the_trial_that_rocked_the_world_背景介绍

• John Thomas Scopes came to Tennessee fresh out of college. In the spring of 1925, he had just completed his first year as science teacher and part-time football coach at the high school in the little town of Dayton.
• 1925年的炎炎夏日，‚猴子审判‛ 在代顿开审。小镇里挤满了重视 这次审判的男男女女。约翰斯各 普斯后来写道：我的一举一动都 被注视着。但在未来两个星期却 没有人重视被告。双方的辩护律 师成为了焦点。约翰 斯各普斯被 利用了，但是他完全愿意被利用。
• On the most sensational day of the trial, when Clarence Darrow interrogated William Jennings Bryan as an expert on the Bible, Scopes actually became a reporter for his own trial-filling in for a journalist who had left town! • The trial ended in a conviction. The judge imposed a fine of $100 and John Scopes spoke for the first time. "Your honor," he said, "I feel that I have been convicted of violating an unjust statute. I will continue in the future, as I have in the past, to oppose this law in any way I can."
THE INTRODUCTION OF THE BUTLER LAW • 《布特勒法》1921年，布莱恩发起了‚反对在 公立学校讲授进化论‛运动。经过四年努力， 布赖恩及其追随者获得了成功。1925年，禁止 在公立学校教授‚任何否定圣经创世说而代之 以人类由低等动物进化而成‛的法案被田纳西 州议会通过。这一法案史称《布特勒法》 • 1967年，田纳西州取消了《布特勒法》；1968 年，美国联邦最高法院判定所有类似的反进化 论立法为违宪，而这个案子涉及的许多重大议 题，直至今天，也还没有完全解决。这不是一 句‚科学反愚昧‛，就能一言而概之的。
The Scopes Trial
•本文的作者约翰托马斯各普 斯。他是田纳西州代顿的一 名老师，24岁. 1925年5月25 号被告违反田纳西州的《布 特勒法》，禁止在田纳西州 学校教授进化论。这个案件 称为The Scopes Trial。
• The author makes efforts to portray the utterly different figures of two counsels, describes the different spectators' actions when they were in the court. And the author uses many rhetorical devices to give us a famous and lively trial in U.S history.
• 审判迅速成为媒体焦点。克 伦斯达罗给约翰斯各普斯做 辩护律师，美国最有名的刑 事律师。著名的政治家和反 进化论者，威廉*詹宁斯*布 莱恩，主动协助起诉。 各州的学者名流、新闻记者 云集小镇。人类历史上首次 采用电子通讯（收音机）现 场直播审判过程
• The trial began on July 10, 1925. "The town was filled with men and women who considered the case a duel to the death," John Scopes later wrote. "Everything I did was likely to be noted.“But over the next two weeks nobody paid much attention to the defendant. Attorneys for both sides hogged the spotlight in the overheated courtroom.
• 约翰斯各普斯打网球时， 一些商人叫他去镇上聚会 场所，罗宾逊的药店。他 们问他是否愿意因为教授 进化论被起诉。斯各普斯 赞同进化论，并同意该计 划。虽然他记不清是否教 授了进化论，但他在法庭 说他讲了而且还会再讲。
• 可是在1960年，斯各普斯重访 小镇。他坦白说，他其实并没 有资格成为‚被告‛。他是生 物教师，可也兼教体育。为了 让学生多练球，他自作主张跳 掉了许多课，结果，进化论也 就跳过去了。他根本就没有讲 授过进化论。可是，谁也不认 为这是重要的。斯各普斯和那 个《布特勒法》一样，只是一 个象征。
• 约翰 斯各普斯刚从大学毕 业来到田纳西州。1925年 的春天，是他在代顿高中 任生物老师和橄榄球队教 练的一整年。在斯各普斯 计划返回肯塔基州的夏季。 但是 ‚一个美丽的金发女 郎‛使他分心，他又多呆 了一个星期。这一决定永 远的改变了他的人生。
• It all began when the state of Tennessee passed a law making it a crime to teach evolution in public schools. A new organization called the American Civil Liberties Union responded immediately. The ACLU placed an ad inviting a teacher to help test the law in the courts. Dayton was in an economic slump, and the town's movers and shakers thought a sensational trial would put Dayton "on the map."
• Scopes planned to return home to Kentucky for the summer. But in his words, "a beautiful blonde" distracted him and he stayed for another week hoping for a date. The decision changed his life forever.
• In the words of historian Kevin Tierney, "Scopes was being used. He was completely willing to be used. But essentially the case had been taken over by the big names."
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• . 在最耸人听闻的审判日，克伦斯 达罗精彩审问作为一个圣经专家的 威廉詹宁斯布莱恩，斯各普斯则为 自己的审判当记者-填补了离开小 镇的记者！ 从7月13日到7月21日，审判历时8 天。最终，陪审团却只花了9分钟 就得出了确认被告斯各普斯违法的 结论，斯各普斯被判罚100美元。
陪审团
• 在过去，陪审员由警长挑选，达罗对此 提出了抗议，要求采用抽签的方式。这 一点倒被法官接受了，由法官的女儿抽 出了十二名陪审员，其中一名是教堂成 员，有十名是未受过多少教育的农民。 而且，在审判过程中，法官都不允许陪 审员听取被告证人的证词。可以说，这 场官司还没打，进化论这方就已输定了。
• John Scopes was playing tennis when a group of businessmen called him to the town gathering place, Robinson's drugstore. They asked if he would be willing to be indicted for teaching evolution. Though he could not remember actually teaching Darwin's theory, Scopes believed in evolution and agreed to the plan.
• The trial quickly became a media circus. John Scopes was to have Clarence Darrow, America's top criminal lawyer, defend him. The famous politician and antievolutionist, William Jennings Bryan, volunteered to assist the prosecution. Reporters from all over the country flocked to Dayton, including an announcer from Chicago's WGN radio. It would be the first live broadcast of a trial in American history.
• 达尔文的进化论提出后，相信 神创论的人士感到非常不安。 他们说：‚达尔文在‘物种起 源’一书中记述了有生命微生 物的发展过程。他认为，微生 物的产生不需要任何超自然的 力量或上帝的介入。这个学说 令美国以及其它地方的很多人 士深感不安，特别是基督教徒， 他们认为是神创造一切。‛