Analysis of the Effectiveness-Efficiency Dependence for Image Retrieval
目的论指导下的英文电影字幕翻译
目的论指导下的电影字幕翻译南阳理工学院本科毕业设计（论文）目的论指导下的英文电影字幕翻译Translation of English Film Subtitle under the Guidance ofSkopos Theory学院（系）：外国语学院专业：英语学生姓名：崔艳威学号：051109046授课教师（职称）：张媛媛（讲师）评阅教师：完成日期：2013年1月12日南阳理工学院Nanyang Institute of Technology目的论指导下的英文电影字幕翻译英语专业崔艳威［摘要］随着全球化和电影产业的不断发展，电影，作为世界不同文化交流的重要媒介之一，越来越受到人们的欢迎；然而，对于不同语言、文化背景下的人来说，要看懂一部外语电影则须依赖电影字幕。
高质量的电影字幕，不单单能使受众明白电影的情节，还能使电影的本土文化底蕴保留下来，同时又符合受众的文化背景。
不同于其他主流翻译领域，电影字幕翻译起步较晚，虽然在西方相关学者及从业者的努力下，取得了一些不俗的成就，但总体而言，该领域内仍然缺乏完整的、系统的指导性理论。
在中国电影字幕的翻译起步晚、发展慢、参与的人数少，翻译水平不高、无规范性的组织，这些问题的存在都大大阻碍了我国电影字幕翻译的发展进步。
本文以目的论为指导理论，通过对目的论的主要原则的阐述、电影字幕的特点的分析，将目的论的主要原则转化为适合电影字幕特点的翻译策略，并通过电影实例，将这一指导的实际效果展示给读者，希望对电影字幕翻译的研究有所帮助。
［关键词］目的论；英文电影字幕翻译；翻译Translation of English Film Subtitle under the Guidance ofSkopos TheoryEnglish Major CUI Yan-weiAbstract:With the continuous development of film industry, film, acting as one of the important communication medias of world culture, is getting more and more prevalent. However, as for the audiences with different language and background of culture, understanding a foreign film depends on the film subtitle. Film subtitles with higher level can enable audiences be clear about the plots and contents of a film, maintains the specialty of local culture in a film, and adapts to the audients’ culture background.Compared with other mainstream areas of translation, translation of film subtitle gets to start a little later. Though there have been some impressive achievements with great efforts of relevant scholars and practitioners in the west, systemic and guiding theories in this area are still lacked. In china, the translation of film subtitle is late developed with low quality of translation and standardized norms. Due to all questions above, the development and progress of film translation in China is deeply blocked.The intention of this thesis is, based on the Skopos Theory, to try to turn the main principles of the Skopos Theory into the translation strategies which suit for the characteristics of film subtitle through expounding the main principles of kopos Theory and the analysis of the characteristics of film subtitle. The thesis also quotes many film examples to illustrate the practical effectiveness under the guidance of kopos Theory during the translation, which hopes to be helpful to the translation of film subtitle.Key words:Skopos Theory; film subtitle; translationContentsChapter 1 Characteristics and Functions of English Film Subtitle (6)1.1 Definition of film subtitle (6)1.2 Characteristics of English film subtitle (6)1.2.1 Instantaneousness (6)1.2.2 Popularization (7)1.2.3 Brevity (7)1.2.4 Sense of character (8)1.3 Functions of film subtitle (8)1.3.1Identification function (8)1.3.2 Narrative function (9)1.3.3 Aesthetics function (9)Chapter 2 General Principles of Translation of Film Subtitle (10)2.1 Immediate comprehensibility (10)2.2 Conciseness. (10)2.3 Conformance of culture specificity (11)2.4 Characteristics of roles (11)Chapter 3 Skopos Theory and Strategies of Film Subtitle Translation Under the Theory (13)3.1 Overview of Skopos Theory (13)3.2 Rules of Skopos theory (14)3.2.1 Skopos rule (14)3.2.2 Coherence rule (14)3.2.3 Fidelity rule (14)3.3 Strategies of translation of film subtitle (14)3.3.1 Reduction (14)3.3.2 Expansion (15)3.3.3 Use of Simple grammar and four-character phrases (15)3.3.4 Domestication and Foreignization (16)3.3.5 Free translation (17)Conclusion (18)References (19)Acknowledgements (20)IntroductionThe earliest film was in vented by the Lumie’re brothers.（韩丹,2010:1）[1]December 28th 1895, they for the first time publicly displayed their films Exiting the Factory, Arrival of A Train etc. at a cafe shop in pairs.it declared the birth of the film to the world. At the early stage, films were short (duration lasted from 4 to 40 minutes) and silent and had some language texts inserted between the film images to help audience to understand the plot, which could be regarded as the early film subtitle. From then on, the translation of film subtitle has been started. That kind of translation is obviously simple and primary; however, it was the earliest practice of translation of film subtitle.Film industry has showed its vigorous life since the first film was displayed. As the engine of the film industry in the world, Hollywood’s outstanding achievements are the best example of the whole industry. According to statistics, Hollywood films took nearly 75% of the film market share in china, in the 1930s and 1940s. Under the effect of foreign film industry, in 1905, Ren jingtai and Liu zhonglun produced the film dingjunshan (定军山)and displayed it publicly and freely, which marked the birth of the first film of chin. From then on, the development of China’s film industry found its way gradually.After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, especially after the reform and opening-up policy, China began to introduce foreign film into domestic market with large scale. Watching foreign films became an important way for Chinese to understand foreign country’s local conditions, acquire information, and entertain themselves. Due to the increasing demand and large quantity of annual foreign film production, there were vast foreign films need to be translated. Under this circumstance, compared with the previous way of dubbing, as a comparatively inexpensive and efficient way of language transfer, film subtitle translation became more and more popular in China, because the audience did not have to wait long time for dubbed film versions. At the same time, among viewers there was a growing demand for authenticity that went hand in hand with a better knowledge of foreign languages and cultures in programs. Furthermore, translation of film subtitle met such a tendency that more and more Chinese begin to learn English. The film with subtitle in both English and Chinese became their learning materials. Last but not the least, with the development and wide spreading of internet, the audience could get their films from the internet besides theater. There also came out some organizations engaged in translation of film subtitle, such as UU bird, RenRen etc. All above have make contributions to the development of translation of film subtitle.This thesis focuses on the aspect of Skopos Theory to study the translation of English film subtitle. The characteristics of film subtitle have natively associative property with the content and principles of Skopos Theory. Hence, this theory has practical guiding function in the process of translation of film subtitle. By analyzing the content of Skopos Theory, translator could find theoretical foundation and practical guidance, which can be used in translation process. It may be helpful to improve the present situation of translation of the English film subtitle and make the translation industry more systemic. Another advantage of Skopos Theory is that it can maintain and show the local culture of films clearly as well as be understood easily by the audience after translation, by which Chinese people could get to know more foreign culture through English film. This thesis will quote many film lines, which would be analyzed based on Skopos Theory. Therefore readers may understand the major idea more comfortably.The thesis consists of five chapters: Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the background in which the present study is carried. Chapter 2 analyzes the characteristics and functions of film subtitle. Chapter 3 reviews the contents and development of Skopos Theory and then puts forward the strategies of subtitle translation under such theory. Chapter 5 is a conclusion which summarizes the whole thesis and brings forward suggestion on the field of translation of film subtitle.Chapter 1 Characteristics and Functions of English Film SubtitleThough we are quite familiar with film subtitle, few people can give out specific answer when asked the detailed characteristics and functions of film subtitle. It is of importance to have a clear understanding about the characteristics and functions of film subtitle when we studying the translation of film subtitle. Hence, this part will discuss these issues.1.1 Definition of film subtitleFilm subtitle is a printed statement or fragment of dialogue appearing on the screen between the senses of a silent motion or appearing as translation at the bottom of the screen during scenes of a motion picture or television show in a foreign language. According to Dictionary of Film Art, (电影艺术词典（修订版）2005:220)[2]film subtitle is the general term of Chinese and foreign words appearing on the screen as the form of all kinds of chirography, print hand, embossment, cartoon etc, such as film title, cast, libretto, translation, dialogue, explanation, introduction of roles, place name, date and so on. Deign of the chirography, writing, words size, layout, compositional sketch are all the factors that affect the whole model of a filmAccording to target language, film subtitle could be divided into parallel type and crossed type. The former is used within a same language; the latter is used between different languages.1.2 Characteristics of English film subtitleFilm subtitle has its own characteristics, it will be impossible for a translator to finish translating successfully if he does not notice this point. Film subtitle has the following features which give rise to the special requirements for film subtitle translation1.2.1 InstantaneousnessUnlike books or newspapers which the readers can repeat when they find something difficult to understand, or something interesting, film subtitle just last for very seconds on the screen and then next picture will come out. If audience does not understand the title, what he can do is to continue this process but return them back. It is other case that you watch film at home on CD player or through internet, you can repeat it whenever and wherever you would like. But obviously, it is boring to watch a film in that way. Hence, here comes a requirement that translators must ensure that audiences could understand the translated film subtitleimmediately when they see the film picture or listen to the dialogues without thinking too much of the meaning of the dialogue.1.2.2 PopularizationAs we all know, film is consumed by the public, its audiences are the common people. Therefore, the language used in film must target at common people, in other word, if one film want to be understood by the mass audience, it must use popular words and expression. Sometimes, a film may involves in a specialized or academic topic as well as something local which are unfamiliar for the common people without professional knowledge, in this case, translator should use simple and understandable subtitle to make the audience accept the film. Just as professor Zhang Chunbai said:Most cases，the translator must see to it that the translated dialogue are comprehensible tomost Chinese viewers with a minimum level of education or even those without any schooling such as some illiterate elderly people and preschool children.(张春柏, 1998:26)[3]1.2.3 BrevityDue to time limitation and instantaneousness, film subtitle must be short and concise; it requires that film subtitle should follow the characteristic of brevity to make the audience understand it immediately when film is processing. The audiences have no enough time to follow the plots of film if subtitle is too long. For instance:Rick: It’ll be interesting to see how he manages…Renault: Manage what?Rick: His escape.Renault: Oh, but I just told you…Rick: Stop it…Rick: Twenty thousand Fr says that it isn’t.Renault: Is that a serious wager?Renault: Make it 10,000. I’m only a poor corrupt official.Rick: OK.Renault: Done. （黄琛琪，2007:12）[4]——Casablanca (1942) It is easy to find the sentences with underscore are very short and concise, So that the audiences will not have obstruction when they watch film.1.2.4 Sense of characterLanguage is the reflection of one’s feeling, opinion, values and attitude. Especially in the film, different roles have their unique characteristics, so their language will be marked by their person characteristics. Director is just in this way to shape the character image. Hence, film subtitle should keep balance with the social standing, experience of life, age, education background of a role. For instance: jack sparrow in Pirates of the Caribbean, he is always give us a image with humor and wisdom, so his language is fulfilled with his owe person characteristics.Barbossa: What are you doing?Jack sparrow: What are you doing?Barbossa: No, What are you doing?Jack sparrow: What are you doing?Barbossa: No, What are you doing?Jack sparrow: What are you doing? Hmm. Caption gives the orders on the ship.Barbossa: The caption of this ship is giving orders!Jack sparrow: my ship makes me the caption!Barbossa: They be my charts!Jack sparrow: that makes you chart man! （蔡玲，2010:131）[5]——Pirates of the Caribbean: at World’s End (2007) During the process of fighting for caption, Jack Sparrow repeats Barbossa’s words purposely. In addition to his performance and intonation, we can find that he is so funny. He beat Barbossa by the last sentence. His wisdom is obviously showed by his words.1.3 Functions of film subtitleFilm subtitle has the indispensable function of identification, which has nothing to do with the plot of film. And the narrative function that intervenes in film text to tell audiences the story of one film. As well as the modeling function which is closely related to the style of visual beauty of the whole film and the style of the author.1.3.1Identification functionAlmost all of the films have head leader, tail leader and studios’ logo. Subtitle of studios’ logo is one kind of subtitle which was printed with studio’s name or logo. A studio logo with visual impact and representativeness could win identification from the audiences for long time. Such as 20th Century Fox, Universal and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. Head leader is alwaysthe first serious of images on the screen at the beginning of one film. Generally speaking, it contains film name, film cast, time, place, and brief introduction of the background. Sometimes, tail leader also contains film cast and the words indicating the end of a film, for instance: “END”, “剧终”，“完”etc.1.3.2 Narrative functionFirstly, film subtitle play a significant role in organizing structure of the film. When subtitle runs through the text of a film, it will divide the whole film into several parts. It is very common in many films. For example, in film Inglourious Basterds(2009), director Quentin Tarantino use the structure that all the chapters are interlacing each other to narrate the story. Through this method, the space time and plots which are so far away from each other are connected together.Secondly, film subtitle has the essential influence in the expression of film theme. During the period of silence film, film subtitle is responsible for not only telling the actor’s lines but also responsible for indicating the theme. In Tom Tykwer’s film Run Lola Run, the header subtitle quotes T.S. Eliot’s saying”We shall not cease from exploration and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started, and know the place for the first time”and S. Herberger’s saying “After the game is before the game” The subtitle skillfully unscrambles the plots to the audiences that the character has to restart again and again.Thirdly, film subtitle could exist as the tie of a film to process the film. Danny Boyle’s film Slumdog Millionaire,adopts the way of television giveaway show to link a boy’s growing experience in a slum with a series of questions. At the beginning of the film, subtitle gives out a question as suspense: Jamal Malik is one question away from winning 20million rupees. How did he do it? Then it gives out 4 questions: A: he cheated. B: he’s lucky. C: he’s a genius. D: it is written. At the end of the film, the answer appears on the screen: D: it is written.1.3.3 Aesthetics functionPeople always pay attention to the effect of subtitle style from the view of arts because the model of subtitle has an important influence on the whole aesthetic feeling of a film. Sharp, color, position, typeface, as well as static and dynamic characteristics are all the factors that should be considered into the film design. They are the indispensable parts of an integral film and components of a director’s artistic conception.Chapter 2 General Principles of Translation of Film SubtitleDue to the specialties of film subtitle, the translation of film subtitle has to obey some principles. This part will explain the principles of translation of film subtitle.2.1 Immediate comprehensibilityAccording to the characteristics of instantaneousness, after translation, the version should be understood by the audiences immediately. Film could not be repeated as a book or magazine by audiences whenever and wherever they like. If the film subtitles are too difficult or too complicated to understand, audiences can not finish reading them quickly. As a result, the audiences may miss some dialogues or scenes and cannot return the subtitle back. Therefore, it is the task of translators of subtitle both to ensure the fluency and smoothness of the film subtitles and to let the audiences understand the subtitle without pay too much attention when they watch film. The principle of immediate comprehensibility is the guiding principle of translation of film subtitle. For instance:Trapp: Mm, Fraulein, it is to be…at every meal…or merely…eh…dinner time…that you…int end leading us all through this rare and wonderful new world of indigestion ?——The Sound of Music (1965)(29) [4]Translation 1. 特拉普：小姐，你，你是打算在吃每顿饭的时候，还是只在吃晚饭的时候，把我们带到这种奇妙的消化不良的新世界？Translation 2. 特拉普：小姐，难道每一餐饭，你都非得让我们这样倒胃口吗？In translation1, “把我们带到这种奇妙的消化不良的新世界”will obviously puzzle audience and it is too long. While translation 2 is much better, this expression suits for Chinese convention and could be accepted by Chinese audiences immediately.2.2 Conciseness.In order to provide enough information to the audience within the limited space and time, translation of subtitle must be brief and concise. For example:Sam: Oh. I don’t know, I am stupid. You tell me. You know better than I would.山姆：我很笨，你是专家。
关于绩效的英语小作文
关于绩效的英语小作文英文回答：Performance, a crucial aspect of human behavior, encompasses the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of one's actions. It evaluates the extent to which an individual or organization achieves their desired goals and objectives. Performance measurement is a critical tool for understanding, improving, and optimizing outcomes.Performance Management.A comprehensive performance management system involves setting clear goals and objectives, measuring progress regularly, and providing feedback and coaching to enhance performance. Effective performance management fosters a culture of accountability, transparency, and continuous improvement.Factors Influencing Performance.Numerous factors influence performance, including:Intrinsic Motivation: The internal drive that compels individuals to act without external rewards.Extrinsic Motivation: Rewards or punishments from external sources that encourage desired behavior.Cognitive Ability: The intellectual capacity to acquire knowledge, solve problems, and make decisions.Personality Traits: Stable patterns of behavior that influence how individuals respond to situations and perform tasks.Environment: The physical and social context in which performance occurs, including resources, support systems, and cultural norms.Improving Performance.Improving performance requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both individual and organizational factors. Strategies include:Goal Setting: Establishing specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound goals.Feedback and Coaching: Providing constructive criticism, guidance, and support to help individuals improve their performance.Training and Development: Investing in training programs and resources to enhance skills and knowledge.Performance Rewards: Recognizing and rewarding high levels of performance to incentivize desired behavior.Culture of Innovation and Learning: Fostering a workplace environment that encourages experimentation,risk-taking, and continuous growth.中文回答：绩效。
审计风险外文文献
Independent audit risk analysis and preventive measuresAbstractPrevious studies have utilized a variety of approaches to determine appropriate criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of the internal audit function. For example, considered the degree of compliance with standards as one of the factors which affects internal audit performance. A 1988 research report from the IIA-United Kingdom（IIA-UK，1988）focused on the perceptions of both senior management and external auditors of the value of the internal audit function. The study identified the difficulty of measuring the value of services provided as a major obstacle to such an evaluation. Profitability, cost standards and the effectiveness of resource utilization were identified as measures of the value of services. In its recommendations it highlighted the need to ensure that audit work complies with SPPIA.In the US, Albrecht et al.(1988)studied the roles and benefits of the internal audit function and developed a framework for the purpose of evaluating internal audit effectiveness. They found that there were four areas that the directors of internal audit departments could develop to enhance effectiveness: an appropriate corporate environment, top management support, high quality internal audit staff and high quality internal audit work. The authors stressed that management and auditors should recognize the internal audit function as a value-adding function to the organization. In the UK, Ridley and D’Silva (1997) identified the importance of complying w ith professional standards as the most important contributor to the internal audit function adding value.Key wordsAudit,Risk, Internal Control, AuditingCompliance with SPPIAA number of studies have focused on the SPPIA standard concerned with independence.Clark et al.(1981) found that the independence of the internal audit department and the level of authority to which internal audit staffreport were the two most important criteria influencing the objectivity of their work. Plumlee (1985) focused on potential threats to internal auditor objectivity, particularly whether participation in the design of an internal control system influenced judgements as to the quality and effectiveness of that system. Plumlee found that such design involvement produced bias that could ultimately threaten objectivity.The relationship between the internal audit function and company management more generally is clearly an important factor in determining internal auditor objectivity. Harrell et al. (1989) suggested that perceptions of the views and desires of management could influence the activities and judgement of internal auditors. Also, they found that internal auditors who were members of the IIA were less likely to succumb to such pressure.Ponemon (1991) examined the question of whether or not internal auditors will report sensitive issues uncovered during the course of their work. He concluded that the three factors affecting internal auditor objectivity were their social position in the organization, their relationship with management and the existence of a communication channel to report wrongdoing.The independence of internal audit departmentsCommentators and standard setters identify independence as being a key attribute of the internal audit department. From the questionnaire responses 60 (77%) of the internal audit departments stated that there was a written document defining the purpose, authority and responsibility of the department. In nearly all instances where there was such a document the terms of reference of the internal audit department had been agreed by senior management (93%), the document identified the role of the internal audit department in the organization, and its rights of access to individuals, records and assets (97%), and the document set out the scope of internal auditing (90%). Respondents were asked to assess the extent to which the relevant document was consistent with the specific requirements of SPPIA. In those departments where such a document existed 27 (45%) claimed fullcompliance with SPPIA, 23 (38%) considered their document to be partially consistent with SPPIA. In more than one-third of the departments surveyed either no such document existed (n=18, 23%) or the respondent was not aware whether or not the document complied with SPPIA (n=10, 13%).SPPIA suggests that independence is enhanced when the organization’s board of directors concurs with the appointment or removal of the director of the internal audit department, and that the director of the internal audit department is responsible to an individual of suitable seniority within the organization. It is noticeable that in 47 companies (60%) their responsibilities with regard to appointment, removal and the receipt of reports lay with non-senior management, normally a general manager. SPPIA recommends that the director of the internal audit department should have direct communication with the board of directors to ensure that the department is independent, and provides a means for the director of internal auditing and the board of directors to keep each other informed on issues of mutual interest. The interviews with directors of internal audit departments showed that departments tended to report to general managers rather than the board of directors. Further evidence of the lack of access to the board of directors was provided by the questionnaire responses showing that in almost half the companies, members of the internal audit department have never attended board meetings and in only two companies did attendance take place regularly.Unrestricted access to documentation and unfettered powers of enquiry are important aspects of the independence and effectiveness of internal audit. The questionnaire responses revealed that 34 (44%) internal audit directors considered that they did not have full access to all necessary information. Furthermore, a significant minority (n=11, 14%) did not believe they were free, in all instances, to report faults, frauds, wrongdoing or mistakes. A slightly higher number (n=17, 22%) considered that the internal audit function did not always receive consistent support from senior management.SPPIA identifies that involvement in the design, installation and operating of systems is likely to impair internal auditor objectivity. Respondents were asked how often management requested the assistance of the internal audit department in the performance of non-audit duties. In 37 internal audit departments (47%) surveyed such requests were made sometimes, often or always, and only 27 (35%) departments never participated in these non-audit activities. The interviews revealed that in some organizations internal audit staff was used regularly to cover for staff shortages in other departments.Woodworth and Said (1996)sought to ascertain the views of internal auditors in Saudi Arabia as to whether there were differences in the reaction of auditees to specific internal audit situations according to the nationality of the auditee. Based on 34 questionnaire responses from members of the IIA Dhahran chapter, they found there were no significant differences between the different nationalities. The internal auditors did not modify their audit conduct according to the nationality of the auditee and cultural dimensions did not have a significant impact on the results of the audit.Given the importance of complying with SPPIA, the professional and academic literature emphasizes the importance of the relationship between the internal audit department and the rest of the organization in determining the success or otherwise of internal audit departments (Mints,1972;Flesher,1996;Ridley & Chambers,1998 and Moeller & Witt,1999). This literature focuses on the need for co-operation and teamwork between the auditor and auditee if internal auditing is to be effective.Bethea (1992) sugges ts that the need for good human relations’ skills is important because internal auditing creates negative perceptions and negative attitudes. These issues are particularly important in a multicultural business environment such as Saudi Arabia where there are significant differences in the cultural and educational background of the auditors and auditees Woodworth and Said (1996).Reasons for not having an internal audit departmentOf the 92 company interviews examining the reasons why companies do not have an internal audit function, the most frequent response from 52 companies (57%) was that reliance on the external auditor enabled the company to obtain the benefits that might be obtained from internal audit. Typically, interviewees argued that the external auditor is better, more efficient and saves money. Interviews with the external auditors revealed that client companies could not distinguish clearly between the work and roles of internal and external audit. For example, one external auditor said, there is a misperception of what the external auditor does, they think the external auditor does everything for the company and must discover any problem.Having said this, one external auditor doubted that an internal audit function would add value in all circumstances. When referring to the internal control system he stated,as long as they are happy with the final output, I think the internal audit function will not add value. External auditing eventually will highlight any significant internal control weakness.The second most frequent reason mentioned by interviewees (23 firms, 25%) for not operating an internal audit department was the cost/benefit trade-off. Specifically, 17 firms considered that the small size of the company and the limited nature of its activities meant that it would not be efficient for them to have an internal audit department. The external auditors interviewed were of the opinion that the readily identifiable costs as compared with the more difficult to measure benefits was a factor contributing to this decision.A number of other reasons were given by interviewees for not having an internal audit department. As a consequence of the high costs of conducting internal audit activities, 14 firms used employees who were not within a separate internal audit department to carry out internal audit duties. Eight companies did not think there was a need for internal audit because they believed their internal control systems were sufficient to obviate the needfor internal audit. Five companies did not think that internal audit was an important activity and three felt that their type of the business did not require internal audit. Three respondents mentioned that they did not operate an internal audit department because professional people could not be found to run the department, and six companies did not provide a reason for not having an internal audit department. In 10 companies an internal audit dInternal audit risks include the inherent risks and control risks. The inherent risks is the assumption that has nothing to do with internal accounting controls, the units being audited financial statements and the overall balance of the account of a business or the possibility of a major error, that is caused by the audit unit economic characteristics of business and accounting work itself the formation of the lack of audit risk. Some enterprises such as the lack of due attention to the accounting system, account system complex, reducing clarity of accounting information, reports, use of difficulty, cost, cost of lack of cost accounting concepts. Control risk refers to as a result of inadequate internal control system perfect, weak internal control behavior, not timely detection and correction of a business account or a major error in the formation of audit risk. Sometimes, even if the auditors audited units to confirm the internal control system is unreasonable or out of control in key areas, the amendments proposed by the audit can really suitable for operating activities, but will also create a risk amendment.First, the internal audit risk causes1. The independence of the internal audit agency enoughInternal audit body is set up units in institutions, in the unit under the leadership of the responsible persons to work as a unit of service. Therefore, the independence of internal audit as social audit, the audit process, inevitably affected the interests of the unit constraints. OIA staff faced with the unit leadership was among the leadership and the leadership of the relationship, as well as with various sections, the relationship between colleagues, people are not involved in the leadership of my colleagues is, non-directly related to also indirectly related to the audit process and conclusions will inevitably involve the interests of specific individuals, which inevitably affected the audit process for all categories of personnel interference.2. Internal audit operations personnel ill-equippedThe quality of auditors is to determine the size of audit risk factors. The quality of the audit including those engaged in the audit of the policies and regulations need to level of expertise, experience, skills, audit professional ethics and work responsibilities.Audit experience, the audit staff should have an important skill, the need for the audit practice of the accumulation of experience. China's internal audit staff, many people only familiar with the financial and accounting operations, some auditors do not understand the business activities of this unit and internal controls, audit limited experience. In addition, the internal audit staff responsibilities and professional ethics is the impact of audit risk factors. Because of China's internal guidelines for the work of norms and ethical standards still some gaps, and many internal organs and personnel lack of occupational norms bound and guidance. In short, China's overall quality of the low OIA staff and directly affected the internal audit work carried out by the depth and breadth. Faced with the complexity of today's OIA object and content development, internal audit staff and powerful single force book, which will directly lead to the selection of audit risk.3. Internal audit of the scientific method is not strongChina's system of internal audit is the basis of the audit, with the internal operation and management of environmental complicated models are not suited to carry out this audit internal management audit of the needs, because it is overly dependent on the internal management of enterprises controlled test, in itself a huge potential the risk of internal audit generally use statistical sampling methods, as a result of the sample itself is based on a sample audit of the results of the review can be inferred from the general characteristics, therefore, between the samples and the overall form is bound to a certain degree of error, the formation of audit sampling risk. With the degree of information technology improved, the audited accounting information will be more and more errors and false accounting information doped them, and failed to investigate the possibility of also increasing. Although the survey sample is built on the solid foundation of mathematical theory, but its existence is to allow a certain degree of audit risk. Similarly, a large number of analytical review will also have associated risks, so that the composition of the contents of audit risk is more complicated.4. Internal Audit management systemsInternal audit management system construction and implementation of internal audit is the prerequisite and foundation. Sound and effective internal management system to detect and control of enterprise economic activity occurring in a variety of errors and fraud. T o ensure the quality of internal audit, internal audit organizations should establish a perfect quality control system, however, some audit institutions still lack of prior audit plan, a matter of auditing procedures and audit review of the reporting period; the audit working papers incomplete, generally only Records of audit matters, not the recording of audit staff that the correct audit matters, making the audit review, audit quality control no way; to coordinate the relationship between the audit report as a starting point to certain performance-based, qualitative ambiguous issues. More than the existence of the status quo, making the internal audit quality assurance become an empty talk, let aloneward off risks.Second, reduce the risk of internal audit ways1. Strengthen the internal audit of the legal systemImprove and perfect the legal system for the audit of internal audit is the basis of risk control measures. Audit norms, the audit staff code of conduct and guidelines, not only to control and reduce audit risk, but also to measure auditors liability standards. China's internal audit late start compared with Western countries in the relevant system-building there are many imperfections. In order to adapt to the continuous development of modern internal audit requirements, it is necessary to strengthen the audit work of legalization and standardization construction to minimize the audit work of blindness and randomness.2. T o ensure the independence of internal auditThe independence of the internal auditor can make a fair and impartial professional judgment, which is appropriate to carry out the audit work is essential. The independence of internal audit bodies connotation should be reflected mainly in the form of independence and de facto independence in two ways. Formal independence requirements of internal audit in the organization of organizations with high status, the internal auditor should have access to senior management and board of directors support. Essentially refers to an independent internal audit staff in the spirit of the need to maintain the necessary independence, should be a fair and just manner and avoid conflicts of interest, in carrying out internal audit work, to maintain an honest belief in compliance with the Code of Ethics for the entire audit process does not make a significant compromise.Access to senior management and board of directors support. Essentially refers to an independent internal audit staff in the spirit of the need to maintain the necessary independence, should be a fair and just manner and avoid conflicts of interest, in carrying out internal audit work, to maintain an honest belief in compliance with the Code of Ethics for the entire audit process does not make a significant compromise.References:[1] Qiu Jia: On the internal audit and internal control relationship. Consumer Guide, 2008.2:84[2] Fan Wen-Yan ,etc: On the internal audit function of the advisory services. Network wealth 2008.06:52 ~ 53[3] Duan Lin: Internal Audit: Risk Management grasps. China's oil companies, 2007.12:31 ~ 33[4] Liu Li: Corporate Internal Audit Risk Analysis and Countermeasures to circumvent. Commercial accounting, 2008.12:46 ~ 47[4] Zhao Qing: Reduce the risk of internal audit ways. Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Journal, 2008.02:17 ~ 20[5] Zhang Xiao-Lan,etc: internal audit risks and preventive measures. Leshan Teachers College Journal, 2007.08:52 ~ 53[6]Zhou Li-Qiong: enterprise internal audit risk management. Entrepreneurs world, 2007.10:77 ~ 80。
英语专业毕业论文(纯英文)
English Major Graduation ThesisIntroductionThe aim of this thesis is to investigate the impact of technology on the teaching and learning of English as a second language. Over the past few decades, technology has greatly changed the way we live and communicate with each other. English language teaching is no exception to this trend, with technology now playing a crucial role in educational settings around the world.The purpose of this study is to identify the specific ways in which technology has impacted English language education and to evaluate the effectiveness of these new methods. The findings of this research can help educators better understand the benefits and limitations of using technology in the classroom, and can inform future developments in teaching techniques and language learning.Literature ReviewThe use of technology in education has been growing rapidly in recent years. Many studies have examined the impact of technology on language learning, and a growing body of research has focused on the use of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, in language teaching.One of the key benefits of technology in language learning is flexibility. Digital materials, such as online courses, e-books, and multimedia resources, offer learners the ability to learn anytime and anywhere. In particular, mobile devices afford a high degree of flexibility, enabling learners to study on the go, outside of formal classroom settings.Another benefit of technology is the ability to provide personalized learning. With the use of online platforms and tools, educators can adapt their teaching to individual learners’ needs, providing a more effective and efficient learning experience. For example, automated language learning platforms can provide personalized feedback and support, allowing learners to work at their own pace and improve their language proficiency.However, there are also some limitations to using technology in language learning. One of the key challenges is the need for digital literacy, particularly among older learners or those with limited access to technology. In addition, the cost of implementing technology in the classroom can be a barrier, particularly for low-income students or schools.Research MethodologyTo investigate the impact of technology on English language teaching and learning, this study employs a mixed-methods research approach. This includes both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis.The qualitative component of the study involves semi-structured interviews with English language educators and learners, as well as classroom observations and analysis of digital materials used in teaching. The quantitative component includes a survey of English language learners, involving both open-ended and closed-ended questions.Data analysis will involve both coding of qualitative data and statistical analysis of the survey data. The study will also include a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of traditional teaching methods versus technology-enhanced teaching methods.ConclusionThe growing use of technology in education and the increasing demand for English language proficiency have made it essential to understand the impact of technology on English language teaching and learning. This study aims to provide insights into the effectiveness of technology in language education, identify the benefits and challenges of using technology, and inform future developments in language teaching techniques.The findings of this research can be used by educators and policy-makers to improve the quality and accessibility of English language education, particularly in countries where English is not the primary language. By understanding the potential of technology in language learning, educators can create more effective and efficient teaching methods that meet the needs of learners in the 21st century.。
设计质量分析报告英文
设计质量分析报告英文IntroductionThis design quality analysis report aims to evaluate the overall quality of the design of a product or system. The focus of this report is to assess the design's effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction in order to identify strengths and areas for improvement.MethodologyTo conduct this analysis, a comprehensive review of the design was performed, including an examination of the design documents, mockups, and prototypes. Additionally, user feedback and usability testing results were considered to provide insights into the real-world performance and satisfaction with the design.Design EffectivenessClarity and UnderstandabilityThe design demonstrates a high level of clarity and understandability. The use of clear and concise labels, instructions, and icons allows users to easily comprehend the system's functionalities and operations. This ensures that users can effectively engage with the product or system without confusion or frustration.Navigation and Information ArchitectureThe navigation and information architecture of the design are commendable. The hierarchical organization of information, logicalgrouping of related functions, and intuitive navigation paths make it easy for users to explore and locate desired features and content. This contributes to a seamless user experience and enhances the overall effectiveness of the design.Design EfficiencySpeed and PerformanceThe design exhibits excellent speed and performance characteristics. The system response time is consistently fast, ensuring minimal delays or waiting times for users. The design's efficient use of system resources further enhances its performance, creating a smooth and responsive user interface.Task EfficiencyThe design allows users to accomplish tasks efficiently and effectively. Frequently used functions are readily accessible, minimizing the number of steps required to perform common actions. Error prevention mechanisms and clear feedback also contribute to task efficiency by reducing the occurrence of errors and enabling users to quickly recover from mistakes.User SatisfactionAesthetic AppealThe design possesses a high level of aesthetic appeal. The use of visually appealing color schemes, layout compositions, and typography createsan engaging and enjoyable user interface. Users are likely to be drawn to the design's visually pleasing elements, resulting in a positive initial impression and increased user satisfaction.Emotional ResponseThe design successfully elicits positive emotional responses from users. The use of interactive and playful elements, such as animations and sound effects, creates an enjoyable and stimulating user experience. The design also demonstrates empathy towards users by offering intuitive, helpful features and reducing cognitive load. These aspects contribute to overall user satisfaction.ConclusionBased on the analysis conducted, the design of the product or system under evaluation exhibits a high level of quality. The design is effective in terms of clarity, understandability, and navigation, allowing users to easily engage with the system. It is efficient, demonstrating excellent speed, performance, and task efficiency. Furthermore, the design caters to user satisfaction through its aesthetic appeal and ability to elicit positive emotional responses. Overall, the design meets or exceeds expectations, demonstrating a commitment to user-centric design principles.。
有效市场假说专业英语小作文
Efficient Market Hypothesis: An Analysis The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is a cornerstone of modern financial theory, positing that markets are, in essence, efficient at incorporating new information and reflecting it accurately in asset prices. This hypothesis, first formally articulated by Eugene Fama in the 1970s, has generated considerable debate and scrutiny within the academic and practical realms of finance.At its core, the EMH assumes that in a competitive market, asset prices reflect all available information. This includes fundamental data such as earnings, dividends, and macroeconomic indicators, as well as market sentiment and psychological factors. According to the EMH, market participants are rational and act in their best interests, quickly adjusting their expectations and trading behavior in response to new information.The EMH further categorizes markets into three forms of efficiency: weak, semi-strong, and strong. Weak form efficiency suggests that past prices cannot be used to predict future prices, negating the effectiveness of technical analysis. Semi-strong form efficiency goes a stepfurther, asserting that prices reflect all publicly available information, rendering fundamental analysis ineffective. Finally, strong form efficiency posits that prices incorporate even private or insider information, making it impossible for any investors, regardless of their access to information, to consistently outperform the market.The EMH has significant implications for investors and policymakers. For investors, it suggests that attempting to beat the market through superior analysis or timing is futile, as markets are already efficiently pricing assets. Instead, investors should focus on diversification and risk management to achieve their financial goals. For policymakers, the EMH underscores the importance of maintaining transparent and well-functioning markets, as any regulatory interventions or distortions could potentially undermine market efficiency.However, critics of the EMH argue that markets are not always rational or efficient. Behavioral finance, a discipline that incorporates psychological and sociological insights into financial decision-making, challenges theEMH's rational actor assumption. Behavioralists point to various biases and heuristics that can lead investors to make suboptimal decisions, suggesting that markets may not always reflect all available information accurately.Moreover, empirical studies have sometimes found evidence contrary to the EMH. For instance, certain market anomalies, such as the existence of momentum strategies or the persistent performance of certain active managers, suggest that there may be opportunities to outperform the market through superior analysis. Additionally, the occurrence of market crashes and bubbles has been interpreted as evidence of market inefficiency, as prices seem to deviate significantly from their fundamental values during these periods.In conclusion, the Efficient Market Hypothesis remains a controversial yet influential concept in finance. While it provides a useful framework for understanding market behavior, its validity continues to be tested and debated by academics and practitioners alike. The EMH serves as a reminder of the challenges inherent in predicting and influencing market outcomes, while also highlighting theimportance of maintaining transparent and well-functioning markets.**有效市场假说分析**有效市场假说（Efficient Market Hypothesis，简称EMH）是现代金融理论的基石之一，该假说认为市场本质上能够有效地整合新信息，并准确反映在资产价格中。
8D中英文对照
Inhibitors to Efficient Problem Solving: 阻碍有效解决问题的几大因素:
• Problem is not described correctly. • 未正确阐述问题。 – The problem description must be focused enough for the team to handle effectively. – 问题阐述必须被足够重视，使团队能有效解决。 • The problem solving effort is excessively expedited. • 问题解决过分迅速。 – Steps are skipped to obtain a quick solution. – 为快速获得问题解决方案而省略一些步骤。 • Poor team participation. • 团队参与性差 – Not all the team members participated effectively. – 并非所有团队成员都能有效参与。 – The team failed to consider all the possible causes. – 团队未将问题起因考虑周全。 • No logical thought process used. • 未采纳合理思考过程。 – Problem solving effort lacks the discipline to prioritize, analyze and review the problem. – 解决问题过程中缺少对其分类、分析和评估的规则。
团队必须具有一位能在整个过程中驾驭全体人员的领导。 The team must have a Champion that will be able to
智能制造能力成熟度评估方法国标
智能制造能力成熟度评估方法国标Assessing the maturity of intelligent manufacturing capabilities is a crucial aspect of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of manufacturing processes in the current digital era. 智能制造能力成熟度评估方法国标是评估当前数字时代制造流程效率和有效性的重要方面。
The need for a standardized method for assessing the maturity of intelligent manufacturing capabilities arises from the rapid advancements in technology and the increasing complexity of manufacturing processes. 需要一个标准化的评估方法来评估智能制造能力成熟度，这源于技术的快速发展和制造过程日益增加的复杂性。
With the integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things into manufacturing, it has become essential to have a comprehensive framework for evaluating the maturity of intelligent manufacturing capabilities. 随着人工智能、大数据和物联网等技术进入制造业，有一个全面的评估智能制造能力成熟度的框架变得至关重要。
One perspective to consider when developing a standardized method for assessing the maturity of intelligent manufacturing capabilities is the alignment with industry best practices. 在制定评估智能制造能力成熟度的标准方法时，一方面要考虑与行业最佳实践的对齐。
功能评估报告英文缩写
功能评估报告英文缩写Functionality Evaluation Report (FER)1. IntroductionThe Functionality Evaluation Report (FER) provides an assessment of the various functionalities of a system or software application. This report aims to analyze the effectiveness, efficiency, and performance of the system or application based on specified criteria.2. ObjectivesThe objectives of this FER are as follows:- Evaluate the system's overall functionality and usability- Identify any functionality gaps or issues that may exist- Determine the system's effectiveness in meeting user requirements- Assess the system's efficiency and performance- Recommend improvements or enhancements to enhance functionality3. MethodologyThe evaluation methodology is based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. This includes:- Analysis of system documentation and specifications- Review of system functionality through user testing and task analysis- Surveys and interviews with system users to gather feedback on functionality- Performance testing to assess the system's speed, reliability, and stability- Comparison with industry benchmarks and best practices4. Findings and AnalysisBased on the evaluation, the following findings were identified: - The system provides a comprehensive range of functionalities to meet user requirements.- User feedback indicates a high level of satisfaction with the system's functionality.- However, there are some minor functionality gaps, such as missing features and sub-optimal user interfaces.- Performance testing demonstrates that the system meets acceptable speed and reliability standards.- The system's functionality is generally efficient, with users able to complete their tasks effectively.5. RecommendationsTo enhance the system's functionality, the following recommendations are suggested:- Address the identified functionality gaps by implementing missing features and improving user interfaces.- Conduct regular user feedback sessions to gather suggestions for enhancing system functionality.- Continuously update the system to align with industry best practices and standards.- Optimize system performance by identifying and resolving any bottlenecks or performance issues.- Provide training and support to users to enhance their understanding and utilization of system functionalities.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, the Functionality Evaluation Report provides an assessment of the system's functionality, usability, and performance. The findings indicate that the system generally meets user requirements and is effective in enabling users to complete their tasks. However, there is room for improvement in terms of addressing functionality gaps and enhancing user interfaces. By implementing the recommended actions, the system's functionality can be further enhanced, leading to a more efficient and user-friendly system.。
Engineering Design and Analysis
Engineering Design and Analysis Engineering Design and Analysis is a crucial aspect of any engineering project. It involves the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design, analyze, and evaluate the performance of various systems. This process requires a deep understanding of the problem at hand, the available resources, and thedesired outcome. In this response, I will discuss the importance of engineering design and analysis from multiple perspectives. From an engineering perspective, design and analysis are the foundation of any successful project. It allows engineers to identify the requirements and constraints of a system, develop potential solutions, and evaluate their feasibility. By thoroughly analyzing the design options, engineers can optimize the performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of the system. This ensures that the final product meets the desired specifications and performs as intended. Moreover, engineering design andanalysis also play a crucial role in risk management. By identifying potentialrisks and uncertainties early in the design process, engineers can develop strategies to mitigate them. This includes conducting thorough analyses, such as failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) and fault tree analysis (FTA), to identify potential failure modes and their consequences. By addressing these risks proactively, engineers can enhance the safety and reliability of the system. From a business perspective, engineering design and analysis are essential for ensuring the competitiveness and profitability of a company. By optimizing the design, engineers can reduce production costs, improve energy efficiency, and enhance product performance. This can give a company a competitive advantage in the market, leading to increased sales and customer satisfaction. Additionally, by conducting thorough analyses, engineers can identify potential design flaws or inefficiencies before the product is manufactured, saving both time and money. Furthermore, engineering design and analysis also have significant societal impacts. By developing sustainable and environmentally friendly designs, engineers canminimize the negative impacts on the environment. This includes reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste generation, and using eco-friendly materials. Additionally, engineering design and analysis can also contribute to the development of innovative solutions to societal challenges, such as renewableenergy systems, efficient transportation networks, and clean water technologies. In conclusion, engineering design and analysis are crucial for the success of any engineering project. From an engineering perspective, it allows for the optimization of system performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. From a business perspective, it ensures competitiveness and profitability. From a societal perspective, it contributes to sustainability and the development of innovative solutions. Therefore, it is essential for engineers to invest time and effort in the design and analysis phase of a project to ensure its success and positive impact.。
单片机的垃圾桶设计外文翻译
单片机的垃圾桶设计外文翻译IntroductionWith the rapid development of smart cities and the Internet of Things (IoT), there is an increasing demand for intelligent garbage disposal systems. Microcontroller-based trash bins have emerged as a popular solution to effectively manage waste. In this document, we will provide a translation of the design of a microcontroller-based garbage bin.AbstractThis paper presents the design and implementation of a smart garbage bin based on a microcontroller. The system aims to improve the efficiency of waste management and promote the concept of smart cities. The bin is equipped with various sensors and actuators, allowing it to detect, classify, and compress garbage automatically. The microcontroller serves as the brain of the system, controlling the operation of the bin and processing data from the sensors. The design also includes a user interface and communication capabilities to facilitate remote monitoring and control. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed system in garbage management.Design OverviewThe microcontroller-based trash bin consists of several key components:1.Microcontroller: The heart of the system,responsible for controlling the operation of the bin andprocessing data from sensors.2.Sensors: Various sensors are integrated into the binto detect and monitor the garbage. These include weightsensors, infrared sensors, and gas sensors.3.Actuators: The bin is equipped with actuators toperform specific tasks based on the data from the sensors.These include motors for garbage compression and lidopening/closing mechanisms.er Interface: A user interface is provided forusers to interact with the bin. This can be in the form of a display panel and buttons for configuration, statusindication, and error reporting.munication Module: The bin incorporates acommunication module, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, toenable remote monitoring and control. This allows the bin to send data to a centralized server for analysis and receive commands for operation.System OperationThe microcontroller-based garbage bin operates in the following steps:1.Garbage Detection: The various sensors integratedinto the bin detect the presence of garbage. The weightsensors measure the weight of the garbage, while theinfrared sensors detect the proximity of objects. The gassensors monitor the presence of harmful gases emitted by the garbage.2.Garbage Classification: The collected data from the sensors is processed by the microcontroller to determine the type of garbage. This information is used to classify the garbage into different categories, such as recyclable, organic, or hazardous.3.Garbage Compression: Based on the classification results, the microcontroller activates the garbage compression mechanism if necessary. This helps to reduce the volume of the garbage and optimize the bin’s capacity.4.Lid Control: The microcontroller controls the opening and closing of the lid based on user interaction or sensor data. For example, the lid can be programmed to open automatically when a user approaches or when a certain level of garbage is reached.er Interaction: The user interface allows users to configure the bin’s settings, check the status of the bin, and receive error notifications. This enhances the user experience and promotes proper use of the garbage bin.6.Remote Monitoring and Control: The communication module enables remote monitoring and control of the garbage bin. Users can access the bin’s data and receive real-time updates on their smartphones or through a centralized server. This facilitates efficient garbage management and provides valuable insights for optimization.ConclusionIn conclusion, the design of a microcontroller-based garbage bin offers an intelligent solution for efficient waste management. The integration of various sensors, actuators, and a microcontroller allows for automatic garbage detection, classification, and compression. The user interface and communication capabilities enhance user experience and enable remote monitoring and control. The proposed system has been proven effective in garbage management, contributing to the development of smart cities and sustainable waste disposal practices.References[1] Author, A. B. (Year). Title of the paper. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Page numbers.[2] Author, C. D. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.。
湖北省高中名校2024届高三上学期第二次联合测评英语试卷(含答案)
湖北省高中名校2024届高三上学期第二次联合测评英语试卷学校：___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、阅读理解There are always the same number of restaurants on The Top 100, but every year offers more-more quality, more variety, more surprises. What never changes is how a restaurant gets on the list-wonderful food well served in an inviting setting, among which are some Chinese restaurants.Long Island PekinLong Island Pekin reminds us of the first Chinese foods many of us fell in love with: the roast duck and pork, the to me in and fried rice, the steamed dumplings and pot stickers. There are more than a dozen dumplings and buns to start the meal, three types of noodles and then meats roasted in the “hung oven”, including Peking duck.New Fu RunNew Fu Run has been serving the cuisine of Dongbei in Great Neck since 2017. Dongbei cooking tends to be earthier than Cantonese and not as spicy as Sichuan. Treat your taste buds (味蕾) to a cold starter of country-style beef with cucumber and the signature dish-Cumin Lamb Chop. Longing for something more familiar? Call three days in advance and New Fu Run will prepare a three-course meal based on Peking Duck.Splendid NoodleIt’s always a splendid occasion when there’s a chef twisting, pounding and swinging ropes of wheat noodles in the air. The most sought-after Chinese noodle houses have an open kitchen where the acrobatics (杂技) are on display. The Stony Brook shop offers this wavy noodle as well as a couple cold noodle dishes in light sesame sauce.1．What qualifies a restaurant to get on the list of The Top 100?A. Unique dishes.B. A splendid occasion.C. Great food and environment.D. More quality, variety and surprises.2．What do Long Island Pekin and New Fu Run have in common?A. They serve spicy food.B. They offer Peking DuckC. They have a cooking display.D. They require advance reservations. 3．Where is this text most probably taken from?A. A cuisine book.B. A restaurant guideC. A restaurant marketing plan.D. An online food delivery platform.My kids sit in Gee’s living room and carefully lift antique Christmas ornaments (装饰品) out of a delicate cardboard box. They gasp when they discover a tiny stuffed cat. Gee stands beside them, quietly explaining each treasure. “Ella, the story is that Tom and I built our ornament collection piece by piece during each year’s after-Christmas sale.” she tells me. She smiles as we leave with the box. Her precious treasures, gathered over a lifetime, have found a new home.We first met Tom and Gee in the early days of our marriage. Someone had been returning our garbage cans to the garage each garbage day, and Jim and I had wondered who. Then one day we spotted him: an elderly man who lived across the street.I baked cookies and left them on a stool outside the garage with a thank-you note. When we got home from work that day, a typed letter had replaced the gift. The letter was from Tom and explained how he had come to walk the neighborhood on garbage day, returning cans for people he barely knew. A few years after we’d moved in, Tom died. We photocopied that letter and attached it to one of our own for Gee. We told her how special Tom had been to us. She wrote back and told us she still talked to Tom every day. When Gee invited us over to look through Christmas ornaments, I realized how hard it must be to part with that box, a piece of Tom.Th ese days, we’re piling up boxes of our own. We’re planning a move. The house that seemed so huge six years ago is filled to capacity with furniture and books and toys and of course people. We know it’s time to go, and yet we can’t seem to stick the For Sal e sign up on the lawn. Gaining a third bedroom and maybe an office sometimes seems like an awful trade for all we stand to lose.The moving boxes are still neatly packed in our basement, but Jim and I agree to wait until January. This Christmas, we’ll decorate our tree with Gee’s ornaments, out of the box that is labeled in Tom’s handwriting. Maybe I’ll talk to him just as Gee still does.4．In which way did Gee and Tom build their ornament collection?A. They developed it through donations.B. They accumulated it from antique shops.C. They gathered it from their Christmas gifts.D. They acquired it through years of purchase.5．What do we know about Tom?A. He left his good deed a mystery.B. He meant significantly to Jim and Ella.C. He worked for the cleaning department.D. He volunteered to guard the neighborhood.6．What can we learn from the text?A. It is very tough for Gee to give away the box.B. Ella and Jim are eager to move to the new house.C. Ella thinks it is a good deal to gain an extra room.D. Ella’s Christmas tree is labeled in Tom’s handwriting.7．Which word best describes the author’s attitude to Gee and Tom?A. Faithful.B. Sympathetic.C. Affectionate.D. Tolerant.Farming is destroying the planet, but there could be a much more environmentally friendly way to feed ourselves: using renewable energy to turn carbon dioxide into food. “This is becoming a reality,” says Pasi Vainikka at Solar Foods, a company that is building the first commercial-scale factory that will be able to make food directly from CO2.There can be no doubt that immediate attention to find greener ways to grow food is required. Conventional agriculture, including organic farming, causes damage to the environment in many ways. It requires a lot of land, leading to habitat loss and deforestation. It is also the source of a third of all greenhouse gas emissions and releases other pollutants. It isn’t very efficient, either. Crops typically transform less than 1 percent of light energy into usable biomass (生物量).Instead, Solar Foods plans to avoid photosynthesis (光合作用) altogether, and grow bacteria that use hydrogen as their source of energy. At the factory, renewable electricity will be used to split water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen will be added to large containers, where the bacteria grow, along with CO2 and ammonia (氮气). The end result will be a yellow powder called Solein.Solein is made of bacterial cells and is up to 70 percent protein. It can be used as an ingredient in all kinds of foods. “We are aiming at replacing animal-sourced proteins, which we think have the highest environmental impact,” says Vainikka.Compared with plant crops, Solein will use 100 times less water per kilogram of protein produced, 20 times less land and emit a fifth as much CO2, according to Solar Foods. There are other benefits, too: factories could be situated anywhere in the world and production won’t be affected by weather conditions.“With Solar Foods and other companies scaling up thei r systems, this is truly beginning a new era of agriculture,” says Dorian Leger at Connectomix Bio in Germany. “I think thesetrends are exciting and will help bend the carbon curve as well as lead to improved global food supply security.”8．What is the au thor’s purpose in mentioning conventional agriculture in paragraph 2?A. To demonstrate its influence on crops.B. To compare different farming methods.C. To provide an example of agricultural types.D. To highlight the urgent need for alternatives.9．What is mainly presented in paragraph 3 concerning Solein?A. Its storage condition.B. Its production process.C. Its ingredient materialsD. Its investment potential.10．All of the following are the features of Solein except __________.A. it is protein-richB. it is resource-efficientC. its production is weather-sensitiveD. its production is location-independent11．Which statement would Dorian Leger probably agree with?A. The prospect of Solein remains to be seen.B. Solein can help achieve global food safety.C. Solein will dominate the agricultural development.D. The use of Solein may help reduce carbon emissions.People in long-term pain are often offered antidepressants, but a review has found little evidence to support using most such drugs in this way.It is estimated that about 1 in 5 people have ongoing pain, with a variety of causes and in various locations. However, treatment options are limited. While opioid-based medicines (阿片类药物) are effective for new-onset pain, they can be addictive when used long term. Anti-inflammatory drugs (抗炎药物) can treat pain, but can damage organs with extended use.This may be why some doctors offer antidepressants as treatment for long-term pain, even though the drugs generally aren’t licensed fo r such use. Some people with chronic (慢性的) pain are also depressed or anxious, so doctors could see the medicines as primarily helping with these conditions. but antidepressants are also thought to have a separate painkilling effect. The mechanism is unknown, but one idea is that it stems fromFerreira and his colleagues conducted a review with a detailed breakdown of the existing evidence, making a thorough analysis of the outcomes of 156 randomized trials involving more than 25. 000 participants. They looked at the effectiveness of eight types of antidepressant at treating 22 pain conditions. The team discovered there was no good evidence for the effectiveness of most of the drugs. Only one class showed evidence of effectiveness, but even this class reduced pain only modestly, by less than 10 points on a scale of 0 to 100.The analysis comes to different conclusions than a 2021 review by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), which said antidepressants were the only class of medicines that doctors should consider for chronic pain, although this should only be after discussing the potential benefits and harms. The difference in conclusions may be because the latest analysis considered each pain condition separately, says Ferreira.Cathy Stannard, who advised on the NICE gu idelines, says the new review doesn’t mean antidepressants should be ruled out. “Some people will get a useful benefit and there’s no way of predicting who. “But there is unlikely to be any “magic bullet” for chronic pain, says Stannard.12．What contributes to the use of antidepressants to treat long-term pain?A. They have a dramatic painkilling effect.B. They have gained approval for treating it.C. They are believed to possess no side effects.D. They are thought to be multifunctional drugs.13．What does the underlined word “dampening” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Worsening.B. Stimulating.C. Relieving.D. Causing14．How did Ferreira and his team carry out the review?A. By analyzing the results of previous studies.B. By observing patients’ react ions to antidepressants.C. By conducting interviews with over 25, 000 participants.D. By repeating the trials of antidepressants on participants.15．What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Antidepressants rarely ease painB. The painkilling effect of antidepressantsC. How to tackle long-term painful conditionsD. Antidepressants: “magic bullets” for chronic pain二、七选五16．How to stop procrastinating (拖延) and make a start Procrastinating is as much about fear as it is about motivation. Perhaps you have avoided paying bills, outlining a proposal or asking someone out. ① Fortunately, here are four tips to get you moving again.Little steps for big tasks.Most proc rastinators tell themselves, “I’ll wait until I’m in the mood. “Let’s face it: you’re never going to feel like balancing your cheque-book or cleaning up the mess on your desk. These are boring, unpleasant tasks. ② One way to do this is to break your job into steps that can be accomplished bit by bit.③Those who procrastinate often assume that successful people achieve their goals without frustration, self-doubt and failure. This is unrealistic. Highly productive people know that life is frustrating. They assume they’ll encounter obstacles; when they do, they persevere until they overcome them.Tune out negative thoughts.When you’re avoiding a task, it may be because you’re feeding yourself unrealistic, negative messages. ④Once you change your negative thoughts, energy returns.Give yourself credit.⑤But if you never allow yourself to feel satisfied with your efforts, you’ll soon find it pointless to try. So, no matter how small the achievement is, give yourself credit. Then you can tackle your toughest task.However, if you are sure that there are good reasons why you avoid doing something, you may need to re-evaluate your goals.A. Never give up.B. Expect difficulties.C. Sometimes you simply have to get yourself goingD. We usually think of rewards as coming from the outside.E. By writing them down, you have a chance of ridding them.F. Be here now, and don’t worry about things you have to do in the future.G. Whatever the thing, putting it off often becomes a bigger problem than actually doing it.三、完形填空（15空）There was a time in my life when I lost everything. Infected by a rare bacterium, I lostlost everything else.had nowhere to live and had to move back in with my parents.and true integrity.When bad things happen, it doesn’t mean that better things aren’t down the line. We just17．A. rose up B. rolled up C. ended up D. turned up18．A. temper B. patience C. cooperation D. touch19．A. status B. wealth C. fame D. career20．A. purpose B. trust C. loss D. shame21．A. conflict B. crisis C. divorce D. departure22．A. poverty B. despair C. confusion D. trouble23．A. hope B. relief C. courage D. strength24．A. fight B. respond C. twist D. heal25．A. declined B. performed C. returned D. changed26．A. accidentally B. cautiously C. quickly D. deliberately27．A. compared B. discussed C. integrated D. simplified28．A. entered B. influenced C. benefited D. shaped29．A. friendly B. flexible C. strategic D. romantic30．A. revealed B. marked C. preserved D. recorded31．A. get close to B. hold on to C. let go of D. take notice of四、短文填空32．The opening ceremony of the Hangzhou Asiad took place on Saturday evening at the Hangzhou Olympic Sports Center Stadium. Over 100 million people ①____________ (join) on digital platforms watched lighting up the cauldron () “The collective participation of people in the lighting of the cauldron symbolizes the vision of a human community with a ②____________ (share) future, “Sha Xiaolan, chief directo r and producer for the Hangzhou Asian Games opening ceremony, said at ③____________ press conference. “I want to thank my team ④____________ their outstanding efforts, “Sha said, adding “Tonight we took one step further’.”AR technologies were ⑤____________ (main) featured at the opening ceremony, including the AR-generated dome (that displayed flying sports ⑥____________ (equip) and the AR-generated waterfall that served as a backdrop.“It was the first time that 3D dual aerial performance technology ⑦____________ (use) in a major stadium, and it was very challenging. It was great team efforts ⑧____________ contributed to the presentation of the energetic and surging momentum,” Meng, the executive director, commented.The production team also extended their gratitude to the performers, of ⑨____________ the majority are university students. Executive director Gao Yan said, “They volunteered their time and efforts ⑩____________ (make) the Hangzhou Asian Games a success.”五、书面表达33．假定你是李华，你校于上周五举行了趣味运动会，你的新西兰朋友Terry很想了解该活动，请你给他写一封邮件，内容包括：1. 趣味运动会情况：2. 你的感受和收获。
重载铁路再生制动能量利用方案研究
第16卷第1期2021年3月电气工程学报Vol.16 No.1Mar. 2021DOI：10.11985/2021.01.020重载铁路再生制动能量利用方案研究刘华伟1耿安琪2何正友2胡海涛2张宏伟2(1. 神华包神铁路集团有限责任公司包头014010；2. 西南交通大学电气工程学院成都611756)摘要：重载铁路运输作为铁路的重要发展方向之一，具有效率高、成本低且运能大的特点。
近年来，我国重载铁路运能不断提高的同时，也使得能源消耗问题日益凸显。
针对如何实现重载铁路的节能降耗，提出了一种基于混合储能的再生制动能量利用方案，通过利用蓄电池和超级电容器在性能上的互补性，实现混合储能系统对重载铁路再生制动能量的高效利用。
结合神朔铁路的实测数据，对该条线路的负荷情况进行了分析，并针对混合储能系统设计了有效的能量管理策略，最后在实测数据的基础上对系统的经济性进行了评估。
分析结果验证了提出能量管理策略的有效性，以及再生制动能量利用方案具有很好的经济性。
关键词：重载铁路；再生制动能量；混合储能；经济性中图分类号：TM711Research on Energy Utilization Scheme of Regenerative Braking forHeavy Haul RailwayLIU Huawei1GENG Anqi2HE Zhengyou2HU Haitao2ZHANG Hongwei2(1. Shenhua Baoshen Railway Group Co. Ltd., Baotou 014010;2. School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756)Abstract：As one of the important development directions of railroad, heavy-duty railroad transportation has the characteristics of high efficiency, low cost and large capacity. In recent years, while China heavy-duty railroad capacity has been increasing, it also makes the problem of energy consumption increasingly prominent. A hybrid energy storage based regenerative braking energy utilization scheme is proposed to realize the efficient utilization of regenerative braking energy for heavy-duty railroads by using the complementary performance of storage battery and supercapacitor. The load conditions of the line are analyzed with the measured data of the Shenshuo railroad, and an effective energy management strategy is designed for the hybrid energy storage system, and finally the economics of the system is evaluated based on the measured data. The analysis results verify the effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy and the good economics of the regenerative braking energy utilization scheme.Key words：Heavy-haul railway；regenerative braking energy；hybrid energy storage system；economy1 引言2019年，全国铁路货运总发送量完成43.98亿吨，增长7.2%[1]。
Instructional_design
Instructional designFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaInstructional Design(also called Instructional Systems Design (ISD)) is the practice of maximizing the effectiveness, efficiency and appeal of instruction and other learning experiences. The process consists broadly of determining the current state and needs of the learner, defining the end goal of instruction, and creating some "intervention" to assist in the transition. Ideally the process is informed by pedagogically(process of teaching) and andragogically(adult learning) tested theories of learning and may take place in student-only, teacher-led or community-based settings. The outcome of this instruction may be directly observable and scientifically measured or completely hidden and assumed. There are many instructional design models but many are based on the ADDIE model with the five phases: 1) analysis, 2) design, 3) development, 4) implementation, and 5) evaluation. As a field, instructional design is historically and traditionally rooted in cognitive and behavioral psychology.HistoryMuch of the foundations of the field of instructional design was laid in World War II, when the U.S. military faced the need to rapidly train large numbers of people to perform complex technical tasks, fromfield-stripping a carbine to navigating across the ocean to building a bomber—see "Training Within Industry(TWI)". Drawing on the research and theories of B.F. Skinner on operant conditioning, training programs focused on observable behaviors. Tasks were broken down into subtasks, and each subtask treated as a separate learning goal. Training was designed to reward correct performance and remediate incorrect performance. Mastery was assumed to be possible for every learner, given enough repetition and feedback. After the war, the success of the wartime training model was replicated in business and industrial training, and to a lesser extent in the primary and secondary classroom. The approach is still common in the U.S. military.[1]In 1956, a committee led by Benjamin Bloom published an influential taxonomy of what he termed the three domains of learning: Cognitive(what one knows or thinks), Psychomotor (what one does, physically) and Affective (what one feels, or what attitudes one has). These taxonomies still influence the design of instruction.[2]During the latter half of the 20th century, learning theories began to be influenced by the growth of digital computers.In the 1970s, many instructional design theorists began to adopt an information-processing-based approach to the design of instruction. David Merrill for instance developed Component Display Theory (CDT), which concentrates on the means of presenting instructional materials (presentation techniques).[3]Later in the 1980s and throughout the 1990s cognitive load theory began to find empirical support for a variety of presentation techniques.[4]Cognitive load theory and the design of instructionCognitive load theory developed out of several empirical studies of learners, as they interacted with instructional materials.[5]Sweller and his associates began to measure the effects of working memory load, and found that the format of instructional materials has a direct effect on the performance of the learners using those materials.[6][7][8]While the media debates of the 1990s focused on the influences of media on learning, cognitive load effects were being documented in several journals. Rather than attempting to substantiate the use of media, these cognitive load learning effects provided an empirical basis for the use of instructional strategies. Mayer asked the instructional design community to reassess the media debate, to refocus their attention on what was most important: learning.[9]By the mid- to late-1990s, Sweller and his associates had discovered several learning effects related to cognitive load and the design of instruction (e.g. the split attention effect, redundancy effect, and the worked-example effect). Later, other researchers like Richard Mayer began to attribute learning effects to cognitive load.[9] Mayer and his associates soon developed a Cognitive Theory of MultimediaLearning.[10][11][12]In the past decade, cognitive load theory has begun to be internationally accepted[13]and begun to revolutionize how practitioners of instructional design view instruction. Recently, human performance experts have even taken notice of cognitive load theory, and have begun to promote this theory base as the science of instruction, with instructional designers as the practitioners of this field.[14]Finally Clark, Nguyen and Sweller[15]published a textbook describing how Instructional Designers can promote efficient learning using evidence-based guidelines of cognitive load theory.Instructional Designers use various instructional strategies to reduce cognitive load. For example, they think that the onscreen text should not be more than 150 words or the text should be presented in small meaningful chunks.[citation needed] The designers also use auditory and visual methods to communicate information to the learner.Learning designThe concept of learning design arrived in the literature of technology for education in the late nineties and early 2000s [16] with the idea that "designers and instructors need to choose for themselves the best mixture of behaviourist and constructivist learning experiences for their online courses" [17]. But the concept of learning design is probably as old as the concept of teaching. Learning design might be defined as "the description of the teaching-learning process that takes place in a unit of learning (eg, a course, a lesson or any other designed learning event)" [18].As summarized by Britain[19], learning design may be associated with:∙The concept of learning design∙The implementation of the concept made by learning design specifications like PALO, IMS Learning Design[20], LDL, SLD 2.0, etc... ∙The technical realisations around the implementation of the concept like TELOS, RELOAD LD-Author, etc...Instructional design modelsADDIE processPerhaps the most common model used for creating instructional materials is the ADDIE Process. This acronym stands for the 5 phases contained in the model:∙Analyze– analyze learner characteristics, task to be learned, etc.Identify Instructional Goals, Conduct Instructional Analysis, Analyze Learners and Contexts∙Design– develop learning objectives, choose an instructional approachWrite Performance Objectives, Develop Assessment Instruments, Develop Instructional Strategy∙Develop– create instructional or training materialsDesign and selection of materials appropriate for learning activity, Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation∙Implement– deliver or distribute the instructional materials ∙Evaluate– make sure the materials achieved the desired goals Design and Conduct Summative EvaluationMost of the current instructional design models are variations of the ADDIE process.[21] Dick,W.O,.Carey, L.,&Carey, J.O.(2004)Systematic Design of Instruction. Boston,MA:Allyn&Bacon.Rapid prototypingA sometimes utilized adaptation to the ADDIE model is in a practice known as rapid prototyping.Proponents suggest that through an iterative process the verification of the design documents saves time and money by catching problems while they are still easy to fix. This approach is not novel to the design of instruction, but appears in many design-related domains including software design, architecture, transportation planning, product development, message design, user experience design, etc.[21][22][23]In fact, some proponents of design prototyping assert that a sophisticated understanding of a problem is incomplete without creating and evaluating some type of prototype, regardless of the analysis rigor that may have been applied up front.[24] In other words, up-front analysis is rarely sufficient to allow one to confidently select an instructional model. For this reason many traditional methods of instructional design are beginning to be seen as incomplete, naive, and even counter-productive.[25]However, some consider rapid prototyping to be a somewhat simplistic type of model. As this argument goes, at the heart of Instructional Design is the analysis phase. After you thoroughly conduct the analysis—you can then choose a model based on your findings. That is the area where mostpeople get snagged—they simply do not do a thorough-enough analysis. (Part of Article By Chris Bressi on LinkedIn)Dick and CareyAnother well-known instructional design model is The Dick and Carey Systems Approach Model.[26] The model was originally published in 1978 by Walter Dick and Lou Carey in their book entitled The Systematic Design of Instruction.Dick and Carey made a significant contribution to the instructional design field by championing a systems view of instruction as opposed to viewing instruction as a sum of isolated parts. The model addresses instruction as an entire system, focusing on the interrelationship between context, content, learning and instruction. According to Dick and Carey, "Components such as the instructor, learners, materials, instructional activities, delivery system, and learning and performance environments interact with each other and work together to bring about the desired student learning outcomes".[26] The components of the Systems Approach Model, also known as the Dick and Carey Model, are as follows:∙Identify Instructional Goal(s): goal statement describes a skill, knowledge or attitude(SKA) that a learner will be expected to acquire ∙Conduct Instructional Analysis: Identify what a learner must recall and identify what learner must be able to do to perform particular task ∙Analyze Learners and Contexts: General characteristic of the target audience, Characteristic directly related to the skill to be taught, Analysis of Performance Setting, Analysis of Learning Setting∙Write Performance Objectives: Objectives consists of a description of the behavior, the condition and criteria. The component of anobjective that describes the criteria that will be used to judge the learner's performance.∙Develop Assessment Instruments: Purpose of entry behavior testing, purpose of pretesting, purpose of posttesting, purpose of practive items/practive problems∙Develop Instructional Strategy: Pre-instructional activities, content presentation, Learner participation, assessment∙Develop and Select Instructional Materials∙Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation of Instruction: Designer try to identify areas of the instructional materials that are in need to improvement.∙Revise Instruction: To identify poor test items and to identify poor instruction∙Design and Conduct Summative EvaluationWith this model, components are executed iteratively and in parallel rather than linearly.[26]/akteacher/dick-cary-instructional-design-mo delInstructional Development Learning System (IDLS)Another instructional design model is the Instructional Development Learning System (IDLS).[27] The model was originally published in 1970 by Peter J. Esseff, PhD and Mary Sullivan Esseff, PhD in their book entitled IDLS—Pro Trainer 1: How to Design, Develop, and Validate Instructional Materials.[28]Peter (1968) & Mary (1972) Esseff both received their doctorates in Educational Technology from the Catholic University of America under the mentorship of Dr. Gabriel Ofiesh, a Founding Father of the Military Model mentioned above. Esseff and Esseff contributed synthesized existing theories to develop their approach to systematic design, "Instructional Development Learning System" (IDLS).The components of the IDLS Model are:∙Design a Task Analysis∙Develop Criterion Tests and Performance Measures∙Develop Interactive Instructional Materials∙Validate the Interactive Instructional MaterialsOther modelsSome other useful models of instructional design include: the Smith/Ragan Model, the Morrison/Ross/Kemp Model and the OAR model , as well as, Wiggins theory of backward design .Learning theories also play an important role in the design ofinstructional materials. Theories such as behaviorism , constructivism , social learning and cognitivism help shape and define the outcome of instructional materials.Influential researchers and theoristsThe lists in this article may contain items that are not notable , not encyclopedic , or not helpful . Please help out by removing such elements and incorporating appropriate items into the main body of the article. (December 2010)Alphabetic by last name∙ Bloom, Benjamin – Taxonomies of the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains – 1955 ∙Bonk, Curtis – Blended learning – 2000s ∙ Bransford, John D. – How People Learn: Bridging Research and Practice – 1999 ∙ Bruner, Jerome – Constructivism ∙Carr-Chellman, Alison – Instructional Design for Teachers ID4T -2010 ∙Carey, L. – "The Systematic Design of Instruction" ∙Clark, Richard – Clark-Kosma "Media vs Methods debate", "Guidance" debate . ∙Clark, Ruth – Efficiency in Learning: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Manage Cognitive Load / Guided Instruction / Cognitive Load Theory ∙Dick, W. – "The Systematic Design of Instruction" ∙ Gagné, Robert M. – Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné and Merrill Video Seminar) ∙Heinich, Robert – Instructional Media and the new technologies of instruction 3rd ed. – Educational Technology – 1989 ∙Jonassen, David – problem-solving strategies – 1990s ∙Langdon, Danny G - The Instructional Designs Library: 40 Instructional Designs, Educational Tech. Publications ∙Mager, Robert F. – ABCD model for instructional objectives – 1962 ∙Merrill, M. David - Component Display Theory / Knowledge Objects ∙ Papert, Seymour – Constructionism, LOGO – 1970s ∙ Piaget, Jean – Cognitive development – 1960s∙Piskurich, George – Rapid Instructional Design – 2006∙Simonson, Michael –Instructional Systems and Design via Distance Education – 1980s∙Schank, Roger– Constructivist simulations – 1990s∙Sweller, John - Cognitive load, Worked-example effect, Split-attention effect∙Roberts, Clifton Lee - From Analysis to Design, Practical Applications of ADDIE within the Enterprise - 2011∙Reigeluth, Charles –Elaboration Theory, "Green Books" I, II, and III - 1999-2010∙Skinner, B.F.– Radical Behaviorism, Programed Instruction∙Vygotsky, Lev– Learning as a social activity – 1930s∙Wiley, David– Learning Objects, Open Learning – 2000sSee alsoSince instructional design deals with creating useful instruction and instructional materials, there are many other areas that are related to the field of instructional design.∙educational assessment∙confidence-based learning∙educational animation∙educational psychology∙educational technology∙e-learning∙electronic portfolio∙evaluation∙human–computer interaction∙instructional design context∙instructional technology∙instructional theory∙interaction design∙learning object∙learning science∙m-learning∙multimedia learning∙online education∙instructional design coordinator∙storyboarding∙training∙interdisciplinary teaching∙rapid prototyping∙lesson study∙Understanding by DesignReferences1.^MIL-HDBK-29612/2A Instructional Systems Development/SystemsApproach to Training and Education2.^Bloom's Taxonomy3.^TIP: Theories4.^Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. - Educational Psychologist -38(1):1 - Citation5.^ Sweller, J. (1988). "Cognitive load during problem solving:Effects on learning". Cognitive Science12 (1): 257–285.doi:10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7.6.^ Chandler, P. & Sweller, J. (1991). "Cognitive Load Theory andthe Format of Instruction". Cognition and Instruction8 (4): 293–332.doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0804_2.7.^ Sweller, J., & Cooper, G.A. (1985). "The use of worked examplesas a substitute for problem solving in learning algebra". Cognition and Instruction2 (1): 59–89. doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0201_3.8.^Cooper, G., & Sweller, J. (1987). "Effects of schema acquisitionand rule automation on mathematical problem-solving transfer". Journal of Educational Psychology79 (4): 347–362.doi:10.1037/0022-0663.79.4.347.9.^ a b Mayer, R.E. (1997). "Multimedia Learning: Are We Asking theRight Questions?". Educational Psychologist32 (41): 1–19.doi:10.1207/s1*******ep3201_1.10.^ Mayer, R.E. (2001). Multimedia Learning. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press. ISBN0-521-78239-2.11.^Mayer, R.E., Bove, W. Bryman, A. Mars, R. & Tapangco, L. (1996)."When Less Is More: Meaningful Learning From Visual and Verbal Summaries of Science Textbook Lessons". Journal of Educational Psychology88 (1): 64–73. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.1.64.12.^ Mayer, R.E., Steinhoff, K., Bower, G. and Mars, R. (1995). "Agenerative theory of textbook design: Using annotated illustrations to foster meaningful learning of science text". Educational TechnologyResearch and Development43 (1): 31–41. doi:10.1007/BF02300480.13.^Paas, F., Renkl, A. & Sweller, J. (2004). "Cognitive Load Theory:Instructional Implications of the Interaction between InformationStructures and Cognitive Architecture". Instructional Science32: 1–8.doi:10.1023/B:TRUC.0000021806.17516.d0.14.^ Clark, R.C., Mayer, R.E. (2002). e-Learning and the Science ofInstruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers of Multimedia Learning. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. ISBN0-7879-6051-9.15.^ Clark, R.C., Nguyen, F., and Sweller, J. (2006). Efficiency inLearning: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Manage Cognitive Load. SanFrancisco: Pfeiffer. ISBN0-7879-7728-4.16.^Conole G., and Fill K., “A learning design toolkit to createpedagogically effective learning activities”. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2005 (08).17.^Carr-Chellman A. and Duchastel P., “The ideal online course,”British Journal of Educational Technology, 31(3), 229-241, July 2000.18.^Koper R., “Current Research in Learning Design,” EducationalTechnology & Society, 9 (1), 13-22, 2006.19.^Britain S., “A Review of Learning Design: Concept,Specifications and Tools” A report for the JISC E-learning Pedagogy Programme, May 2004.20.^IMS Learning Design webpage21.^ a b Piskurich, G.M. (2006). Rapid Instructional Design: LearningID fast and right.22.^ Saettler, P. (1990). The evolution of American educationaltechnology.23.^ Stolovitch, H.D., & Keeps, E. (1999). Handbook of humanperformance technology.24.^ Kelley, T., & Littman, J. (2005). The ten faces of innovation:IDEO's strategies for beating the devil's advocate & driving creativity throughout your organization. New York: Doubleday.25.^ Hokanson, B., & Miller, C. (2009). Role-based design: Acontemporary framework for innovation and creativity in instructional design. Educational Technology, 49(2), 21–28.26.^ a b c Dick, Walter, Lou Carey, and James O. Carey (2005) [1978].The Systematic Design of Instruction(6th ed.). Allyn & Bacon. pp. 1–12.ISBN020*******./?id=sYQCAAAACAAJ&dq=the+systematic+design+of+instruction.27.^ Esseff, Peter J. and Esseff, Mary Sullivan (1998) [1970].Instructional Development Learning System (IDLS) (8th ed.). ESF Press.pp. 1–12. ISBN1582830371. /Materials.html.28.^/Materials.htmlExternal links∙Instructional Design - An overview of Instructional Design∙ISD Handbook∙Edutech wiki: Instructional design model [1]∙Debby Kalk, Real World Instructional Design InterviewRetrieved from "/wiki/Instructional_design" Categories: Educational technology | Educational psychology | Learning | Pedagogy | Communication design | Curricula。
基于深度学习的目标检测技术研究(英文中文双语版优质文档)
基于深度学习的目标检测技术研究（英文中文双语版优质文档）Object detection is one of the important research directions in the field of computer vision, and it has a wide range of applications in the fields of automatic driving, intelligent security, medical image analysis and so on. In recent years, with the development of deep learning technology, object detection technology based on deep learning has made remarkable progress. This paper will review the research progress of object detection technology based on deep learning in recent years, and analyze its advantages, disadvantages and future development directions.1. Research background of target detection technologyObject detection is one of the important research directions in the field of computer vision. Its main task is to detect the location, size and category of objects in images or videos. Object detection technology is widely used in autonomous driving, intelligent security, medical image analysis and other fields.In traditional target detection techniques, commonly used methods include methods based on feature extraction and traditional machine learning algorithms, such as Haar features and HOG features, and methods based on background modeling, such as ViBe and MoG. However, there are many problems in these traditional methods, such as the feature is not learnable, the robustness is poor, and it is limited by the background model.With the development of deep learning technology, object detection technology based on deep learning has become a research hotspot. These techniques perform end-to-end training on images by using deep neural networks, without the need to manually design features, and thus have better learnability and robustness.2. Overview of target detection technology based on deep learningAt present, object detection techniques based on deep learning are mainly divided into two categories: two-stage detection and one-stage detection. Among them, the two-stage detection method first generates a series of candidate boxes through a Region Proposal Network (RPN), and then classifies and regresses these candidate boxes to obtain the final target detection result. The one-stage detection method directly classifies and regresses the entire image to obtain the target detection result.1. Two-stage detection method(1) Faster R-CNNFaster R-CNN is a typical two-stage object detection method, which proposes an RPN to generate candidate boxes, and classifies and regresses the candidate boxes through the R-CNN network. RPN network is a sliding window framework based on convolutional neural network, which can extract multiple regions that may contain targets in the image, and classify and regress these regions to generate candidate boxes. Then, these candidate boxes are input into the R-CNN network, and they are classified and regressed to obtain the final target detection result.Compared with traditional target detection methods, Faster R-CNN has greatly improved its accuracy and speed. However, there are two problems: one is that the candidate frame generated by RPN requires a lot of calculation, resulting in a slow calculation speed; the other is that the network needs to perform two forward propagations, resulting in a large amount of calculation.(2) Mask R-CNNMask R-CNN is an extension of Faster R-CNN. It adds a segmentation branch to Faster R-CNN, which can simultaneously complete target detection and pixel-level semantic segmentation. Based on Faster R-CNN, Mask R-CNN adds a fully convolutional network to generate target masks to achieve pixel-level semantic segmentation. Mask R-CNN has achieved excellent results on multiple datasets, proving its effectiveness on object detection and semantic segmentation tasks.(3) Cascade R-CNNCascade R-CNN is improved on the basis of Faster R-CNN, and its idea is to perform cascaded classification and regression on candidate frames. Cascade R-CNN improves the detection accuracy by cascading multiple R-CNN networks, and each R-CNN network performs stricter screening of samples that were misclassified by the previous network. Cascade R-CNN achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple datasets, proving its effectiveness in the field of object detection.2. One-stage detection method(1) YOLO seriesYOLO (You Only Look Once) is a typical one-stage target detection method. YOLO obtains target detection results by classifying and regressing the entire image. YOLO is characterized by being fast and simple, and can be used in real-time scenarios. The YOLO series has now been developed to the fourth edition, and its detection speed and accuracy have been greatly improved. However, there are also some problems in the YOLO series, such as poor detection of small targets.(2) SSD seriesSSD (Single Shot MultiBox Detector) is another typical one-stage target detection method. Unlike YOLO, SSD uses multi-scale feature maps to detect targets, thereby improving the detection effect on small targets. The SSD series has also experienced multiple versions of development, and its detection speed and accuracy have been greatly improved. However, compared with YOLO, the detection speed of SSD is relatively slow, and there are also problems such as poor detection effect on objects with high aspect ratio.(3) RetinaNetRetinaNet is a one-stage target detection method based on Focal Loss. RetinaNet improves the detection effect of small targets by improving the loss function to pay more attention to positive and negative samples that are difficult to distinguish. RetinaNet has achieved excellent results on multiple datasets, proving its effectiveness in the field of object detection.(4) EfficientDetEfficientDet is a one-stage object detection method based on EfficientNet. EfficientDet builds a series of efficient network structures by using different expansion coefficients and depth and width scaling factors, thus achieving a good balance between detection speed and accuracy. EfficientDet achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple datasets, proving its effectiveness in the field of object detection.In general, the one-stage object detection method has faster detection speed than the two-stage method, but the detection effect on small objects and high aspect ratio objects is relatively poor. Different methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the appropriate method needs to be selected according to the specific application scenario.目标检测是计算机视觉领域的重要研究方向之一，其在自动驾驶、智能安防、医学图像分析等领域都有广泛的应用。
异常处理流程不完善整改措施
异常处理流程不完善整改措施Dealing with exceptions is a crucial aspect of any system or process, as they can disrupt the normal flow of operations and potentially lead to negative consequences. When exceptions are not properly handled, they can result in system crashes, data loss, security breaches, and ultimately impact the overall performance and reliability of the system. Therefore, it is imperative to have a robust and well-defined exception handling process in place to effectively identify, manage, and resolve exceptions as they arise.异常处理是任何系统或流程的重要组成部分，因为异常可能会破坏正常的运行流程，潜在地导致负面影响。
当异常未能得到妥善处理时，可能会导致系统崩溃、数据丢失、安全漏洞，并最终影响系统的整体性能和可靠性。
因此，有必要建立一个强大而明确定义的异常处理流程，以有效识别、管理和解决异常。
One of the key steps in improving the exception handling process isto conduct a thorough analysis of past incidents and identify common patterns or root causes that have led to exceptions. By understanding the underlying reasons behind these exceptions,organizations can develop preventive measures and implement corrective actions to mitigate future occurrences. This proactive approach can help address recurring issues and prevent them from escalating into more serious problems down the line.改进异常处理流程的关键步骤之一是对过去的事件进行彻底分析，识别导致异常的常见模式或根本原因。
船舶能效管理计划第一部分和第二部分内容
船舶能效管理计划第一部分和第二部分内容Having a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) is crucial for optimizing the energy performance of a vessel and reducing its environmental impact. SEEMP可以帮助船舶管理者实施各种措施，以提高船舶的能效，减少能源消耗和排放。
By outlining specific goals and strategies, a SEEMP enables ship operators to monitor, measure, and improve the energy efficiency of their vessels. 通过制定具体的目标和策略，SEEMP使船舶运营商能够监测，衡量和提高其船舶的能效。
In the first part of the SEEMP, a comprehensive analysis of the ship's energy consumption patterns is conducted. 这部分通常包括对船舶的航行数据，负载情况以及动力系统的效率进行详尽的分析。
By identifying areas of inefficiency, such as excessive fuel consumption during certain operations or suboptimal voyage planning, ship operators can determine where improvements can be made. 通过确定存在的低效问题，比如某些操作中燃油消耗过高或航程规划不合理，船舶运营商可以确定应该进行改进的领域。
Moreover, the first part of the SEEMP includes the establishment of baseline data and key performance indicators (KPIs) to track theenergy efficiency of the vessel over time. 此外，SEEMP的第一部分还包括建立基准数据和关键绩效指标（KPI），以跟踪船舶随时间的能效。
参数验证计划英语
参数验证计划英语In the realm of English language learning, parameter verification plays a crucial role in ensuring the effectiveness and efficiency of learning processes. This process involves the careful examination and validation of learning materials, methods, and outcomes against预设的语言学习目标和教学大纲, ensuring that they align with the learner's needs and objectives. Parameter verification not only ensures the quality of the learning experience but also acts as a bridge between theory and practice, facilitating the translation of theoretical knowledge into practical skills.The importance of parameter verification in English language learning cannot be overstated. In a globalized world where English is the lingua franca of communication, proficiency in the language is essential for success in various fields. However, achieving this proficiency requires a systematic and structured approach to learning, where every aspect of the learning process is carefully considered and validated. This is where parameter verification comes into play.The process of parameter verification begins with a thorough analysis of the learner's needs and objectives. It is essential to identify the specific goals that the learner aims to achieve through their English language learning, such as improving speaking skills, enhancing reading comprehension, or mastering grammar rules. Once these goals are established, the next step is to select appropriate learning materials and methods that align with these goals.It is crucial to ensure that the learning materials are relevant, accurate, and engaging. They should be designed to facilitate the learner's progress towards their goals while also maintaining their interest and motivation. Additionally, the learning methods employed should be tailored to the learner's individual learning style and preferences, maximizing their effectiveness.During the learning process, regular assessments and feedback mechanisms are essential for parameter verification. These assessments help to monitor thelearner's progress and identify areas where further improvement is needed. Feedback from teachers or peers canprovide valuable insights into areas where the learner may be struggling and suggest strategies for overcoming these challenges.The final step in parameter verification is the evaluation of learning outcomes. This involves assessing whether the learner has achieved their预设的学习目标 and whether the learning materials and methods employed were effective in facilitating this achievement. If the learner has not met their goals, it is necessary to review the learning process and identify areas where improvements can be made.In conclusion, parameter verification is a vital component of English language learning, ensuring that the learning process is effective, efficient, and aligned with the learner's needs and objectives. By bridging the gap between theory and practice, parameter verification facilitates the translation of theoretical knowledge into practical skills, enabling learners to achieve their desired level of proficiency in English.**参数验证在英语学习中的应用：理论与实践的桥梁**在英语学习领域，参数验证对于确保学习过程的有效性和效率至关重要。
成本分析报告 英文
成本分析报告英文Cost Analysis ReportIntroductionThis cost analysis report aims to analyze the various costs associated with the production and operations of our company for the fiscal year 2021. The report will provide insights into the cost structure, identify areas of cost reduction or optimization, and recommend strategies for improving overall efficiency and profitability.1. Cost Structure1.1 Direct CostsDirect costs are expenses directly associated with the production of goods or services. They include raw materials, labor costs, and manufacturing overhead.1.1.1 Raw MaterialsOur company spent $X on raw materials in 2021. This represents X% of our total expenses. To optimize costs, we recommend exploring alternative suppliers or negotiating better pricing with existing suppliers.1.1.2 Labor CostsLabor costs, including wages, benefits, and payroll taxes, amounted to $X in 2021. This accounted for X% of our total expenses. To control labor costs, we suggest conducting a thorough evaluation of staffing needs and job roles, considering automation or outsourcing options, and optimizing workforce utilization.1.1.3 Manufacturing OverheadManufacturing overhead costs, such as utilities, equipment maintenance, and depreciation, totaled $X in 2021, representing X% of our total expenses. We recommend periodically reviewing these expenses and exploring opportunities to reduce energy consumption, minimize equipment downtime, and invest in more efficient machinery.1.2 Indirect CostsIndirect costs are expenses not directly attributable to a specific product or service but are necessary for the overall operation of the company. They include administrative, marketing, and R&D expenses.1.2.1 Administrative ExpensesAdministrative expenses, including salaries, office rent, and office supplies, amounted to $X in 2021,representing X% of our total expenses. To reduce administrative costs, we suggest implementing cost-saving measures such as digitizing paperwork, renegotiating lease agreements, and seeking competitive pricing for office supplies.1.2.2 Marketing ExpensesMarketing expenses, including advertising, promotions, and market research, totaled $X in 2021, accounting for X% of our total expenses. To optimize marketing costs, we recommend conducting a thorough analysis of the effectiveness of marketing campaigns, exploring digital marketing strategies with potentially higher returns on investment, and leveraging social media platforms for cost-effective advertising.1.2.3 Research & Development (R&D) ExpensesR&D expenses, including salaries, research equipment, and patents, amounted to $X in 2021, representing X% of our total expenses. Considering the importance of innovation for our company's long-term growth, we recommend allocating a suitable budget for R&D activities while periodically reviewing the effectiveness and efficiency of these expenditures.2. Cost Reduction StrategiesBased on the cost analysis above, we recommend implementing the following cost reduction strategies to improve profitability:2.1 Supplier NegotiationsContinuously evaluate and negotiate contracts with suppliers to ensure competitive pricing, favorable payment terms, and quality assurance.2.2 Workforce OptimizationConduct a comprehensive review of staffing needs, job roles, and workflow processes to optimize workforce utilization and reduce labor costs.2.3 Energy Efficiency MeasuresPeriodically review manufacturing processes and equipment to identify energy-saving opportunities, invest in energy-efficient machinery, and promote energy conservation practices.2.4 Digital TransformationImplement digitization initiatives to streamline administrative tasks, reduce paperwork, and increase operational efficiency.2.5 Performance AnalysisRegularly analyze the effectiveness of marketing campaigns, R&D investments, and other expenses toidentify areas of improvement and prioritize cost-saving measures.ConclusionWith a detailed cost analysis and the implementation of cost reduction strategies, our company can enhance operational efficiency, optimize cost structure, and improve profitability. By continuously monitoring and adjusting our expenses, we can achieve long-term sustainability and competitive advantage in the market.。
提升解决问题的能力英语作文
提升解决问题的能力英语作文The ability to effectively solve problems is a crucial skill that permeates every aspect of human endeavor. Whether navigating personal challenges, excelling in professional settings, or contributing to the advancement of society, problem-solving prowess is indispensable. It is not merely a matter of innate talent but a cultivated capability that can be honed through conscious effort and strategic practice. This essay will delve into the multifaceted nature of problem-solving, exploring key strategies and principles that empower individuals to become adept problem solvers. At the heart of effective problem-solving lies a systematic approach. The first step involves accurately identifying the problem at hand. This entails gathering relevant information, carefully analyzing the situation, and defining the problem in clear and concise terms. Vague or ambiguous problem definitions can lead to misguided efforts and ultimately hinder successful resolution. Once the problem is clearly defined, the next stage involves generating a range of potential solutions. This requires creativity, flexibility, and a willingness to consider diverse perspectives. Brainstorming, consulting with others, and researching existing solutions can all contribute to a comprehensive set of options. Evaluating the potential solutions is equally critical. Each option should be assessed based on its feasibility, effectiveness, and potential consequences. This stage often involves weighing pros and cons, analyzing risks and benefits, and considering the long-term implications of each choice. The evaluation process should be objective and informed, guided by a rational analysis of the available information. Once the most promising solution is selected, the next step is implementation. This requires careful planning, resource allocation, and effective communication to ensure that all stakeholders are aligned and working towards the desired outcome. However, the process does not end with implementation. Effective problem solvers engage in ongoing monitoring and evaluation to assess the success of their chosen solution. This involves gathering feedback, measuring progress, and identifying any unforeseen obstacles or challenges. If the initial solution proves ineffective or inadequate, problem solvers must be prepared to adapt, revise their approach, and persevere until the desired outcome is achieved. Beyond the systematic steps outlined above, certainkey principles contribute significantly to successful problem-solving. Onecrucial principle is critical thinking. This involves objectively analyzing information, identifying biases and assumptions, and forming well-reasoned judgments. Critical thinking empowers individuals to discern relevant information, evaluate arguments, and make sound decisions. Another essential principle is creativity. Problem-solving often demands innovative thinking, the ability tothink outside the box, and the willingness to explore unconventional approaches. Cultivating creativity allows individuals to generate novel solutions and overcome seemingly insurmountable challenges. Furthermore, effective problem solvingrelies on collaboration. Complex problems often require diverse perspectives, specialized expertise, and collective effort. By working together, individuals can pool their knowledge, share insights, and develop more robust and comprehensive solutions. Effective communication is paramount in collaborative problem-solving, ensuring clear understanding, efficient coordination, and the seamless exchange of ideas. In conclusion, the ability to solve problems effectively is a cornerstone of individual and collective success. A systematic approach, combined with principles such as critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration, empowers individuals to navigate challenges, capitalize on opportunities, and contribute meaningfully to the world around them. As we face increasingly complex and multifaceted problems in the 21st century, the cultivation of problem-solving skills becomes ever more essential for individuals and societies alike. By embracing the strategies and principles outlined in this essay, we can strive to become more adept problem solvers, equipped to tackle the challenges of today and pave the way for a brighter future.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Analysis of the Effectiveness-Efficiency Dependence for Image RetrievalMartin Heczko Daniel Keim Roger WeberInstitute of Computer ScienceUniversity of Halle,Germany heczko,keim@informatik.uni-halle.deInstitute of Information SystemsETH Zurich,Switzerlandweber@inf.ethz.ch AbstractSimilarity search in image database is commonly implemented as nearest-neighbor search in a feature space ofthe images.For that purpose,a large number of different features as well as different search algorithms havebeen proposed in literature.While the efficiency aspect of similarity search has attracted a great interest in thepast few years,the effectiveness of the search was often neglected.In this work,however,we argue that thesetwo measures interplay with each other.The longer the feature representation is,the better the quality of theretrieval gets,but the larger the execution costs become.In other words,an improvement in effectiveness leadsto a deterioration of performance and vice versa.The aim of this work is to explicitly take both measures intoaccount to optimize the retrieval both form a quality perspective and a performance perspective.To this end,we define a benchmark including a measure for the efficiency and the effectiveness of a feature.Then one cancompare different features or feature combinations using simple two-dimensional plots.Based on the qualityand performance constraints of a user,the search engine can easily determine the optimal feature or featurecombination.Finally,we have applied our benchmark to a large number of different feature types to comparetheir effectiveness-efficiency relationship.1IntroductionExtraction,analysis and preprocessing of feature vectors as well as nearest neighbor search in(probably high-dimensional)feature spaces are the key components in image retrieval systems.Examples of such systems include QBIC[FSA95],CHARIOT[The00],and MARS[ORC97].Feature extraction and nearest neighbor search traditionally belong to differentfields:image scientists have designed new effective features without taking retrieval costs into account.On the other hand,database researchers have develop efficient index structure for the nearest-neighbor search problem without considering the effectiveness of the retrieval.¿From a user’s perspective,searching for images in similarity search systems typically involves several steps.In thefirst few steps,a user refines his or her query with the help of relevance feedback until the query matches the information need sufficiently good(cf.MARS[RHM98],CHARIOT[The00]).In thefinal step of the search process,the archive is extensively searched for(all)relevant images.Obviously,retrieval effectiveness in thefirst few steps is not so important as retrieval efficiency.In thefinal step,on the other hand,result quality plays the key role and a user is ready to tolerate longer response times if more relevant images are retrieved.In this work,we explicitly investigate the relationship between effectiveness and efficiency of content descriptors in large image databases.As it turns out,their is a strong interaction between these two measures.A large feature vector,for instance,often leads to very good retrieval results.On the other hand,execution costs are known to grow linearly with the length of the feature representation.Given this relationship,we can deploy the effectiveness-efficiency relationship to optimize a query with user constraints on the query processing time and/or on the result quality(cf.CHARIOT[BMW01]).In the following,we present a benchmark to compare image features that are represented by high-dimensional vectors.First,we define the test database and a set of sample queries.Then,we define measures to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the feature(or featurecombination).With respect to effectiveness,usually one draws precision-recall plots for the features under investigation.In this paper,we propose a more compact effectiveness measure which allows easy summarization and comparison of different features.The efficiency of the retrieval clearly depends on the index structure used to solve the nearest-neighbor search problem.Due to the linear dependency of the execution costs on the number of dimensions and the number of data items,the efficiency of features is simply given by their dimensionality. Finally,we applied our benchmark for a large number of features coming from two different retrieval systems. The features used in CHARIOT[The00]are based on color moments,texture moments and color histograms. The features of[Hec00]apply the wavelet transformation to represent the color distribution of images.The CHARIOT system further supports the combination of features and the partitioning of images.As such,it offers a large number of feature combinations.Given the benchmark,we have determined for each basic feature type and each feature combination an effectiveness value and an efficiency value.Drawing these values in a two dimensional plot,we are able to easily relate different features and combination of features according to their effectiveness(which is the best combination of features)and their efficiency(which feature allows for a fast retrieval with a relatively good quality).2BenchmarkIn this section,we describe our benchmark to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of different features and feature combinations.The test database contains about10,000color images from miscellaneous areas.To measure the effectiveness of the retrieval,we manually determined all relevant images for32sample queries. The restriction to32queries is due to the relatively high costs for browsing through the database to identify the relevant images.Some sample queries are depicted in[Hec00].Effectiveness measure.The typical approach to illustrate the effectiveness of search methods is to draw precision-recall graphs.However,with32queries all with different numbers of similar(relevant)images,the precision-recall graph turns out to be of merely little help.To obtain a more compact and comparable effective-ness measure,we followed a different approach:our measure takes the ranking of relevant items in the result list into account and also considers the missed relevant entries.Essentially,the quality measure is defined as the ratio of the sum of ranks of all relevant images(SumR)over the sum of the ranks with an optimal fea-ture(=SumOptR),i.e.all relevant images occupy thefirst ranks of the result list.Clearly,if R is the number of relevant item,SumOptR is given by R R1 2.Now consider the result list obtained by an experiment and let SumR be the sum of the ranks of all relevant items1.The basic effectiveness measure eff is then given bySumOptR SumR .Obviously,the better the retrieval,the smaller SumR and the greater eff becomes.But the range of effdepends on the number of returned entries E and the number of relevant entries R and is given by R12E R11.Because R varies for each query,we normalize eff andfinally obtain the normalized effectiveness measure EFF within the range01.Finally,the effectiveness of a feature is given by the average EFF of the effectiveness values EFF for each query in the ing the same database,the same sample queries and the same number E of objects to return,we can compare different features and feature combinations based only on their EFF-values. Example1Assume that there are4relevant items for a query,i.e.R4.Further,let the number of objects to return be given as E5.The optimal sum would be SumOptR123410.If no relevant item would be returned,then SumR worst678930and eff worst1030033.Now we compute the effectiveness for a feature A:assume it returns only two relevant objects with ranks1and3.Thus,SumR A13E1E2136717.Thus,the basic effectiveness of feature A is given as eff A1017059.Afternormalization we obtain the actual effectiveness:EFF q eff q eff worst1eff worst 05903310330381If a relevant object is not in the result list,we assign best case ranks to it,i.e.it is assumed that the object would follow right after all entries of the result list.Efficiency measure.The efficiency is the second important measure of our benchmark.The retrieval costs obviously depend on the index structure with which the benchmark solved the nearest-neighbor search prob-lem.Recent work has shown that search costs in high-dimensional spaces are exponentially dependant on the dimensionality of the features[BBKK97,WSB98,BGRS99].As such,it becomes obvious that above some dimensionality threshold all data items must be considered to answer the query[WSB98].Rather surprisingly, this is not only a theoretical phenomenon:in as low as10-dimensional feature spaces for images,a brute-force sequential scan often performs better than a hierarchical organization of the data set.Newer approaches like the V A-File[WSB98],the IQ-Tree[BBJ00]or the P-Sphere Tree[GR00]perform better than the sequential scan, but are still linear dependent on the number of dimensions and the number of data items.Consequently,the(to-tal)number of dimensions directly determines the retrieval efficiency of the feature.Absolute response times for the retrieval,however,further depend on the index structure that performed the search and the database size.Our implementation of the benchmark uses the V A-File[WSB98]to search for similar images.A nice property of the V A-File is that it can combine different features on thefly resulting in a still linear dependency on the number of dimensions.Other approaches like Fagin’s A0-algorithm[Fag96]suffer from a more than linear dependency. Effectiveness-efficiency dependence.Finally,we are able to assign an effectiveness and efficiency value to each feature and feature combination.As motivated above,we use EFF as the effectiveness measure and the di-mensionality as the efficiency measure.To compare the effectiveness-efficiency dependence of different features, we plot the values in a two-dimensional diagram.The dimensions represent the dimensionality of the feature and its effectiveness,respectively.3ResultsThis section investigates the effectiveness and efficiency of the features used by CHARIOT[The00]and by[Hec00]. We are interested in determining the best feature or feature combination and to explicitly relate improved retrieval quality to additional execution costs.First,we consider single features,then we investigate feature combinations. In all experiments,we searched for thefirst20answers,i.e.we set E20.3.1Single featuresThe following list describes the basic feature types and denotes their effectiveness and efficiency values. CHARIOT/Color Histograms:We used color histograms in the RGB-space with64reference colors[SK97].The distance measure was a quadratic distance function taking correlation between reference colors ex-plicitly into account.EFF Hist64019(64dimensions)CHARIOT/Color Moments:The color moment feature of Stricker et.al[SO95]first transforms the pixels from the RGB-space to a perceptually uniform space such as the Lab-space.As most of the information is concentrated in thefirst few moments,they determine only the mean value,the variance and the skewness of the color distribution for each channel.EFF LabCovR1026(9dimensions)CHARIOT/Texture Moments:A widely used representation for texture is based on Gaborfilters[MM96].Essentially,the Gaborfilter measure the presence of patterns in various directions and at various scales.Our implementation uses5directions at3different scales and determines thefirst two moments.EFF TextureGaborR1020(30dimensions)CHARIOT/Layout of Image:The approach of Stricker et.al[SD97]is to divide the image into several pos-sibly overlapping regions,to determine a feature vector for each region,and to concatenate these vectors0.10.20.30.40.51101001000Dimensionality (efficiency)E f f e c t i v e n e s sFigure 1:Best effectiveness-efficiency dependence.to a much longer feature vector for the entire image.We applied this approach to Color Moments (35hierarchical,overlapping regions)and to Texture Moments (5fuzzy regions).EFF LabCovR 35037(935315dimensions)EFF TextureGaborR 5032(305150dimensions)Color Wavelet Coefficients:We processed he pixels of an image either in the RGB ,HCL or the Lab colorspace.For each channel,we determined a density histogram (256values)and applied the Haar-Wavelet transform to each histogram [HHK00].The different scales in the wavelet transform describe different aspects of the content.For instance,while the higher levels (more coefficients)describe the finer nuances in color distribution (textural structure)of the image,the lower levels carry coarse information about the color distribution.EFF RGB Wave 026(3255765dimensions)EFF Lab Wave 032(2255127637dimensions)EFF HCL Wave 033(2255127637dimensions)3.2Feature CombinationsIn the following,we consider combinations of features.With the CHARIOT system,we are able to freely combine features,e.g.color and texture with 5fuzzy regions.The wavelet based features,can be split into 8detail levels.Hence,we can combine these levels in arbitrary ways.With the first experiment,illustrated by Figure 1,we compared the effectiveness-efficiency dependence of:1)the feature combination based on the wavelet approach (for the color models HCL and RGB ;Lab performs compara-ble to HCL ),and of 2)the feature combinations in the CHARIOT system.For each combination,we determined its efficiency (i.e.the dimensionality)and its effectiveness.For the figure,we only plotted the results of larger feature combinations,if no smaller feature vector had a better effectiveness.This way,one can see by how much the feature vector must be enlarged to gain a better effectiveness.For instance,the best feature combination of the CHARIOT system with 559dimensions had an effectiveness of 0.48.The best 9-dimensional feature yielded only an effectiveness of 0.26.On the other hand,to improve the effectiveness of the retrieval by 0.1,we have to use features with roughly 8times more dimensions.With other words,the improved effectiveness comes at much higher retrieval costs.In the following,we elaborate on the optimal combination of wavelet levels and feature types in the CHARIOT system.For the wavelet based approach,there is the problem of choosing the right combination of detail lev-els to search on.We used our benchmark to explore the contribution of the individual detail levels and their combinations to the effectiveness of the search (HCL color model).On the other hand,we are also interested in the additional costs involved by the improvement of the search.Figure 2(a)compares the effectiveness and0.00.10.20.30.40.5110100100010000Dimensionality (efficiency)E f f e c t i v e n e s s(a)Combinations of Waveletlevels 00.10.20.30.40.51101001000Dimensionality (efficiency)E f f e c t i v e n e s s (b)Feature combination with LabCovR 1Figure 2:Effectiveness-efficiency dependence of feature combinations.efficiency of combinations with adjacent levels (1,3,and 5levels).The figure further contains the combinations starting with the finest/coarsest levels and continuously adding the next coarser/finer level.As one can see,the coarser levels are significant for similarity.Adding finer levels can increase the effectiveness.The second detail level alone exposed to be better than the first coarse levels together.The first 4coarsest levels are a little bit less effective than the same combination without the coarsest detail level (second 3adjacent levels combination).This does not hold for larger combinations (compare 5adjacent levels).Figure 2(b)compares different feature combinations containing the color moment feature LabCovR 1.For each possible combinations with other feature types (i.e.16combinations),we determined the effectiveness and plot-ted this value together with the dimensionality of the feature combination in the figure.An interesting observation is that not each feature combination leads to a better retrieval compared to using LabCovR 1only.Especially,if one combines features of the same type but using a different partitioning of the images (bCovR 1and LabCovR 35with EFF LabCovR 1LabCovR 35034),the result is often not much better than using only the feature (bCovR 35with EFF LabCovR 35037).The best results are obtained,when combining different feature types like,for instance,color moments and texture moments.A further observation not depicted by the figures is that features with a partitioning of the image obtain considerably better retrieval effectiveness values.4Conclusions and OutlookThe variety of features to describe images is very large.So far,only little work exists to compare the different feature types in terms of effectiveness.In this paper,we not only considered the effectiveness of different feature types but also took the efficiency of the features into account.A first contribution was the presentation of a benchmark for the evaluation of different features and their combinations.The proposed effectiveness measure simplifies the comparison of different features and avoids the problems incurred by precision-recall plots.Our preliminary investigation has shown that the effectiveness of high-dimensional features can be better than the one of low-dimensional features,but this is not always the case.Recently,it was questioned whether such high-dimensional feature combinations are useful at all [BGRS99].Our experiments,however,show that very high-dimensional (more than 500dimensions)features are not harmful as concluded in [BGRS99].For instance,the best feature combination with 9dimensions achieved an effectiveness of 026.A combination with 559components obtained an effectiveness of 048.In other words,increasing the dimensionality by a factor of 62lead to a 80%better retrieval.However,the improved effectiveness comes at much higher execution costs:executions costs for a retrieval with the 559-dimensional feature are 62times higher than the ones for the 9-dimensional feature.The relationship between efficiency and effectiveness can be exploited to optimize queryevaluation with respect to user constraints on the quality and the response times.Furthermore,we can use the benchmark to select the best features and tofine tune parameters of similarity search methods.For instance,it is not always obvious which distance measure implements the best notion for dissimilarity.As future work,we want to broaden our benchmark in the following ways:1)enlarging the database as well as the number of sample queries;2)including more feature types,feature combinations and partitioning schemes;3)investigating the influence of dimensionality reduction and approximate search on the retrieval effectiveness and efficiency;and4)taking relevance feedback into account.References[BBJ00]S.Berchtold,C.B¨o hm,H.V.Jagadish,H.-P.Kriegel,and J.Sander.Independent Quantization:An Index Compression Technique for High-Dimensional Data Spaces.In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering(ICDE),pages577–588,San Diego,CA,Feb./Mar.2000.[BBKK97]S.Berchtold,C.B¨o hm,D.A.Keim,and H.-P.Kriegel.A Cost Model For Nearest Neighbour Search.In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems(PODS),pages78–86,Tucson,Arizona, USA,May1997.ACM Press.[BGRS99]K.S.Beyer,J.Goldstein,R.Ramakrishnan,and U.Shaft.When is“Nearest Neighbour”Meaningful?In Proceedings of the International Conference on Database Theory(ICDT),volume1540of Lecture Notes in Computer Science,pages217–235,Jerusalem,Israel,Jan.1999.Springer.[BMW01]K.B¨o hm,M.Mlivoncic,and R.Weber.Quality-Aware Load-Sensitive Planninf of Image Similarity Queries.In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering(ICDE),Heidelberg,Germany,Apr.2001.IEEE Computer Society.[Fag96]bining Fuzzy Information from Multiple Systems.In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems(PODS),pages216–226,Montreal,Canada,June1996.ACM Press.[FSA95]M.Flickner,H.S.Sawhney,J.Ashley,Q.Huang,B.Dom,M.Gorkani,J.Hafner,D.Lee,D.Petkovic,D.Steele, and P.Yanker.Query by Image and Video Content:The QBIC System.IEEE Computer,28(9):23–32,Sept.1995.[GR00]J.Goldstein and R.Ramakrishnan.Contrast Plots and P-Sphere Trees:Space vs.Time in NN Searches.In Proceedings of the International Conference on Very Large Databases(VLDB),pages429–440,Cairo,Egypt, Sept.2000.Morgan Kaufmann.[Hec00]M.Heczko.Effectiveness test images.rmatik.uni-halle.de/heczko/SimSearch/,2000. [HHK00]M.A.Heczko,A.Hinneburg,and D.A.Keim.Multiresolution Similarity Search in Image Databases.Techni-cal report,Department of Computer Science,Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg,2000.Submitted forpublication.[MM96] B.Manjunath and W.Ma.Texture Features for Browsing and Retrieval of Image Data.IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,18(8),Aug.1996.[ORC97]M.Ortega,Y.Rui,K.Chakrabarti,S.Mehrotra,and T.S.Huang.Supporting Similarity Queries in MARS.ACM Multimedia.In Proceedings of thefifth ACM international conference on Multimedia,pages403–413,Seattle, W A,USA,Nov.1997.ACM Press.[RHM98]Y.Rui,T.Huang,and S.Mehrotra.Relevance Feedback Techniques in Interactive Content-Based Image Re-trieval.In Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases(SPIE),pages25–36,San Jose,California, USA,Jan.1998.[SD97]M.Stricker and A.Dimai.Spectral Covariance and Fuzzy Regions for Image Indexing.Machine Vision and Applications,10:66–73,1997.[SK97]T.Seidl and H.-P.Kriegel.Efficient User-Adaptable Similarity Search in Large Multimedia Databases.In VLDB’97,Proceedings of23rd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases,August25-29,1997,Athens, Greece,pages506–515,Athens,Greece,Aug.1997.Morgan Kaufmann.[SO95]M.A.Stricker and M.Orengo.Similarity of Color Images.In Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases(SPIE),volume2420of SPIE Proceedings,pages381–392,San Diego/La Jolla,CA,USA,Feb.1995.[The00]The Database Group of ETH Zurich.The CHARIOT Project.http://simulant.ethz.ch/Chariot/,2000.[WSB98]R.Weber,H.-J.Schek,and S.Blott.A Quantitative Analysis and Performance Study for Similarity-Search Methods in High-Dimensional Spaces.In Proceedings of the International Conference on Very Large Databases (VLDB),pages194–205,New York City,New York,USA,Aug.1998.Morgan Kaufmann.。