照射，辐射irregularity 不规则性，不均匀的isobutylene 异丁烯isocyanate 异氰酸酯isopropylate 异丙醇金属，异丙氧化金属isotactic 等规立构的isotropic 各项同性的kinetic chain length 动力学链长kinetics 动力学latent 潜在的light scattering 光散射line 衬里，贴面liquid crystal 液晶macromelecule 大分子，高分子matrix 基体，母体，基质，矩阵mean-aquare end-to-end distance 均方末端距mechanical property 力学性能，机械性能mechanism 机理medium 介质中等的，中间的minimise 最小化minimum 最小值，最小的mo(u)lding 模型mobility 流动性mobilize 运动，流动model 模型modify 改性molecular weight 分子量molecular weight distribution 分子量分布molten 熔化的monofunctional 单官能度的monomer 单体morphology 形态（学）moulding 模塑成型neutral 中性的nonelastic 非弹性的nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振nuclear track detector 核径迹探测器number average molecular weight 数均分子量occluded 夹杂（带）的olefinic 烯烃的optimum 最佳的，最佳值[点，状态]orient 定向，取向orientation 定向oxonium 氧鎓羊packing 堆砌parameter 参数parison 型柸pattern 花纹，图样式样peculiarity 特性pendant group 侧基performance 性能，特征permeability 渗透性pharmaceutical 药品，药物，药物的，医药的phenyl sodium 苯基钠phenyllithium 苯基锂phosgene 光气，碳酰氯photosensitizer 光敏剂plastics 塑料platelet 片晶polyamide 聚酰胺polybutene 聚丁烯polycondensation 缩（合）聚（合）polydisperse 多分散的polydispersity 多分散性polyesterification 聚酯化（作用）polyethylene 聚乙烯polyfunctional 多官能度的polymer 聚合物【体】，高聚物polymeric 聚合（物）的polypropylene 聚苯烯polystyrene 聚苯乙烯polyvinyl alcohol 聚乙烯醇polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯porosity 多孔性，孔隙率positive 正的，阳（性）的powdery 粉状的processing 加工，成型purity 纯度pyrolysis 热解radical 自由基radical polymerization 自由基聚合radius 半径random coil 无规线团random decomposition 无规降解reactent 反应物，试剂reactive 反应性的，活性的reactivity 反应性，活性reactivity ratio 竞聚率real 真是的release 解除，松开repeating unit 重复单元retract 收缩rubber 橡胶rubbery 橡胶态的rupture 断裂saturation 饱和scalp 筛子，筛分seal 密封secondary shaping operation 二次成型sedimentation 沉降（法）segment 链段segment 链段semicrystalline 半晶settle 沉淀，澄清shaping 成型side reaction 副作用simultaneously 同时，同步single bond 单键slastic parameter 弹性指数slurry 淤浆solar energy 太阳能solubility 溶解度solvent 溶剂spacer group 隔离基团sprinkle 喷洒squeeze 挤压srereoregularity 立构规整性【度】stability 稳定性stabilizer 稳定剂statistical 统计的step-growth polymerization 逐步聚合stereoregular 有规立构的，立构规整性的stoichiometric 当量的，化学计算量的strength 强度stretch 拉直，拉长stripping tower 脱单塔subdivide 细分区分substitution 取代，代替surfactant 表面活性剂swell 溶胀swollen 溶胀的synthesis 合成synthesize 合成synthetic 合成的tacky （表面）发粘的,粘连性tanker 油轮，槽车tensile strength 抗张强度terminate （链）终止tertiary 三元的，叔（特）的tetrahydrofuran 四氢呋喃texture 结构，组织thermoforming 热成型thermondynamically 热力学地thermoplastic 热塑性的thermoset 热固性的three-dimensionally ordered 三维有序的titanium tetrachloride 四氯化钛titanium trichloride 三氯化铁torsion 转矩transfer （链）转移，（热）传递triethyloxonium-borofluoride 三乙基硼氟酸羊trimer 三聚物（体）triphenylenthyl potassium 三苯甲基钾ultracentrifugation 超速离心（分离）ultrasonic 超声波uncross-linked 非交联的uniaxial 单轴的unsaturated 不饱和的unzippering 开链urethane 氨基甲酸酯variation 变化，改变vinyl 乙烯基（的）vinyl chloride 氯乙烯vinyl ether 乙烯基醚viscoelastic 黏弹性的viscoelastic state 黏弹态viscofluid state 黏流态viscosity 黏度viscosity average molecular weight 黏均分子量viscous 粘稠的vulcanization 硫化weight average molecular weight 重均分子量X-ray x射线x光yield 产率Young's modulus 杨氏模量。

高分子材料工程专业英语词汇及部分课文翻译

专业英语词汇accordion 手风琴 activation 活化（作用）addition polymer 加成聚合物，加聚物 aggravate 加重，恶化 agitation 搅拌 agrochemical 农药，化肥 Alfin catalyst 醇（碱金属）烯催化剂 align 排列成行 aliphatic 脂肪（族）的 alkali metal 碱金属 allyl 烯丙基aluminum alkyl 烷基铝 amidation 酰胺化（作用） amino 氨基，氨基的 amorphous 无定型的，非晶体的 anionic 阴（负）离子的 antioxidant 抗氧剂 antistatic agent 抗静电剂 aromatic 芳香（族）的 arrangement （空间）排布，排列 atactic 无规立构的 attraction 引力，吸引 backbone 主链，骨干 behavior 性能，行为 biological 生物（学）的 biomedical 生物医学的bond dissociation energy 键断裂能 boundary 界限，范围 brittle 脆的，易碎的 butadiene 丁二烯 butyllithium 丁基锂 calendering 压延成型 calendering 压延 carboxyl 羧基 carrier 载体catalyst 催化剂，触媒 categorization 分类（法） category 种类，类型 cation 正[阳]离子cationic 阳（正）离子的 centrifuge 离心 chain reaction 连锁反应 chain termination 链终止 char 炭 characterize 表征成为…的特征 chilled water 冷冻水 chlorine 氯（气） coating 涂覆 cocatalyst 助催化剂 coil 线团 coiling 线团状的 colligative 依数性 colloid 胶体 commence 开始，着手 common salt 食盐 complex 络合物 compliance 柔量 condensation polymer 缩合聚合物，缩聚物conductive material 导电材料 conformation 构象 consistency 稠度，粘稠度 contaminant 污物 contour 外形，轮廓controlled release 控制释放 controversy 争论，争议 conversion 转化率 conversion 转化 copolymer 共聚物 copolymerization 共聚（合） corrosion inhibitor 缓释剂 countercurrent 逆流 crosslinking 交联 crystal 基体，结晶 crystalline 晶体，晶态，结晶的，晶态的crystalline 结晶的 crystallinity 结晶性，结晶度 crystallite 微晶 decomposition 分解 defect 缺陷 deformability 变形性，变形能力 deformation 形变 deformation 变形degree of polymerization 聚合度 dehydrogenate 使脱氢 density 密度depolymerization 解聚 deposit 堆积物，沉积 depropagation 降解 dewater 脱水diacid 二（元）酸 diamine 二（元）胺 dibasic 二元的 dieforming 口模成型 diffraction 衍射 diffuse 扩散 dimension 尺寸 dimensional stability 尺寸稳定性 dimer 二聚物（体） diol 二（元）醇 diolefin 二烯烃 disintegrate 分解，分散，分离 dislocation 错位，位错 dispersant 分散剂 dissociate 离解 dissolution 溶解dissolve 使…溶解distort 使…变形，扭曲 double bond 双键dough （生）面团，揉好的面 drug 药品，药物elastic modulus 弹性模量 elastomer 弹性体 eliminate 消除，打开，除去 elongation 伸长率，延伸率 entanglement 缠结，纠缠 entropy 熵 equilibrium 平衡 esterification 酯化（作用） evacuate 撤出 extrusion 注射成型 extrusion 挤出 fiber 纤维flame retardant 阻燃剂 flexible 柔软的flocculating agent 絮凝剂folded-chain lamella theory 折叠链片晶理论 formulation 配方 fractionation 分级 fragment 碎屑，碎片 fringed-micelle theory 缨状微束理论 functional group 官能团 functional polymer 功能聚合物 functionalized polymer 功能聚合物 gel 凝胶glass transition temperature 玻璃化温度 glassy 玻璃（态）的 glassy 玻璃态的 glassy state 玻璃态 globule 小球，液滴，颗粒 growing chain 生长链，活性链 gyration 旋转，回旋 hardness 硬度 heat transfer 热传递 heterogeneous 不均匀的，非均匀的 hydocy acid 羧基酸 hydrogen 氢（气） hydrogen bonding 氢键 hydrostatic 流体静力学 hydroxyl 烃基 hypothetical 假定的，理想的，有前提的 ideal 理想的，概念的 imagine 想象，推测imbed 嵌入，埋入，包埋 imperfect 不完全的 improve 增进，改善 impurity 杂质 indispensable 不了或缺的 infrared spectroscopy 红外光谱法 ingredient 成分 initiation （链）引发 initiator 引发剂inorganic polymer 无机聚合物 interaction 相互作用 interchain 链间的interlink 把…相互连接起来连接 intermittent 间歇式的 intermolecular (作用于)分子间的 intrinsic 固有的 ion 离子ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂 ionic 离子的 ionic polymerization 离子型聚合 irradiation 照射，辐射 irregularity 不规则性，不均匀的 isobutylene 异丁烯 isocyanate 异氰酸酯 isopropylate 异丙醇金属，异丙氧化金属isotactic 等规立构的 isotropic 各项同性的 kinetic chain length 动力学链长 kinetics 动力学 latent 潜在的light scattering 光散射 line 衬里，贴面 liquid crystal 液晶macromelecule 大分子，高分子 matrix 基体，母体，基质，矩阵 mean-aquare end-to-end distance 均方末端距mechanical property 力学性能，机械性能mechanism 机理medium 介质中等的，中间的 minimise 最小化 minimum 最小值，最小的 mo(u)lding 模型 mobility 流动性 mobilize 运动，流动 model 模型 modify 改性molecular weight 分子量 molecular weight distribution 分子量分布molten 熔化的monofunctional 单官能度的 monomer 单体 morphology 形态（学） moulding 模塑成型 neutral 中性的 nonelastic 非弹性的nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振 nuclear track detector 核径迹探测器 number average molecular weight 数均分子量occluded 夹杂（带）的 olefinic 烯烃的optimum 最佳的，最佳值[点，状态] orient 定向，取向 orientation 定向 oxonium 氧鎓羊 packing 堆砌 parameter 参数 parison 型柸pattern 花纹，图样式样 peculiarity 特性 pendant group 侧基 performance 性能，特征 permeability 渗透性pharmaceutical 药品，药物，药物的，医药的phenyl sodium 苯基钠 phenyllithium 苯基锂 phosgene 光气，碳酰氯 photosensitizer 光敏剂 plastics 塑料 platelet 片晶 polyamide 聚酰胺 polybutene 聚丁烯polycondensation 缩（合）聚（合） polydisperse 多分散的 polydispersity 多分散性polyesterification 聚酯化（作用） polyethylene 聚乙烯 polyfunctional 多官能度的 polymer 聚合物【体】，高聚物 polymeric 聚合（物）的 polypropylene 聚苯烯 polystyrene 聚苯乙烯 polyvinyl alcohol 聚乙烯醇 polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯 porosity 多孔性，孔隙率 positive 正的，阳（性）的 powdery 粉状的 processing 加工，成型 purity 纯度 pyrolysis 热解 radical 自由基radical polymerization 自由基聚合 radius 半径 random coil 无规线团 random decomposition 无规降解 reactent 反应物，试剂reactive 反应性的，活性的 reactivity 反应性，活性 reactivity ratio 竞聚率 real 真是的 release 解除，松开 repeating unit 重复单元 retract 收缩 rubber 橡胶 rubbery 橡胶态的 rupture 断裂 saturation 饱和 scalp 筛子，筛分 seal 密封secondary shaping operation 二次成型 sedimentation 沉降（法） segment 链段 segment 链段semicrystalline 半晶 settle 沉淀，澄清 shaping 成型 side reaction 副作用 simultaneously 同时，同步 single bond 单键 slastic parameter 弹性指数 slurry 淤浆 solar energy 太阳能 solubility 溶解度 solvent 溶剂 spacer group 隔离基团 sprinkle 喷洒 squeeze 挤压srereoregularity 立构规整性【度】 stability 稳定性 stabilizer 稳定剂 statistical 统计的step-growth polymerization 逐步聚合 stereoregular 有规立构的，立构规整性的stoichiometric 当量的，化学计算量的 strength 强度stretch 拉直，拉长 stripping tower 脱单塔 subdivide 细分区分 substitution 取代，代替 surfactant 表面活性剂 swell 溶胀 swollen 溶胀的 synthesis 合成 synthesize 合成 synthetic 合成的tacky （表面）发粘的 ,粘连性 tanker 油轮，槽车tensile strength 抗张强度 terminate （链）终止tertiary 三元的，叔（特）的tetrahydrofuran 四氢呋喃 texture 结构，组织 thermoforming 热成型 thermondynamically 热力学地 thermoplastic 热塑性的 thermoset 热固性的three-dimensionally ordered 三维有序的 titanium tetrachloride 四氯化钛 titanium trichloride 三氯化铁 torsion 转矩transfer （链）转移，（热）传递 triethyloxonium-borofluoride 三乙基硼氟酸羊trimer 三聚物（体）triphenylenthyl potassium 三苯甲基钾 ultracentrifugation 超速离心（分离） ultrasonic 超声波 uncross-linked 非交联的 uniaxial 单轴的 unsaturated 不饱和的 unzippering 开链 urethane 氨基甲酸酯 variation 变化，改变 vinyl 乙烯基（的） vinyl chloride 氯乙烯 vinyl ether 乙烯基醚 viscoelastic 黏弹性的 viscoelastic state 黏弹态 viscofluid state 黏流态 viscosity 黏度viscosity average molecular weight 黏均分子量viscous 粘稠的 vulcanization 硫化weight average molecular weight 重均分子量X-ray x射线 x光 yield 产率Young's modulus 杨氏模量课文翻译第一单元什么是高聚物？什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。

高分子材料工程专业英语翻译完整版本

第一单元什么是高聚物？什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。

与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。

这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。

小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。

举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。

当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种分子量化合物组成的高聚物。

另一方面，独特的环可以大小不同、材料不同，相连接后形成具有不同分子量化合物组成的聚合物。

许多单元相连接给予了聚合物一个名称，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，mer意味着“链节、基体”（希腊语中）。

例如：称为丁二烯的气态化合物，分子量为54，化合将近4000次，得到分子量大约为200000被称作聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）的高聚物。

形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。

下面简单地描述一下形成过程：丁二烯＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯（4000次）因而能够看到分子量仅为54的小分子物质（单体）如何逐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子（高聚物）。

实质上，正是由于聚合物的巨大的分子尺寸才使其性能不同于象苯这样的一般化合物。

例如，固态苯，在5.5℃熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。

与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。

而聚合物变得越来越软，最终，变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。

将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，不会转变成各种气体，但它不再是聚乙烯（如图1.1）。

固态苯——→液态苯——→气态苯加热，5.5℃加热，80℃固体聚乙烯——→熔化的聚乙烯——→各种分解产物-但不是聚乙烯加热加热图1.1 低分子量化合物（苯）和聚合物（聚乙烯）受热后的不同行为发现另一种不同的聚合物行为和低分子量化合物行为是关于溶解过程。

例如，让我们研究一下，将氯化钠慢慢地添加到固定量的水中。

高分子专业英语

加工类：1196986233加工processing反应性加工reactive processing等离子体加工plasma processing加工性processability熔体流动指数melt flow index门尼粘度Mooney index塑化plasticizing增塑作用plasticization内增塑作用internal plasticization外增塑作用external plasticization增塑溶胶plastisol增强reinforcing增容作用compatibilization相容性compatibility相溶性intermiscibility生物相容性biocompatibility血液相容性blood compatibility组织相容性tissue compatibility混炼milling; mixing素炼mastication塑炼plastication过炼dead milled橡胶配合rubber compounding共混blend捏合kneading冷轧cold rolling压延性calenderability压延calendering埋置embedding压片preforming模塑molding模压成型compression molding压缩成型compression forming冲压模塑impact moulding, shock moulding 叠模压塑stack moulding复合成型composite molding注射成型injection molding注塑压缩成型injection compression molding射流注塑jet molding无流道冷料注塑runnerless injection molding共注塑coinjection molding气辅注塑gas aided injection molding注塑焊接injection welding传递成型transfer molding树脂传递成型resin transfer molding铸塑cast熔铸fusion casting铸塑成型casting molding单体浇铸monomer casting挤出extrusion共挤出co-extrusion多层挤塑multi-layer extrusion共挤吹塑co-extrusion blow molding同轴挤塑coaxial extrusion吹胀挤塑blown extrusion挤出吹塑extrusion blow molding挤拉吹塑成型extrusion draw blow molding反应性挤塑reactive extrusion固相挤出solid-phase extrusion发泡expanding foam后发泡post expansion物理发泡physical foam化学发泡chemical foam吹塑blow molding多层吹塑multi-layer blow molding拉伸吹塑成型stretch blow molding滚塑rotational moulding反应注射成型reaction injection molding, RIM 真空成型vacuum foaming无压成型zero pressure molding真空烧结vacuum sintering真空袋成型vacuum bag molding热成型thermal forming拉伸热成型stretch thermoforming袋模塑bag molding糊塑paste molding镶铸imbedding冲压成型impact molding触压成型impression molding层压材料laminate泡沫塑料成型foam molding包模成型drape molding充气吹胀inflation橡胶胶乳rubber latex高分子胶体polymer colloid生橡胶raw rubber, crude rubber硬质胶ebonite再生胶reclaimed rubber充油橡胶oil-extended rubber母胶masterbatch交联crosslinking固化cure光固化photo-cure硫化vulcanization后硫化post cure, post vulcanization 自硫化bin cure自交联self crosslinking过硫over cure返硫reversion欠硫under cure动态硫化dynamic vulcanization不均匀硫化heterogeneous vulcanization 开始效应set-up effect自动硫化self-curing, self-vulcanizing 焦烧scorching无压硫化non-pressure cure模压硫化moulding curing常温硫化auto-vulcanization热硫化heat curing蒸汽硫化steam curing微波硫化micro wave curing辐射硫化radiation vulcanization辐射交联radiation crosslinking连续硫化continuous vulcanization无模硫化open vulcanization成纤fiber forming可纺性spinnability纺丝spinning干纺dry spinning湿纺wet spinning干施法纺丝dry wet spinning干喷湿法纺丝dry jet wet spinning溶液纺丝solution spinning乳液闪蒸纺丝法emulsion spinning喷射纺丝jet spinning喷纺成型spray spinning液晶纺丝liquid crystal spinning熔纺melt spinning共混纺丝blended spinning凝胶纺丝gel spinning熔纺melt spinning共混纺丝blended spinning凝胶纺丝gel spinning反应纺丝reaction spinning静电纺丝electrostatic spinning高压纺丝high-pressure spinning复合纺丝conjugate spinning无纺布non-woven fabrics单丝monofilament, monofil复丝multifilament全取向丝fully oriented yarn中空纤维hollow fiber皮芯纤维sheath core fiber共纺co-spinning冷拉伸cold drawing, cold stretching单轴拉伸uniaxial drawing, uniaxial elongation 双轴拉伸biaxial drawing多轴拉伸multiaxial drawing皮心效应skin and core effect皮层效应skin effect防缩non-shrink熟成ripening垂挂sag定型sizing起球现象pilling effect捻度twist旦denier特tex纱yarn股strand粘合adhesion反应粘合reaction bonding压敏粘合pressure sensitive adhesion底漆primer浸渍impregnation浸渍树脂solvent impregnated resin基体matrix聚合物表面活性剂polymeric surfactant高分子絮凝剂polymeric flocculant预发颗粒pre-expanded高分子模polymeric membraneH-模H-filmLB膜Langmuir Blodgett film(LB film)半透膜semipermeable membrane反渗透膜reverse osmosis membrane多孔膜porous membrane各向异性膜anisotropic membrane正离子交换膜cationic exchange membrane 负离子交换膜anionic exchange membrane吸附树脂polymeric adsorbent添加剂additive固化剂curing agent潜固化剂latent curing agent硫化剂vulcanization agent给硫剂sulfur donor agent, sulfur donor 硫化促进剂vulcanization accelerator硫化活化剂vulcanization activator活化促进剂activating accelerator活化剂activator防焦剂scorch retarder抗硫化返原剂anti-reversion agent塑解剂peptizer偶联剂coupling agent硅烷偶联剂silane coupling agent钛酸酯偶联剂titanate coupling agent铝酸酯偶联剂aluminate coupling agent增强剂reinforcing agent增硬剂hardening agent惰性填料inert filler增塑剂plasticizer增粘剂tackifier增容剂compatibilizer增塑增容剂plasticizer extender分散剂dispersant agent结构控制剂constitution controller色料colorant荧光增白剂optical bleaching agent抗降解剂antidegradant防老剂anti-aging agent防臭氧剂antiozonant抗龟裂剂anticracking agent抗疲劳剂anti-fatigue agent抗微生物剂biocide防蚀剂antip-corrosion agent光致抗蚀剂photoresist防霉剂antiseptic防腐剂rot resistor防潮剂moisture proof agent防臭剂re-odorant抗氧剂antioxidant抗静电添加剂antistatic additive抗静电剂antistatic agent紫外线稳定剂ultraviolet stabilizer紫外光吸收剂ultraviolet absorber光稳定剂light stabilizer, photostabilizer 光屏蔽剂light screener发泡剂foaming agent物理发泡剂physical foaming agent化学发泡剂chemical foaming agent脱模剂releasing agent内脱模剂internal releasing agent外脱模剂external releasing agent阻燃剂flame retardant防火剂fire retardant烧蚀剂ablator润滑剂lubricant湿润剂wetting agent隔离剂separant增韧剂toughening agent抗冲击改性剂impact modifier消泡剂antifoaming agent减阻剂drag reducer破乳剂demulsifier粘度改进剂viscosity modifier增稠剂thickening agent, thickener阻黏剂abhesive洗脱剂eluant附聚剂agglomerating agent后处理剂after-treating agent催干剂drier防结皮剂anti-skinning agent纺织品整理剂textile finishing agent高物高化类：结构单元constitutional unit重复结构单元constitutional repeating unit 构型单元configurational unit立构重复单元stereorepeating unit立构规整度tacticity等规度isotacticity间同度syndiotacticity无规度atacticity嵌段block规整嵌段regular block非规整嵌段irregular block立构嵌段stereoblock有规立构嵌段isotactic block无规立构嵌段atactic block单体单元monomeric unit二单元组diad三单元组triad四单元组tetrad五单元组pentad无规线团random coil自由连接链freely-jointer chain自由旋转链freely-rotating chain蠕虫状链worm-like chain柔性链flexible chain链柔性chain flexibility刚性链rigid chain链刚性chain rigidity棒状链rodlike chain聚集aggregation聚集体aggregate凝聚、聚集coalescence链缠结chain entanglement凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement物理缠结physical entanglement拓扑缠结topological entanglement凝聚相condensed phase凝聚态condensed state凝聚过程condensing process临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration 线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition受限链confined chain受限态confined state物理交联physical crosslinking统计线团statistical coil等效链equivalent chain统计链段statistical segment链段chain segment链构象chain conformation无规线团模型random coil model无规行走模型random walk model自避随机行走模型self avoiding walk model卷曲构象coiled conformation高斯链Gaussian chain无扰尺寸unperturbed dimension扰动尺寸perturbed dimension热力学等效球thermodynamically equivalent sphere近程分子内相互作用short-range intramolecular interaction远程分子内相互作用long-range intramolecular interaction链间相互作用interchain interaction链间距interchain spacing长程有序long range order近程有序short range order回转半径radius of gyration末端间矢量end-to-end vector链末端chain end末端距end-to-end distance无扰末端距unperturbed end-to-end distance均方根末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance伸直长度contour length相关长度persistence length主链；链骨架chain backbone支链branch chain链支化chain branching短支链short-chain branch长支链long-chain branch支化系数branching index支化密度branching density支化度degree of branching交联度degree of crosslinking网络network网络密度network density溶胀swelling平衡溶胀equilibrium swelling分子组装molecular assembly自组装self assembly微凝胶microgel凝胶点gel point可逆凝胶reversible gel溶胶-凝胶转化sol-gel transformation临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration组成非均一性constitutional heterogeneity, compositional heterogeneity 摩尔质量平均molar mass average数均分子量number-average molecular weight重均分子量weight-average molecular weightZ-均分子量Z-average molecular weight黏均分子量viscosity-average molecular表观摩尔质量apparent molar mass表观分子量apparent molecular weight聚合度degree of polymerization动力学链长kinetic chain length单分散性monodispersity临界分子量critical molecular weight分子量分布molecular weight distribution多分散性指数polydispersity index平均聚合度average degree of polymerization质量分布函数mass distribution function数量分布函数number distribution function重量分布函数weight distribution function舒尔茨-齐姆分布Schulz-zimm distribution最概然分布most probable distribution对数正态分布logarithmic normal distribution聚合物溶液polymer solution聚合物-溶剂相互作用polymer-solvent interaction溶剂热力学性质thermodynamic quality of solvent均方末端距mean square end to end distance均方旋转半径mean square radius of gyration良溶剂good solvent不良溶剂poor solvent位力系数Virial coefficient排除体积excluded volume溶胀因子expansion factor溶胀度degree of swelling弗洛里-哈金斯理论Flory-Huggins theory哈金斯公式Huggins equation哈金斯系数Huggins coefficient溶度参数solubility parameter摩擦系数frictional coefficient流体力学体积hydrodynamically equivalent sphere珠-棒模型bead-rod model棒-簧链模型ball-spring model流动双折射flow birefringence, streaming birefringence 动态光散射dynamic light scattering小角激光光散射low angle laser light scattering沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降速度法sedimentation velocity method沉降平衡法sedimentation equilibrium method相对黏度relative viscosity相对黏度增量relative viscosity黏度比viscosity ratio黏数viscosity number[乌式]稀释黏度计[Ubbelohde] dilution viscometer毛细管黏度计capillary viscometer落球黏度计ball viscometer落球黏度ball viscosity本体黏度bulk viscosity比浓黏度reduced viscosity比浓对数黏度inherent viscosity, logarithmic viscosity number 特性黏数intrinsic viscosity, limiting viscosity number黏度函数viscosity function零切变速率黏度zero shear viscosity端基分析analysis of end group蒸气压渗透法vapor pressure osmometry, VPO辐射的相干弹性散射coherent elastic scattering of radiation折光指数增量refractive index increment瑞利比Rayleigh ratio超瑞利比excess Rayleigh ratio粒子散射函数particle scattering function粒子散射因子particle scattering factor齐姆图Zimm plot散射的非对称性dissymmetry of scattering解偏振作用depolarization分级fractionation沉淀分级precipitation fractionation萃取分级extraction fractionation色谱分级chromatographic fractionation柱分级column fractionation洗脱分级elution fractionation热分级thermal fractionation凝胶色谱法gel chromatography摩尔质量排除极限molar mass exclusion limit溶剂梯度洗脱色谱法solvent gradient elution chromatography分子量排除极限molecular weight exclusion limit洗脱体积elution volume普适标定universal calibration加宽函数spreading function链轴chain axis等同周期identity period链重复距离chain repeating distance晶体折叠周期crystalline fold period构象重复单元conformational repeating unit几何等效geometrical equivalence螺旋链helix chain构型无序configurational disorder链取向无序chain orientational disorder构象无序conformational disorder锯齿链zigzag chain双螺旋double stranded helix分子链大尺度取向global chain orientation结晶聚合物crystalline polymer半结晶聚合物semi-crystalline高分子晶体polymer crystal高分子微晶polymer crystallite结晶度degree of crystallinity高分子同晶现象macromolecular isomorphosm 聚合物形态学morphology of polymer片晶lamella, lamellar crystal轴晶axialite树枝晶体dendrite纤维晶fibrous crystal串晶结构shish-kebab structure球晶spherulite折叠链folded chain链折叠chain folding折叠表面fold surface折叠面fold plane折叠微区fold domain相邻再入模型adjacent re-entry model插线板模型switchboard model缨状微束模型fringed-micelle model折叠链晶体folded-chain crystal平行链晶体parallel-chain crystal伸展链晶体extended-chain crystal球状链晶体globular-chain crystal长周期long period近程结构short-range structure远程结构long-range structure成核作用nucleation分子成核作用molecular nucleation阿夫拉米方程Avrami equation主结晶primary crystallization后期结晶secondary crystallization外延结晶，附生结晶epitaxial crystallization外延晶体生长，附生晶体生长epitaxial growth织构texture液晶态liquid crystal state溶致性液晶lyotopic liquid crystal热致性液晶thermotropic liquid crystal热致性介晶thermotropic mesomorphism近晶相液晶smectic liquid crystal近晶中介相smectic mesophase近晶相smectic phase条带织构banded texture环带球晶ringed spherulite向列相nematic phase盘状相discotic phase解取向disorientation分聚segregation非晶相amorphous orientation非晶区amorphous orientation非晶态amorphous state非晶取向amorphous orientation链段运动segmental motion亚稳态metastable state相分离phase separation亚稳相分离spinodal decomposition微相miscibility界面相boundary phase相容性compatibility混溶性miscibility不相容性incompatibility不混溶性immiscibility增容作用compatibilization最低临界共溶温度lower critical solution temperature最高临界共溶温度upper critical solution temperature浓度猝灭concentration quenching激基缔合物荧光excimer fluorescence激基复合物荧光exciplex fluorescence激光共聚焦荧光显微镜laser confocal fluorescence microscopy 单轴取向uniaxial orientation双轴取向biaxial orientation, biorientation取向度degree of orientation橡胶态rubber state玻璃态glassy state高弹态elastomeric state黏流态viscous flow state伸长elongation高弹形变high elastic deformation回缩性nerviness拉伸比draw ratio, extension ratio泊松比Poisson’ ratio杨氏模量Young’s modulus本体模量bulk modulus剪切模量shear modulus法向应力normal stress剪切应力shear stress剪切应变shear strain屈服yielding颈缩现象necking屈服应力yield stress屈服应变yield strain脆性断裂brittle fracture脆性开裂brittle cracking脆-韧转变brittle ductile transition脆化温度brittleness temperature延性破裂ductile fracture冲击强度impact strength拉伸强度tensile strength极限拉伸强度ultimate tensile strength抗撕强度tearing strength弯曲强度flexural strength, bending strength 弯曲模量bending modulus弯曲应变bending strain弯曲应力bending stress收缩开裂shrinkage crack剪切强度shear strength剥离强度peeling strength疲劳强度fatigue strength挠曲deflection压缩强度compressive strength压缩永久变形compressive set压缩变形compressive deformation压痕硬度indentation hardness洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness布氏硬度Brinell hardness抗刮性scrath resistance断裂力学fracture mechanics力学破坏mechanical failure应力强度因子stress intensity factor断裂伸长elongation at break屈服强度yield strength断裂韧性fracture toughness弹性形变elastic deformation弹性滞后elastic hysteresis弹性elasticity弹性模量modulus of elasticity弹性回复elastic recovery不可回复形变irrecoverable deformation 裂缝crack银纹craze形变；变形deformation永久变形deformation set剩余变形residual deformation剩余伸长residual stretch回弹，回弹性resilience延迟形变retarded deformation延迟弹性retarded elasticity可逆形变reversible deformation应力开裂stress cracking应力-应变曲线stress strain curve拉伸应变stretch strain拉伸应力弛豫tensile stress relaxation热历史thermal history热收缩thermoshrinking牛辫分析torsional braid analysis应力致白stress whitening应变能strain energy应变张量strain tensor剩余应力residual stress应变硬化strain hardening应变软化strain softening电流变液electrorheological fluid假塑性pseudoplastic拉胀性auxiticity牛顿流体Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid宾汉流体Bingham fluid冷流cold flow牛顿剪切粘度Newtonian shear viscosity 剪切粘度shear viscosity表观剪切粘度apparent shear viscosity 剪切变稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy塑性形变plastic deformation塑性流动plastic flow体积弛豫volume relaxation拉伸黏度extensional viscosity粘弹性viscoelasticity线性粘弹性linear viscoelasticity非线性粘弹性non-linear viscoelasticity蠕变creep弛豫relaxation弛豫模量relaxation modulus蠕变柔量creep compliance热畸变温度heat distortion temperature弛豫谱relaxation spectrum推迟时间谱retardation spectrum弛豫时间relaxation time推迟时间retardation time动态力学行为dynamic mechanical behavior动态粘弹性dynamic viscoelasticity热-机械曲线thermo-mechanical curve动态转变dynamic transition储能模量storage modulus损耗模量loss modulus复数模量complex modulus复数柔量complex compliance动态黏度dynamic viscosity复数黏度complex viscosity复数介电常数complex dielectric permittivity介电损耗因子dielectric dissipation factor介电损耗常数dielectric loss constant介电弛豫时间dielectric relaxation time玻璃化转变glass transition玻璃化转变温度glass transition temperature次级弛豫secondary relaxation次级转变secondary transition次级弛豫温度secondary relaxation temperature开尔文模型Kelvin model麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model时-温叠加原理time-temperature superposition principle 波尔兹曼叠加原理Boltzmann superposition principle平衡因子shift factorWLF公式WLF[Williams-Lendel-Ferry] equation 软化温度softening temperature平衡熔点equilibrium melting point物理老化physical aging光老化photo-aging热老化thermal aging热氧老化thermo-oxidative aging人工老化artificial aging加速老化accelerated aging计算机模拟computer simulation分子动力学模拟molecular dynamics simulation蒙特卡洛模拟Monte Carlo simulation聚合反应类单体monomer官能度functionality平均官能度average functionality双官能单体bifunctional monomer三官能单体trifunctional monomer乙烯基单体vinyl monomer1,1-亚乙烯基单体/偏[二]取代乙烯单体vinylidene monomer1,2-亚乙烯基单体/1,2-二取代乙烯单体vinylene monomer双烯单体diene monomer极性单体polar monomer非极性单体non polar monomer共轭单体conjugated monomer非共轭单体non conjugated monomer活化单体activated monomer官能单体functional monomer大分子单体macromonomer环状单体cyclic monomer共聚单体co-monomer聚合反应polymerization均聚反应homopolymerization低聚反应/齐聚反应oligomerization调聚反应telomerization自发聚合spontaneous polymerization预聚合prepolymerization后聚合post polymerization再聚合repolymerization铸塑聚合cast polymerization链式聚合chain polymerization烯类聚合，乙烯基聚合vinyl polymerization双烯聚合diene polymerization加成聚合addition polymerization自由基聚合free radical polymerization可控自由基聚合controlled radical polymerization活性自由基聚合living radical polymerization原子转移自由基聚合atom transfer radical polymerization反向原子转移自由基聚合reverse atom transfer radical polymerization可逆加成断裂链转移reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer氮氧调控聚合nitroxide mediated polymerization稳定自由基聚合stable free radical polymerization自由基异构化聚合free radical isomerization polymerization自由基开环聚合radical ring opening polymerization氧化还原聚合redox polymerization无活性端聚合，死端聚合dead end polymerization光致聚合photo polymerization光引发聚合light initiated polymerization光敏聚合photosensitized polymerization四中心聚合four center polymerization电荷转移聚合charge transfer polymerization辐射引发聚合radiation initiated polymerization热聚合thermal polymerization电解聚合electrolytic polymerization等离子聚合plasma polymerization易位聚合metathesis polymerization开环易位聚合ring opening metathesis polymerization精密聚合precision polymerization环化聚合cyclopolymerization拓扑化学聚合topochemical polymerization平衡聚合equilibrium polymerization离子聚合ionic polymerization辐射离子聚合radiation ion polymerization离子对聚合ion pair polymerization正离子聚合/阳离子聚合cationic polymerization碳正离子聚合carbenium ion polymerization, carbocationic polymerization 假正离子聚合pseudo cationic polymerization假正离子活性聚合pseudo cationic living polymerization活性正离子聚合living cationic polymerization负离子聚合，阴离子聚合anionic polymerization碳负离子聚合carbanionic polymerization活性负离子聚合living anionic polymerization负离子环化聚合anionic cyclopolymerization负离子电化学聚合anionic electrochemical polymerization负离子异构化聚合anionic isomerization polymerization烯丙基聚合allylic polymerization活性聚合living polymerization两性离子聚合zwitterion polymerization齐格勒-纳塔聚合Ziegler Natta polymerization配位聚合coordination polymerization配位离子聚合coordinated ionic polymerization配位负离子聚合coordinated anionic polymerization配位正离子聚合coordinated cationic polymerization插入聚合insertion polymerization定向聚合，立构规整聚合stereoregular polymerization, stereospecific polymerization 有规立构聚合tactic polymerization全同立构聚合isospecific polymerization不对称诱导聚合asymmetric induction polymerization不对称选择性聚合asymmetric selective polymerization不对称立体选择性聚合asymmetric stereoselective polymerization对映体不对称聚合enantioasymmetric polymerization对映体对称聚合enantiosymmetric polymerization异构化聚合isomerization polymerization氢转移聚合hydrogen transfer polymerization基团转移聚合group transfer polymerization消除聚合elimination polymerization模板聚合matrix polymerization, template polymerization插层聚合intercalation polymerization无催化聚合uncatalyzed polymerization开环聚合ring opening polymerization活性开环聚合living ring opening polymerization不死的聚合immortal polymerization酶聚合作用enzymatic polymerization聚合加成反应，逐步加成聚合polyaddition偶联聚合coupling polymerization序列聚合sequential polymerization闪发聚合，俗称暴聚flash polymerization氧化聚合oxidative polymerization氧化偶联聚合oxidative coupling polymerization逐步聚合step growth polymerization缩聚反应condensation polymerization, polycondensation酯交换聚合transesterification type polymerization自催化缩聚autocatalytic polycondensation均相聚合homogeneous polymerization非均相聚合heterogeneous polymerization相转化聚合phase inversion polymerization本体聚合bulk polymerization, mass polymerization固相聚合solid phase polymerization气相聚合gaseous polymerization, gas phase polymerization吸附聚合adsorption polymerization溶液聚合solution polymerization沉淀聚合precipitation polymerization淤浆聚合slurry polymerization悬浮聚合suspension polymerization反相悬浮聚合reversed phase suspension polymerization珠状聚合bead polymerization, pearl polymerization分散聚合dispersion polymerization反相分散聚合inverse dispersion polymerization种子聚合seeding polymerization乳液聚合emulsion polymerization无乳化剂乳液聚合emulsifier free emulsion polymerization 反相乳液聚合inverse emulsion polymerization微乳液聚合micro emulsion polymerization连续聚合continuous polymerization半连续聚合semicontinuous polymerization分批聚合，间歇聚合batch polymerization原位聚合in situ polymerization均相缩聚homopolycondensation活化缩聚activated polycondensation熔融缩聚melt phase polycondensation固相缩聚solid phase polymerization体型缩聚three dimensional polymerization界面聚合interfacial polymerization界面缩聚interfacial polycondensation环加成聚合cycloaddition polymerization环烯聚合cycloalkene polymerization环硅氧烷聚合cyclosiloxane polymerization引发剂initiator引发剂活性activity of initiator聚合催化剂polymerization catalyst自由基引发剂radical initiator偶氮引发剂azo type initiator2,2‘偶氮二异丁腈2,2’-azobisisobutyronitrile, AIBN过氧化苯甲酰benzoyl peroxide, BPO过硫酸盐引发剂persulphate initiator复合引发体系complex initiation system氧化还原引发剂redox initiator电荷转移复合物，电荷转移络合物charge transfer complex, CTC 聚合加速极，聚合促进剂polymerization accelerator光敏引发剂photoinitiator双官能引发剂bifunctional initiator, difunctional initiator 三官能引发剂trifunctional initiator大分子引发剂macroinitiator引发-转移剂initiator transfer agent, inifer引发-转移-终止剂initiator transfer agent terminator, iniferter 光引发转移终止剂photoiniferter热引发转移终止剂thermoiniferter正离子催化剂cationic catalyst正离子引发剂cationic initiator负离子引发剂anionic initiator共引发剂coinitiator烷基锂引发剂alkyllithium initiator负离子自由基引发剂anion radical initiator烯醇钠引发剂alfin initiator齐格勒-纳塔催化剂Ziegler Natta catalyst过渡金属催化剂transition metal catalyst双组分催化剂bicomponent catalyst后过渡金属催化剂late transiton metal catalyst金属络合物催化剂metal complex catalyst茂金属催化剂metallocene catalyst甲基铝氧烷methylaluminoxane, MAO氧桥双金属烷氧化物催化剂bimetallic oxo alkoxides catalyst双金属催化剂bimetallic catalyst桥基茂金属bridged metallocene限定几何构型茂金属催化剂constrained geometry metallocene catalyst 均相茂金属催化剂homogeneous metallocene catalyst链引发chain initiation热引发thermal initiation染料敏化光引发dye sensitized phtoinitiation电荷转移引发charge transfer initiation诱导期induction period引发剂效率initiator efficiency诱导分解induced decomposition再引发reinitiation链增长chain growth, chain propagation增长链端propagating chain end活性种reactive species活性中心active center持续自由基persistent radical聚合最高温度ceiling temperature of polymerization链终止chain termination双分子终止bimolecular termination单分子终止unimolecular termination初级自由基终止primary radical termination扩散控制终止diffusion controlled termination歧化终止disproportionation termination偶合终止coupling termination自发终止spontaneous termination终止剂terminator假终止pseudotermination链终止剂chain terminating agent自发终止self termination自由基捕获剂radical scavenger旋转光闸法rotating sector method自由基寿命free radical lifetime凝胶效应gel effect自动加速效应autoacceleration effect链转移chain transfer链转移剂chain transfer agent尾咬转移backbiting transfer退化链转移degradation chain transfer加成断裂链转移addition fragmentation chain transfer 链转移常数chain transfer constant缓聚作用，延迟作用retardation阻聚作用inhibitor缓聚剂retarder缓聚剂，阻滞剂retarding agent阻聚剂inhibitor封端end capping聚合动力学polymerization kinetics聚合热力学polymerization thermodynamics聚合热heat of polymerization共聚合copolymerization二元共聚合binary copolymerization三元共聚合ternary copolymerization竟聚率reactivity ratio自由基共聚合radical copolymerization离子共聚合ionic copolymerization无规共聚合random copolymerization理想共聚合ideal copolymerization交替共聚合alternating copolymerization恒组分共聚合azeotropic copolymerization接枝共聚合graft copolymerization嵌段共聚合black copolymerization开环共聚合ring opening copolymerization共聚合方程copolymerization equation共缩聚copolycondensation逐步共聚合step copolymerization同种增长homopropagation自增长self propagation交叉增长cross propagation前末端基效应penultimate effect交叉终止cross terminate序列长度分布sequence length distribution侧基反应reaction of pendant group扩链剂，链增长剂chain extender交联crosslinking化学交联chemical crosslinking自交联self crosslinking光交联photocrosslinking交联度degree of crosslinking硫化vulcanization固化curing硫化sulfur vulcanization促进硫化accelerated sulfur vulcanization 过氧化物交联peroxide crosslinking无规交联random crosslinking交联密度crosslinking density交联指数crosslinking index解聚depolymerization降解degradation链断裂chain breaking解聚酶depolymerase细菌降解bacterial degradation生物降解biodegradation化学降解chemical degradation辐射降解radiation degradation断裂降解chain scission degradation自由基链降解free radical chain degradation 无规降解random degradation水解降解hydrolytic degradation热降解thermal degradation热氧化降解thermal oxidative degradation 光降解photodegradation光氧化降解photo oxidative degradation力化学降解mechanochemical degradation 接枝聚合graft polymerization活化接枝activation grafting接枝点grafting site链支化chain branching支化度degree of branching接枝效率efficiency of grafting接枝度grafting degree辐射诱导接枝radiation induced grafting嵌段聚合block polymerization通用类：高分子macromolecule, polymer超高分子supra polymer天然高分子natural polymer无机高分子inorganic polymer有机高分子organic polymer无机-有机高分子inorganic organic polymer金属有机聚合物organmetallic polymer元素高分子element polymer高聚物high polymer聚合物polymer低聚物oligmer二聚体dimmer三聚体trimmer调聚物telomere预聚物prepolymer均聚物homopolymer无规聚合物random polymer无规卷曲聚合物random coiling polymer头-头聚合物head-to-head polymer头-尾聚合物head-to-tail polymer尾-尾聚合物tail-to-tail polymer反式有规聚合物transtactic polymer顺式有规聚合物cistactic polymer规整聚合物regular polymer非规整聚合物irregular polymer无规立构聚合物atactic polymer合同立构聚合物isotactic polymer间同立构聚合物syndiotactic polymer杂同立构聚合物heterotactic polymer有规立构聚合物stereoregular polymer, tactic polymer 苏型双全同立构聚合物threo-diisotactic polymer苏型双间同立构聚合物threop-disyndiotactic polymer赤型双全同立构聚合物erythro-diisotactic polymer赤型双间同立构聚合物erythro-disyndiotactic polymer全同间同等量聚合物equitactic polymer共聚物copolymer二元共聚物binary copolymer三元共聚物terpolymer多元聚合物multipolymer序列共聚物sequential copolymer多层共聚物multilayer copolymer多相聚合物multiphase polymer统计共聚物statistical copolymer无规共聚物random copolymer交替共聚物alternating copolymer周期共聚物periodic copolymer梯度共聚物gradient copolymer嵌段共聚物block copolymer递变嵌段共聚物tapered block copolymer两亲嵌段共聚物amphiphilic block copolymer二嵌段共聚物diblock copolymer三嵌段共聚物triblock copolymer多嵌段共聚物segmented copolymer杂聚物heteropolymer恒分共聚物azeotropic copolymer多组分共聚物multicomponent copolymer单分散聚合物monodisperse polymer, uniform polymer多分散性聚合物polydisperse polymer, non-uniform polymer 高分子共混物polyblend, polymer blend聚合物-聚合物配合物ploymerp-polymer complex聚合物-金属配合物polymer-metal complex单股聚合物single-strand polymer双股聚合物double-strand polymer链型聚合物chain polymer碳链聚合物carbon chain polymer杂链聚合物heterochain polymer杂环高分子heterocyclic polymer大环聚合物macrocyclic polymer直链高分子straight chain polymer线型聚合物linear polymer体型聚合物three-dimensional polymer活性高分子living polymer反应性聚合物reactive polymer极性聚合物polar polymer非极性聚合物non-polar polymer刚性链聚合物rigid chain polymer半柔性链聚合物semi-flexible chain polymer柔性链聚合物flexible chain polymer刚帮高分子rigid rod polymer棒状高分子rodlike polymer刚-柔嵌段共聚物rod coil block copolymer树状高分子dendrimer, dendritic polymer刷状聚合物brush polymer线团状聚合物coiling type polymer花菜状聚合物cauliflower polymer螺旋形聚合物helical polymer锥形共聚物tapered copolymer梯形聚合物ladder polymer分段梯形聚合物step ladder polymer部分梯形聚合物partial ladder polymer碳环梯形聚合物carbocyclic ladder polymer梳形聚合物comb polymer星形聚合物star polymer。

复合材料英语

复合材料英语复合材料专业术语高性能的长纤维增强热塑性复合材料：（LF(R)T）Long Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics 玻璃纤维毡增强热塑性复合材料：（GMT）Glass Mat Reinforced Thermoplastics短玻纤热塑性颗粒材料：（LFT-G）Long-Fiber Reinforce Thermoplastic Granules长纤维增强热塑性复合材料：（LFT-D）Long-Fiber Reinforce Thermoplastic Direct玻纤：Glass Fiber 玄武岩纤维：Basalt Fibre （BF）碳纤维：CFRP 芳纶纤维：AFRP ( Aramid Fiber)添加剂：Additive 树脂传递模塑成型：（RTM）Resin Transfer Molding热压罐：autoclave 热压罐成型：autoclave moulding热塑性复合材料缠绕成型：filament winding of thermoplastic composite热塑性复合材料滚压成型：roll forming of thermoplastic composite热塑性复合材料拉挤成型：pultrusion of thermoplastic composite热塑性复合材料热压罐/真空成型：thermoforming of thermoplastic composite热塑性复合材料液压成型：hydroforming?of?thermoplastic?composite热塑性复合材料隔膜成型：diaphragm?forming?of?thermoplastic?composite离心浇注成型：centrifugal?casting?moulding泡沫贮树脂成型：foam?reserve?resin?moulding环氧树脂基复合材料：epoxy resin matrix composite聚氨酯树脂基复合材料：polyurethane?resin?matrix?composite热塑性树脂基复合材料：thermoplastic?resin?matrix?composite玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料：glass?fiber?reinforced?resin?matrix?composite碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料：carbon?fiber?reinforced?resin?matrix?composite芳纶增强树脂基复合材料：aramid?fiber?reinforced?resin?matrix?composite混杂纤维增强树脂基复合材料：hybrid?fiber?reinforced?resin?matrix?composite树脂基复合材料层压板：resin?matrix?composite?laminate?树脂基纤维层压板：resin?matrix?fiber?laminate树脂基纸层压板：resin?matrix?paper?laminate树脂基布层压板：resin matrix cloth laminate树脂基木质层压板：resin?matrix?wood?laminate纤维增强金属层压板：fiber?reinforced?metallaminate吸胶材料：bleeding?materials；bleeder 脱模布：release?cloth喷射成型：spray-up?moulding 纤维缠绕成型：filament?winding?压机模压成型：press?moulding 拉挤成型：pultrusion?process预压时间：dwelling?time 预吸胶：debulking? 固化：curing加压时机：pressure?applying?opportunity 固化周期：curing?cycle固化温度：curing?temperature 脱模剂：mold?release?agent一、玻璃纤维：GFRP空心纤维：hollow fiber 非织造物：nonwovens, nonwoven fabric毡：mat 连续原丝毡：continuous strand mat, continuous filament mat 短切原丝毡：chopped strand mat 干切原丝：dry chopped strands湿切原丝：wet chopped strands 复合毡：combination mat薄毡：veil，tissue 织物：fabric机织物：woven fabric 电子布：electronic fabric, PCB cloth无捻粗纱布/方格布：roving cloth, woven rovings 机织带：woven tape编织物：braided fabric 单向布：unidirectional fabric, UD网布：mesh fabric, scrim 非织造网布：nonwoven scrim, laid scrim陶瓷加工：ceramic processing 表格：tabulation 氧化铝陶瓷管：alumina tube 有机物：organics 化学品安全说明书：material safety data sheets (MSDS)天然橡胶：nature rubber 碳黑：carbon black 颗粒：particle中大颗粒增强复合材料：large-particle reinforced composites弥散强化复合材料：dispersion-strengthened composites原子或分子水平：atomic or molecular level增强机理：mechanism of reinforcement 直径：diameter晶须：whiskers 单晶：single crystals 硼：boron多晶或非晶体材料：polycrystalline or amorphous material片状结构：laminar composites 夹层结构：sandwich panels低密度：less-dense 硬度：stiffness 强度：strength 延展性：ductility冲击强度：impact resistance 断裂韧性：fracture toughness拉伸：tension 压缩：compression 脆性材料：brittle material延性材料：ductile material 弹性材料：elastic material拉伸试验：tensile test 树脂：resin 增强体：reinforcement耐磨性：abrasion resistance陶瓷加工：ceramic processing 表格：tabulation 氧化铝陶瓷管：alumina tube 有机物：organics 化学品安全说明书：material safety data sheets (MSDS)天然橡胶：nature rubber 碳黑：carbon black 颗粒：particle中大颗粒增强复合材料：large-particle reinforced composites弥散强化复合材料：dispersion-strengthened composites原子或分子水平：atomic or molecular level增强机理：mechanism of reinforcement 直径：diameter晶须：whiskers 单晶：single crystals 硼：boron多晶或非晶体材料：polycrystalline or amorphous material片状结构：laminar composites 夹层结构：sandwich panels低密度：less-dense 硬度：stiffness 强度：strength 延展性：ductility冲击强度：impact resistance 断裂韧性：fracture toughness拉伸：tension 压缩：compression 脆性材料：brittle material延性材料：ductile material 弹性材料：elastic material拉伸试验：tensile test 树脂：resin 增强体：reinforcement耐磨性：abrasion resistanceAcetyl||乙酰Acid-proof paint||耐酸涂料, 耐酸油漆Acrylic fiber||丙烯酸纤维Acrylic resin||丙烯酸树脂Active filler||活性填料Adapter assembly||接头组件Addition polyimide||加成型聚酰亚胺Addition polymer||加聚物Adjusting valve||调整阀，调节阀Adhersion assembly||粘合装配Adhersion bond||胶结Adjustable-bed press||工作台可调式压力机Adjuster shim||调整垫片Adjusting accuracy||调整精度，调校精度Admissible error||容许误差Admissible load||容许载荷Adsorbed layer||吸附层Advanced composite material||先进复合材料，高级复合材料Advanced development vehicle||试制车，预研样车AE(Automobile Engineering)||汽车工程技术Aeolotropic material||各向异性材料Aerated plastics||泡沫塑料, 多孔塑料Aerodynamic body||流线型车身Aft cross member||底盘/车架后横梁Air bleeder||排气孔Air clamp||气动夹具Air deflector||导流板；导风板，气流偏转板Air intake manifold||进气歧管Air servo||伺服气泵Air-tight joint||气密接头All-plastic molded||全塑模注的All polyster seat||全聚酯座椅Alligatoring||龟裂，涂膜皱皮,表面裂痕Amino resin||氨基树脂Angular test||挠曲试验Anti-chipping primer||抗破裂底漆（底层涂料）Apron||防护挡板Aramid fibre composites||芳胺纤维复合材料Assembly drawing||装配图Assembly jig||装配夹具Assembly part||装配件，组合件Autoclave forming||热压罐成型Autocorrection||自动校正Automatic compensation||自动补偿Automatic feed||自动进料Automobile instrument||汽车仪表板Automotive transmission||汽车传动装置，汽车变速器Auxiliary fasia console||副仪表板Axial strain||轴向应变Axle bushing||轴衬Axle fairing||底盘车桥整流罩A Stage||A 阶段(某些热固性树脂聚合作用的初期阶段)AAC(Auxiliary Air Control)||辅助空气控制ABC(Active Body Control)||主动式车身控制装置Abherent||阻粘剂Ability meter||测力计，性能测试仪ABL (Ablative)||烧蚀剂Ablation||烧蚀Ablative composite material||烧蚀复合材料Ablative insulative material||烧蚀绝热材料Ablative polymer||烧蚀聚合物Ablative prepreg||烧蚀性预浸料Ablative resistance||耐烧蚀性ABR(Acrylate Butadience Rubber)||丙烯酸丁二烯橡胶Abradant material||研磨材料，磨料Abrade||研磨；用喷砂清理Abrasion||磨耗Abrasion coefficient||磨耗系数Abrasion loss||磨耗量，磨损量Abrasion performance||磨耗性Abrasion-proof material||耐磨材料Abrasion resistant paint||耐磨涂料Abrasion test||磨损试验Abrasive blast system||喷砂清理系统Abrasive cloth||砂布Abrasive disc||砂轮盘，砂轮片Abrasive finishing||抛光Abrasive paper||砂纸Abrasive resistance||耐磨性ABS(Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)resin||ABS 树脂，丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(热塑性)树脂ABSM(American Bureau of Standard Materials)||美国标准材料局Absolute dynamic modulus||绝对动态模量Absolute error||绝对误差Absorbent material||吸收性材料,吸收性物质，吸声材料，吸收剂Absorber||减振器，阻尼器，缓冲器ACA(Automotive Composite Alliance)||汽车复合材料协会ACC(Automatic Clutch Control)||自动离合器操纵控制Accelerant||促进剂，加速剂Accelerated aging test||加速老化试验，人工老化试验Accelerator pedal shaft||加速踏板轴Accelerator pump nozzle||加速泵喷嘴Acceptable life||有效使用寿命Acceptance test specification||验收测试规范Access panel||罩板,盖板Accessory||配件，附属品Accessory equipment||辅助设备Accessory kit||附件包，成套附件Accumulator can||储电池外壳Accumulator package||蓄压器组件，蓄压器单元Accuracy in calibration||校准精度Accuracy of finish||最终加工精度Accuracy of manufacture||制造精度Accuracy of positioning||定位精度Accuracy of repetition||重现精度，复制精度Acetal matrix composites||缩醛树脂基复合材料Acetal plastic||缩醛塑料,聚甲醛塑料Acetal resin||缩醛树脂Acetamide||乙酰胺Acetate fiber||醋酸纤维，乙酸纤维Acetone||丙酮Back corner panel||后围角板Back panel||后围板Back side panel||后侧板Back wall pillar||后围立柱Backer||衬料Baffler||挡板，阻尼器；导流叶片Bag Molding||气囊施压成型(袋模法)Baggage holder||行李架Barrier coat||阻挡层；防渗涂层Batch mixing||分批混合，批混Batching unit||分批加料装置Bearing assembly||轴承组合件Biaxial winding||双角缠绕, 双轴缠绕Binder fiber||粘合纤维Bipolymer||二元共聚物Bismaleimide composites||双马来酰亚胺复合材料Blank placement||坯料的放置Blanket||玻璃纤维毡；坯料Blanking press||冲压机, 冲割压力机Blending resin||掺合树脂BMC(Bulk Moulding Compound)||团状膜塑料BMI (Bismaleimide)||双马来酰亚胺Body back panel||车身后板Body back wall||车身驾驶室后围Body bracket||车身支架Body control module||车身控制模块Body frame (Body skeleton)||车身骨架Body front panel||车身驾驶室前围板Body monocoque||单壳体车身，单壳式结构车身Body outer panel||驾驶室覆盖件；驾驶室覆盖件Body structural member||车身结构件Body trim||车身装饰件Bonded riveted structure||胶铆结构Bonnet||发动机罩Brake||制动器Brake arrangement||制动装置Brinell hardness test||布氏硬度试验Brittle coating||脆性涂层Bulk coat||整体涂层Bulk heat treatment||整体热处理Bulk moulding compound||(增强塑料)预制整体模塑料Bumper bracket(holder)||保险杠托架Bus brake system||客车制动系Butt flange||对接法兰Butt joint||对接接头；对接Butterfly valve||节流阀，节气门BWI (Body In White)||白车身Cab deflector shield||驾驶室导流板Cab fairing||驾驶室整流罩Cab floor||驾驶室地板Cab mounting||驾驶室悬置CAD(Computer Aided Design)||计算机辅助设计CAE (Computer Aided Engineering)||计算机辅助工程设计Calibration tolerance||校准公差Calibrating instrument||校准仪表Camouflage paint||覆面漆, 盖面涂料, 伪假漆Cantilever beam impact test||悬臂梁冲击试验Carbon-felt reinforced carbon composites||碳毡增强碳复合材料Carbon fiber clutch||碳纤维离合器Carbon filament cloth||碳丝织物Case extension||外壳的伸出部分，延伸外壳Casing gasket||外壳密封垫Catalyst manifold||固化剂总成Catalyst pump||固化剂泵Catalyst ratio||固化剂比率Cavity||模槽，型腔；凹模Cavity block||阴模Cavity depth||模槽深度Cellular board||蜂窝状板，多孔板Cellular plastics||泡沫塑料，多孔塑料Centre boss||轮毂Centre pin||销轴，枢轴，主销Centrifugal casting moulding||离心浇铸成型Centrosymmetry||中心对称层板Ceramic matrix composites||陶瓷基复合材料Charge||填充气体，填充料Chasis||底盘；机壳，车架Chlorinated polyethlene||聚氯乙烯Chopped fiber||短切纤维Chopped random mat||短切无序毡Chopped strand||短切原丝CIRTM(Co-Injection RTM)||共注射RTM Clamping fixture||夹具，夹紧装置Clamping force||夹持力，合模力Class A surface||A级表面Clear coat||透明涂层，透明罩漆，清漆层Clear coat finish||清漆涂层Clicker die||冲模Climb milling||同向铣削, 顺铣Clipping press||切边压力机Closure pressing speed||合模速度CMM(Closed Mould Moulding)||闭合模塑CMT(Compression Molding||挤压成型工艺CNC(Computerized Numerical Control）||电脑数值控制Coarse grinding||粗磨，用砂轮初加工Coating defect||涂层缺陷Collision test||碰撞试验，撞车试验Combination property||综合性能Concept design||概念设计Convection modulus||对流模量Convergence test||收敛试验Cooling fixture||冷却夹具Cooling tower||冷却塔Crazing||龟裂，细裂纹Cresol resin||甲酚树脂Cutting felt||毡的剪切Cutting-off bushing||环形下料模; 下料环Damped structure||阻尼缓冲结构Damper bracket||件振器支架Dashboard illumination||仪表板照明Dash trimming||前围板衬板Deburring||去毛刺，倒角，除飞边Deepdrawing forming||深拉成型Deflection test||挠曲试验Dent resistance||耐冲击性Design freedom||设计自由度Detail drawing||祥图，零件图Die assembly||压模装置Die casting||压模铸件,压模铸法Dimethyl fomamide||二甲基甲酰胺Dimethyl ketone||二甲基甲酮; 丙酮Dip pretreatment||浸渍预处理Die prime coat||浸渍打底漆Dimensional stability||尺寸稳定性Dip coating||浸涂Dip forming||浸渍成型Durability testing||耐久性试验，寿命试验Dwell||保压,暂停加压；滞留时间Dynamometer||测力计Edge effect||边缘效应，边界效应Edge feed||边缘进料Edge gate||侧浇口Ejection force||脱模力Ejector||起模杆Ejector guide pillar||推板导套Ejector housing||支架Elasticizer||增塑剂Elastomeric composites||高弹体复合材料Elongation at break||断裂延伸率Energy absorbing foam||吸能泡沫塑料Epoxy resin||环氧树脂Ether ketone||酮醚Explosion proof||防爆Exterior body panelling||车身外板部蒙皮Exterior trim||外饰，外饰件Fabric composites||织物复合材料Fabric impregnation||织物浸渍Fabric preform||织物预成型Fabric prereg||织物预浸料Fabrication parameter||制造参数Fabrication procedure||制造工序Fabricating machinery||加工设备Face plate coupling||法兰式连接Factory primer||工厂底漆，工厂防锈漆Fairing||整流罩，整流装置Fairing panel||前裙板Fascia bracket||仪表板支架Fascia mask||仪表板罩板Fastening clamp||夹紧装置，紧固夹子Fatigue tension test||拉伸疲劳性试验FCM(Fibrous Composite material)||纤维复合材料FEA(Finite Element Anlysis)||有限元分析Feed system||供料系统Feeding pump||供给泵Feeding speed||进给速度Female groove||凹模Female mould(tooling)||阴模Fender||翼子板；护板Fender apron||挡泥板Fender inner panel||翼子板内衬护板Fiber composite laminate||纤维复合材料层板Fiber mat layer||纤维毡层Finisher(Finishing component)||装饰件Flange||法兰, 凸缘Flange fitting||法兰式管接头Flash||毛边Flash mold||毛边模具Front sheet metal||车前板制件Fuselage fairing||机身整流装置Gage kit||仪表组，仪表套件Gas cavity||气泡，砂眼Gauge panel||仪表板Gear assembly||齿轮传动装置, 减速器Gearbox cover||变速器壳盖Gear bracket support||齿轮托支架Gel coat||胶衣,凝胶涂层Gel coat drum||胶衣圆桶Gel coat flow monitor||胶衣流量监控器Gel time||凝胶时间Glass fiber winding machine||玻璃纤维喷射研磨Jig||夹具，定位模具Jig-adjusted||粗调的Job program||工作程序Joining nipple||接合螺管Joining on butt||对头接合Joint face of a pattern||分模面Joint gate||分型面内浇口Joint packing||填充垫圈，接合填密Joint sealing material||填缝料Joint-shaped support||铰接支架Joint strenght||连接强度Jump welded tube||对缝焊管，焊接管Junction bolt||接合螺栓Junction point||接点Keeping life||保存期，产品有效期Kenel||型芯Ketene||乙烯酮, 烯酮Ketene dimethyl||二甲酮Ketimide||酰基酮亚胺Ketimine||酮亚胺Ketoamine||酮胺，氨基酮Ketol||乙酮醇Ketone||甲酮Keying strength||咬合强度Knife holder||刀具，刀架Knockout||脱模Knockout pin||脱模销Knockout plate||脱模板Knoop scale||努氏硬度标度Knuckle joint||铰链连接Koplon||高湿模量粘胶纤维Koroseal||氯乙烯树脂Lacquer||挥发性漆；涂漆Lacquer finish||喷漆，上漆，罩光Lacquer formation||漆膜形成，成漆Lacquer putty||腻子，整面用油灰Lacquering ||上清漆Laminate construction thickness||结构层厚度Laminated panel||薄层状板Laminated plastics||层压塑料制品, 塑料层板Laminated thermosetting plastics||层压热固塑料Latex paints ||清漆Lay-up||(塑料，夹板的)铺叠成型Light-alloy body part||轻合金车身零件Lining ||衬里，衬垫Loaded haul cycle||载货行程Location bearing||定位轴承Location guide||固定导杆，定位导杆Location hole||定位孔Location tolerance||位置公差, 安装公差Locatin pin||定位销Lock bolt||锁紧螺钉Low pressure injection moulding||低压模塑成型Low shrink resin||低收缩树脂Luggage rack||行李架Machining accuracy||加工精度Machining center||加工中心Main shaft gear bushing||主轴齿轮衬套Mandrel ||卷芯，模芯；芯轴Manifold hood||歧管外罩Manual Lay-Up||人工手糊Manual spray-up||手工喷射Manual truck||手推车Manufacturing drawing||制造图纸Matched molds||合模Matrix ||基体，基质Mechanical properties||机械性能Metal bonding||金属粘结Metal-working machine||金属加工机床Methanol||甲醇Mismachining tolerance||加工误差Modular||组装式的Mofulus of elasticity||弹性模量Mould operation||模具操作Moulded plastics||模压塑料Moulding||嵌条；成型；装饰件Mount support||装配支架Multi-axial stress||多轴向应力Multi-tool machining||多刀切削加工||Needled mat||针刺毡，针织毡Non-ductile fracture||无塑性破坏Nontwisting fiber||不加捻纤维Notched izod test||带缺口悬臂梁式冲击试验Nozzle||管嘴，喷嘴Numerically controlled engine lathe||数控普通车床Nylon resin||尼龙树脂OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) ||原始设备生产商Offset cab||侧置驾驶室On-site forming||现场发泡On-site winding||现场缠绕成型Open molding||敞开式模塑法Opening mould||开模Optimized design||优化设计Orifice||注孔Orthophenyl tolyl ketone||邻苯基甲苯基酮Orthophthalic resin ortho||邻苯二甲酸树脂Osmotic pressure||渗透压力Outboard wing||外翼Outer panel skin||蒙皮Oven heating||烘箱加热，加热固化Over-engineering||过份设计的Over flow||溢流Over-spray||过喷Overhead traveling crane||高空移动行车Overhead-valve engine||顶置气门发动机Overhung trailer||外伸式拖车Oxide paint||氧化物涂料Package power||动力装置总成Packed ||紧密的，密实的；有密封的，有填料的Packing||衬垫；填料，密封填料；包装PAD(Paint As Required)||按需涂漆Paint base coat||上底漆Paint blemish||涂漆缺陷Paint blower||喷漆用压力机，喷漆枪Paint brush||涂漆刷Paint dilution||油漆稀释PE(Polyethlene)||聚乙烯Pedestal mounted||落地安装的Phenolic plastic||酚醛塑料Phenyl ketone||苯基甲酮Pit mounted||嵌入式安装Pivotal arm||枢轴Platic structural component||塑料结构零部件Plastic upholstery||(座椅)塑料蒙面Play compensation||间隙补偿PLC(Programmable Logical Controller) ||可编程序逻辑控制器Polycarbonate plastics||聚碳酸脂塑料Polyester resin||聚脂树脂Polyimide||聚酰亚胺Polymer||聚合物，高分子，多聚体Polyurethane foam||聚氨酯泡沫塑料Polyvinyl||聚乙烯的, 聚乙烯Polyvinyl fluoride||聚氟乙烯Prefabricated parts||成品零部件，制造好的零部件Propylene resin||丙烯类树脂Protecting lacquer||防护漆PSF(Polystyrene Foam)||聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料PTFE(Polytetrafluoroethylene)||聚四氟乙烯Pultrusion||拉挤成型Putty knife||油灰（腻子）刮铲QC(Quality Control)||质量控制QCS(Quality Control Standard)||质量管理控制标准QR(Quality Requirements)||质量规格(要求) Quality certification||质量认证Quantity production||大量（成批）生产，大规模生产Quantity production||大量（成批）生产，大规模生产Quarter panel brace||后侧围板支撑件Quarter panel lower extension||后侧围板下延伸部Quarter trim cap||后侧围装饰板盖Quarte wheel house||后侧围轮滚罩，后侧围车轮室Quasi-isotropic laminate||准各向同性层板Quench||淬火Rack truck||架子车, 移动架Radial dispersion||径向位移Radial loading||径向力(载荷)Radial pump||径向离心泵Radiation protective paint||防辐射涂料Radiator||散热器Rag||毛刺RARTM(Rubber-assisted RTM)||橡胶辅助RTM(用橡胶取代芯材的热膨胀RTM)Reactive resin||活性树脂, 反应型树脂Rear skirt rail||后围裙边梁Reciprocating engine||活塞式发动机, 往复式发动机Reinforcement||车身加强件，增强材料；构架Repeat accuracy||重复精确度Repeatability||设备重复定位精度Resin formulation||树脂配方Retaining nest||定位槽Return trip||回程，返回行程Rib||筋，加强筋RIFT(Resin Infusion Under Flexible Tooling)||挠性上模具树脂浸渍工艺RIM(Reaction Injection Molding)||反应注射模塑Safety hood||安全罩Sample testing||样品试验Sand wet||(车身/涂装)湿砂打磨Sandwich body||夹层结构车身Sandwich construction||夹层结构Sandwich panel||多层板，复合板Shaft assembly||轴组件Skin coat||表层；罩面层Solvent reclaim||溶剂的回收Stiffener||加强件Storage modulus||储能模量Stress at definite elongation||定伸应力Stretched actylic plastic||拉伸丙烯酸塑料String milling||连续铣削Stroke||(悬架)减振器，冲程Structural instrument panel||结构仪表板Structural layer||结构层Styrene||苯乙烯Styrofoam||聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料Surface mat||表面薄毡Synthetic resin paint||合成树脂涂料Tack strength||粘着强度Tail gate||(卡车等的)后挡板Teflon||聚四氟乙烯(塑料, 绝缘材料)TERTM(Thermal-Expansion Resin Transfer Molding)||热膨胀树脂传递模塑Thermoplastic plastics||热塑性塑料Thermoset resin||热固性树脂Thickening agent||增粘剂Trim waste||内饰废料Trimming orientation||修边定位Turbulent heating||湍流加热Turndown ratio||衰减比率Twisting stress||扭胁强, 扭应力U bolt||U形螺栓U bolt plate||U 形螺栓垫板Ultimate mechanical strength||极限机械强度Ultraviolent sensitive coating||紫外线感光涂层Undercoat paint||头道漆Uniaxial drawing||单轴拉伸Unsaturated polyester resin||非饱和聚酯树脂Unyielding support||不可压缩支架, 刚性支架Upper yield stress||上屈服应力Urethane coating||氨基甲酸乙酯涂层UVRTM(Ultra-violet RTM)||紫外线固化RTM（利用紫外线进行固化）VA RTM (Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding) ||真空辅助RTMVacuum bag molding||真空袋模制法VARI(Vacuum Assisted Resin njection)||真空辅助树脂注射Variable speed||无级变速Ventilation duct||通风管Ventilator(Ventilating equipment)||通风装置Vibratory stress||振动应力VIMP (Variable Infusion Molding Process)||可变浸渍模塑Vinyl chloride resin||聚氯乙烯树脂VOC(Volatile Organic Compound)||挥发性有机化合物Volume modulus||体积模数Vortex generator||(车身)扰流器，导流板VRV(Vacuum Reducer Valve)||真空减压阀Warping stress||翘曲应力Waste utilization||废物利用，废物处理Water shield||防水罩，挡泥板；密封条Water tolerance||耐水性Wedge gripping||楔形夹具Wheel fender||翼子板Wing trussgrid||翼子（挡泥）板加强件Winding||缠绕Wingtip assembly||翼尖整流罩Wire drawing||拉丝Wiring press||卷边压力机, 嵌线卷边机Workpiece grippe||工件夹子（持器），机械手Woven roving fabric||（玻璃纤维）无捻粗纱布织物Xylenol Carboxylic Acid||二甲苯酚酸Xlylene||亚二甲苯基Xyster||刮刀X alloy||铜铝合金Xenidium||胶合板Xenidium||胶合板Xylene ||二甲苯Xylene resin||二甲苯树脂Yard-crane||移动吊车，场内移动起重机Yarn count||纱线支数，丝线支数Yarn strength||纱线强度，长丝强度Yield limit||屈服极限，屈服点Yield point under bending stress||弯曲应力下的屈服点Yield stress||屈服应力, 屈服点Yield stress controlled bonding||屈服应力粘结Zedeflon||四氟乙烯均聚物Zero checker||定零位装置, 零位校验Zero clearance||零间隙Zero compensation||零位补偿Zero initial condition||零初始条件Zero setting||(仪表)零位调整, 置零Zero shrinkage resin||零收缩树脂Zone control||区域控制。

仿生材料的奇妙应用

合至纤可维承板载、十三几合吨板的的超节蜂重窝商省纸品材板，料甚，可回收利用
3）弹性、防震性能好。
• 贝壳珍珠层是一种天然的无机-有机层状生物复合材料，由碳酸钙(约占
95%)和少量有机基质(约占5%)组成。整个贝壳体系的抗张强度是普通碳酸钙的3000多倍。这种良好的力学性能归因于珍珠层独特的微观结构。
用途一：作为生物膜研究的模型
✓为什么要构建模型？ ✓如何构建模型？ ✓构建模型的意义是什么？
用途二：生物活性分子的分离膜
• 实现核心：相容性 • 举例：
磷脂改性高分子聚合膜可用于分离蛋白质等生物活性物质
• 猜想：
如果将能够识别海洛因、吗啡等毒品的磷脂分子引入分离膜中，用于血液透析呢？
用途三：处理工业污水
非共价键
可逆共价键
多数自愈合凝胶都是通过非共价键或可逆共价键来实现其自愈合性能的。从本质上来说, 可逆动态共价键都属于动态建构化学。 (constitutional dynamic chemistry, CDC)
通过交联点的破坏和再形成而使应力得到释放
氢键相互作用、π-π堆叠、阳离子-π相互作用、静电相互作用等“ 聚电解质效应“ 形成凝胶的三维网络结构。
Ref:马建峰, 陈五一, 赵岭，基于竹子微观结构的柱状结构仿生设计，机械设计第 25卷第 12期 2008 年 12 月
• 有学者据竹子微观结构提出仿生纤维
模型如图，实验表明其压缩变形要比普通纤维高3 倍以上。受其多层、渐变概念的启发, 为纤维增强金属基复合材料设计的多层梯度界面模型是过渡层/ 阻挡层/ 润湿层, 碳纤维/A l复合材料实验结果表明, 其高温强度比未仿生的高出5 倍以上.
在《蜘蛛侠2》里有个镜头，蜘蛛侠用蜘蛛丝duang地一下拉住了火车，在电影里这显然是加了特技，常人看来不可思议。

材料科学专业英语词汇(S2)

sorption isobars 吸着等压线sorption isochors 吸着等容线sorption isotherms 吸着等温线sorption method 吸着方法sorption-desorption methods 吸着脱附方法sorter 分类器sorting 检选、分级sound absorption 吸音sound velocity 声速sound wave propagation 声波传递sound waves 声波sound-absorbing materials 吸音物料sound-insulating materials 隔音物料soundness 固性source cabinet 瓦斯源系统收纳室source code compiler 原始码编译器soy protein 酱油蛋白质soya oil 豆油soya-phthalic alkyd resin 大豆醇酸树脂soybean fibers 大豆纤维soybean glue 豆胶soybean oil 豆油soybean protein 大豆蛋白质space applications 太空用途space lattice 空间晶格；空间点阵space vehicles 太空舱spacer 间隔物spacing 间隔spaghetti tubing applications 空心绝缘管制造spalling 剥落spanishing 谷污着色spanishing effects 谷污效应spar varnish 清漆spare row/column 备用行/列spark gap 火炬放电距离spark plug 火星塞spark-plasma sintering 火花电浆烧结spatial filtering 空间滤光spatial intermittancg method 空间间隔法special modified rayons 特别变性嫘萦specialty fibers 特殊纤维specialty inks 特殊油墨specialty plasticizers 特殊增?剂specically labeled substances 特殊标志物质specific abrasion energy 比磨耗能specific activity 比活性specific cutting forces 比切力specific ellipticity 比椭圆性specific gravity 比重specific heat 比冲差specific impulse 特微specific kerr contants 比克尔常数specific optical rotation 比扭光specific resistance 电阻率specific surface 比表面积specific viscosity 比粘度specific volume 比容specific volume ranges 比容范围specifications of plastics 塑胶规格specimen preparation 试片制作speckled ware 斑点器spectral characteristics 光谱特性spectral properties of styrene polymers 苯乙烯之特性spectral-line form and width 光谱线型线宽spectrometry mass 质量分析仪spectrophotometers for dye analysis 分光光度计spectroscopic studies 分光研究spectroscopic techniques 光谱技术spectroscopy 光谱学specular gloss[ 光]泽率speeds 速度sphene 榍石spherical-model theories 球型理论spherocolloids 球状胶体spheroproteins 球状蛋白质spherulites 球粒spider 多脚架spin cap 自旋帽罩spin chuck 旋转夹头`spin cleaner 自旋洗涤器spin coater 自旋式涂敷机spin developer 自旋显影机spin dryer 自旋乾燥机spin dyeing 旋转转化spin finishes 旋转尾工spin on glass coatingSOG 涂敷spin welding 旋转熔接spin-draw process 旋转延伸法spin-lattice relaxation 旋转格子松弛spin-lattice relaxation rate 旋转格整松弛速度spin-lattice relaxation time 旋转格子松弛时间spin-orbit coupling 旋转轨导偶合spin-spin coupling 旋间偶合spin-spin interaction 旋间互应作用spin-spin relaxation 旋间松弛作用spin-spin relaxation time 旋间松弛时间spinbonded-fabrics 旋结织物spindle flange 凸缘轴spinel 尖晶石spinneret filtration assembly 纺嘴过滤组件spinnerets 纺嘴spinning 纺丝spinning processes 纺丝方法spinodal structure spiral growths 旋转生长spiranes, polymeric 螺聚体spirit-soluble resins 酒精溶解树脂spiro polymers 螺结聚体spiroacetals 螺结缩spirooxetanes 环结四员氧spit-out 喷孔splash back 溅射回来splash guard 防溅罩spline 薄片splinter particles 薄片粒split bar 破开棒split brick 半厚砖split-cavity blocks 裂穴块split-cavity method 裂穴法split-cavity molds 裂穴模spodumene 锂辉石sponging 水拭spout 流出口；壶嘴spray developer 喷涂显影机spray drying 喷[雾] 乾[燥]spray etching system 喷涂式蚀刻系统spray welding 喷焊spraying 喷敷法spreading resistance method 扩散电阻法spring steel 弹簧钢sprue 铸口；浇口sprue and runners 浇口与流道sprue bushing 浇口衬套sprueless molds 无浇口模spumific materials 起泡物料spun yarn 纺纱spunbonded fabrics 纺结织物spur 爪形坯托sputter 溅镀机sputter etching 溅射蚀刻sputter-gun sputtering system 溅射枪溅镀系统sputtering rate 溅镀速率sputtering system 溅镀系统sputtering yield 溅射二次放射系数square cutting 方形切割squashed ball diameter 压扁球径squeegee 菠菜squeegee process 涂刷法stabilization 安定化stabilizer mixtures 安定剂混合物stabilizers 安定剂stack 烟囱stack press 堆层压机stacker 堆叠机stacking fault 叠层缺陷stadium surfaces 露天看台地面stahlton system 钢土建材stain 色料；色斑stainless steel 不锈钢stainless-steel fibers 不锈钢纤维staking 铆锁stamper 冲压模，压模机stamping 捣碎stamping head 印模头，冲压模头stand 架stand-off 托脚、底座间隙保持器standard 标准standard cell 标准功能电路胞standard delay format 标准延迟格式standard industrial 标准工业增?剂standard parasitic exchange format 标准寄生交换格式standard samples 标准样本standard square 标准砖standard test methods 标准试验方法standardization of plastics 塑胶标准化standing wave effect 驻波效应stannic chloride 氯化锡stannosiloxane polymers 锡氧烷聚体stannosiloxanes 锡氧烷staple fibers 定长纤维staple length 纤维定长staple-fibers yarns 定长纤维纱star dresser 星形修整器starch 淀粉starch acetates 醋酸淀粉starch acetoacetates 乙醯酢酸淀粉starch carbamates 氨基甲酸淀粉starch cook 淀粉蒸煮starch derivatives 淀粉衍starch esters 淀粉starch ethers 淀粉醚starch formats 甲酸淀粉starch granules 淀粉颗粒starch hydrolyzates 淀粉水解物starch maleates 马来酸淀粉starch nitrate 硝酸淀粉starch paste 淀粉浆糊starch phosphate monoesters 磷酸淀粉单starch sulfate 硫酸淀粉starch sulfonates 磺酸淀粉starch triacetate 三醋酸淀粉starch xanthate 黄原酸淀粉starch, modified 改质淀粉starch-iodine reaction 淀粉碘反应starred glaze 星[形结]晶釉starved glaze 欠釉starved joint 缺胶接头state 状态state diagram 状态图state transition graph 状态过渡图static burn-in system 静态老化测试系统static charge 静电荷static electricity 静电static electricity tester 静电测试器static eliminator 静电消除器static fatigue failure 静static functional test 静态功能试验static pressure bearing 静压轴承static propensity 静斜static seals 静封static timing analysis tool 静态时序分析工具stationary phase 固定相statistical character 统计特性statistical coil 统计构卷statistical mechanics 统计力学statistical theory 统计理论Staudinger viscosity index 史纸粘度指数Staudinger's concept 史氏观念steady-state approximation 稳态近似法steady-state velocity 稳态粘度steam generators 蒸汽发生器steam tempering 蒸气捏和stearamide 硬脂醯胺stearamidomethy1-pyridinium chloride 氯化硬脂醯胺甲基stearates 硬脂酸盐类stearic acid 硬脂酸stearic acid derivatives 硬脂酸衍stearic acid esters 硬脂酸stearl alcohol 硬脂醇stearone 硬脂峒steatite 块滑石steel 钢steel fibers 钢纤维steel for machine building 机械制造用钢steeping 浸渍Steger's crazing test 斯蒂格釉裂试验step and scan projection aligner 步进扫描投影对准曝光器step coverage 阶跃式覆盖率step etching 阶段性蚀刻step pith 步进节距step-growth polymerization 逐步生长聚合step-pad belting 逐步填塞成带step-ply belting 逐步加层成带step-reaction copolymerization 逐步反应共聚体step-reaction polymerization 逐步反应聚合stepladder polymers 阶梯式聚体stepper 步进机stepping projection aligner 步进式投影对准曝光器stepping X-ray aligner 步进式x 线对准曝光器stepwise chain-end degradation 逐步链端退解stepwise organometallic synthesis 逐步有机金属合成stepwise synthesis 逐步合成stereoblock polymers 立体团连聚体stereoblocks 立体团连stereochemistry 立体化学stereoisomerism 立体异构stereoregular bands 立体规则带stereoregular epoxide polymers 立体规则环氧聚体stereoregular linear polymers 立体规则线状聚体stereoregularity 立体规则性stereoselective polymerization 立体选择聚合stereoselectivity 立体选择性stereosequence distribution 立体链序分布stereospecific absorption bands 立体特性吸收带stereospecific addition 立体特性加成stereospecific polymerization 立体特性聚合stereospecificity 立体特性steric control 立体控制steric hindrance 立体拦阻steric interference 立体干扰steric randomness 立体乱度sterilization 杀菌stern layer 後层stibinosiloxane polymers 基矽氧烷聚体sticking 粘着sticking agents 粘着剂sticklac 树枝虫胶stiff-mud process 硬泥法stiff-plastic process 硬塑法stiffener joints 加强接头stiffeners 加强剂stiffness 硬度stilbenes 二苯乙烯stilt 爪形坯架stimulus 刺激源、信号资料群stipple engraving 点刻雕Stishovite 司的宣石英stitch bonding 针脚式接合，打线不黏stock preparation 纸料制备stock removal polishing 一次抛光stocker 暂存盒Stockes'law 史托氏定律stoichiometric chemistry 计量化学stoichiometry 化学计量学stoker 加媒机stokes 史托(动力黏度单位)Stokes' law 斯托克氏定律stoneware 焙器；缸器；陶石器stop-start machines 止动机械，制动机stopping agents 停止剂、制动剂storage 储存storage bulk compliance 储存整体柔量storage compliance 储存柔量storage life 储存期限storage modulus 储存系数storage tanks 储存槽storax 苏合香脂Stormer visocmeter 史托马黏度计straight injection molding 直射模制straight-taper nozzle 直型锥缩喷嘴strain 应变strain energy 应变能strain optical coefficient 应变光学系数strain rate-temperature effects 应变速率温度效应strain relief 应变泄落strain tensor 应变张量strain-energy release rate 应变能泄落率strain-recovery properties 应变回复特性strainer core 滤器心strand count 线股数；绞线支数straw 稻杆stray-field heating 漫场加热stream format 注流格式streaming birefringence 流动双折射streaming current monitor 流动电流监视器streaming potential 流动电势streamlines of flow 流线street 界道，切割道street-light globes 路灯泡strenated alkyd resins 苯乙烯化醇酸树脂strength 强度streptomycip 链微素stress 应力stress birefringence 应力双折射stress concentrations 应力浓度stress concentrators 应力集中器stress cracking 应力破裂stress crystallinity 应力晶性stress curve 愿力曲线stress decay 应力衰变stress distributions 应力分布stress migration test 应力迁移试验stress reinforcement 应力加强stress relaxation 应力松弛stress relief 应力泄落stress rupture test 高温持久强度试验stress softening 应力软化stress tensor 应力张量stress, internal 内部应力stress-corrosion cracking 应力腐蚀破裂stress-cracking resistance 应力破裂抗性stress-deformation rate 应力衰变速率stress-deformation relations 应力变形关系stress-freezing process 应力冷冻法stress-optical analysis 应力光学分析stress-optical law 应力光学定律stress-optical studies 应力光学研究stress-reaxation tests 应力松弛试验stress-relaxation curves 应力松弛曲线stress-strain properties 应力应变定律stress-strain relationships 应力应变特性stress-transfer mechanism 应力转移历程stressless deformation 无应力变形stretch 拉伸，延伸stretch and squeeze 拉伸与挤压stretch control 延伸控制stretch cottons 延伸棉stretch-breaking system 延伸破断系统stretched-manbrane theory 张膜理论stretcher 顺砖stretching 延伸stretchyarns 延伸纺striation 生长条纹striking 加热发色string 丝筋strip process insulation 洗提法绝缘stripper 脱模工stripper plate 活盖板stripplable coatings 可剥涂膜strobe 选通信号stroboscopic imaging 频闪影像法stroke 冲程stroke cure 拨热strong polyelectrolytes 强力多电解质strontium-90-90 structural adhesives 结构黏着剂structural changes 结构变化structural description language 结构记述语言structural materials 结构物料structural models 结构模型structural plastic laminates 结构塑胶层板structural rearrangement 结构重组structural steel 结构钢架structural steel rimers 结构钢架底漆structure 构架，结构structure of polymers 聚体的结构structure-borne sound absorption 结构的音吸收structuring 构架stuetch fabrics 拉伸织物stuffer-box crimping 填匣摺绉stuffer-box texturing 填匣纹理stuffer-box yarns 填匣纱stuffer-tube crimping 填管摺绉styrenated unsaturated polyesters 苯乙烯化不饱苯乙烯styrene 苯乙烯styrene block copolymers 苯乙烯分段共聚体styrene copolymers 苯乙烯共散聚体styrene derivatives 苯乙烯衍生物styrene oxide 氧化苯乙烯styrene oxide polymers 氧化苯乙烯聚体styrene polymerization 苯乙烯聚合styrene polymers 菜乙烯聚体styrene polyperoxide 多过化苯乙烯styrene-acrylic acid copolymer 苯乙烯丙烯styrene-acrylic copolymer 苯乙烯亚克力共聚体styrene-acrylic ester graft copolymers 苯乙烯丙烯酸接枝共聚体styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers 苯乙烯丙烯共聚体styrene-based films 苯乙烯基薄膜styrene-based plastics 苯乙烯基塑胶styrene-butadiene block copolymer 苯乙烯丁二烯分段共聚体styrene-butadiene copolymerization 苯乙烯丁二烯共聚合styrene-butadiene latexes 苯乙烯丁二烯浆液styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)菜乙烯丁二烯橡胶styrofoam 苯乙烯泡棉sub master 吸附盘sub runner 树脂次流道sub-cavity molds 共填穴模suberaldehyde 辛二suberic acid 辛二酸suberic acid esters 辛二酸submarines 潜水艇submerged wall 潜炉壁substantive dyes 直接染料substantivity 直接性substituent effect 取代基效应substitution 取代substrate 底衬物substrate cooling mechanism 基片冷却机构succiic anhydride sucrose 丁二酸succinic acid 琥珀酸succinic acid derivatives 丁二酸衍succinic acid esters 丁二酸suck back 吸回suck-and-blow process 吸吹成形法sucrose 蔗糖sucrose derivatives 蔗糖衍suction feed guns 吸喂枪suede leather 绒面革suede-like materials 绒面物料sufurized oil 硫化油sugar 糖sugar cane 甘蔗sugar derivatives 糖衍sugar industry 制糖工业sugar moieties 糖部份sugars 糖类sugars reducing 还原糖sulfanilic acid 磺酸胺sulfate pulp 硫酸盐纸桨sulfate pulping 硫酸盐制桨sulfate rocess 硫酸盐法sulfates 硫酸盐sulfenamides 次磺醯胺sulfhydryl compounds 氢硫基化物sulfhydryl-disulfide interchange 氢硫基二硫化物互换sulfides 硫化物sulfite process 亚硫酸盐法sulfite pulp 亚硫酸盐纸桨sulfite pulping 亚硫酸盐制桨sulfnic acid derivatives 磺酸衍sulfoalkylation 磺烷基淀粉醚sulfochlorinated polyethylene 氯磺化聚乙烯sulfoethylcellulose 磺乙基纤维素sulfolane 五环硫氧烷sulfomethylation 磺甲基化sulfomethylcellulose 磺甲基纤维素sulfonamide plasticizers 氨磺醯增?剂sulfonamide-formaldehyde resis 氨磺醯甲树脂sulfonate esters 磺酸sulfonated monomers 磺化单体sulfonated phenolic resins 磺化酚树脂sulfonation 磺化sulfonic acid-containing compounds 含磺酸化物sulfonyl azides 磺酸叠氮化物sulfonyl hydrazides 磺醯醯sulfonyl semicarbazides 磺醯氨基sulfonyl-containing polyamides 含磺醯聚醯胺sulfur 硫sulfur compound 硫化物sulfur crosslinks 硫络接sulfur dioxide 二氧化硫sulfur dyes 硫化染料sulfur monochloride 单硫化氢sulfur vulcanizates of natural rubber 天然橡胶之加硫产物sulfur vulcanization 加硫sulfur-containing chemicals 含硫化学品sulfur-containing polymers 含硫聚体sulfur-containingsolvents 含硫溶剂sulfur-nitrogen polymers 硫氮聚合体sulfur-peroxide cures 硫过氧化物固化sulfur-trioxide 三氧化硫sulfurdioxide-sodium borohydride bleaching 二氧化硫硼氢化钠漂白sulfuric acid 硫酸sulfuric acid hydrogen peroxide cleaning 硫酸过氧化氢洗涤sulfurized linseed oil 硫化亚麻子油sulfurous pollutants 含硫污染物summary data 摘要数据summerwood 夏木sun gear 太阳齿轮sunflower oil 向日葵籽油sunlight 阳光sunlight fastness 耐阳光度sunlight fastness of polymers 聚体耐阳光度sunn fibers 印度麻纤维super accelerating life test 超加速寿命测试super buffer memory 超级缓冲记忆器super final polishing 终极加工抛光super integration 超积体super-duty fireclay brick 特级火黏土砖super-high-tenacity filaments 超高?性长纤维supercalenders 超压延机superconductive polymers 超导聚合体supercontraction 超缩superdry monomers 超乾单体superheater 过热器supermolecular structures 超分子构架superpolymers 超聚体supported metal catalysts 超分子构架supporting electrolyte 超聚体suppository bases 栓剂基体surface & cylindrical double 表面圆筒（参）头研磨机surface & cylindrical grinding machine 表面圆筒研磨机surface analysis 表面分析surface burning characteristics 表面燃烧特性surface cells 表面电池surface cleanliness 表面洁净度surface coatings 表面涂膜surface conductance 表面传导surface conductivity 表面传导性surface contamination 表面污染surface degradation 表想退解surface density 表面密度surface effects 表面效应surface energy 表面能surface mines 露天开采surface morphology 表面形学态surface photovoltaic method 表面光电压法surface potential 表面位surface pressure-area isotherms 表面压力-面积等温线surface properties 表面特性surface resistivity 表面电阻surface scanner 表面缺陷扫描仪surface sizing 表面上胶surface spots 表面瑕疵surface strains 表面应变surface strength 表面强度surface tension 表面张力surface treatments 表面处理surface wave plasma 表面波等离子体surface-active agents 表面活性剂surface-cast plastic tools 表面浇铸塑胶工具surfacers 光面器surfactant added cleaning chemical 添加表面活化洗涤药品surge control 涌益控制surgical sponges 外科海棉susceptor 承受器suspended arch 悬拱suspended-level viscometer 悬面粘度计suspension chlorination 悬浮氯化suspension polymerization 悬浮聚合suspension stabilizers 悬浮安定剂suspensoids 悬胶体sustained release 持续放泄sveen glue 变性疏水胶swamping 覆没sweep measurement 扫描测量sweeping action 旋括作用swell 膨胀swelling 膨胀swelling agents 膨胀剂swelling anisotropy 膨胀向异性swelling fracture 膨胀破裂swelling pressures 膨胀压力swelling resistance 抗胀性swelling volumetric 容积膨胀swift start up system 快速启动系统swing curve effect 摆动曲线效应swing press 螺旋压机swirl 旋涡纹switch level description 开关位阶记述symbol 符号symbol library 符号资料库symbolic editor 符号编辑器synchronized drive 同步驱动synchronous design 同步设计synchrotron radiation aligner 同步加速器放射线对准曝光器syndiotactic 间列聚合syndiotactic chain 间练syndiotactic placement 间列安收syndiotactic polymers 间列聚体syndiotactic polypropylene 间列聚丙烯syndiotacticity 间列性synergism 增效作用Synroc (= synthetic rock)合成岩石；一种合成的高级陶瓷syntactic foams 混凝泡synthectic detergents 合成清洁剂syntheitic elastomers 人造弹性体synthetic fibers 人造纤维synthetic leather 人造皮synthetic polyeptides 合成多syringes 注射器syrups 糖浆system core 系统核心system design 系统设计System integration 系统整合system macro 系统巨集System on chip 系统晶片System on silicon 系统矽晶片。

材料科学专业学术中英文词汇

质料科学专业学术翻译必备词汇编中文英文号1 合金alloy2 质料material3 复合质料properties4 制备preparation5 强度strength6 力学mechanical7 力学性能mechanical8 复合composite9 薄膜films10 基体matrix11 增强reinforced12 非晶amorphous13 基复合质料composites14 纤维fiber15 纳米nanometer16 金属metal17 合成synthesis18 界面interface19 颗粒particles20 法制备prepared21 尺寸size22 形状shape23 烧结sintering24 磁性magnetic25 断裂fracture26 聚合物polymer27 衍射diffraction28 影象memory29 陶瓷ceramic30 磨损wear31 表征characterization32 拉伸tensile33 形状影象memory34 摩擦friction35 碳纤维carbon36 粉末powder37 溶胶sol-gel38 凝胶sol-gel39 应变strain40 性能研究properties41 晶粒grain42 粒径size43 硬度hardness44 粒子particles45 涂层coating46 氧化oxidation47 疲劳fatigue48 组织microstructure49 石墨graphite50 机器mechanical51 相变phase52 打击impact53 形貌morphology54 有机organic55 损伤damage56 有限finite57 粉体powder58 无机inorganic59 电化学electrochemical60 梯度gradient61 多孔porous62 树脂resin63 扫描电镜sem64 晶化crystallization65 影象合金memory66 玻璃glass67 退火annealing68 非晶态amorphous69 溶胶-凝胶sol-gel70 蒙脱土montmorillonite71 样品samples72 粒度size73 耐磨wear74 韧性toughness75 介电dielectric76 颗粒增强reinforced77 溅射sputtering78 环氧树脂epoxy79 纳米tio tio80 掺杂doped81 拉伸强度strength82 阻尼damping83 微观结构microstructure84 合金化alloying85 制备要领preparation86 沉积deposition87 透射电镜tem88 模量modulus89 水热hydrothermal90 磨损性wear91 凝固solidification92 贮氢hydrogen93 磨损性能wear94 球磨milling95 分数fraction96 剪切shear97 氧化物oxide98 直径diameter99 蠕变creep100 弹性模量modulus101 储氢hydrogen 102 压电piezoelectric 103 电阻resistivity 104 纤维增强composites 105 纳米复合质料preparation 106 制备出prepared107 磁性能magnetic108 导电conductive 109 晶粒尺寸size110 弯曲bending111 光催化tio112 非晶合金amorphous 113 铝基复合质料composites 114 金刚石diamond115 沉淀precipitation 116 疏散dispersion117 电阻率resistivity118 显微组织microstructure 119 s ic复合质料sic120 硬质合金cemented121 摩擦系数friction122 吸波absorbing123 杂化hybrid124 模板template125 催化剂catalyst126 塑性plastic127 晶体crystal128 s ic颗粒sic129 成果质料materials130 铝合金alloy131 外貌积surface132 填充filled133 电导率conductivity 134 控溅射sputtering135 金属基复合质料composites 136 磁控溅射sputtering137 结晶crystallization 138 磁控magnetron 139 均匀uniform140 弯曲强度strength141 纳米碳carbon142 偶联coupling143 电化学性能electrochemical 144 及性能properties145 a l复合质料composite146 高分子polymer147 本构constitutive 148 晶格lattice149 编织braided150 断裂韧性toughness151 尼龙nylon152 摩擦磨损性friction153 耐磨性wear154 摩擦学tribological 155 共晶eutectic156 聚丙烯polypropylene 157 半导体semiconductor 158 偶联剂coupling159 泡沫foam160 前驱precursor161 高温合金superalloy162 显微结构microstructure 163 氧化铝alumina164 扫描电子显微镜sem165 时效aging166 熔体melt167 凝胶法sol-gel168 橡胶rubber169 微结构microstructure 170 铸造casting171 铝基aluminum172 抗拉强度strength173 导热thermal174 透射电子显微镜tem175 插层intercalation 176 打击强度impact177 超导superconducting 178 影象效应memory179 固化curing180 晶须whisker181 溶胶-凝胶法制sol-gel182 催化catalytic183 导电性conductivity 184 环氧epoxy185 晶界grain186 前驱体precursor187 机器性能mechanical 188 抗弯strength189 粘度viscosity190 热力学thermodynamic 191 溶胶-凝胶法制备sol-gel192 块体bulk193 抗弯强度strength194 粘土clay195 微观组织microstructure 196 孔径pore197 玻璃纤维glass198 压缩compression 199 摩擦磨损wear200 马氏体martensitic 201 制得prepared202 复合质料性能composites 203 气氛atmosphere 204 制备工艺preparation 205 平均粒径size206 衬底substrate207 相组成phase208 外貌处理惩罚surface209 杂化质料hybrid210 质料中materials211 断口fracture212 增强复合质料composites 213 马氏体相变transformation 214 球形spherical215 稠浊hybrid216 聚氨酯polyurethane 217 纳米质料nanometer 218 位错dislocation219 纳米粒子particles 220 外貌形貌surface 221 试样samples 222 电学properties 223 有序ordered 224 电压voltage 225 析出phase 226 拉伸性tensile 227 大块bulk 228 立方cubic 229 聚苯胺polyaniline 230 抗氧化性oxidation 231 增韧toughening 232 物相phase 233 外貌改性modification 234 拉伸性能tensile 235 相结构phase 236 优异excellent 237 介电常数dielectric 238 铁电 ferroelectric 239 复合质料力学性能composites 240 碳化硅sic 241 共混blends 242 炭纤维carbon 243 复合质料层composite 244 挤压extrusion 245 外貌活性剂surfactant 246 阵列arrays 247 高分子质料polymer 248 应变率strain 249 短纤维fiber 250 摩擦学性能tribological 251 浸渗infiltration 252 阻尼性能damping 253 室温下 room 254 复合质料层合板 composite255 剪切强度strength256 流变rheological 257 磨损率wear258 化学气相沉积deposition 259 热膨胀thermal260 屏蔽shielding261 发光luminescence 262 成果梯度functionally 263 层合板laminates264 器件devices265 铁氧体ferrite266 刚度stiffness267 介电性能dielectric268 x rd阐发xrd269 锐钛矿anatase270 炭黑carbon271 热应力thermal272 质料性能properties 273 溶胶-凝胶法sol-gel274 单向unidirectional 275 衍射仪xrd276 吸氢hydrogen277 水泥cement278 退火温度annealing 279 粉末冶金powder280 溶胶凝胶sol-gel281 熔融melt282 钛酸titanate283 磁合金magnetic284 脆性brittle285 金属间化合物intermetallic 286 非晶态合金amorphous 287 超细ultrafine288 羟基磷灰石hydroxyapatite 289 各向异性anisotropy 290 镀层coating291 颗粒尺寸size292 拉曼raman293 新质料materials294 t ic颗粒tic295 孔隙率porosity296 制备技能preparation 297 屈服强度strength298 金红石rutile299 采取溶胶-凝胶sol-gel300 电容量capacity301 热电thermoelectric 302 抗菌antibacterial 303 聚酰亚胺polyimide 304 二氧化硅silica305 放电容量capacity306 层板laminates307 微球microspheres 308 熔点melting309 屈曲buckling310 包覆coated311 致密化densification 312 磁化强度magnetization 313 疲劳寿命fatigue314 本构干系constitutive 315 组织结构microstructure 316 综合性能properties 317 热塑性thermoplastic 318 形核nucleation 319 复合粒子composite 320 质料制备preparation 321 晶化历程crystallization 322 层间interlaminar 323 陶瓷基ceramic324 多晶polycrystalline 325 纳米结构nanostructures 326 纳米复合composite 327 热导率conductivity 328 空心hollow329 致密度density330 x射线衍射仪xrd331 层状layered332 矫顽力coercivity333 纳米粉体powder334 界面结合interface335 超导体superconductor 336 衍射阐发diffraction337 纳米粉powders338 磨损机理wear339 泡沫铝aluminum340 进行表征characterized 341 梯度成果gradient342 耐磨性能wear343 平均粒particle344 聚苯乙烯polystyrene345 陶瓷基复合质料composites346 陶瓷质料ceramics347 石墨化graphitization 348 摩擦质料friction349 熔化melting350 多层multilayer351 及其性能properties352 酚醛树脂resin353 电沉积electrodeposition 354 疏散剂dispersant355 相图phase356 复合质料界面interface357 壳聚糖chitosan358 抗氧化性能oxidation359 钙钛矿perovskite360 分层delamination 361 热循环thermal362 氢量hydrogen363 蒙脱石montmorillonite 364 接枝grafting365 导率conductivity366 放氢hydrogen367 微粒particles368 伸长率elongation 369 延伸率elongation 370 烧结工艺sintering371 层合laminated 372 纳米级nanometer 373 莫来石mullite374 磁导率permeability 375 填料filler376 热电质料thermoelectric 377 射线衍射ray378 铸造法casting379 粒度漫衍size380 原子力afm381 共沉淀coprecipitation 382 水解hydrolysis 383 抗热thermal384 高能球ball385 干摩擦friction386 聚合物基polymer387 疲劳裂纹fatigue388 疏散性dispersion 389 硅烷silane390 弛豫relaxation 391 物理性能properties 392 晶相phase393 饱和磁化强度magnetization 394 凝固历程solidification 395 共聚物copolymer396 光致发光photoluminescenc e397 薄膜质料films398 导热系数conductivity 399 居里curie400 第二相phase401 复合质料制备composites402 多孔质料porous403 水热法hydrothermal 404 原子力显微镜afm405 压电复合质料piezoelectric 406 尼龙6 nylon407 高能球磨milling408 显微硬度microhardness 409 基片substrate410 纳米技能nanotechnology 411 直径为diameter412 织构texture413 氮化nitride414 热性能properties415 磁致伸缩magnetostriction 416 成核nucleation417 老化aging418 细化grain419 压电质料piezoelectric 420 纳米晶amorphous421 s i合金si422 复合镀层composite423 缠绕winding424 抗氧化oxidation425 表观apparent426 环氧复合质料epoxy427 甲基methyl428 聚乙烯polyethylene 429 复合膜composite430 外貌修饰surface431 大块非晶amorphous432 结构质料materials433 外貌能surface434 质料外貌surface435 疲劳性能fatigue436 粘弹性viscoelastic 437 基体合金alloy438 单相phase439 梯度质料material 440 六方hexagonal 441 四方tetragonal 442 蜂窝honeycomb 443 阳极氧化anodic444 塑料plastics445 超塑性superplastic 446 s em视察sem447 烧蚀ablation 448 复合薄膜films449 树脂基resin450 高聚物polymer 451 气相vapor452 电子能谱xps453 硅烷偶联coupling 454 团聚particles 455 基底substrate 456 断口形貌fracture457 抗压强度strength 458 储能storage459 松弛relaxation 460 拉曼光谱raman461 孔率porosity 462 沸石zeolite463 熔炼melting464 磁体magnet465 s em阐发sem466 润湿性wettability 467 电磁屏蔽shielding 468 升温heating469 致密dense470 沉淀法precipitation 471 差热阐发dta472 乐成制备prepared 473 复合体系composites 474 浸渍impregnation 475 力学行为behavior476 复合粉体powders477 沥青pitch478 磁电阻magnetoresistance 479 导电性能conductivity480 光电子能谱xps481 质料力学mechanical482 夹层sandwich483 玻璃化glass484 衬底上substrates485 原位复合质料composites486 智能质料materials487 碳化物carbide488 复相composite489 氧化锆zirconia490 基体质料matrix491 渗透infiltration492 退火处理惩罚annealing493 磨粒wear494 氧化行为oxidation495 细小fine496 基合金alloy497 粒径漫衍size498 润滑lubrication499 定向凝固solidification 500 晶格常数lattice501 晶粒度size502 颗粒外貌surface503 吸收峰absorption504 磨损特性wear505 水热合成hydrothermal 506 薄膜外貌films507 性质研究properties508 试件specimen509 结晶度crystallinity510 聚四氟乙烯ptfe511 硅烷偶联剂silane512 碳化carbide513 试验机tester514 结合强度bonding515 薄膜结构films516 晶型crystal517 介电损耗dielectric518 复合涂层coating519 压电陶瓷piezoelectric 520 磨损量wear521 组织与性能microstructure 522 合成法synthesis523 烧结历程sintering524 金属质料materials525 引发剂initiator526 有机蒙脱土montmorillonite 527 水热法制hydrothermal 528 再结晶recrystallization 529 沉积速率deposition530 非晶相amorphous 531 尖端tip532 淬火quenching533 亚稳metastable534 穆斯mossbauer535 穆斯堡尔mossbauer536 偏析segregation 537 种质料materials538 先驱precursor539 物性properties540 石墨化度graphitization 541 中空hollow542 弥散particles543 淀粉starch544 水热法制备hydrothermal 545 涂料coating546 复合粉末powder547 晶粒长大grain548 s em等sem549 复合质料组织microstructure550 界面结构interface551 煅烧calcined552 共混物blends553 结晶行为crystallization 554 稠浊复合质料hybrid555 l aves相laves556 摩擦因数friction557 钛基titanium558 磁性质料magnetic 559 制备纳米nanometer 560 界面上interface561 晶粒巨细size562 阻尼质料damping563 热阐发thermal564 复合质料层板laminates 565 二氧化钛titanium566 沉积法deposition 567 光催化剂tio568 余辉afterglow 569 断裂行为fracture570 颗粒巨细size571 合金组织alloy572 非晶形成amorphous 573 杨氏模量modulus574 前驱物precursor 575 过冷alloy576 尖晶石spinel577 化学镀electroless 578 溶胶凝胶法制备sol-gel579 本构方程constitutive 580 磁学magnetic 581 气氛下atmosphere 582 钛合金titanium583 微粉powder584 压电性piezoelectric 585 s ic晶须sic586 应力应变strain587 石英quartz588 热电性thermoelectric 589 相转变phase590 合成要领synthesis591 热学thermal592 气孔率porosity593 永磁magnetic594 流变性能rheological 595 压痕indentation 596 热压烧结sintering597 正硅酸乙酯teos598 点阵lattice599 梯度成果质料fgm600 带材tapes601 磨粒磨损wear602 碳含量carbon603 仿生biomimetic 604 快速凝固solidification 605 预制preform606 差示dsc607 发泡foaming608 疲劳损伤fatigue609 标准size610 镍基高温合金superalloy611 透过率transmittance 612 溅射法制sputtering613 结构表征characterization 614 差示扫描dsc615 通过sem sem616 水泥基cement617 木材wood618 t em阐发tem619 量热calorimetry 620 复合物composites 621 铁电薄膜ferroelectric 622 共混体系blends623 先驱体precursor624 晶态crystalline625 打击性能impact626 离心centrifugal627 断裂伸长率elongation628 有机-无机organic-inorganic 629 块状bulk630 相沉淀precipitation 631 织物fabric632 因数coefficient633 合成与表征synthesis634 缺口notch635 靶材target636 弹性体elastomer637 金属氧化物oxide638 均匀化homogenization 639 吸收光谱absorption640 磨损行为wear641 高岭土kaolin642 成果梯度质料fgm643 滞后hysteresis644 气凝胶aerogel645 影象性memory646 磁流体magnetic647 铁磁ferromagnetic 648 合金身分alloy649 微米micron650 蠕变性能creep651 聚氯乙烯pvc652 湮没annihilation653 断裂力学fracture654 滑移slip655 差示扫描量热dsc656 等温结晶crystallization 657 树脂基复合质料composite658 阳极anodic659 退火后annealing660 发光性properties661 木粉wood662 交联crosslinking 663 过渡金属transition664 无定形amorphous665 拉伸试验tensile666 溅射法sputtering667 硅橡胶rubber668 明胶gelatin669 生物相容性biocompatibility 670 界面处interface671 陶瓷复合质料composite672 共沉淀法制coprecipitation 673 本构模型constitutive 674 合金质料alloy675 磁矩magnetic676 隐身stealth677 比强度strength678 改性研究modification 679 采取粉末powder680 晶粒细化grain681 抗磨wear682 元合金alloy683 剪切变形shear684 高温超导superconducting 685 金红石型rutile686 晶化行为crystallization 687 催化性能catalytic688 热挤压extrusion689 微观microstructure 690 t em视察tem691 缺口打击impact692 生物质料biomaterials 693 涂覆coating694 纳米氧化nanometer695 x射线光电子能谱 xps696 硅灰石wollastonite 697 摩擦条件friction698 衍射峰diffraction 699 块体质料bulk700 溶质solute701 打击韧性impact702 锐钛矿型anatase703 凝固组织microstructure 704 磨损试验机tester705 丙烯酸甲酯pmma706 r aman光谱raman707 减振damping708 聚酯polyester709 体质料materials710 航空aerospace 711 光吸收absorption 712 韧化toughening 713 疲劳裂纹扩展fatigue714 超塑superplastic 715 凝胶法制备gel716 半导体质料semiconductor 717 剪应力shear718 发光质料luminescence 719 凝胶法制gel720 甲基丙烯酸甲酯pmma721 硬质hard722 摩擦性能friction723 电致变色electrochromic 724 超细粉powder725 增强相reinforced 726 薄带ribbons727 结构弛豫relaxation 728 光学质料materials729 s ic陶瓷sic730 纤维含量fiber731 高阻尼damping732 镍基nickel733 热导thermal734 奥氏体austenite735 单轴uniaxial736 超导电性superconductivity 737 高温氧化oxidation738 树脂基体matrix739 含能energetic740 粘着adhesion741 穆斯堡尔谱mossbauer742 脱层delamination 743 反射率reflectivity744 单晶高温合金superalloy745 粘结bonded746 快淬quenching747 熔融插层intercalation748 外加applied749 钙钛矿结构perovskite750 减摩friction751 复合氧化物oxide752 苯乙烯styrene753 合金外貌alloy754 爆轰detonation755 长余辉afterglow756 断裂历程fracture757 纺织textile。

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n
Energy= displacement U = internal energy J or G = strain energy release rate Ek = kinetic energy Ep = plastic deformation energy
P dδ = dU + J dA + dEp +dEk At fracture J = R
n
LEFM – energy balance
define the strain energy release rate,G G = Pdδ/da – dU/da which reduces to G = ½ P2dC/da where C = compliance = δ/P (Irwin- Kies) 1c
To ensure plane strain need Rp to be several times smaller than specimen dimensions a, W-a, B > 2.5(K1c/σy)2
Strategies to obtain plane strain K1c
n n n n
‘J’ testing
Samples loaded to different displacements to give different amounts of crack growth, ∆a n specimens unloaded, broken open, measure a n ‘J’ computed from area under loaddisplacement curve J = 2 (U-Ui)/B(W-a) where U - energy at given displacement, Ui indentation energy, B, W - specimen thickness and width resp.
Increase the sample dimensions (not always possible) decrease the temperature (σy increases with decreasing T faster than K1c) increase the pressure (as for decreasing T) apply brittle surface layer or estimate the energy from plane stress region
Tearing of Rubbers
Energy balance concepts of Griffith (brittle glasses) extended to tearing of rubbers by Rivlin & Thomas -1952 at crack growth τ = - dE/dA τ = energy required to produce unit area of crack, A dE/dA = energy release rate per unit area of crack
n
Stress field around crack tip described by term, K (Stress intensity factor)
n
1 refers to mode 1 opening
Crack grows when stress field reaches some critical dimension, ie at critical K, K1c (fracture toughness)
n
K1c = Y σ (πa)1/2
K1c and G1c
n
K1c and G1c are related through the modulus, E
K1c2 = E* G where E = E , plane stress E = E/(1-ν2) , plane strain
Plastic Zone
and
Development of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
n all
materials are imperfect i.e. they contain flaws or small cracks n these cracks can grow to cause brittle fracture n cracks propagate only when specific energy conditions met
A
B
C
D
W is strain energy density at strain ε, VC volume of region C
pure shear sample
when crack extends ∆A n Size of Regions B and D remain the same, n Region A expands at expense of Region C i.e. material with strain energy density, W, is converted material with zero strain ∆E = -W∆VC = -W t l0 ∆a -dE/dA = τ = 1/2 W l0
Compliance methods
Obtain G1c from the fracture load and the change in compliance with crack length Rate of change of compliance with crack length n Measured experimentally n Calculated from elasticity theory n Finite elements calculations
Zone shape
Assuming von Mises criterion for yield, plastic zone is rounded lobe at crack tip n most polymers form extended zone coplanar with the crack n CRAZE
LEFM – energy balance
n
Crack grows by da, requires energy R
New surface energy n Localised plastic deformation
n
n
Energy comes from
Work done by external loads n Release of strain energy
Fracture Mechanics of Polymers
Rowan W. Truss The University of Queensland
Polymer Fracture Mechanics
fracture: creation of new surfaces within a solid compare yield & deformation: maintains continuity Fracture mechanics usually deals with brittle fracture: little plastic deformation before fracture
n n n n n n
Crack causes stress concentration High stresses → yielding & plastic deformation at crack tip near centre of thick section - high constraint -zone is small at surface no constraint - large zone Measured K depends on size of plastic zone Minimum value of K obtained when specimen so thick that effect of large zone at the edges negligible (so called plane strain conditions)
Fracture surface - SEM
n
n n
fracture surface shows remnants of high local plasticity local plasticity absorbs energy toughening mechanism
plane strain
Plastic zone size, Rp = 1/2π(K1c/σy)2 = 1/6π (K1c/σy)2 = π/8 (K1c/σy)2 plane stress plane strain line zone
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
Elastic – energy associated with plastic deformation small n Linear – obeys Hooke’s Law
n
n
Stress ∝ Strain
n
Quasi-static – kinetic energy term small
n
Craze Microstructure
n
n n
voids and polymer fibrils across the surfaces (40-60% void) can still support load - not true crack final fracture occurs by tearing mid-rib of craze

Fracture Mechanics of Polymers

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