A Survey on Query Languages for Content-Based Retrieval

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高二英语英语学术论文写作单选题30题答案解析版

高二英语英语学术论文写作单选题30题答案解析版1.In academic writing, it is important to be _______ in presenting your arguments.A.preciseB.vagueC.casualD.hasty答案：A。

在学术写作中，精确地呈现你的论点很重要。

选项B“vague”（模糊的）不符合学术写作要求；选项C“casual”（随意的）和选项D“hasty” 匆忙的）也不适合学术写作的严谨性。

2.When writing an academic paper, you should avoid using _______ language.A.colloquialB.formalC.technicalD.sophisticated答案：A。

写学术论文时，应避免使用口语化的语言。

选项B“formal”正式的）、选项C“technical”专业的）和选项D“sophisticated”（复杂的）在学术写作中有其特定用途，而口语化语言不适合学术写作。

3.A good academic paper is characterized by its _______ analysis.A.superficialB.thoroughC.hastyD.cursory答案：B。

一篇好的学术论文以其全面的分析为特点。

选项A“superficial”（肤浅的）、选项C“hasty”（匆忙的）和选项D“cursory” 粗略的）都不能体现学术论文的高质量分析。

4.In academic writing, you should use _______ sources to support your arguments.A.reliableB.dubiousC.unreliableD.questionable答案：A。

在学术写作中，你应该使用可靠的来源来支持你的论点。

国际雅思英语-学术阅读定位练习-单选题-定位

定位学术阅读文章篇幅较长，通常涉及大量专业词汇和复杂的逻辑，对考生的挑战很大。

其实，不是所有的阅读都需要逐字逐行仔细理解。

反之，我们先要明确的是阅读目的。

比如，如果目的是了解文章梗概，我们则开始速读标题、开头段、每段首句及结论就好，长篇大论的细节跳过就好。

如果目的是寻找某细节信息，我们则可以先在原文中扫描细节信息词，锁定位置后，仅仔细阅读与之相关内容即可，其它部分都可以暂且忽略。

在以下练习中，我们将练习定位技能。

通过学习定位词的选择和定位的方法来帮助学生迅速寻找目标信息，提高阅读效率。

解锁技能可以帮助我们定位的词汇有两大类：原词定位与同义替换定位。

1.原词定位(1)专有名词（人名、地名、生僻词、特殊符号等）(2)数词（年份、百分比、金钱等）例题题干：The name Antilia comes from a _____________. (NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS)原文：Mukesh Ambani is one of the richest men in the world, and the first man to own a private residence costing more than one billion dollars to build. The home is on Altamout Road in Mumbai, one of the most expensive addresses in the world. Named after the mythical island Antilia, the property has 27 floors.以上题干中Antilia这个首字母大写的词汇就可以帮助我们很快定位到原文，从而很快确认答案为mythical island。

练习1: 选择以下题目中的最佳定位词，并完成对应填空练习。

1)题干：Builders spent ______ creating the magnificent Neptune Pool. (NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS)原文：One of the highlights of the estate is the Neptune Pool. It took 15 years to build and includes the front of an ancient Roman temple. It is on top of a hill and has wonderful views of the mountains, ocean and main house. The pool was rebuilt three times until he was satisfied.定位词：_____________答案：_______________2)题干：Web used by social scientists (including Dr. Huberman) to investigate the _____ of socialnetworks. (NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS)原文：Dr Huberman has also helped uncover several laws of web surfing including the number of times an average person will go from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all’ phenomenon whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention and the rest get very little.定位词：_____________答案：_______________3)题干：Hearst took animals from_______ for his private zoo. (NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS)原文：Although the inside of the house is very European, the outside is very Californian, with palm trees and water. Hearst loved trees and 70,000 were planted on the property during his lifetime. The castle was also home to the world’s largest private zoo, holding animals from every continent. Although the zoo is now closed, zebras can still be seen on the hillside.定位词：_____________答案：_______________练习2: 选择以下题目中的最佳定位词，并完成对应选择练习。

《英语学习unit》课件

Discussion and collaboration
05
English writing skills
Grammar
Understanding the basic rules of English grammar is essential for clear and accurate writing This includes knowledge of presence structure, parts of speech, and common graphical errors to avoid
Reading: Reading is an essential skill for language learning It helps to expand vocabulary, improve grammar understanding, and familiarize yourself with authentic language use Read a variety of materials, including novels, newspapers, and online articles
04
English reading comprehension
Predictive reading: Predicting the content of the text based on the title, headings, and the first paragraph This helps to create a framework for understanding the text
Reading around
Focus on understanding the main ideas and important details of the text, rather than just reading for surface means

2024年1月浙江省首考普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题

2024年1月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题纸上。

第一节（共5小题：每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shin?A. £19.15.B. £9.18.C. £9.15. 答案是C。

1. What does the man do?A. A computer technician.B. A hotel receptionist.C. A shop assistant.2. Where does the conversation take place?A. At the grocer’s.B. At the tailor’s.C. At the cleaner’s.3. How did the speaker come to Seattle?A. By plane.B. By car.C. By train.4. What will the speakers have for dinner today?A. Fried rice.B. Noodles.C. Steak.5. How is Sophie feeling now?A. Confused.B. Worried.C. Disappointed.第二节（共15小题：每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或读白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

《英语单词归类》课件

Root Memory Method
Target audience
Suitable for students with a certain foundation in English, which can improve the efficiency of memorizing words.
Usage tips
04
Examples of English word applications
Daily English
Basic greetings and introductions
PPT courseware can provide examples of common expressions used in daily life, such as "Hello, how are you?" and "Nice to meet you."
Detailed description
This method helps students understand the composition and meaning of words by learning common English word roots, such as "bio", "geo", etc., thereby more effectively memorizing words.
Provide rich example sentences and paragraphs in the PPT courseware, allowing students to learn and memorize words in practical contexts. At the same time, encourage students to create their own sentences and apply the learned words to practical communication.

中学英语课程与教学论智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下湖北师范大学

中学英语课程与教学论智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下湖北师范大学湖北师范大学第一章测试1.What does the functional view of language see language? ( )A:a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations betweenpeopleB:a linguistic system made up of various subsystemsC:a linguistic system and a means for doing thingsD:a system of categories based on the communicative needs of the learner答案:a linguistic system and a means for doing things2.The interactional view of language believes that language is ________ ( )A:a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations betweenpeopleB:a linguistic system made up of various subsystemsC:a linguistic system and a means for doing thingsD:a system of categories based on the communicative needs of the learner答案:a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relationsbetween people3.The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made upof various subsystems.（）A:错 B:对答案:对4.The influential result of the behaviourism is the audio-lingual method.（）A:对 B:错答案:对5.Teachers should reflect on their work only after they finish a certain periodof practice.（）A:对 B:错答案:错6.What qualities are considered good qualities of a good teacher? ( )A:Hard working, disciplinedB:Kind, humorous, well informed C:Well prepared, dynamic D:Patient答案:Hard working, disciplined;Kind, humorous, well informed;Well prepared, dynamic;Patient7.In the past century, language teaching and learning practice has beeninfluenced by different views of language, they are ( )A:The functional view of languageB:The linguistic view of languageC:The interactional view of languageD:The structural view of language答案:The functional view of language;The interactional view of language;The structural view of language8.The second stage of the development of teachers’ professional competenceinvolves ( )A:practiceB:learningC:reflectionD:Training答案:practice;learning;reflection第二章测试1.What is the ultimate goal of foreign language teaching? ( )A:Enable students to speak standard English.B:Enable students to achieve fluency of English language structure.C:Enable students to use the foreign language in work or life.D:Enable students to achieve accuracy of English language structure.答案:Enable students to use the foreign language in work or life.2.What is the possible solution to bridge the gap between classroom languageand real-life language? ( )A:Task-based teaching and learning B:Engage——study——activateC:Presentation, practice and production D:Communicative language teaching答案:Communicative language teaching3.What is linguistic competence concerned with? ( )A:Knowledge of language itself, its form and meaningB:Strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resourcesC:Appropriate use of the language in social contextD:Ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them答案:Knowledge of language itself, its form and meaning4.CLT is the further development of TBLT.（）A:对 B:错答案:错5.Pragmatic competence concerned with appropriate use of the language insocial context. ( ）A:对 B:错答案:对6.Teachers need to address these sets of questions when design task ( )A:How is the task be carried out?B:What is objective of a task?C:In what situation is the task to be carried out?D:What is the content of the task?答案:How is the task be carried out?;What is objective of a task?;In what situation is the task to be carried out?;What is the content of the task?7.What are the main features of communicative competence? ( )A:Linguistic competence and pragmatic competenceB:Strategic competenceC:FluencyD:Discourse competence.答案:Linguistic competence and pragmatic competence;Strategic competence;Fluency;Discourse competence.8.Which ones are true about six criteria for evaluating how communicativeclassroom activities are? ( )A:The activity should be designed to control what language the studentsshould use.B:When students are doing the activity. They must focus on the form, not on the meaning.C:The activity should involves the students in performing a realcommunicative purpose rather than just practicing language for its own sake.D:The activity must be designed to be done by students working bythemselves rather than with the teacher.答案:The activity should involves the students in performing a realcommunicative purpose rather than just practicing language for its own sake.;The activity must be designed to be done by students working bythemselves rather than with the teacher.第三章测试1.在英语学科核心素养的四个要素中, 语言能力构成英语学科核心素养的基础要素;文化意识体现英语学科核心素养的价值取向;思维品质体现英语学科核心素养发展的心智特征, 学习能力构成英语学科核心素养发展的重要条件和保障。

福建省莆田市荔城区莆田第二中学2023-2024学年高一上学期期中考试英语(试卷)

2023-2024 年莆田二中学年高一上期中联考(时间：120 分钟满分150)第Ⅰ卷(选择题共95 分)第一部分听力（略）第二部分阅读（共两节, 满分50 分）第一节（共15 小题；每小题 2.5 分，满分37.5 分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A 、B 、C 和 D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

ARecently a growing number of foreign universities, such as the University of Cambridge, are accepting China's gaokao results as one of their admission standards(录取标准).Is the Chinese college entrance exam being recognized globally? Four readers share their opinions:Cecilia Zhang(China)The gaokao is a really difficult exam. If possible, it can be used as one of the indicators( 指标) for foreign universities, in addition to other indicators, such as how well they speak the target language. The students, who perform well in the gaokao,also have the ability to successfully adapt to( 适应) Western styles of education. I believe accepting the gaokao as an indicator is a win-win for Chinese students and overseas universities.Wchao37(US)In fact,gaokao is perhaps much more difficult than the SAT or ACT exams. You can get a perfect score of 1600 on the SAT but not in the gaokao, partly because the SAT is a machine-scored multiple-choice exam. Do you know anyone that has ever achieved a perfect score in the gaokao?Harry01 (UK)Hundreds of students from China have entered universities in the UK I using their gaokao scores which requires that their knowledge of English be above a certain level. This measure has benefited specific groups of students from various background s in China.Mbursian(Canada)In order to attend a university in an English-speaking country,a student needs to have an acceptable band score on the IELTS.Most importantly, students need an acceptable knowledge of the language spoken in any country they plan to study in. Now the Chinese gaokao is closer to meeting the requirements of different countries.21. Who believes accepting the Chinese gaokao is a win-win?A. Cecilia ZhangB. Wchao37.C. Harry01.D. Mbursian.22. What is most important for Chinese students planning to study abroad?A. The IELTS score.B. Enough test preparation.C. The Chinese gaokao score.D. Knowledge of the native language.23. What does the text intend to tell the readers?A. The gaokao will replace other tests.B. The gaokao is becoming globally accepted.C. The gaokao is the most difficult of all tests.D. The University of Cambridge made a good decision.BThis was the first real task I received in my new school.It seemed simple:go on the Internet and find information about a man named George Washington. As I searched the name, I found that there were two famous people having the same name who looked completely different!One invented hundreds of uses for peanuts(花生), while the other led some sort of army across America. I stared at the screen, wondering which one my teacher meant. I called my grandfather for a golden piece of advice;let the coin decide.I flipped( 掷)a coin and Ah! Tails(背面)! My report would be about the great man who invented peanut butter, George Washington Carver.Weeks later,I stood in front of the classroom and proudly read my homework. But things started to get strange.I looked around the room,only to find my classmates with big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes and my stone-faced teacher. I was completely lost.“What could be causing everyone to act this way?”Oh well,I dropped the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report,it all became clear, “My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American War of independence.”The whole world became quiet! How could I know that my teacher meant that George Washington?Of course,my subject result was awful. Sad but fearless,I decided to turn this around.I talked to the headmaster Miss Lancelot, but she said firmly: No re-dos; no new score. I felt that it was not fair,and I believed I should get a second chance. So I threw myself heartily into my work for the rest of the school year. Ten months later, I sat in the headmaster's office again, but this time a completely different conversation. I smiled and flashed back to the terrible moment at the beginning of the year as the headmaster told me I was good enough to skip(跳过) the 6th grade and started the 7th grade next term.24. The task I received was to find information about .A. uses for peanutsB. American War of IndependenceC. George WashingtonD. my headmaster Miss Lancelot25. People in the class acted strangely because .A. I was too proud of my homeworkB. I mistook what the homework was aboutC. the whole world suddenly became quietD. the teacher's face turned to a stone26. We can infer(推断) from the passage that .A. the headmaster didn't like the writer at allB. the writer's classmates felt sad at his mistakeC. the writer knew little about American historyD. the writer's grandpa was a very wise man27. Which of the following proverbs can best describe the main idea of this story?A. Seeing is believing.B. Where there is a will, there is a way.C. One is never too old to learn.D. A friend in need is a friend indeed.CA recent study suggests that when it comes to the benefits of reading, just doing it matters more than the content.Researchers have found that reading novels helps the brain development in understanding others and imagining the world. They also have found that people who spend a few hours per week reading books live longer than those who don't read.But how to build a habit of reading?Like any habit,the trick is in figuring out what suits you. The hardest part about reading is actually picking up a book. You have to sit down, pick up a book and start reading.“I always have a book next to wherever I put my phone,”My friend Jimmy once told me.“So if I want to check my phone,I physically can see the book there. Nine times out often, I end up reading the book instead of using my phone for nothing.”Another challenge is time,and in that case, audiobooks(有声书)can be a good choice. Audiobooks are great for filling the mind while you're on the way to work, washing dishes or working out at the gym.If you're still stuck on the way to developing a reading habit, the best way is to revisit your old favorite books to get your youthful reading pleasure. You should free yourself from the opinion that only important or educational books are worth reading. There's no-shame in rereading the books that made you fall in love with reading in the first place. Restarting the practice of reading is a little like picking up painting. It takes some work to get into the best state, but once you begin, the results are beautiful and satisfying.28. What is the most difficult part in forming the reading habit?A. Getting reading skills.B. Finding a great book.C. Having limited time.D. Getting reading started.29. What is the advantage of audiobooks according to the text?A. They are time saving.B. They provide more pleasure.C. They help brain development.D. They offer more book choices.30. Why is rereading old favourite books a good idea?A. It helps re start reading.B. It is of great convenienceC. It improves the taste for art.D. It can increase your patience.31. What can be the best title for the text?A. Method of killing free timeB. Advantages of using audiobooksC. Way to choose educational booksD. Tips on developing a reading habitDLast Friday,a special thing took place at the National Theater of Korea.A robot called EveR 6led an orchestra(管弦乐队)in a performance of Korean music. Robots have led orchestras in other countries, but this was the first time ever in Korea.EveR 6 is a robot built by the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH).It's about as tall as a person,and has a human-like face that can show feelings. EveR 6 has joints(关节) in its neck, shoulders, etc. As a result, it can move its arms quickly in many different directions.But EveR 6 doesn't think on its own like some Artificial Intelligence programs. Instead, it has a limited groupof movements that it has been trained to perform.To make these movements as natural as possible, EveR6’s movements are learned from real human conductors.When EveR 6 moved its baton(指挥棒)for the first time,a piece of music rang out. Every movement of the robot's arms brought more instruments into the mix,and the orchestra's music grew louder and more exciting. Mr White, a human conductor,was impressed with the way EveR6moved.“The robot was able to present such difficult moves much better than I had imagined,”he said.But the robot still is not nearly ready to supersede human conductor.Mr White says the robot's greatest weakness is that it can't hear.“Some people think that conducting is just about hand waving and keeping the beat,” says Mr White. But a good conductor needs to listen to the orchestra, so that he or she can correct and encourage the orchestra as it plays.Mr White doesn't think robots are likely to replace human conductors. But he believes robots could be helpfulin situations like practice parts where the same thing needs to be done many times.32. What is paragraph 2 mainly about?A. The effect of EveR 6.B. The advantage of EveR 6.C. The importance of EveR 6.D. The basic information of EveR 6.33. What does the underlined word“supersede”in paragraph 5 mean?A. Look forward to.B. Show interest in.C. Take the place of.D. Make an impression on.34. Which of the following may Mr White agree with?A. Robots' role as a conductor will be overlooked.B. Robots could work in some fields of conductors' work.C. Robots are useless in practice parts of a conductor.D. Robots will replace human conductors.35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?A.Science.B. Sports.C. Health.D. Education.第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

Abstract Theory of Answering Queries Using Views

Theory of Answering Queries Using Views∗Alon Y.Halevy†Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattle,WA,98195alon@AbstractThe problem of answering queries using views is toﬁnd eﬃcient methods of answering a query using a setof previously materialized views over the database,rather than accessing the database relations.Theproblem has recently received signiﬁcant attentionbecause of its relevance to a wide variety of datamanagement problems,such as query optimization,the maintenance of physical data independence,dataintegration and data warehousing.This article sur-veys the theoretical issues concerning the problem ofanswering queries using views.1IntroductionThe problem of answering queries using views(a.k.a.rewriting queries using views)has recently receivedsigniﬁcant attention because of its relevance to a widevariety of data management problems:query opti-mization,maintenance of physical data independence,data integration and data warehouse r-mally speaking,the problem is the following.Sup-pose we are given a query Q over a database schema,and a set of view deﬁnitions V1,...,V n over the sameschema.Is it possible to answer the query Q us-ing only the answers to the views V1,...,V n?If wecan access both the views and the database relations,what is the cheapest query execution plan for an-swering Q?Alternatively,what is the maximal setof answers for Q that we can obtain from the views?This article surveys the theoretical aspects of answer-ing queries using views.For the more comprehensivesurvey from which this material was drawn,see[30].Theﬁrst context in which we encounter the prob-sign[5,15],web-site design[23]and semantic data caching[17].The many applications of the problem of answer-ing queries using views has spurred aﬂurry of re-search,ranging from theoretical foundations to al-gorithm design and implementation in several com-mercial systems.The treatment of the problem has diﬀered on several dimensions,including the speciﬁc query language considered,whether we consider an equivalent or maximally-contained rewriting of the query,and whether the views are assumed to contain all the tuples in their deﬁnitions.An important dis-tinction that has been made in the theoretical work is between the problem of query rewriting where the output is a query expression for computing the an-swers from the views,and the problem of query an-swering,where the result is the set of all possible answers we can obtain for the queries from the views.Section2formally deﬁnes the problem and its dif-ferent dimensions.Section3surveys the work on the rewriting problem.Section4discusses the work on query answering,and Section5describes treatments of several query-language extensions.This article is limited to the theoretical aspects of the problems. The complete survey[30]discusses the large body of work on incorporating materialized views into query optimizers,speciﬁc algorithms for answering queries using views and a more complete treatment of queries with grouping and aggregation.2Problem DeﬁnitionWe use datalog notation throughout the paper.We consider mostly conjunctive queries,which have the formq(¯X):−r1(¯X1),...,r n(¯X n)where q,and r1,...,r n are predicate names.The predicate names r1,...,r n refer to database relations. The atom q(¯X)is called the head of the query,and q refers to the answer relation.The atoms r1(¯X1),..., r n(¯X n)are the subgoals in the body of the query. The tuples¯X,¯X1,...,¯X n contain either variables or constants.We require that the query be safe,i.e., that¯X⊆¯X1∪...∪¯X n(that is,every variable that appears in the head must also appear in the body).Queries may also contain subgoals whose predi-cates are arithmetic comparisons<,≤,=,=.In this case,we require that if a variable X appears in a subgoal of a comparison predicate,then X must also appear in an ordinary subgoal.In our discussion,we denote the result of com-puting the query Q over the database D by Q(D). We often refer to queries that reference named views (e.g.,in query rewritings);in that case,Q(D)refers to the result of computing Q after the views have beencomputed from D.Throughout this paper we assume set semantics for our databases and query results.The notions of query containment and query equiv-alence enable comparison between diﬀerent reformu-lations of a query.They will be used when we testthe correctness of a rewriting of a query in terms of a set of views.The problems of query containment and equivalence have been studied extensively in theliterature and deserve a survey of their own.Deﬁnition2.1(Query containment and equiv-alence)A query Q1is said to be contained in a query Q2,denoted by Q1 Q2,if for all databases D,the set of tuples computed for Q1is a subset of those com-puted for Q2,i.e.,Q1(D)⊆Q2(D).The two queries are said to be equivalent if Q1 Q2and Q2 Q1.22.1Query RewritingGiven a query Q and view deﬁnitions V1,...,V m,a rewriting of Q using the views is a query expression Q whose subgoals are either view relations V1,...,V m, or comparison predicates.In practice,we may also be interested in rewritings that can also refer to the database relations,but conceptually this case does not introduce any new diﬃculties.We distinguish two types of query rewritings:equiv-alent rewritings and maximally-contained rewritings. In the contexts of query optimization and maintainance of physical data independence we usually consider equivalent rewritings.Deﬁnition2.2(Equivalent rewritings)Let Q be a query and V=V1,...,V m be a set of view deﬁni-tions.The query Q is an equivalent rewriting of Q using V if:•the subgoals of Q are either relations in V,orcomparison predicates,and•Q is equivalent to Q.2Example2.1Consider a simple database schema in which the relation cites(p1,p2)stores pairs of publi-cations where p1cites p2,and the relation sameTopic stores pairs of publications that are on the same topic. The unary relations inSIGMOD and inVLDB store pa-pers published in SIGMOD and VLDB respectively. The following query asks for pairs of papers on the same topic that also cite each other.Q(x,y):-sameTopic(x,y),cites(x,y),cites(y,x)Assume we have the following views.The view V1stores pairs of papers that cite each other,and V2 stores pairs of papers on the same topic and each of which cites at least one other paper.V1(a,b):-cites(a,b),cites(b,a)V2(c,d):-sameTopic(c,d),cites(c,c1),cites(d,d1)The following is an equivalent rewriting of Q:Q’(x,y):-V1(x,y),V2(x,y).To check that Q’is an equivalent rewriting,we can unfold the view deﬁnitions to obtain Q”,and show that Q is equivalent to Q”byﬁnding containment mappings[13]between Q and Q .Q”(x,y):-cites(x,y),cites(y,x),sameTopic(x,y),cites(x,x1),cites(y,y1)2In the context of data integration,we use views to describe the contents of the data sources.Given a query Q,the data integration systemﬁrst needs to reformulate Q to refer to the data sources,i.e.,the views.In this context,we cannot alwaysﬁnd an equivalent rewriting of the query using the views,be-cause the sources do not provide all the necessary data.Hence,we consider the problem ofﬁnding the maximally-contained rewriting.Note that maximal-ity of a rewriting is deﬁned w.r.t.a particular query language:Deﬁnition2.3(Maximally-contained rewritings) Let Q be a query,V=V1,...,V m be a set of view deﬁnitions,and L be a query language.The query Q is a maximally-contained rewriting of Q using V w.r.t.L if:•Q is a query in L that refers only to the viewsin V or comparison predicates,•Q is contained in Q,and•there is no rewriting Q1∈L,such that Q ⊆Q1⊆Q and Q1is not equivalent to Q .2 When a rewriting Q is contained in Q but is not a maximally-contained rewriting we refer to it as a contained rewriting.Example2.2Suppose that in our domain we have the following two data sources,S1and S2,containing pairs of SIGMOD(respectively VLDB)papers that cite each other.The sources can be described as fol-lows:S1(a,b):-cites(a,b),cites(b,a),inSIGMOD(a),inSIGMOD(b)S2(a,b):-cites(a,b),cites(b,a),inVLDB(a),inVLDB(b)Given the query from the previous example and the sources S1,S2and V2,the best rewriting we can com-pute is:q’(x,y):-S1(x,y),V2(x,y)q’(x,y):-S2(x,y),V2(x,y)Note that this rewriting is a union of conjunc-tive queries,describing multiple ways of obtaining answers to the query from the available sources.The rewriting is not an equivalent rewriting,since it misses any pair of papers that is not both in SIGMOD or both in VLDB,but we don’t have data sources to pro-vide us such pairs.Furthermore,since the sources are not guaranteed to have all the tuples in the deﬁnition of the view,our rewritings need to consider diﬀerent views that may have similar deﬁnitions.Speciﬁcally, if there were another source S3with an identical de-scription as S1,we would also have to consider query plans in which S1is replaced by S3.2A more fundamental question we can consider is how toﬁnd all the possible answers to the query, given a set of view deﬁnitions and their extensions. Finding a rewriting of the query using the views and then evaluating the rewriting over the views is clearly one candidate algorithm.If the rewriting is equiva-lent to the query,then we are guaranteed toﬁnd all the possible answers.However,a maximally-contained rewriting of a query using a set of views does not always provide all the possible answers that can be obtained from the views.Intuitively,the reason for this is that a rewriting is maximally-contained only w.r.t.a speciﬁc query language,and hence there may sometimes be a query in a more expressive language that may provide more answers.The problem ofﬁnding all the answers to a query given a set of views is formalized in[1]by the notion of certain answers.The deﬁnition distinguishes the case in which the view extensions are assumed to be complete(closed-world assumption)from the case in which the views may be partial(open-world).Deﬁnition2.4(Certain answers)Let Q be a query and V=V1,...,V m be a set of view deﬁnitions over the database schema R1,...,R n.Let the sets of tu-ples v1,...,v m be extensions of the views V1,...,V m, respectively.The tuple¯a is a certain answer to the query Q under the closed-world assumption given v1,...,v m if¯a∈Q(D)for all databases D such that V i(D)=v i for every i,1≤i≤m.The tuple¯a is a certain answer to the query Q under the open-world assumption given v1,...,v m if ¯a∈Q(D)for all databases D such that V i(D)⊇v i for every i,1≤i≤m.2The intuition behind the deﬁnition of certain an-swers is the following.The extensions of V1,...,V n do not deﬁne a unique extension of the database re-lations.Hence,given the extension of the views we have only partial information about the real state of the database.A tuple is a certain answer of the query Q if it is an answer for any of the possible database extensions that are consistent with the given exten-sions of the views.Example2.3Consider a database schema that in-cludes the single relation e(X,Y)and consider the fol-lowing views T1and T2and query:T1(x):-e(x,y)T2(y):-e(x,y)q(x,y):-e(x,y)Suppose the extension of T1is{(a)}and the exten-sion of T2is{(b)}.Under the closed-world assump-tion the tuple(a,b)is a certain answer to q.However, under the open-world assumption(a,b)is not a cer-tain answer.2Dimensions of the problem:The treatments of the problem of answering queries using views have been considered along several dimensions.Two of the dimensions mentioned above are equivalent ver-sus maximally-contained rewritings,and whether the views are assumed to be complete or not.Clearly,the algorithms and results regarding answering queries using views depend crucially on the language used for expressing the views and the queries.The problem has been considered for conjunctive queries,queries with union,aggregation,recursion,and query lan-guages for object-oriented and semi-structured data-bases.In addition,the problem has been consid-ered in the presence of integrity constraints on the database and access-pattern limitations,and cons-traints expressed in Description Logics.Finally,a key dimension is the expected output of the algo-rithm.Given a query Q,and a set of views V,there are three possible outputs an algorithm may produce: (1)an expression Q that references the views and is either equivalent to or contained in Q,(2)a query execution plan for answering Q using the views(and possibly the database relations),or(3)the answers to Q.In the latter case,we assume the extensions of the views V are given as well.3The Rewriting ProblemIn this section we consider the problem of rewriting a query using a set of views,i.e.,algorithms that produce query expressions as their output.Theﬁrst question one can ask about an algorithm for rewrit-ing queries using views is whether the algorithm is sound and complete:given a query Q and a set ofviews V,is there an algorithm that willﬁnd a rewrit-ing of Q using V when one exists,and what is thecomplexity of that problem.Theﬁrst answer to thisquestion was given for the class of queries and views expressed as conjunctive queries[35].In that paperit was shown that when the query does not contain comparison predicates and has n subgoals,then thereexists an equivalent conjunctive rewriting of Q using V only if there is a rewriting with at most n subgoals. An immediate corollary is that the problem ofﬁnd-ing and equivalent rewriting of a query using a set ofviews is in NP,because it suﬃces to guess a rewriting and check its correctness.1In[35]it is also shown that the problem ofﬁnd-ing a rewriting is NP-hard for two independent rea-sons:(1)the number of possible ways to map a sin-gle view into the query,and(2)the number of ways to combine the mappings of diﬀerent views into the query.In[18]it is shown that the problem ofﬁnding a contained rewriting is also NP-complete.In[14] the authors exploit the close connection between the containment and rewriting problems,and show sev-eral polynomial-time cases of the rewriting problems, corresponding to analogous cases for the problem of query containment.The bound on the size of the rewriting(and there-fore on the search space of rewritings)has led to asuccession of algorithms that attempt to eﬃciently search the space.Three of these algorithms,(the Bucket Algorithm[36],the Inverse-rules Algorithm[22], and the MiniCon Algorithm[41])that focus on query rewriting for the data integration context,are experi-mentally compared in[41],showing that the MiniCon outperforms the other two and scales up to hundreds of views.3.1Access Pattern LimitationsIn the context of data integration,where data sourcesare modeled as views,we may have limitations onthe possible access paths to the data.For example, when querying the Internet Movie Database,we can-not simply ask for all the tuples in the database.In-stead,we must supply one of several inputs,(e.g., actor name or director),and obtain the set of movies in which they are involved.We can model limited access paths by attaching aset of adornments to every data source.If a source ismodeled by a view with n attributes,then an adorn-ment consists of a string of length n,composed of the letters b(bound)and f(free).The meaning of the letter b in an adornment is that the source must be given values for the attribute in that position.The meaning of the letter f in an adornment is that the source doesn’t have to be given a value for the at-tribute in that position.For example,an adornment V(A,B)bf means that tuples of V can be obtained only by providing values for the attribute A.Several works have considered the problem of an-swering queries using views when the views are also associated with adornments describing limited access patterns.In[42]it is shown that the bound given in[35]on the length of a possible rewriting does not hold anymore.To illustrate,we have the following views with their associated adornments: CitationDB bf(X,Y):-cites(X,Y)CitingPapers f(X):-cites(X,Y)CitationDB requires that theﬁrst argument be given as input,while the CitingPapers source does not have limitations on access patterns.Suppose we have the following query asking for all the papers citing paper #001:Q(X):-cites(X,001)The bound given in[35]would require that if there exists a rewriting,then there is one with at most one atom,the size of the query.However,the only possible rewriting in this case is:q(X):-CitingPapers(X),CitationDB(X,001).In[42]the authors show that in the presence of access-pattern limitations it is suﬃcient to consider a slightly larger bound on the size of the rewriting: n+v,where n is the number of subgoals in the query and v is the number of variables in the query.Hence, the problem ofﬁnding an equivalent rewriting of the query using a set of views is still NP-complete.The situation becomes more complicated when we consider maximally-contained rewritings.As the fol-lowing example given in[33]shows,there may be no bound on the size of a rewriting.In the following ex-ample,the source DBSource stores the set of papers in the databaseﬁeld,and has no access-pattern limi-tations.The second source,when given a paper,will return all the papers that are cited by it.The third source,when given a paper(in databases or any other ﬁeld),returns whether the paper is an award winner or not.The source descriptions are the following:DBSource f(X):-DBpapers(X)CitationDB bf(X,Y):-cites(X,Y)AwardDB b(X):-AwardPaper(X)The query asks for all the papers that won awards:Q(X):-AwardPaper(X).Since the source AwardDB requires its input to be bound,we cannot query it directly.One way to get solutions to the query is to obtain the set of all database papers from the source DBSource,and per-form a dependent join with the source AwardDB.An-other way would be to begin by retrieving the pa-pers in DBSource,join the result with the source CitationDB to obtain all papers cited by papers in DBSource,and then join the result with the source AwardDB.As the rewritings below show,we can fol-low any length of citation chains beginning with pa-pers in DBSource and obtain answers to the query that were possibly not obtained by shorter chains. Hence,there is no bound on the length of a rewriting of the query using the views.Q’(X):-DBSource(X),AwardDB(X)Q’(X):-DBSource(U),CitationDB(U,X1),...,CitationDB(X n,X),AwardDB(X).Fortunately,as shown in[20],we can stillﬁnd a ﬁnite rewriting of the query using the views,albeit a recursive one.The following datalog rewriting will obtain all the possible answers from the above views. papers(X):-DBsource(X)papers(X):-papers(Y),CitationDB(Y,X)Q’(X):-papers(X),AwardDB(X).The key in constructing the program is to deﬁne a new intermediate relation papers whose extension is the set of all papers reachable by citation chains from papers in databases,and is deﬁned by a transitive closure over the view CitationDB.In[20]it is shown that a maximally-contained rewriting of the query using the views can always be obtained with a recur-sive rewriting,when the views are conjunctive and don’t contain comparison predicates.In[25]and[34] the authors describe additional optimizations to this basic algorithm.Additional cases in which recur-sive rewritings may be needed are when the query is recursive,in the presence of functional dependen-cies on the database schema[20],when views contain unions[3](though even recursion is does not always suﬃce here),and the case where additional seman-tic information about class hierarchies on objects is expressed using description logics[6].4Query answeringIf Q is an equivalent-rewriting of a query Q usingthe views V,then it will always produce the same re-sult as Q,independent of the state of the databaseor of the views.In particular,this means that Qwill always produce all the certain answers to Q for any possible database.Recall that an answer to Q iscertain given the extensions v1,...,v n of the views V1,...,V n,if it would be an answer of Q for any database that would give rise to those view exten-sions.When Q is a maximally-contained rewriting of Qusing the views V it may produce only a subset of theanswers of Q for a given state of the database.The maximality of Q is deﬁned only w.r.t.the other pos-sible rewritings in a particular query language L that we consider for Q .Hence,the question that remains is how toﬁnd all the certain answers,whether we do it by applying some rewritten query to the views or by some other algorithm.The question ofﬁnding all the certain answersis considered in detail in[1,26].In their analy-sis they distinguish the case of the open-world as-sumption from that of the closed-world assumption. With the closed-world assumption,the extensions of the views are assumed to contain all the tuples that would result from applying the view deﬁnition to the database.Under the open-world assumption,the ex-tensions of the views may be missing tuples(but they may not have incorrect tuples).In[1]it is shown that under the open-world as-sumption,in many practical cases,ﬁnding all the cer-tain answers can be done in polynomial time.In these cases,the certain answers are found by applying the maximally-contained rewriting to the extensions of the views.However,the problem becomes co-NP-hard as soon as we allow union in the language for deﬁning the views,or allow the predicate=in the language deﬁning the query.Under the closed-world assumption the situation is worse.Even when both the views and the query are deﬁned by conjunctive queries without comparison predicates,the problem ofﬁnding all certain answers is already co-NP-hard.It is interesting to note the connection establishedin[1]between the problem ofﬁnding all certain an-swers and computation with conditional tables[31]. The partial information about the database that is available from a set of views can be encoded as a conditional table using the formalism studied in[31]. This connection also points at an important prop-erty of using views as a formalism for describing data sources,speciﬁcally,the ability of the formalism to capture partial information about data sources.The work in[26]also considers the case where the views may either be incomplete,complete,or contain incorrect tuples.It is shown that without comparison predicates in the views or the query,when either all the views are complete or all of them may contain in-correct tuples,ﬁnding all certain answers can be done in polynomial time in the size of the view extensions. In other cases,the problem is co-NP-hard.Finally,[39]considers the problem of relative query containment:is the set of certain answers of a query Q1always contained in the set of certain answers of a query Q2.The paper shows that for the conjunctive queries and views with no compari-son predicates the problem isΠp2-complete,and that the problem is still decidable in the presence of access pattern limitations.5Query language extensions We brieﬂy discuss results on answering queries using views for several query language extensions.Semi-structured data:The emergence of XML as a standard for sharing data on the WWW has spurred signiﬁcant interest in building systems for integrat-ing XML data from multiple sources.The emerging formalisms for modeling XML data are variations on labeled directed graphs,which have also been used to model semi-structured data[2].The model of labeled directed graphs is especially well suited for modeling the irregularity and the lack of schema which are in-herent in XML data.Several works have started considering the prob-lem of answering queries using views when the views and queries are expressed in a language for querying semi-structured data.There are two main diﬃculties that arise in this context.First,such query languages enable using regular path expressions in the query,to express navigational queries over data whose struc-ture is not well known a priori.Regular path expres-sions essentially provide a very limited kind of recur-sion in the query language.In[9]the authors consider the problem of rewriting a regular path query using a set of regular path views,and show that the problem is in2EXPTIME(and checking whether the rewriting is an equivalent one is in2EXPSPACE).In[10]the authors consider the problem ofﬁnding all the certain answers when queries and views are expressed using regular path expressions,and show that the problem is co-NP-complete when data complexity(i.e.,size of the view extensions)is considered.In[11]the authors extend the results of[9,10]to path expressions that include the inverse operator,allowing both forward and backward traversals in a graph.The second problem that arises in this context stems from the rich restructuring capabilities which enable the creation of arbitrary graphs in the out-put.The output graphs can also include nodes that did not exist in the input data.In[40]the authors consider the rewriting problem in the case where the query can create answer trees,and queries do not in-volve regular path expressions with recursion.Inﬁnite number of views:Two works have con-sidered the problem of answering queries using views in the presence of an inﬁnite number of views[37,44]. The motivation for this seemingly curious problem is that when a data source has the capability to perform local processing,it can be modeled by a(possibly in-ﬁnite)set of views it can supply,rather than a single one.Hence,to answer queries using such sources,one need not only choose which sources to query,but also which query to send to it out of the set of possible queries it can answer.In[37,44]it is shown that in certain important cases the problem of answering a query using an inﬁnite set of views are decidable.Of particular note is the case in which the set of views that a source can answer is described by theﬁnite unfoldings of a datalog program.Description Logics:Description logics are a fam-ily of logics for modeling complex hierarchical struc-tures(see[8]for a survey).A description logic enables to deﬁne sets of objects by specifying their properties, and then to reason about the relationship between these sets(e.g.,subsumption,disjointness).Several works have considered the problem of answering queries using views when description logics are used to model the domain.In[6]it is shown that in general,an-swering queries using views in this context may be NP-hard,and presents cases in which we can obtain a maximally-contained rewriting of a query in recur-sive datalog.The complexity of answering queries using views for an expressive description logic(which also includes n-ary relations)is studied in[12].Other extensions:In[4,21]the authors consider the rewriting problem when the views may contain unions.The presence of inclusion dependencies on the database relations introduces several subtleties to the query rewriting problem,which are considered in[29].Several works[16,27,28]consider the for-mal aspects of answering queries using views in the presence of grouping and aggregation.They present cases in which it can be shown that a rewriting algo-rithm can be complete,in the sense that it willﬁnd a rewriting if one exists.Their algorithms are based on insights into the problem of query containment for queries with grouping and aggregation.In[38],the author considers the query rewriting for a language that enables querying the schema and data uniformly, and hence,names of attributes in the data may be-come constants in the extensions of the views.6ConclusionsThe problem of answering queries using views raises a multitude of challenges,ranging from theoretical foundations to considerations of a more practical na-ture.While algorithms for answering queries using views are already being incorporated into commer-cial database systems(e.g.,[7,46]),these algorithms will have even more importance in data integration systems and data warehouse design.There are many issues that remain open in this realm.Of particular note are studying rewriting al-gorithms in the presence of a wider class of integrity constraints on both the database and view relations, and studying the eﬀect of restructuring capabilities of query languages for querying semi-structured data.Finally,I believe that the next challenge is to de-velop algorithms for selecting views to materialize in a data warehouse,web site,or environment in which data is spread over multiple(possibly mobile)devices (e.g.,[32]).Even though there has been work on this problem,the research is still in its infancy.The wealth of techniques developed for answering queries using views will be key to developments in this realm. AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank Phil Bernstein,Mike Carey,Leonid Libkin,Todd Millstein and Rachel Pottinger for valuable comments on this paper.I would like to acknowledge the support of a Sloan Fellowship and NSF Grants#IIS-9978567and#IIS-9985114.References[1]S.Abiteboul and plexity of answeringqueries using materialized views.In Proc.of PODS,Seat-tle,W A,1998.[2]Serge Abiteboul,Peter Buneman,and Dan Suciu.Dataon the Web.Morgan Kaufmann,1999.[3]Foto Afrati.Personal communication,2000.[4]Foto Afrati,M.Gergatsoulis,and Th.Kavalieros.Answer-ing queries using materialized views with disjunctions.In Proc.of ICDT,1999.[5]Sanjay Agrawal,Surajit Chaudhuri,and VivekNarasayya.Automated selection of materialized views and indexes in Microsoft SQL Server.In Proc.of VLDB,Cairo,Egypt,2000.[6]Catriel Beeri,Alon Y.Levy,and Marie-Christine Rousset.Rewriting queries using views in description logics.In Proc.of PODS,Tucson,Arizona.,1997.[7]Randall Bello,Karl Dias,Alan Downing,James Feenan,Jim Finnerty,William Norcott,Harry Sun,Andrew。

广东省深圳市深圳高级中学高一下学期期中考试英语试题(原卷版)

D.To cure a young owl.
6.What made the chick calm down?
A.A new nest.
B.Some food.
C.A recording.
D.Its parents.
7.How would the author feel about the oute of the event?
A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was acpanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH! The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.
Speaking Broadly
This podcast is made for advanced learners. Explained through discussion and interviews, each episode has nonnative English speakers and every recording also has expert feedback. You will see some mon mistakes made by English learners and you can improve your English by learning from those mistakes.

交通大学附属中学2025届高三一诊考试英语试卷含解析

交通大学附属中学2025届高三一诊考试英语试卷注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．We live in this society now ________ literally someone is always helping.A．when B．whereC．that D．what2．语音知识（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）从A、B、C、D四个选项中，找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。

1. anything A．many B．magazine C．manage D．match2. achieved A．practiced B．marked C．operated D．damaged3. dealt A. deal B．great C．meant D．leader4. seize A．either B. receive C. eight D. height5. youth A．thus B．breakthrough C．gather D．although3．You can only be sure of _____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _____ you might get in the future. A．that; what B．what; / C．which; that D．/; that4．Peter is helping set tables in the hall, where John’s birthday party ________.A．is holding B．has heldC．is held D．will be held5．Their flight ______ due to bad weather. They would like to know when the flight will take off.A．had been delayed B．was delayedC．has been delayed D．will be delayed6．The new means of transport ________ in this city, so whether it will work out remains to be seen.A．have never tried B．has never tried C．have never been tried D．has never been tried7．The researchers who study jokes want to find out _______ people from different nations and cultures find funny. A．why B．thatC．what D．whether8．—Do you know how I can ____ him?—On his mobile phone．A．learn B．reach C．seek D．touch9．She doesn’t speak our language, she seems to understand what we say.A．yet B．andC．or D．so10．— Someone wants you on the phone.— ________ nobody knows I am here.A．Although B．AndC．So D．But11．—I'd rather have some wine, if you don't mind.— ________. Don't forget you will drive.A．Anything but that B．By all meansC．Take it easy D．I won't say no to this12．— I want to learn tennis. Would you like to help me?—. But learning tennis is no walk in the park.A．No kidding B．No wonder C．No problem D．No way13．—What does the sign over there read?—"No person_______ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area．"A．shall B．may C．must D．Will14．Generally speaking, ________according to the directions, the medicine has no side effect.A．when taken B．when taking C．when to take D．when to be taken15．Historic sites impress writers with their amazing beauty, which are a great source of ________.A．inspiration B．composition C．occupation D．combination16．With the nuclear crisis worsening in Iran, the world’s attention is fixed again on ________is called the Middle East. A．which B．what C．that D．it17．That preserved historic village connected to downtown by a highway is ________ many office workers spend their weekends.A．what B．howC．where D．why18．If ________ in the elevator, please press the emergency button immediately.A．trapped B．trappingC．having trapped D．to be trapped19．The Chinese government has begun a campaign to_____________ the crazy housing market.A．calm B．destroyC．occupy D．reflect20．The engineer is thought to be capable and modest, so his promotion to manager is a popular _____.A．achievement B．appointment C．commitment D．employment第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

NationalPublicEnglishTest(PETS)Level3Tutori

Listening comprehension exercises and answer analysis
Exercise 1
Listen to a short passage and answer questions about it.
Exercise 2
Listen to a longer passage and complete a cloze exercise.
and Analysis
01
Introduction to the PETS Level 3 Examination
Purpose and positioning of the exam
Purpose
The PETS Level 3 examination is designed to assess the English proficiency of non-native English speakers who are at an intermediate level of English
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Skim the passage
Understand the Pay attention
main idea
to details
Use context clues
Before answering the questions, skim the passage quickly to get a general understanding of the contnsion exercise questions and answer analysis
True/False questions
These questions require students to analyze the information in the passage and determine if it is true or false.

cnfishbase

cnfishbase: A cyber Chinese fish databaseFish constitute the largest group among vertebrates,accounting for more than half of all vertebrate species (Nelson et al., 2016), with new fish described each year. In the first edition of Fishes of the World , Nelson (1976) recorded 18 818fish species from 450 families, which increased to 21 723 fish species from 445 families in the second edition (Nelson,1984), 24 618 fish species from 482 families in the third edition (Nelson, 1994), 27 977 fish species from 515 families in the fourth edition (Nelson, 2006), and 32 000+ fish species from 536 families in the fifth edition (Nelson et al., 2016). According to the latest data from the FishBase database (March 2023),there are currently over 35 000 fish species belonging to 623families worldwide.The substantial diversity of fish species presents a significant obstacle for domestic Chinese researchers in the field of ichthyology in acquiring both the scientific and Chinese nomenclature of fish species. Although various texts on fish taxonomy have been published in China over the last century (Zhang & Cao, 2021), many are now outdated or incomplete and lack adequate mechanisms for timely updates, thus hampering their application in contemporary fish biology research. Furthermore, the early publication times and reliance on traditional morphological classification methods in these previous publications fail to accurately reflect the current diversity and phylogenetic position of many fish species.Books serve as a simple and intuitive medium for the storage and preservation of small-scale data that do not require frequent modifications or updates. However, in biological directories where the classification status of organisms is subject to frequent changes, books present challenges for timely updates due to the high cost of reprinting or republishing. Some biological directories, which include numerous species and large-scale data, may go many years without timely updates or the incorporation of classification system revisions. Thus, the emerging trend is toward the digitization of biological directories. Utilizing databases for data storage offers several distinct advantages over conventional books: (1) Expedited access and retrieval:Databases enable rapid information retrieval through the application of query languages, which is vastly more efficient than browsing books. (2) Simultaneous multi-user support:Databases enable access for multiple users at the same time without data conflicts or errors. (3) Data persistence:Databases allow for ongoing storage without loss. (4) Data dissemination and collaboration: Databases facilitate the sharing of data and collaborative scientific inquiry. In thecontext of biological directories, which require frequent updates and changes, the costs of modifying information are reduced, and data retrieval can be achieved rapidly.The sharp increase in biological information has led to greater demand for database construction (Ball-Damerow et al., 2019). A major consideration in biodiversity science is the need to convert information accumulated over many years into an electronic format. Several international biodiversity databases have been created, each with varying purposes,content, and features. Although biodiversity is a global phenomenon, most databases dedicated to biodiversity have been established in developed countries (Shanmughavel,2007). As such, many Chinese scientists have been actively engaged in the construction of domestic biodiversity databases. For example, the first iteration of the Catalogue of Life : China (CoL China) was released in 2008, with annual updates thereafter (Jiang et al., 2015). These catalogues,providing essential information about species names,taxonomic relationships, and distributions within China, serve as critical resources for advancing our understanding of the origins, evolution, and biodiversity conservation of such species (Mi et al., 2021).Considering the above, we developed and released the first version of a Chinese fish database (cnfishbase, https:///, Figure 1). The database was developed using the Python Django framework for web back-end functionality and the Bootstrap framework for web front-end display.MySQL was used for data storage and management, while the pyecharts package was used for fish data visualization.Notably, cnfishbase features the following sub-domains:(1) World Fish Database: This sub-domain incorporates information on 35 137 fish species belonging to 623 families and 93 orders obtained from the FishBase database (current as of March 2023; /), resulting in the inclusion of 30 463 Chinese names and 16 940 commonly used English names of fish species. Users can enter the name of the fish of interest in the search bar located at the top of the website to access relevant information. Upon selecting the FishBase link corresponding to a specific fish, users can retrieve more detailed information regarding the morphology,distribution, taxonomy, ecology, fishery, and aquaculture of that species. (2) Information by Country: This sub-domain encompasses a summary of fish statistics relating to 215countries and regions around the globe. It offers a convenient means for users to ascertain the fish composition of each individual country or region. (3) Distribution Map: This sub-domain contains the fish distribution maps of 33 641 species derived from the fish data relating to 215 countries and regions, thus covering more than 95% of fish species. TheReceived: 24 April 2023; Accepted: 17 May 2023; Online: 12 September 2023Foundation items: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91731301, 32170438)This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.Copyright ©2023 Editorial Office of Zoological Research, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesLu et al. Zool. Res. 2023, 44(5): 950−953https:///10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.087database provides global distribution maps of 93 order-level fish and 622 family-level fish. Users can readily observe the geographical distribution patterns of different fish species, an important feature in the field of biogeography. These dynamic, interactive charts represent original contributions by our research team. (4) Chinese Fish Database: This sub-domain includes data on fish recorded in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao based on FishBase records. It uses the latest international classification system to correct the limitations of previous traditional morphological classificationsFigure 1 Partial image display of the cnfishbase Chinese fish databaseA: Country-level statistics of world fish map. B: Stacked column chart of fish statistics by country. C: Order-level statistics of world fish. D: Family-level statistics of world fish. E: Treemap of Chinese fish composition. F: Number of named Chinese fish by year. Above images only show certain chart types from the cnfishbase website. Charts provided by the online cnfishbase database are dynamic and interactive. Users can visit the website to view more information.Zoological Research 44(5): 950−953, 2023 951in China and denotes the habitat types of fish distributed in China and whether they are an introduced species.(5) Interactive Data Visualization: This sub-domain uses pyecharts (https:///pyecharts) for fish data visualization under different scenarios, including maps, bar charts, scatter plots, and pie charts. Pyecharts supports various interaction methods, such as zooming, scrolling, and hovering, to enhance data exploration and analysis. The fish distribution map includes a link function, where users can click on the title to access a new page with detailed fish information. Dynamic images can also be conveniently saved locally through two methods: the first is to right-click the mouse to save static images in PNG format, the second is to press “Ctrl + S” to save the HTML file, preserving dynamic interaction functionality.Compared to traditional fish reference materials in China, our database offers the following advantages: (1) Comprehensiveness: FishBase integrates global fish information, including aspects such as taxonomy, distribution, morphology, ecology, biology, and fisheries. However, the content within FishBase is primarily presented in English, which can pose difficulties for users unfamiliar with the language, especially non-professionals. To address this issue, our database provides links to FishBase based on Chinese fish names. This enables users to utilize Chinese names to search for specific fish and subsequently access FishBase for more detailed information. Our database includes nearly all known fish species worldwide, thereby facilitating ichthyological research and teaching. Additionally, it offers a country-specific summary page, simplifying the process for users to access data for individual countries. (2) High-quality data: The information provided in FishBase is derived from diverse sources, including scientific literature, museum specimens, survey data, and expert review, thus ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the data. Similarly, cnfishbase employs the FishBase classification system. Notably, the Chinese names of species adhere to the translation standards found in various resources, including the Latin-Chinese Dictionary of Fish Names by Classification System (Wu et al., 2017), China's Red List of Biodiversity: Vertebrates, Volume V, Freshwater Fishes (Zhang & Cao, 2021), and Catalogue of Life China 2022 Annual Checklist (/).(3) Interface accessibility: The cnfishbase database features a simple and user-friendly interface, facilitating easy access and analysis of fish data for users. The interface dynamically adapts to the different screen sizes of desktop computers, laptops, tablets, and mobile devices. At present, interactive distribution maps of more than 33 000 fish species are available, in both Chinese and English, enabling users can view the global distribution patterns and trends of a vast number of fish. Users can engage dynamic effects via cursor movement, access detailed information by title selection, and locally save images using the right-click function. (4) Novelty: The database uses the latest international fish classification system, better reflecting the phylogenetic relationships among fish compared to traditional morphological classification. Additionally, the database encompasses nearly all extant fish species, maintaining current and comprehensive representation. Notably, to accommodate the annual discovery of new species, the database undergoes yearly updates to ensure data accuracy.The cnfishbase Chinese fish database is targeted to the following users: (1) Ichthyology researchers: FishBase serves as an essential resource for ichthyologists, offering comprehensive data and graphical representations pertaining to fish biology, ecology, taxonomy, and distribution. These resources facilitate research and analysis, contributing to an enhanced understanding of fish diversity and adaptability. However, given the extensive number of fish species, it can be difficult to recall their Latin names and corresponding Chinese names. To address this issue, cnfishbase provides the latest information on fish classification across various taxonomic levels, including order, family, genus, and species, complete with scientific and Chinese names. This can assist those working in the field of ichthyology to better understand the classification and evolutionary relationships of fish. Furthermore, integration with FishBase provides quick access to specific fish details, thus enhancing research efficiency.(2) Biogeography researchers: Traditional approaches to visualizing global fish distribution trends have been limited, often lacking intuitive representations. Thus, based on biogeographical research, we developed interactive distribution maps of global fish. We used native species, excluding introduced species, to establish distribution maps and show the original status of a certain fish in various countries. The generated maps cover most fish species, providing a clear and intuitive view of the distribution patterns of fish species on a global scale. These maps should serve as a valuable tool for professionals working in the field of biogeography. (3) Ichthyology students and teachers: The cnfishbase Chinese fish database can serve as a valuable resource for education in ichthyology, ecology, and fishery management. With most domestic textbooks only available in Chinese, the lack of familiarity among students and teachers with Latin nomenclature may present a barrier to learning and teaching. Moreover, existing textbooks may not be current due to the high cost of rewriting and inadequate mechanisms for timely updating, which can hinder learning. In contrast, with its extensive and up-to-date information, the cnfishbase database provides teachers and students with resources for better understanding current fish classification as well as fish diversity and importance. (4) Fish enthusiasts and the public: The cnfishbase database provides comprehensible and readily accessible data and information, serving as an excellent tool for the dissemination of scientific knowledge and environmental awareness. Individuals can use the database to gain insights into fish ecology, diversity, and conservation, thus contributing to the promotion of environmental protection and sustainable development.Currently in its first version, the cnfishbase database will be continually updated, with the integration of additional functions. Future enhancements will include: (1) introduction of a national search function, allowing users to view fish data for each country; (2) aggregation of fish data for each province in China, facilitating accessibility for domestic users; and (3) development of a fish image upload function for users, allowing the accumulation of image data on Chinese fish species and facilitating species identification and reference.DATA AVAILABILITYData and graphs related to this article are available at cnfishbase (https:// /).SUPPLEMENTARY DATASupplementary data to this article can be found online.952 AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONSY.R.L. and S.P.H. conceived the study and wrote the manuscript. C.C.F reviewed the manuscript. Y.R.L. collected and processed the data, wrote all the code, and built the database and website. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.COMPETING INTERESTSThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Yong-Rui Lu1,2, Cheng-Chi Fang1, Shun-Ping He1,3,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan,Hubei 430072, China2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China 3 Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China*Corresponding author, E-mail: ***********.cnREFERENCESBall-Damerow JE, Brenskelle L, Barve N, et al. 2019. Research applications of primary biodiversity databases in the digital age. PLoS One, 14(9): e0215794.Jiang ZG, Qin HN, Liu YN, et al. 2015. Protecting biodiversity and promoting sustainable development: in memory of the releasing of catalogue of life China 2015 and China biodiversity red list on the international day for biological diversity 2015. Biodiversity Science, 23(3): 433−434. (in Chinese)Mi XC, Feng G, Hu YB, et al. 2021. The global significance of biodiversity science in China: an overview. National Science Review, 8(7): nwab032. Nelson JS. 1976. Fishes of the World. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Nelson JS. 1984. Fishes of the World. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Nelson JS. 1994. Fishes of the World. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Nelson JS. 2006. Fishes of the World. 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. 2016. Fishes of the World. 5th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Shanmughavel P. 2007. An overview on biodiversity information in databases. Bioinformation, 1(9): 367−369.Wu HL, Shao GZ, Lai CF, et al. 2017. Latin-Chinese Dictionary of Fish Names by Classification System. Qingdao: China Ocean University Press. (in Chinese)Zhang E, Cao WX. 2021. China’s Red List of Biodiversity: Vertebrates, Volume V, Freshwater Fishes. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)Zoological Research 44(5): 950−953, 2023 953。

Postgraduate English Completion PPTX

02
Dividing long senses into shorter ones
Breaking down long senses into shorter ones, more manageable chunks can make translation easier and clearer
end
Characterized
by
chronological order and
descriptive details
Argumentation
Presents a claim or thesis and
provides evidence or reasons
to support it. Characterized by
These tests center around a specific theme or topic, with blanks that require knowledge related to that theme
Score distribution and scoring criteria
Score distribution
Scores are typically distributed based on the number of correct answers, with partial credit metrics given for partially correct answers
Scoring criteria
Mnemonic devices
Using memory aids such as acronyms, rhymes, or visual associations can make it easier to remember lists of words

2022年9月英语六级真题及参考答案

2022年9月英语六级真题及参考答案英语六级试卷采用多题多卷的形式，大家核对答案时,找出具体选项，忽略套数。

无忧考网搜集整理了各个版本，仅供大家参考。

【听力】Conversation 1M: Welcome to Money Matters - a weekly program that helps you manage your money. Tonight, I'll be talking to Mary Johnson about budgeting.W: Hello, everyone.M: There's a magic about money, when it's not planned for, tracked and kept the record of, it literally disappears.What are some of the steps we can take to prevent this from happening?W: Well, it's all about keeping track of your money.If you don't do that, you'll never be able to set any goals for your budget or have the discipline to stick to them.M: That's easier said than done. I read recently that only 41% of Americans adhere to a budget.W: Yes, but knowing what you earn and what you spend can give you reassurance that you won't get into debt in the first place. You can do this by adding up all of your sources of income you have, and writing them all down on a piece of paper. On the same page, write down all of your monthly expenses.M: I'm always amazed at how much my expenses add up.But designating each item asan income or an expense really helps me have a much better sense of all my spending. W: Right. Most people have no idea how much they spend each day, let alone each week or month, no matter how careful they are. Next, subtract your monthly expenses from income. If the result is positive, you are living within your means. If the result is a negative number, you're going to have to cut back on your spending.M: I'm usually a negative number. I just can't resist the allure of all those prestigious goods.W: Well, it's not a catastrophe, but you do have to make some changes. Try cutting back on those non-essential items, sell some stuff in your attic or shop online to avoid unnecessary temptations like chocolate. Failing that you can always find yourself a part-time job.Q1: What does the man say about the weekly program?Q2: What did the man read recently?Q3: What does the woman suggest the man do first to avoid getting into debt?Q4: What does the woman say about online shopping?Conversation 2M: Hi there. I've come to see the flat. My name is Mark Adams. We spoke on the phone on Wednesday.W: Hi Mark. Come on up. I'll buzz you in green door, on the second floor on the right side. Nice to meet you. I spoke to all your references and they all checked out Okay.So let me show you around the place actually belongs to my mother, but her health isn't great. So we finally managed to persuade her to move in with us and rent this old place out.M：It's a great size, plenty of space, very versatile. I think it's a winner for us.W: Yes. All the appliances are brand new. There's a washing machine and a tumble dryer in the utility room next to the kitchen.M: Lots of closet space two, which is fabulous. My wife has a ridiculous number of shoes. Now, the big question What about noise and the neighbors?W: Well, all the neighbors are elderly, so no noisy kids and the back of the house overlooks a clear and peaceful pond. So it's perfect. If tranquility is what you are looking for.M: That's good news. We've been living in a less than glamorous part of Aberdeen, constantly harassed day and night by noisy neighbors. Getting to work was a nightmare too. As we only have one car. And my wife has to use it as she works nights at the hospital.W: Well, if you like the place it's yours. As soon as I get a contract drawn up with the solicitor, the first month's rent and a deposit are mandatory on signing the contract, then we can work out when is the best day for you to pay rent each month? M: We'll be incredibly happy to be your new tenants. Thank you so much. My wife will be thrilled to get out of the shabby place we are now in and start filling those wardrobes with all those shoes.Q5: What does the woman say about the flat question six?Q6: What is the man's chief consideration in looking for a flat?Q7: What does the man have to do on signing the contract?Q8: Why does the man say his wife will feel very excited if they move into the flat?Passage 1A new study has found a positive correlation between how much television children watch and their parents stress levels. Why? Because the more television kids watch, the more they're exposed to advertising .The more advertising they see, the more likely they are to insist on purchasing items when they go with their parents to the store.This could generate conflict if the parents refuse. All that researchers say can contribute to parents overall stress levels. What's the solution ? Perhaps the most obvious is curtailing screen time.Commercial content is there for a reason :to elicit purchasing behavior, so parents might want to shut off the TV. Researchers can see that this is easier said than done. So they suggest another option. Parents can change how they talk to their kids about purchases. The researchers suggest that parents seek input from their children on family purchasing decisions.They shouldn't try to control all purchases. Instead, parents might tell their children things like: I will listen to your advice on certain products or brands. This type of communication, the researchers assert, can lead to children, making fewer purchasing demands- that means less parent stress. However,the protective effect of this kind of communication diminishes with greater exposure to television. This is because advertising aimed at children is especially persuasive. Advertisers use an assortment of tactics, such as bright colors, happy music and celebrity endorsements to appeal to children. Plus children don't have the cognitive ability to fully understand advertising's intent that makes them particularly vulnerable to advertisements.Q9: What has the new study found about children watching television?Q10:What are parents advised to do to reduce the impact of TV commercials?Q11: What makes children particularly vulnerable to TV commercials?Passage 2Everyone is supposed to cheer for good guys. And we should only punish the bad guys, but that's not what we always do. Most of the time we do indeed reward good people. We also often punish people who harm others or who aren't good team players, but sometimes the good guys also get punished or criticized specifically because they are so good. This seems baffling because it's detrimental to group cooperation. However, the phenomenon has been discovered in multiple fields and it has been found in every society. Why does this happen? Research suggests a simple reason when one person looks really good, others look bad by comparison. Those others then have an incentive in stopping that person from looking good, especially if they can't or won't compete. After all, we're all judged in comparison with others. When facedwith someone better, what can a normal person do? One option is to actively compete.A second option is to bring that person down that is to suppress their cooperation or work ethic, and first selfish motives for their actions or imply real or imagined hypocrisy. Other tactics include attacking them on unrelated dimensions or punishing them outright. Why does this matter? Critics often attack the motives of people who protect the environment, donate money or work too hard. Such good deeds are dismissed as naive or hypocritical by those who do not perform those deeds. This criticism may ultimately discourage people from doing good deeds.so it's important to recognize these attacks for what they are.Q12: What baffling phenomenon is discussed in the passage?Q13: How are we all judged according to the passage?Q14: What can a normal person do when faced with people who perform better?Q15: what may discourage people from performing good deeds?Lecture 1 雪萱In America, most researchers can see that boys and girls are brought up in different ways, taught different skills and rewarded for different acts. Women, it is agreed excel at certain tasks, men at others. There is little argument that some personality traits appear more dominant in one sex than in the other.All of this, not withstanding, gender differences are very much in the media these days. Since the rise of the women's movement, gender role behavior has come under closer scrutiny. How has this affected friendship? How do the sexes differ in theirfriendship relations? Most preteen children have a best friend who is usually some one of the same sex and similar age.Both sexes share an essentially positive recollection of these childhood friendships, they do not differ in this respect. However, the type of play engaged in during these early friendships is telling of the difference to come. Boys tend to form playgroups that are competitive in nature. Girls groups more frequently revolve around cooperative enterprises. Thus at an early age, boys become concerned with trying hard and winning, while girls by contrast play house and school, engaging in roles that require complimentary support. Speaking of their childhood, men recall being highly responsive to and aware of the gender role opinions of other boys. Girls in preteen years appear to be less susceptible to gender role pressure. It is not until the dating years that women report being concerned with feminine behavior. Males for the most part are responsive to the suggestion that their behavior is unmanly at almost any age. These early attitudes reinforced by social conditioning continue to play an active part in the friendships of both sexes during adolescence. This is a period when the majority of males, once again, report a close Alliance with same sex friends.Now, however, with heightened intensity, considerable energy is devoted to competing for position and a definite undercurrent of competition permeates the relationship. Although in dissimilar fashion, females share equally fragile relationships at this age. For them, the bond of loyalty extends only to the line of romantic involvement.This is most apt to be the case in late adolescence when dating and relationships with boys take sharp precedence over sisterhood. Actually dating dilutes the intensity of samesex friendships for men also. For the majority of us, the moment we begin to date seriously, there's a competition between romance and friendship.Q16: What does the speaker say about most preteen children?Q17: What do most males devote much of their energy to during adolescence?Q18: What do children do when they reach late adolescence?Lecture 2Good afternoon. In today's lecture, we'll be talking about how and when to disclose a disability when applying for a job. On average, about 20% of the population has some form of disability. Most countries these days have equal opportunity and non-discrimination laws, yet disabled people often find it hard to decide when, how, and if at all to raise their disability problem with a potential employer. There is uncertainty about how a recruiter will perceive their disability as such many candidates fear they wouldn't be considered for a position as a result of disclosing this personal information. And research has validated this as a genuine concern for many job applicants. It’s a natural reaction, but it shouldn't be a reason to stay quiet. People need to remember that they are applying for a position they have the skills and experience to.Discussing a disability with a potential employer may help them make reasonable workplace adjustments in their favor. It's most appropriate to discuss a disabilitywhen they reply to confirm an interview, this information needed to be put up front in their cover letter or resume. because it's probably not relevant to the position itself. Candidates with disabilities should feel they have the power to make their own decisions around sharing this information free from prejudice. If they find an organization that doesn't celebrate diversity and inclusion, it could say a lot about the company's culture, perhaps the organization isn't the right fit. It's important for them to. remember That they are seeking a manager, an employer that's going to be supportive and continue to give them a great employment experience. Companies sometimes offer candidates the chance to disclose disabilities on their application form, but people shouldn't feel restricted by this method or timing. People should avoid sharing the name of their disability or condition. There is always the risk that the recruiter will research inform that is inaccurate or irrelevant. If people don't think their disability will impact their ability to perform in the advertised position, then it's entirely their entitlement to choose when and whether to share this information.Q19: Why do disabled job applicants feel reluctant to disclose their disability information?Q20: When does the speaker suggest applicants reveal their disability information? Q21: What are people advised to do when filling out their job application form?Lecture 3Smartphones Distract attention and reduce learning because of their potential to offer activities more inviting than study.But what about background sound alone?A group of American researchers compared students' comprehension of verbal material when reading in the presence of background speech, instrumental music or general noise.General noise is neutral such as that from the sound of an air conditioner or fan. Student scores were most depressed in the presence of background speech. Comprehension was slightly better with the presence of music than with speech. However, when they were asked to identify melodies rather than understand text background music interfered more. When the background speech was in a language unfamiliar to participants, there was little, if any hindrance of reading comprehension.British researchers compared the effects of background speech, vocal music, instrumental music, general background noise and silence on short term memory. Background speech had the biggest negative effect. Vocal music was slightly more disruptive than instrumental.In general background noise and silence were least disrupt.It seems the degree of interference from background noise depends on the overlap between the processing required on the task and the processing required to screen out the background noise.The studies suggest that when people read and when they try to remember any verbal material, background speech will inhibit their ability.Instrumental music will have at worst a slight effect.When students write essays, however,other research has found it is best to reduce all background noise as much as possible.Not everyone reacts in the same way to distractions.Other studies suggest some aspects of personality may make a difference.The researchers subjected shy, quiet people and confident, outgoing ones to high arousal or low arousal background music, general noise or silence while asking them to remember words.Everyone performed best in the silent condition, but less sociable people were more negatively affected by each of the distractions.So when children are reading and trying to incorporate new material, parents could consider allowing some background music, particularly if it is instrumental and their child is the outgoing type.Q22: What did some American researchers find about students reading comprehension in the presence of background noise?Q23: What do we learn from the British researchers about the degree of interference from background noise?Q24: What is best for students to do when writing essays according to some research?Q25: How do people of different personalities react to distractions according to other studies?听力参考答案1.C) It helps people with budgeting.2.D) Most Americans do not stick to a budget.3.A) Keep track of his money.4.B) It helps avoid unnecessary spending.5.C) It belongs to her mother.6.B) Tranquility.7.B) Pay the first month's rent and a deposit.8.D) She will have plenty of space for her shoes.9. D) The more television they watch, the greater their parents' stress.10. C) Involve children in making purchasing decisions.11. A) Their limited cognitive ability.12）D Good guys may get unfair treatment13) C In comparsion with others14) B Compete with them actively15) A Being dismissed as hypocritical16.D) They make friends with peers of the same sax.17. A) Competing for position.18. A) They prioritize romance over friendship.19. B) They are worried about being turned down.20. C) When confirming an interview.21. D) Avoid mentioning the name of their disability.22.B) It was the poorest when there was background speech.23.C) It depends on the overlap in processing different kinds of information.24.A) Keep everything as quiet as possible.25. B) Shy quiet people were most adversely impacted.【阅读】词汇理解（1）文章开头开头：The now extinct passenger pigeon has the dubious honor of being the last species anyone ever expected to disappear.（2）答案【答案速查】26-30 LAIMO 31-35 BCHND26. L) estimates27. A) vulnerable28. I) hatched29. M) edible30. O) delicacy31. B) unprecedented32. C) tracts33. H) infinite34. N) depleted35. D) specimen长篇阅读（1）文章标题标题：Is computer coding a foreign language?（2）答案速查36-40 LEKGD 41-45 HBJCM（3）题干、答案和定位处36. Employers attach more importance to applicants' computer skills than their language competence.36. L 【定位】Even with the benefits and skill sets languages provide, recruiters and employers value computer skills more.37. One U.S. state senator proposed that high school students be allowed to study either foreign language or computer coding.37. E【定位】“I think the opportunity to give people a choice is important," says Florida state Senator Jeremy Ring.might as well do computer coding."38. Learning languages broadens students' international perspective and nurtures mutual respect among peoples, according to a high school language teacher.38. K【定位】 We need to find a way to put ourselves at the global table and to treat each other with mutual respect.39. One U.S. state will see to it that programming classes are taught by quality teachers.39. G 【定位】 Instead, the state will provide support for higher quality teachers for programming classes.40. Statistics show while computer-related jobs have been on the rise, foreign languages have become less appealing to American students since mid-1990s.40. D 【定位】Foreign language interest, on the other hand, is declining for the first time since 1995.41. All school subjects are said to be essential to students' well-rounded development.41. H 【定位】…because every subject, whether art, math or language. is a significant contribution to a well-rounded existence.42. There is consensus among most educators that coding should be taught in schools but should not replace foreign language.42. B【定位】Coding should be added to curriculums, but not at the expense of foreign language classes.43. One study showed that foreign language learning improved students' academic performance.43. J【定位】Studies show that bilingualism (双语) correlates with cognitive development, intelligence, memory and problem solving abilities, according to the American Cou44. Being short of funding and qualified teachers, schools lag behind the fast developing computer science field.44. C 【定位】The computer science field is growing faster than schools can keep up because of budget constraints and a lack of skills training for teachers. 45. A distinguished high school language teacher also believes it is advisable to start learning a foreign language at an earlier age.45. M 【定位】I just think it's something you have to start early and not just have something that you do for a couple of years in high school," he says.Passage One（1）文章开头The U.S. and China don’t agree on much these days.（2）答案【答案速查】 46-50 DCABC（3）答案选项内容：46. D) How to stop tech companies from gaining monopoly.47. C) All companies must be regulated by the government.48. A) They can no longer do business independent of tech giants.49. B) They have considered regulatory action to promote fair competition.50. C) They are becoming untrustworthy.Passage Two文章开头：Born from the accessibility of mass air travel, modern答案速查：51-55 DBDAC51. What is the popular assumption about international tourism?D) It contributes to the economy of destination countries and regions.52. What do we learn from some studies about uncontrolled tourism development?B) It incurs local residents' antagonism to tourists.53. Why does the author say local residents of popular destinations often feel frustrated?D)They do not think they benefit as much as they deserve.54. How does the author say local residents in destination communities respond to tourism activity?A)They endeavor to adapt to it.55. What can tourists do to exert more positive impacts on the tourist destinations?C)Use the services provided by local businesses.【翻译】春联贴春联(Spring Festival couplets)是中国人欢度春节的一个重要习俗。

2024年6月大学英语六级真题及答案最全

Part I Writing ( 30minutes)1、Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise to put all your eggs in one basket. You can give examples to illustrate your point .You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.2、Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise a person by their appearance. You can give examples to illustrate your point .You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.（小编写的就是这篇，还行~~）3、Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise to jump to conclusions upon seeing or hearing something. You can give examples to illustrate your point .You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200words.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)For investors who desire low risk and guaranteed income, US government bonds are a secure investment because these bonds have the financial backing and full faith and credit of the federal government. Municipal bonds, also secure, are offered by local governments and often have___ 36___such as tax-free interest. Some may even be___37___. Corporate bonds are a bit more risky.Two questions often___38___first-time corporate bond investors. The first is “If I purchase a corporate bond, do I have to hold it until the maturity date?” The answer is no. Bonds are bought and sold daily on___39___securities exchanges. However, if you decide to sell your bond before its maturity date, you’re not guaranteed to get the face value of the bond. For example, if your bond does not have___40___ that make it attractive to other investors, you may be forced to sell your bond at a___ 41___, i.e., a price less than the bond's face value. But if your bond is highly valued by other investors, you may be able to sell it at a premium, i. e ., a price above its face value. Bond prices generally___42___inversely (相反地) with current market interest rates. As interest rates go up, bond prices fall, and vice versa (反之亦然）. Thus, like all investments, bonds have a degree of risk.The second question is “ How can I___43___the investment risk of a particular bond issue?”Standard & Poor's and Moody’s Investors Service rate the level of risk of many corporate and government bonds. And___44___, the higher the market risk of a bond, the higher the interest rate. Investors will invest in a bond considered risky only if the 45 return is high enough.留意：此部分试题请在答题卡2作答。

PPT courseware for listening to new question types

Jot down key words and phrases as you listen to help you remember important details and make connections between ideas
Using context clusters
Use contextual clusters from the listening material to infer the meaning of unknown words or phrases
2024/1/24
01
Multiple choice questions: Students will select the best answer from a list of options
02
Fill in the blank questions: Students will listen to a recording and fill in the blanks with the missing information
要点二
Listen for key words
Focus on the key words and phrases in the direction, as they will help you reconstruct the meaning of the entire text
要点三
Practice combining iTnrafinoyorumrsealf ttoioconmbine
Higher level of cognitive processing
The questions are designed to assess students' higher order thinking skills, such as analysis, synthesis, and evaluation

冀教版英语小学四年级上学期2024年自测试卷及解答

2024年冀教版英语小学四年级上学期自测试卷及解答一、听力部分（本大题有12小题，每小题2分，共24分）1.Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer.Question: What is the boy’s favorite sport?A. FootballB. BasketballC. SwimmingAnswer: A. FootballExplanation: In the dialogue, the boy says, “My favorite sport is football.I love playing it with my friends after school.” This clearly indicates that his favorite sport is football.2.Listen to the passage and answer the question.Passage: (Pretend there’s a short passage about a school trip to the zoo.)Question: How many animals did they see at the zoo?A. Five animalsB. Seven animalsC. Three animalsAnswer: B. Seven animalsExplanation: During the passage, the speaker mentions, “We saw manyexciting animals at the zoo, including a lion, a tiger, two elephants, two giraffes, and a panda. That makes a total of seven animals we spotted.” This confirms that they saw seven animals at the zoo.3、Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct answer.Question: What does the boy want to be in the future?A) A teacher.B) A doctor.C) A scientist.Answer: B) A doctor.Explanation: The dialogue might contain a conversation where the boy expresses his desire to help people and cure diseases, indicating that he wants to become a doctor. The answer options are typical professions that children often aspire to be, and the correct answer is chosen based on the context provided in the dialogue.4、Listen to the short passage and answer the question.Question: How many books did the library receive last week?A)50.100.Answer: C) 150.Explanation: The short passage would have mentioned the number of books the library acquired during the previous week. After listening, you would identify that the number mentioned matches option C, indicating that the library received150 books last week. The other options, 50 and 100, are likely to be distractors that do not correspond to the information provided in the passage.5、Listen to the conversation and choose the correct answer. (5 points)You will hear a short conversation between a teacher and a student. After the conversation, select the best response.Question: What does the teacher ask the student to do?A)Clean the classroom.B)Hand in the homework.C)Prepare for the test.Answer: B) Hand in the homework.Explanation: In the conver sation, the teacher says, “Remember to hand in your homework tomorrow, John.” This clearly indicates that the teacher is asking the student to submit his homework.6、Listen to the dialogue and fill in the missing word. (5 points)You will hear a dialogue between two friends discussing their plans for the weekend. Listen carefully and write the missing word in the sentence below.“We’re going to the________park this weekend. It’s supposed to be sunny, so it’s perfect for a picnic.”Answer: “We’re going to the zoo park this weekend. It’s supposed to be sunny, so it’s perfect for a picnic.”Explanation: Based on the context of the dialogue, where they mention going out and having a picnic on a sunny day, the most likely missing word that fits the sentence is “zoo.” This suggests they are planning to visit a zoo parkfor their weekend activity.7、Listen to the conversation and choose the correct answer.( ) A. I have a new pencil box.( ) B. I have a new book.Answer: AExplanation: In this listening question, the speaker is likely to mention having a new item. The correct answer is A, “I have a new pencil box.” This can be deduced by paying attention to the keywords “new” and “pencil box” in the options. The alternative B, “I have a new book,” is incorrect becaus e it mentions a different item, a book.8、Listen to the short passage and answer the question.Question: What does the speaker like to do in the afternoon?( ) A. Play basketball( ) B. Read booksAnswer: AExplanation: In this listening question, the speaker is describing an activity they enjoy doing in the afternoon. The correct answer is A, “Play basketball.” This is indicated by listening for the specific activity mentioned, which in this case is playing basketball. The alternative B, “Read books,” is incorrect because it represents a different activity that was not mentioned in the passage.9、Listen to the recording and choose the correct answer.You will hear a short conversation between a teacher and a student.Teacher: What did you do last weekend? Student: I went to the zoo with my family.Question: Where did the student go last weekend? A) To the park. B) To the zoo. C) To the museum.Answer: B) To the zoo. Explanation: The student clearly states in the recording that they went to the zoo with their family last weekend.10、Listen to the recording and complete the sentence.You will hear a sentence spoken by a woman.Woman: I usually have breakfast at 7:30 in the morning.Question: Complete the sentence: I usually have breakfast at_______in the morning.Answer: 7:30 Explanation: The woman in the recording states that she usually has breakfast at 7:30 in the morning, so the missing part of the sentence should be “7:30”.11、Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer.Question: What is the boy going to do this weekend?A. Go swimming.B. Go fishing.C. Go camping.Answer: BExplanation: The dialogue may have contained a conversation like, “Hey,are you free this weekend? Let’s go fishing together.” The boy’s response would indicate his acceptance or confirmation of the fishing plan, thus making “B. Go fishing” the correct answer.12、Listen to the passage and answer the question.Question: How many books did the speaker buy in total?A. Five books.B. Three books.C. Seven books.Answer: AExplanation: The passage would describe a scenario where the speaker goes to the bookstore and mentions the number of books they bought. For example, “I went to the bookstore today and picked up a novel, two textbooks, a reference guide, and a magazine. That makes it five books in total.” This would make “A. Five books” the accurate answer.二、选择题（本大题有12小题，每小题2分，共24分）1.Which of the following is a verb in the present tense?A)WalkedB)WalkingC)WalkD)WalksAnswer: C) WalkExplanation: The verb “walk” in option C is in the base form of the present tense. Option A, “Walked,” is the past tense form; Option B, “Walking,” is the present participle form; and Option D, “Walks,” is the third-person singular present tense form. The question asks for the base form of the present tense.2.What does the word “because” indicate in a sentence?A) A reasonB) A placeC) A timeD) A personAnswer: A) A reasonExplanation: The word “because” is a conjunction that is used to show the reason for something. It indicates the cause or the explanation behind an action or a situation. Therefore, it corresponds to a “reason,” as stated in option A. Options B, C, and D do not accurately describe the function of “because” in a sentence.3、I have a n ew book. It’s_____English book.A. aB. anC. the Answer: B Explanation: 在英语中，当单词的首字母发音为元音音素时，前面应使用不定冠词“an”。

四级英语作业真提范文

四级英语作业真提范文英文回答：In the realm of language acquisition, the role of immersion in target language environments has long been recognized as a pivotal factor in achieving proficiency. Numerous studies have demonstrated that learners who are exposed to a target language in authentic and meaningful contexts exhibit superior language skills compared to those who rely solely on classroom instruction.One of the most compelling benefits of language immersion is its ability to facilitate the development of fluency. By immersing themselves in a target language environment, learners are constantly exposed to the natural flow of speech, including intonation, pronunciation, and colloquialisms. This constant exposure allows them to internalize the language's rhythms and patterns, leading to increased fluency and naturalness in their own speech.Moreover, immersion provides learners withopportunities to engage in meaningful communication with native speakers. Through interactions with local residents, classmates, and colleagues, learners are able to practice their language skills in real-life situations. This authentic communication fosters the development of communicative competence, including the ability to understand and respond to different speech styles, cultural nuances, and pragmatic aspects of the language.Language immersion also contributes to the acquisition of vocabulary and grammar. Learners who are immersed in a target language environment are constantly encountering new words and grammatical structures in context. This frequent exposure helps them to build a rich vocabulary and to develop a deep understanding of the target language's grammar. By observing how native speakers use language in everyday situations, learners can internalize patterns and rules that are often difficult to grasp in a classroom setting.Furthermore, immersion experiences can have profoundcognitive and cultural benefits. By living and interacting in a different cultural environment, learners gain insights into the target language's culture, customs, and values. This understanding not only enhances their language skills but also promotes intercultural competence and a broader worldview.However, it is important to note that language immersion is not a quick fix for language learning. It requires time, effort, and a willingness to embrace the challenges that come with living in a foreign environment. Learners may experience periods of frustration or discouragement, but it is crucial to persevere and to recognize that language acquisition is a gradual process.In conclusion, language immersion is an invaluable tool for language learners who are seeking to achieveproficiency in a target language. By exposing learners to authentic language use, providing opportunities for meaningful communication, and fostering cognitive and cultural growth, immersion experiences can significantly enhance language skills and promote a deeper understandingof the target language and its culture.中文回答：语言习得领域中，浸入目标语言环境的作用长期以来都被认为是达到熟练程度的关键因素。

高中英语数据处理单选题30题

高中英语数据处理单选题30题1.The researcher is conducting a survey to collect data. He needs to ask questions that are _____.A.clear and specificB.vague and generalC.confusing and complexD.ambiguous and difficult答案：A。

本题考查形容词的辨析。

进行调查收集数据时，问题需要清晰具体，这样才能得到有效的数据。

选项B 模糊和笼统不利于收集数据；选项C 令人困惑和复杂会让被调查者难以回答；选项D 模棱两可和困难也不利于数据收集。

2.In an experiment, the scientist wants to collect accurate data. He should use _____ instruments.A.old and inaccurateB.damaged and faultyC.modern and preciseD.outdated and unreliable答案：C。

考查形容词的用法。

要收集准确的数据，需要使用现代且精确的仪器。

选项 A 老旧且不准确、选项B 损坏且有故障、选项D 过时且不可靠的仪器都无法收集到准确数据。

3.When collecting data through questionnaires, it's important to make sure the questions are _____.A.easy to understandB.difficult to comprehendC.confusing and ambiguousplicated and hard to answer答案：A。

通过问卷收集数据时，问题应易于理解。

选项B 难以理解、选项 C 令人困惑且模棱两可、选项 D 复杂且难以回答都不利于收集到有效的数据。

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A Survey on Query Languages g Mark Maky
Abstract
Developing query languages and graphical tools for content-based retrieval have brought much attention to researchers recently. In this paper, we describe a new query language as well as a new design to the graphical user interface (GUI) tailored for geographic information systems (GIS). The material presented here is based on the papers written by Egenhofer 1] and by Voisard 2].
2.2 Requirements for a Spatial Query Language
Table 1. 11 Requirements for spatial query language
2.3 An Extension of SQL
Given these requirements, Egenhofer proposes the Spatial SQL, which is an extension to SQL, as opposed to developing as a new language. The reasons of constructing the language as an extension are as follows: 1. An e ort to standardize SQL as the database query language is recognized, 2
2. SQL is excellent in the retrieval of conventional data (string, integer, text), and 3. SQL is commonly used and known, so that users can learn the extension faster than learning a new language. As an extension of SQL, the new language should provide syntactical means for the three recognized query categories: Queries exclusively about spatial properties, Queries about non-spatial properties, and Queries that combine both spatial and non-spatial properties. It must also preserve all of the alphanumeric functionalities, and the concepts of the host language is retained as well. Because every SQL extension is a superset of the standard SQL, the new language has to live with the aws of SQL. Additional clauses for the treatment of new spatial concepts are undesirable, since the original language is already complex enough. However, the extension does not intend to be a better SQL but to integrate the spatial concept into the language. Often, the query results of spatial information are presented graphically. Users are expected to pose several queries in a row, which produces results that change the contents of the rendering more often than the presentation style; and the users may edit the graphical rendering frequently by changing only the graphical \parameters" of the objects that are already displayed. Given a single, standard display layout is insu cient for complex graphics, such as map, however, storing all map graphics is inappropriate also, because the exact rendering depends on the scale, the area of display, and the content of a drawing, which may be changed quite frequently. On the other hand, if the display instructions are integrated into SQL, the language will be unnecessarily complex and long to be used. Hence, the separation of the query language and the presentation language will solve the problem. The concept of a window session is introduced to simplify the operation of presenting results. In a typical query session (see Figure 1), the user rst de nes the display environment through the display instructions. Then, the user asks queries (which can be a set of queries in a row) with the query language. The display environment stays unchanged while the contents of the drawing are updated as the result of the queries. The user can then change, at their wills, the graphical presentation through the display instructions without changing the contents of the drawing.
Department of Computer Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong. y Department of Computer Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
2 Spatial SQL: A Query and Presentation Language
In recent years, attention has been focused on spatial database, which combines conventional and spatially related data. Along with the advances of data modeling, constraints satisfaction
2.1 Introduction
1
and data retrieval techniques, there still needs a good, intuitive, and easy-to-use interface for the user to query and to edit the information in the database. Egenhofer suggested Spatial SQL 1], which is an extension to the standard SQL, as a query language for retrieving and presenting spatial information. The language tries to preserve the advantages of SQL, while adding useful functionalities for spatial data. To keep the language from becoming unnecessarily complex, a set of display instructions, which is called the Graphical Presentation Language (GPL), is separated from the query language. Egenhofer 1] describes 11 requirements for a spatial query language (see Table 1), that are not covered by the conventional query languages. These requirements are mostly not applicable to textual data in conventional database, because a number of them are related to the graphical presentation of the query results only. Spatial ADT Graphical Presentation Result Combination Context Content Examination Selection By Pointing Display Manipulations Legend Labels Selection of Map Scale Area of Interest An abstract data type \Spatial" with corresponding operations and relationships Display of query results in graphical form, as the most natural form to analyze spatial data Possible combination of one query result with the results of one or more previous queries Display of context (to include information not explicitly requested) Control mechanisms to check the content of a drawing Extended dialog using pointing devices for selection Varying graphical presentation of spatial objects and their parts Descriptive legend Labels for understanding of drawings Produced map should allow user to continue applying their skills on interpreting actual size of objects drawn and the selection of a speci c scale of rendering Tools to restrict the area of interest to a particular geography