SwRI - LUBRICANT EFFECTS ON LUBRICANT EFFECTS ON AFTERTREATMENT CATALYSTS

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碳纳米材料在润滑油脂中的应用开发

2020年12月Dec.2020润滑油LUBRICATING OIL第35卷第6期V ol.35,N o.6D O I：10.19532/j. cnki. cn21 -1265/tq. 2020.06.009 文章编号:1002-3119(2020)06-0043-09碳纳米材料在润滑油脂中的应用开发彭春明，张玉娟，张晟卯，杨广彬，宋宁宁,张平余(河南大学纳米材料T程研究中心，河南开封475001 )摘要:纳米材料因在润滑油脂中展现出优越的摩擦学性能引起人们极大的兴趣。

碳纳米材料因其多样且独特的形态和微观结构，具有物理化学性能独特、热稳定性强和剪切强度低等特点，作为润滑油脂添加剂在高温、长效、环保要求高的润滑环境中具有不可替代的优势。

文章从碳纳米材料的结构、表面改性、与其他润滑材料复合等方面综述了碳纳米材料作为添加剂在润滑油脂领域中的性能和机制研究及其应用开发。

关键词:碳纳米材料;添加剂;综述中图分类号:TE624.82 文献标识码:AApplication and Development of Carbon Nanomaterials in Lubricating Oil and GreasePENG Chun - ming, ZHANG Yu - juan, ZHANG Sheng - mao, YANG Guang - bin,SONG Ning-ning，ZHANG Ping-yu(Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials of He^nan University, Kaifeng 475001, China)Abstract ：Nanomaterials are of great interest because of their excellent tribological properties in lubricating oil and grease. Carbon nanomaterials have unique physical and chemical properties, strong thermal stability and low shear strength due to their diverse and unique morphology and microstructure. As lubricant additives, they have irreplaceable advantages in high temperature, long - term and high environmental protection requirements. In this paper, the properties, mechanism and application of carbon nanomaterials as additives in the field of lubricating oil and grease are reviewed from the aspects of structure, surface modification and composite with other lubricating materials.Key words：carbon nanomaterials；additive；review〇引言摩擦磨损是机械运转过程中能量和材料损耗的主要原因。

用液质法检测水和土中的草甘膦及草铵膦

Journal of Chromatography A,1081(2005)145–155Residue determination of glyphosate,glufosinate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in water and soil samples by liquidchromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometryMar´ıa Ib´a˜n ez,´Oscar J.Pozo,Juan V.Sancho,Francisco J.L´o pez,F´e lix Hern´a ndez∗Research Institute for Pesticides and Water,University Jaume I,E-12071Castell´o n,SpainReceived11February2005;received in revised form3May2005;accepted17May2005AbstractThis paper describes a method for the sensitive and selective determination of glyphosate,glufosinate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)residues in water and soil samples.The method involves a derivatization step with9-ﬂuorenylmethylchloroformate(FMOC)in borate buffer and detection based on liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry(LC–ESI-MS/MS).In the case of water samples a volume of10mL was derivatized and then4.3mL of the derivatized mixture was directly injected in an on-line solid phase extraction(SPE)–LC–MS/MS system using an OASIS HLB cartridge column and a Discovery chromatographic column.Soil samples were ﬁrstly extracted with potassium hydroxide.After that,the aqueous extract was10-fold diluted with water and2mL were derivatized.Then, 50␮L of the derivatized10-fold diluted extract were injected into the LC–MS/MS system without pre-concentration into the SPE cartridge. The method has been validated in both ground and surface water by recovery studies with samples spiked at50and500ng/L,and also in soil samples,spiked at0.05and0.5mg/kg.In water samples,the mean recovery values ranged from89to106%for glyphosate(RSD<9%),from 97to116%for AMPA(RSD<10%),and from72to88%in the case of glufosinate(RSD<12%).Regarding soil samples,the mean recovery values ranged from90to92%for glyphosate(RSD<7%),from88to89%for AMPA(RSD<5%)and from83to86%for glufosinate (RSD<6%).Limits of quantiﬁcation for all the three compounds were50ng/L and0.05mg/kg in water and soil,respectively,with limits of detection as low as5ng/L,in water,and5␮g/kg,in soil.The use of labelled glyphosate as internal standard allowed improving the recovery and precision for glyphosate and AMPA,while it was not efﬁcient for glufosinate,that was quantiﬁed by external standards calibration.The method developed has been applied to the determination of these compounds in real water and soil samples from different areas.All the detections were conﬁrmed by acquiring two transitions for each compound.©2005Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:Glyphosate;Glufosinate;AMPA;Water;Soil;Liquid chromatography;Electrospray interface;Tandem mass spectrometry;Derivatization1.IntroductionGlyphosate[N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]and glufos-inate[ammonium dl-homoalanin-4-(methyl)phosphinate] are broad spectrum,nonselective,post-emergence herbicides extensively used in various applications for weed control in aquatic systems and vegetation control in non-crop areas. Aminomethylphosphonic acid(AMPA)is the major degra-dation product of glyphosate found in plants,water and soil ∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+34964728100;fax:+34964728066.E-mail address:hernandf@exp.uji.es(F.Hern´a ndez).[1].Chemical structures of these phosphorus-containing her-bicides are given in Fig.1.Due to the extensive worldwide use of these compounds and the restrictive regulations for water in the European Union,very sensitive methods for the determination of pes-ticide residues are required.However,the determination of these two herbicides at the sub␮g/L level is difﬁcult due to their ionic character,low volatility,low mass and lack of chemical groups that could facilitate their detection.Even more difﬁcult can result the residue determination in soil at low concentration levels(e.g.below0.1mg/kg),due to the complexity of this matrix sample.Most methods developed0021-9673/$–see front matter©2005Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.05.041146M.Ib´a ˜n ez et al./J.Chromatogr.A 1081(2005)145–155Fig.1.Chemical structures of glyphosate,AMPA and glufosinate,and derivatization reaction with FMOC.R:H or alkyl group.until now require derivatization procedures to enable analy-sis by gas chromatography (GC)or high-performance liquidchromatography (HPLC).GC/MS methods involved deriva-tization with different reagents [2–8]to confer volatility to the analytes.Normally,there is quite a lot of sample manip-ulation,and the methods are time-consuming and tedious.Physicochemical characteristics of these compounds ﬁt better with LC analysis,although the lack of adequate chem-ical groups (e.g.chromophores,UV absorption,ﬂuorogenics)hamper their measurement by conventional detectors.For these reasons,both pre-column and post-column derivatiza-tion procedures have been employed.Pre-column procedures are based mainly on derivatization with 9-ﬂuorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC)[9–15]to form ﬂuorescent deriva-tives (improve detection)and/or to reduce the polar character of the analytes facilitating the chromatographic retention.In post-column procedures,the most common reaction is with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)and mercaptoethanol [16]or with OPA and N ,N -dimethyl-2-mercaptoethylamine [17].Nor-mally,HPLC has been used in combination with ﬂuorescence detection after derivatization [11–17],although in a few cases glyphosate has been determined directly by ion chromatogra-phy (IC)with UV detection [18]or suppressed conductivity detection [19],but with limited sensitivity.The potential of capillary electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry [20]and with indirect ﬂuorescence detection [21]has also been explored,although the lack of sensitivity and/or selec-tivity of these techniques together with the difﬁculty for preconcentrating the analytes,limited their application in the ﬁeld of residues.In our research group,we have developed efﬁcient and selective methods based on the use of coupled-column liquid chromatography (LC–LC),which was proved to be an excel-lent way of minimizing sample treatment and improving sen-sitivity in a variety of sample matrices,as water,soil,fruit and vegetables [11,13–15,22].However,the use of conventional ﬂuorescent detection limited the sensitivity required in pesti-cide residue analysis,and also hampered the unequivocal con-ﬁrmation of the residues detected,which nowadays is widely accepted that has to be reached by MS techniques.Searching a method that could satisfy the requirements of sensitivity and selectivity,and unequivocal conﬁrmation of glyphosate in water,the use of MS spectrometric techniques in combina-tion with LC has been investigated by several groups.Thus,IC has been applied,due the ionic character of this analyte,coupled to MS with electrospray interface [23],while RPLC has been used in combination with ICP-MS with P detection [24].However,the sensitivity reached with these techniques was not sufﬁcient.Lee et al [9]obtained better results with the combination LC–MS.In this case,the molecular ions of the derivatized glyphosate,AMPA and glufosinate,as well as a fragment ion of each compound,were monitored in negative ionisation mode obtaining detection limits around 0.1␮g/L.The use of isotope-labelled glyphosate as inter-nal standard minimised derivatization variations and matrix effects.However,although MS based methods could be con-sidered as highly selective methods,the occurrence of false positives might be still possible mainly in the analysis of rel-atively dirty samples,as some interferences can share the same MS properties as the analyte.This may also occur in water sample analysis as it has been reported in some papers,producing constructive discussions on this subject [25].The improved sensitivity and selectivity of tandem MS make this technique ideal for the trace level determination of polar and/or ionic pesticides in water by LC–MS/MS meth-ods,as it has been proved in our laboratory [26–27].This tech-nique was also applied several years ago to the determination of glyphosate and AMPA in water [10],although considerable variation was observed caused by irreproducibility in deriva-tization and fragmentation.4-mL volume was passed through the SPE cartridge,claiming detection limits for glyphosate and AMPA around 0.03␮g/L.When dealing with more complex matrices,such as soil samples,an important loss in the sensitivity can occur a con-sequence of the ionisation suppression from the co-extracted components of the matrix,hampering correct quantiﬁcation.This matrix-effect depends on the analyte-sample combina-tion.Different approaches have been used either to minimize or to correct the matrix effect,such as increasing the sample pretreatment,performing matrix-matched calibration,using an isotope labelled standard or simply diluting the sample [28].Thus,the labeled glyphosate has been used as internal standard for the LC–MS determination of this herbicide [9].Conﬁrmation of the identity of residues in unknown sam-ples is of utmost importance in order to avoid reporting falseM.Ib´a˜n ez et al./J.Chromatogr.A1081(2005)145–155147positives.Recently,the European Union has adopted the con-cept of identiﬁcation points(IPs)as quality criterium for the conﬁrmation of contaminant residues[29].For compounds with an established MRL,a minimum of three IPs is required for satisfactory conﬁrmation of the compound identity.When LC–MS/MS technique is used,the monitoring of two MS/MS transitions,ing one precursor ion and two product ions, allows to earn four IPs,fulﬁlling the requirements of this cri-terium[25].The aim of this paper is to develop a rapid and robust method for the determination of low concentrations of glyphosate,its principal degradation product,AMPA,and glufosinate in water and soil by SPE–LC–ESI-MS/MS,that fulﬁl the requirements of excellent sensitivity and unequiv-ocal conﬁrmation of the residues detected according to the European Union guidelines.Following the most widely accepted criteria,four IPs will be achieved,thus avoiding the possibility of reporting false positives.2.Experimental2.1.ChemicalsGlyphosate(98%),glufosinate(99%)and AMPA(99%) reference standards were purchased from Dr Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg,Germany),Riedel-de-H¨a en(Seelze,Germany) and Sigma(St Louis,MO,USA),respectively.Isotope-labeled glyphosate(1,2-13C,15N),used as surrogate inter-nal standard(IS),was purchased from Dr Ehrenstorfer. Analytical reagent-grade disodium tetraborate decahydrate was obtained from Scharlab(Barcelona,Spain)and9-ﬂuorenylmethylchloroformate(FMOC-Cl)was purchased from Sigma.Reagent-grade hydrochloric acid,formic acid, potassium hydroxide(KOH),acetic acid(HAc)and ammo-nium acetate(NH4Ac)as well as LC-grade acetonitrile were purchased from Scharlab.LC-grade water was obtained by purifying demineralised water in a Nanopure II system(Barn-stead Newton,MA,USA).Standard stock solutions were prepared dissolving approx-imately50mg powder,accurately weighted,in100mL of water obtaining aﬁnal concentration of approximately 500mg/L.A50-mg/L composite standard was prepared in water by mixing and diluting the individual standard stock solutions.Standard working solutions for the LC–MS/MS analysis and for fortiﬁcation of samples were prepared by dilution of the50-mg/L composite standard with water.All standard solutions were stored in nonsilanized glass.The isotope-labeled glyphosate was purchased as1.1mL of100-␮g/mL stock solution in water.A11-␮g/mL stan-dard solution was prepared by dissolving1.1mL of the stock solution in10mL of water.Standard working solutions were prepared by diluting the intermediate standard solution with water.Solutions of5%borate buffer(pH approximately9)in HPLC-grade water and solutions containing12,000mg/L of FMOC-Cl in acetonitrile were used for the derivatization step prior to the analysis.2.2.InstrumentationFor the analysis of water samples,the mass spectrometer was interfaced to a LC system based on a233XL autosam-pler with a loop of4.3mL(Gilson,Villiers-le-Bel,France) and2pumps:an Agilent1100(Agilent,Waldbron,Germany) binary pump used to condition and wash the cartridge(P-1) and a Waters Alliance2695(Waters,Milford,MA,USA)qua-ternary pump used for the chomatographic separation(P-2), as can be seen elsewhere[24].The SPE preconcentration was performed using an Oasis HLB cartridge,20mm×2.1mm i.d.(Waters),as C-1.For the LC separation,a Discovery col-umn C18,5␮m50×2.0mm i.d.(Supelco,Bellefonte,PA, USA),was used as C-2.Mobile phase consisted of water pH 2.5(adjusted with formic acid)in P-1,and mixtures of aque-ous5mM acetic acid/ammonium acetate(pH4.8)water and acetonitrile in P-2.For the analysis of soil samples,the mass spectrometer was directly interfaced to the Waters Alliance2695(Waters) quaternary pump.The mobile phases and the column used were the same as in the case of water samples.A Quattro LC(quadrupole-hexapole-quadrupole)mass spectrometer(Micromass,Manchester,UK)with an orthog-onal Z-spray-electrospray interface was used.Drying gas as well as nebulising gas was nitrogen,generated from pressur-ized air in a NG-7nitrogen generator(Aquilo,Etten-Leur, NL).The nebuliser gasﬂow was set to approximately80L/h and the desolvation gasﬂow to800–900L/h.Datastation operating software was MassLynx v4.0.For operation in MS/MS mode,collision gas was Argon 99.995%(Carburos Metalicos,Valencia,Spain)with a pres-sure of approximately1×10−3mbar in the collision cell. Capillary voltage of3.5kV was used in positive ionization mode.The interface temperature was set to350◦C and the source temperature to120◦C.Dwell times of0.17s/scan were chosen.2.3.SPE procedureThe conditioning of the Oasis cartridge was performed with LC-grade water at pH2.5at aﬂow-rate of1mL/min for7min.An aliquot of4.3mL of water sample was pre-concentrated(1mL/min)into the cartridge and washed with acidiﬁed LC-grade water during4min.After washing,the sample was transferred in backﬂush mode to the C-2column and a gradient in P-2started.2.4.LC procedureTo perform the chromatographic separation,the gra-dient used in P-2was water5mM HAc/NH4Ac(pH 4.8)–acetonitrile,where the percentage of organic modiﬁer was changed as follows:0min,10%;5min,10%;5.1min,148M.Ib´a˜n ez et al./J.Chromatogr.A1081(2005)145–15590%;9min,90%;9.1min,10%;14min,10%.The chro-matographic separations were completed within20min. 2.5.Sample procedureThe derivatization procedure was based on Sancho et al. [14,15](see Fig.1),with slight modiﬁcations.2.5.1.Water samplesGround and surface water samples were collected in plas-tic bottles from different sites of the Valencian Mediterranean region and stored in a freezer at−18◦C until analysis.Ten millilitre of water sample was introduced into a glass tube together with100␮L of isotope-labeled glyphosate standard (110␮g/L).Samples were derivatised by adding0.6mL of 5%borate buffer(pH9)followed by0.6mL of FMOC-Cl reagent(12000mg/L),and allowing the reaction to take place overnight at room temperature.After that,samples wereﬁltered through a0.45␮m syringeﬁlter and acidiﬁed with hydrochloric acid until pH1.5.Finally,4.3mL of the acidiﬁed derivatized samples were directly injected into the SPE–LC–ESI-MS/MS system.Fortiﬁcation of surface or ground waters for recovery experiments was performed by adding1mL of5or50ng/mL mixture solutions to100mL of blank water sample in order to yield fortiﬁcation levels of50or500ng/L,respec-tively.2.5.2.Soil samplesSoil samples was collected from a public garden,sus-pected to have been contaminated by glyphosate.Air-dried soil samples were homogenized and5.0g subsamples were transferred to centrifuge tubes(50mL).Samples were extracted by shaking with0.6M KOH(10mL)on a mechan-ical shaker for30min,and then centrifuged at3500rpm for 30min.The alkaline sample extracted was separated and neu-tralized by adding drops of HCl6M and0.6M until pH7, approximately.After that,the neutralized supernatant was 10-fold diluted with HPLC-grade water.The derivatization step was performed as follows:2-mL of the10-fold diluted supernatant was pipetted into a glass tube together with 120␮L of the labelled internal standard(1.10mg/L),120␮L of5%borate buffer(pH9)and120␮L of FMOC-Cl reagent (12000mg/L).The tube was swirled and left overnight at room temperature.After that,samples wereﬁltered through a0.45␮m syringeﬁlter and acidiﬁed with hydrochloric acid until pH1.5.Finally,50␮L of the acidiﬁed deriva-tized extract was directly injected into the LC–ESI-MS/MS system.Fortiﬁcation of soil samples for recovery experiments was performed by adding1mL of250ng/mL or2500ng/mL mix-ture solutions to5.0g of blank soil sample in order to yield fortiﬁcation levels of0.05mg/kg or0.5mg/kg,respectively. Samples were equilibrated for1h prior to extraction.AMPA and glyphosate were quantiﬁed using isotope labelled glyphosate as internal standard,in both water and soil samples.In the case of glufosinate,quantiﬁcation was performed with external calibration.2.6.Validation studyLinearity of the method was evaluated analysing eight standard solutions by duplicate,in the range25–5000ng/L for water samples,and in the range1–500␮g/L for soil extracts.Precision(repeatability,expressed as relative standard deviation,in%)and recoveries were determined within day by analysing fortiﬁed blank samples in quintupli-cate.This experiment was performed at two spiking lev-els:50and500ng/L in water,and0.05and0.5mg/kg in soil.The limits of detection(LOD),deﬁned as the lowest concentration that the analytical process can reliably dif-ferentiate from background levels,were obtained when the signal was three times the average of background noise in the chromatogram at the lowest analyte concentration assayed.The limits of quantiﬁcation(LOQ)were estab-lished as the lowest concentration assayed and validated, which gave satisfactory recovery(70–120%)and precision (<15%RSD).The speciﬁcity of the method was evaluated by analysing a blank procedure,a processed blank sample,and a blank sam-ple spiked at the lowest fortiﬁcation level assayed(LOQ),i.e. 50ng/L in water and0.05mg/kg in soil.Under these condi-tions,the response obtained for both the blank procedure and the blank samples should not exceed30%of the response corresponding to the LOQ.2.7.Data evaluationTo ensure the quality of the analysis when processing real-world samples,blank samples fortiﬁed at the LOQ and10×LOQ concentration levels(50and500ng/L for waters,and 0.05and0.5mg/kg for soils)were used as quality controls (QC)distributed along the batch of samples every three-four injections.The quantiﬁcation of the sample batch was con-sidered satisfactory if the QC recoveries were in the range of 70–120%.The values found in real samples were conﬁrmed by means of the two transitions selected for each compound. In this way,quantiﬁcation was carried out independently with each transition(see MS Optimisation),accepting a deviation of±20%in the concentrations obtained with both transi-tions.3.Results and discussion3.1.MS optimisationFull-scan MS spectra and product-ion MS/MS spectra of the FMOC derivatives of glyphosate,glufosinate and AMPA were recorded in both positive and negative ionisation modes.M.Ib´a ˜n ez et al./J.Chromatogr.A 1081(2005)145–155149Fig.2.The positive ion electrospray full scan mass spectrum (top)and product ion spectra (bottom)of (a)AMPA-FMOC,(b)glyphosate-FMOC and (c)glufosinate-FMOC,obtained from the chromatographic peak of 10mg/L standard solution of each compound,previously derivatizated.Spectra were obtained from the chromatographic peak of 10mg/L standard solution of each compound,previously derivatized.Although these compounds have been traditionally recorded in negative ion mode [9,10],in our work the sensi-tivity in positive ion mode was found to be approximately two times higher.Moreover,the product ions observed in negative ion mode were due to neutral unspeciﬁc losses of FMOC,or FMOC plus water.Thus,any isobaric compound that could have been derivatized with FMOC and also presented a water loss,would show the same product ions in its MS/MS spec-tra,being therefore not very selective.For all these reasons,positive ion mode was selected.The positive-ion electrospray full scan spectrum of AMPA-FMOC at a cone of 30V showed a base peak at m /z 334corresponding to the protonated derivatized molecule [M +H]+.The MS/MS spectra showed three abundant frag-ments at m /z 179,156and 112(Fig.2a).As can be seen in Fig.3a,fragments at m /z 179,m /z 156(M-178)and m /z 112(M-222)would appear in any isobaric amine that could have been derivatized with FMOC.As there were not signiﬁcant differences in the selectivity of these transitions,the criterium applied for their selection was the sensitivity,choosing the two most sensitive ones.The positive-ion electrospray full scan spectrum of glyphosate-FMOC at a cone of 30V showed a peak at m /z 392corresponding to the protonated derivatized molecule [M +H]+.The MS/MS spectra showed abundant fragments at m /z 214,179,170and 88(Fig.2b).The fragments at m /z 179and the fragments at m /z 214(M-178)and m /z 170(M-222)would appear in any isobaric amine that could have been derivatized with FMOC (Fig.3a).Thus,the selected reac-tion monitoring (SRM)transitions chosen were 392→88for quantiﬁcation as the most selective (see Fig.3b)andTable 1Optimised MS/MS parameters for the FMOC derivatives of glyphosate,AMPA,glufosinate and internal standard,selected for the residue analysis of water and soil Compound Cone voltage (V)Precursor ion (m /z )Product ion (m /z )a Collision energy (eV)Glyphosate-FMOC 30392.0Q 88.120q 214.110Glufosinate-FMOC 30404.0Q 136.125q 208.210AMPA-FMOC30334.0Q 179.120q 112.115Isotope-labeled glyphosate-FMOC30395.0Q 91.120q 217.110aQ ,Transition used for quantiﬁcation;q :transition used for conﬁrmation.150M.Ib´a ˜n ez et al./J.Chromatogr.A 1081(2005)145–155Fig.3.(a)Common fragmentation pathway for the three derivatised compounds;(b)speciﬁc fragmentation pathway for glyphosate and glufosinate.392→214for conﬁrmation as it was the most sensitiveamong the less selective.In the case of glufosinate,the positive-ion electrospray full scan spectrum showed a peak at m /z 404corresponding to the protonated molecule of glufosinate-FMOC.The MS/MS spectrum showed four abundant fragments at m /z 208,182(M-222),179and m /z 136(Fig.2c).We choose the most selective transitions:404→208and 404→136(see Fig.3b)despite their lower sensitivity.The selected reaction monitoring (SRM)transitions cho-sen for the residue determination of the three compounds,as well as the optimised MS/MS parameters,are shown in Table 1.3.2.Method optimisationFirstly,several attempts were carried out in order to deter-mine these compounds directly,i.e.without any previousM.Ib´a˜n ez et al./J.Chromatogr.A1081(2005)145–155151derivatization.For this purpose we checked Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography using an Atlantis TM HILIC 5␮m Silica Column(100mm×2.1mm i.d.,Waters).This column offers superior retention for very polar compounds that are not well retained under reversed-phase conditions. Although the retention obtained with this column at acidic pH was satisfactory,we observed poor sensitivity,making necessary a preconcentration step.We did not try to perform such a preconcentration because this step is difﬁcult for sub-ppb levels of glyphosate and forces one to a higher sample manipulation.Additionally,the conditions to obtain satisfac-tory retention and peak shape were very speciﬁc and changed drastically when changing either pH of the sample or modiﬁer concentration in the mobile phase,decreasing the robustness of the method.For these reasons,a derivatisation procedure was carried out in order to increase the retention of analytes in the most common RPLC cartridges and to work under no so strict conditions.Derivatization procedures with FMOC-Cl have already been reported in the literature[9–15].Due to the low sol-ubility and stability of FMOC-Cl in water,this reagent is usually prepared in acetonitrile.Normally the high con-centration of FMOC required for the derivatization,makes that the derivatized sample presents a high percentage of acetonitrile.Thus,a dilution step with water is necessary to reduce the organic percentage[14],with the subse-quent loss of sensitivity,to retain glyphosate,glufosinate and AMPA in the cartridge due to the high polar charac-ter of these compounds,even derivatized.In this paper,we decreased the volume of the FMOC solution used but increas-ing its concentration and also the volume of water sample derivatized with the aim of minimizing the dilution factor. The effect of adding different FMOC concentrations with different reaction times was studied.The best results for both,water and soil samples,were obtained after perform-ing the reaction overnight with a FMOC concentration of 12,000mg/L.On the other hand,as the borate solution could not buffer properly the alkaline sample extract,a neutralizing step was necessary before the derivatization.Any attempt ofﬁxing the volume of HCl necessary to neutralize the KOH excess failed due to the different nature of the soils.Therefore,this step was done manually adding drops of HCl6M and0.6M until pH around7.Once the derivatization reaction took place overnight, hydrochloric acid was added to stop the reaction,by low-ering the pH.In soil samples,after direct injection of50␮L of the derivatized acidiﬁed extract,recoveries around25%with RSD up to80%were obtained for the three analytes,showing a severe matrix effect in both the MS instrument and/or the derivatization procedure.Among the solutions described to solve this problem(see Section1),the increase of the sample treatment was not considered as the best strategy for monitor-ing programs where rapid methods are preferred.Moreover, the use of matrix-matched standards calibration is not a robust approach when environmental samples are analysed,due to their different origin and composition,making the selection of a blank matrix difﬁcult.Thus,the use of internal stan-dards(IS)was tested,but only isotope-labelled glyphosate was commercially available.As expected,the use of this IS improved accuracy and pre-cision for glyphosate as it compensated the matrix effects,due to the similar chemical behaviour of analyte and IS.However, still ionization inhibition occurred lowering the sensitivity of the overall analytical procedure.In the case of AMPA and glufosinate,although better recoveries were obtained(around 116–127%),the RSDs were still unacceptable(higher than 15%).Therefore,the dilution of soil extracts with LC grade water was assayed as a fast and simple way to minimize matrix interferences.Thus,ﬁve soil samples of different origins were fortiﬁed at the0.5mg/kg and their extracts derivatized and,10-fold and20-fold diluted with water.According to our results(see Table2),10-and20-fold dilution would be adequate for accurate quantiﬁcation,even without internal standard.However,the use of internal standard improved the RSDs,especially for glyphosate.In the case of glufosinate, quantiﬁcation with labelled glyphosate IS did not improve the results.A similar situation has been previously reported in literature,when using analogues IS,demonstrating the dif-ﬁculty of selecting an adequate IS when the labelled analyte is not available[28].Finally,glyphosate and AMPA were quantiﬁed using internal standard meanwhile glufosinate was quantiﬁed with external standard calibration.A10-fold dilu-tion of the extract was chosen as it led to the best LODs.In regard to water samples,after injection of4.3mL of the derivatized sample into the SPE–LC–MS/MS,recoveriesTable2Effect of dilution of soil extracts previously to the derivatization step on the recovery and reproducibility of the method(n=5)a Compound Without dilution10-Fold dilution20-Fold dilution%Recovery b (%RSD)%Recovery c(%RSD)%Recovery b(%RSD)%Recovery c(%RSD)%Recovery b(%RSD)%Recovery c(%RSD)Glyphosate25(79)97(6)83(24)98(3)83(23)91(11) AMPA28(46)127(27)87(9)98(11)89(8)98(10) Glufosinate27(56)116(18)94(8)118(19)92(8)107(9)a Five different soil samples,spiked at0.5mg/kg each.b Quantiﬁcation without internal standard.c Quantiﬁcation with internal standard.。

五味子水提取液对叔丁基过氧化氢诱导神经元衰老保护作用-赵坚毅

55第19卷第1期 2017 年 1 月辽宁中医药大学学报JOURNAL OF LIAONING UNIVERSITY OF TCMVol. 19 No. 1 Jan .，2017细胞衰老是指正常的细胞在通路的调控下能够不可逆的进入生长停滞期的一种状态[1]。

细胞衰老涉及DNA 的损伤与修复、线粒体的能量代谢以及相关基因的调控等方面[2]。

随着我国人口老龄化进程的加快，细胞衰老问题不仅是一个生物问题，更成为了一个重大的社会问题，所以对于延缓细胞衰老的研究更有现实意义。

五味子为木兰科植物五味子[Schisandra chinensis （Turcz.）Baill]的干燥成熟果实，其果实入药，味酸甘性温，入肺、心、肾经，有敛肺固涩、益气生津及补肾宁心的功效[3]。

现代药理学研究表明，五味子具有保肝[4]、抗缺氧、抗疲劳[5]和抗肿瘤[6]等作用。

高文荣等[7]证实五味子水提取液能够对D-半乳糖所致的衰老神经细胞具有保护作用，但是五味子水提取液对t-BHP 所造成的神经元衰老笔者还未见相关报道。

所以本研究在成功培养小鼠原代皮层神经元基础上，观察五味子水提取液对t-BHP 导致的神经元衰老的作用。

1 材料与方法1.1 动物昆明种小鼠，购自辽宁长生生物技术有限公司，合格证号：SCXK（辽）2010-001，光明∶黑暗=1∶1，室温（22±2）℃，相对湿度55%~65%。

将怀孕的母鼠单独放置在一个鼠笼中，待自然分娩后取新生小鼠用于实验。

1.2 试剂五味子水提取液（由辽宁中医药大学制剂实验室提供），用含有10% FBS（fetal calf serum，胎牛血清，Gibco 公司）和1% P/S（penicillin-strepotomycin，青-链霉素，Thermo 公司）的DMEM（Dulbecco's五味子水提取液对叔丁基过氧化氢诱导神经元衰老保护作用赵坚毅，田立东（辽宁中医药大学附属医院，辽宁沈阳 110032）摘要：目的：探讨五味子水提取液（SWE）对叔丁基过氧化氢诱导的神经元衰老的保护作用并探讨其机制。

氟醚橡胶在不同介质下的热老化行为与机理研究

装备环境工程第20卷第12期·70·EQUIPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING2023年12月氟醚橡胶在不同介质下的热老化行为与机理研究刘俊邦1，张少锋1，李璞2，张洪彬1，陈荻云1，唐庆云1*（1.工业和信息化部电子第五研究所，广州 510610；2.中国航发湖南动力机械研究所，湖南株洲 412000）摘要：目的对氟醚橡胶FM-2D在空气与飞马Ⅱ号润滑油中的热老化行为与机理进行研究。

方法开展氟醚橡胶高温贮存试验，在热氧、热油的介质环境下，研究氟醚橡胶的力学性能退化规律。

试验后对样品的拉伸性能、压缩性能以及硬度进行检测，并且利用傅里叶红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜以及X射线电子能谱对试验后样品进行检测。

结果通过热老化试验，发现氟醚橡胶在200 ℃以下能够长期维持较好的力学性能。

试验温度在200 ℃以上，氟醚橡胶的力学性能出现明显退化趋势，并且在热空气与热油中的老化趋势不同。

在220 ℃的热空气老化31 d后，氟醚橡胶的拉伸强度下降27.0%，断裂伸长率增大89.8%，压缩应力松弛率为34.6%，硬度下降8.7%。

在220 ℃的热油老化31 d后，氟醚橡胶的拉伸强度下降85.9%，断裂伸长率下降83.9%，压缩应力松弛率为‒17.5%，硬度上升4.2%。

结论在热空气老化过程中，橡胶分子链受热氧影响发生断裂，使其强度下降；在热油老化过程中，油介质和高温的耦合作用使橡胶的交联网络失效，橡胶发硬变脆。

关键词：氟醚橡胶；热老化；力学性能；X射线光电子能谱中图分类号：TN06 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-9242(2023)12-0070-08DOI：10.7643/ issn.1672-9242.2023.12.009Thermal Aging Behavior and Mechanism of Fluoroether Rubber under Different Media LIU Jun-bang1, ZHANG Shao-feng1, LI Pu2, ZHANG Hong-bin1, CHEN Di-yun1, TANG Qing-yun1*(1. Electronic Fifth Institute of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Guangzhou 510610, China;2. China Aerospace Hunan Power Machinery Research Institute, Hunan Zhuzhou 412000, China)ABSTRACT: The work aims to study the thermal aging behavior and mechanism of fluoroether rubber FM-2D in air and Pegasus II lubricating oil. The storage test of fluoroether rubber at high temperature was carried out, and the degradation law of mechanical properties of fluoroether rubber was investigated in air and oil. The tensile properties, compressive properties and hardness of the samples were tested after the aging test. A Fourier infrared spectrometer, a scanning electron microscope and an X-ray electron spectroscopy were used to detect and analyze the samples after the test to explore the aging mechanism. The re-sult showed that fluoroether rubber could maintain good mechanical properties for a long time at 200 ℃. While when the tem-perature was above 200 ℃, the mechanical properties of fluoroether rubber degraded obviously. After 31 days of aging in hot air收稿日期：2023-10-31；修订日期：2023-12-11Received：2023-10-31；Revised：2023-12-11引文格式：刘俊邦, 张少锋, 李璞, 等. 氟醚橡胶在不同介质下的热老化行为与机理研究[J]. 装备环境工程, 2023, 20(12): 70-77.LIU Jun-bang, ZHANG Shao-feng, LI Pu, et al. Thermal Aging Behavior and Mechanism of Fluoroether Rubber under Different Media[J]. Equipment Environmental Engineering, 2023, 20(12): 70-77.第20卷第12期刘俊邦，等：氟醚橡胶在不同介质下的热老化行为与机理研究·71·at 220 ℃, the tensile strength of fluoroether rubber decreased by 27.0%, the elongation at break increased by 89.8%, the relaxa-tion rate of compressive stress was 34.6%, and the hardness decreased by 8.7%. After 31 days of hot oil aging at 220 ℃, the tensile strength of fluoroether rubber decreased by 85.9%, the elongation at break decreased by 83.9%, the relaxation rate of compressive stress was ‒17.5%, and the hardness increased by 4.2%. Through analysis and characterization, it is founded that the molecular chain of rubber is broken under the influence of hot oxygen during the aging process of hot air, and the strength of rubber decreases. In hot oil aging, the coupling effect of oil medium and high temperature makes the crosslinking network of rubber fail, and the rubber becomes hard and brittle.KEY WORDS: fluoroether rubber; FM-2D; thermal aging; mechanical properties; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy橡胶以O形圈、垫片的形式被应用于液体和气体的密封，广泛应用在机械、化工、航空航天、汽车等领域[1-4]。

机电工程专业英语答案

机电工程专业英语答案【篇一：机电工程专业英语】r (rotating member) in an electric motor has rotational inertia,and a torque is required to bring it up to speed when the motoris started. if the motor shaft is rigidly connected to a load witha large rotational inertia, and the motor is started suddenly by closing a switch, the motor may not have sufficient torquecapacity to bring the motor shaft up to speed before thewindings in the motor are burned out by the excessive current demands . a clutch between the motor and the load shafts will restrict the starting torque on the motor to that required to accelerate the rotor and parts of the clutch only.电机的转子（转动元件之一）是有惯性的。

当电机启动时，需要一个力矩使转子提升速度。

如果电机轴与负荷是刚性连接，就会有更大的惯性。

这样启动，电机在还没有足够的力矩使转子提升到一定速度，可能就被过电流烧毁了线圈。

在电机和负荷之间的离合器，会限制启动转矩来保证有足够的力矩只加速转子和离合器。

有些机床，可以非常方便的在电机连续运转时，通过操作离合器来启动或停止机器的。

2005-Lubrication and Lubricants

LUBRICATIONAND LUBRICANTS1.IntroductionLubrication is a process in which aﬁlm of lubricant is inserted between rubbing surfaces for the purpose of controlling friction and/or to reduce wear of the sur-faces.Theseﬁlms are designed to minimize contact between the rubbing surfaces and to shear easily so that the frictional force opposing the rubbing motion is low. Lubricants may be liquids,solids,gases,or greases.Lubricating oils and greases contain reﬁned or synthesized base oils from animal,vegetable or mineral (petroleum)origin,and a variety of additives to improve their lubricating and other characteristics.Lubrication is a major component of tribology,deﬁned as the science and technology concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion,including fric-tion,lubrication,wear and erosion(1).Tribology and lubrication are ancient arts.In his splendid History of Tribo-logy(2),Professor Dowson traces the development of these arts and sciences,and describes the outstanding artists and scientists responsible,from the paleolithic age to the end of the twentieth century.He reports archeological evidence that bitumen was used to lubricate potters wheels5000years ago.Water-lubricated sliding bearings were used in Egypt$2400BC to transport large objects.A char-iot wheel from$1400BC was found with traces of tallow as lubricant,and the Chinese had lubricated metal wheel bearings with leather seals to hold the lubri-cant in place in the fourth century BC(2).The word‘‘tribology’’ﬁrst appeared in Lubrication(Tribology)Education and Research—A Report on the Present Position and Industries Needs,Depart-ment of Education and Science(UK),1966.This is often called The Jost Report, after H.Peter Jost,the chairman of the British Lubrication Engineering Work-ing Group,which prepared the report.The word is derived from the Greek tribein,meaning‘‘to rub’’,and logos,meaning‘‘reading’’or‘‘study’’.Tribology is literally the study of rubbing.The Working Group deﬁned it more precisely as‘‘the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and the practices related thereto’’(3).The Jost Report was part of an effort to focus attention on the‘‘scientiﬁc, technological,economic and environmental issues’’(2)involved in the study and practice of tribology.Another purpose was to bring together the many, and often splintered engineering and scientiﬁc disciplines that deal with this technology.Dowson speculates that the dramatic progress in thisﬁeld in the ﬁnal third of the twentieth century may have been signiﬁcantly inﬂuenced by these efforts in the1960s(2).The1966report by the British Lubrication Engineering Working Group demonstrated to industry and government the impact of friction,wear,and lubri-cation on the nation’s economy,and the value of further research in tribology. That report showed,eg,that the most signiﬁcant value of better lubrication (91%)comes from increased productivity,lower maintenance and replacement costs,and lower investment cost.Direct energy savings(5%),and savings in the cost of lubrication,in manpower and material(4%),account for the remainder.1Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.Copyright John Wiley&Sons,Inc.All rights reserved.2LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS Vol.15 Tribology is a multidisciplinary science that embraces lubrication,friction, wear,properties of lubricants,surface characterization,bearing materials,and the selection and design of lubricating systems.The lubrication engineer would add to this list lubricant and coolant selection,plant lubrication and maintenance programs,and machine condition monitoring.2.Fundamentals of LubricationTribology,by deﬁnition,is concerned with interacting surfaces in relative motion.It is appropriate,therefore,to begin the discussion of lubrication funda-mentals by describing the characteristics of tribological surfaces.2.1.The Nature of Interacting Surfaces in Relative Motion.Tribo-logical surfaces are the load-bearing surfaces on the moving parts of machines. They include surfaces on crankshaft rod and main bearings,radial and thrust bearings on steam and gas turbines,cams and valve lifters,pistons and cylin-ders,natural and artiﬁcial hip joints,ball and roller bearings,machine tool slideways,cutting tools,magnetic information storage devices,and microelectro-mechanical systems(MEMS).Despite their appearance andﬁnishing efforts, these surfaces are not perfectly smooth.There are microscopic irregularities; gently sloping hills and valleys called asperities on them.If an imaginary surface is drawn through a real surface,such that the volume of all of the material above the imaginary surface is equal to the volume of voids below that surface,the roughness of the real surface,R a,can be deﬁned asR a¼ðj y1jþj y2jþÁÁÁþj y n jÞ=nð1ÞWhere R a is the center line or arithmetic average of the absolute distances,y i, from the imaginary surface(mean line)for a given sampling length(usually 0.80mm).Roughness(R a)values of machined surfaces range from0.025m m for ball bearing surfaces to25m m clearance surfaces on rough machine parts(4–6). The roughness of computer hard disk surfaces is measured in angstroms(A˚)or nanometers(nm)(7).The total proﬁle of a surface consists of a‘‘waviness’’and a roughness com-ponent.The parameter R a,although it is the most common measure of surface roughness,is insensitive to the shape or waviness of the proﬁle.A more useful parameter is the root-mean-square(rms)roughness,R q.R q¼½ðy21þy22þÁÁÁþy2nÞ=n 1=2ð2ÞWhere R q is the rms deviation of y i from the mean line for a given sampling length(4).The rms roughness of computer hard disk surfaces is<2nm(7).The most repeatable of the roughness parameters is the10points height, R z.Vol.15LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS3 R z¼½ðP1þP2þÁÁÁþP5ÞÀðV1þV2þÁÁÁþV5Þ =5ð3ÞWhere R z is the average distance between theﬁve highest peaks(P i)and theﬁve deepest valleys(V i)within the sampling length.It is also linked with the machin-ing parameter S2/8r,where S is the feed rate and r is the tool radius(4).Another index of roughness is R t,the maximum peak-to-valley height.R t¼R pþR vð4ÞWhere R p is the maximum peak height and R v is the maximum valley depth within the sampling length(4).The description of the test disk used in the ASTM D6425-02test method for measuring friction and wear illustrates the impact of surface texture on these quantities(8)and is shown below and used with ASTM’s permission.Test Disk,AISI52100Steel,62Æ1HRC Hardness.The surfaces of the disk are lapped and free of lapping raw materials.The topography of the disk will be determined by four values:0.005m m<R z>0.65m m;0.035m m<R a>0.050m m;0.020m m<R p>0.035m m;0.050m m<R v>0.075m mFour different measures of surface topography are speciﬁed for the disk in order to get acceptable reproducibility of the test method(9).Approximate roughness indexes obtained with various metal-working processes areProduction process R t,m m R a,m mturning 4.00–25.00.500–3.0grinding 2.00–6.00.400–0.8milling 1.50–20.00.200–2.0boring0.50–20.00.050–1.6honing0.03–1.00.015–0.2lapping0.03–0.60.015–0.1Engineering surfaces also differ in composition from the underlying bulk material.A metal bearing,eg,will have a work hardened layer at the surface, over which an oxide layer forms,on top of which is an adsorbed layer of moisture and gases.When two such surfaces come in moving contact,their surface struc-tures,compositions,and the interaction between opposing asperities accounts for a major portion of the friction between them and much of the wear that inevita-bly occurs(10–12).For example,without the oxide and adsorbed layers,coefﬁcients of friction>4have been measured in a vacuum of0.133mPa on surfaces cleaned by abrasive cloth and heated.The coefﬁcient decreased considerably when oxy-gen was admitted to a pressure of0.133Pa(13).The oxide and adsorbed layers on metal surfaces can,therefore,be considered as lubricatingﬁlms.2.2.Friction.When two of these surfaces are brought together,they initially touch at the highest asperities.The load,N,normal to the surfaces at4LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS Vol.15the contact points causes the asperities to deform until the pressure in the result-ing contact areas just equals the yield pressure,p,of the asperities.The sum of these contact areas is the real contact area,A r.The yield pressure is equivalent to the Brinell Hardness Number(BHN),in consistent units,measured at the surface of the material(4).A r¼N=p¼N=BHNð5ÞThe real area of contact is a minute fraction of the total surface area.For example,with a typical bearing contact stress of3MPa and a bronze bearing asperity yield pressure of500MPa,<1.0%of the nominal area would involve asperity contact(14).As the load on the surfaces increases,the asperities continue to deform,the softer surface more than the other.More of the asperities come in contact and the real area of contact grows.The opposing surfaces also tend to adhere or bond to each other in the contact area.The shear strength of these bonds depends on the time of contact and the difference in composition of the two surfaces.Sliding of one of these nonlubricated surfaces across the other requires a friction force,F,to displace the contacting asperities.This force includes several components,among them:a shear or adhesion component arising from bonding of the contacting asperities;a plowing or deformation component,arising from the interlocking of asperities;a lifting component to raise asperities over the roughness of the mating surfaces.The shearing component,F s,may account for90%or more of the total fric-tion force(14).This component is proportional to the shear strength,s,of the asperity junctions:F s¼A r sð6ÞMore detailed descriptions of surface texture,surface structure,and compo-sition and the real area of contact will be found in Refs.(4–6,12,13,15,16).2.3.Coefﬁcient of Friction.The coefﬁcient of friction,f,of a pair of con-tacting surfaces is deﬁned as the ratio of the total frictional force to the normal force or load.It can also be expressed as the ratio of shear strength,s,to the yield pressure,p,at the asperity junctions.f¼F=N¼s=pð7ÞIf there is a lubricatingﬁlm on the surfaces,the coefﬁcient of friction is the ratio of the shear strength of the surfaceﬁlm,s f,to the yield pressure,p m of the substrate or backing material.f¼s f=p mð8ÞIf a shear force is gradually applied to one of two dry,unlubricated surfaces in contact,the surface will not move until the force is great enough to overcomeVol.15LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS5 the shear strength of the asperity contacts.The ratio of the shear force required to start motion to the normal force on the surfaces is the static coefﬁcient of friction.Once motion starts,less force is needed to keep the surface moving at a constant velocity.The coefﬁcient of friction during sliding is the kinetic or dynamic coefﬁcient.The static coefﬁcient measured for a hard steel surface on another hard steel surface is0.78.The dynamic coefﬁcient measured for hard steel on hard steel is0.42.When a thinﬁlm of light mineral oil is applied to these surfaces, the static coefﬁcient drops to0.23.The dynamic coefﬁcient with a light oilﬁlm drops to$0.1.Adding a friction modiﬁer to the oil can reduce or reverse the dif-ference between the two coefﬁcients.Adding stearic acid to the lubricant,eg,for hard steel on hard steel,reduces the static coefﬁcient to0.0052,which is lower than the dynamic coefﬁcient,0.029(17).An extensive Friction and Wear Databank is found in Ref.18.Tables of the coefﬁcient of friction values for a wide variety of material combinations are also available in Refs.19and20and many other sources.These data,however, should be used with caution.The coefﬁcient of friction varies with changes in humidity,gas pressure,time,temperature,sliding speed,surface quality, the shape of the contact region,the method of testing,and other variables. Where high reliability is needed,the friction should be measured using a proto-type device under design conditions(20).2.4.Wear.The principal types of wear in sliding contacts are adhesive, abrasive,and corrosive wear.Fatigue wear occurs in concentrated contacts(ball and roller bearings,gears,cams,and automotive valve lifters)under the combi-nation of sliding and rolling(21).The Archard equation reported by Rabinowicz(21)gives a simple,quanti-tative relationship for predicting the adhesive wear rate:V¼kNx=pð9Þwhere V¼wear volume,k¼wear coefﬁcient,N¼normal load,x¼sliding dis-tance,p¼yield stress or indentation hardness.Values of k for several unlubricated material combinations are shown in Table1(14).Others will be found in Ref.18and in Refs.(21–24).Adhesive wear is material separated or transferred during the shearing of asperity contacts.These wear particles,and other particulate surface contami-nants that are hard enough to damage the surface,cause abrasive wear.Abra-sive wear is the removal of material by ploughing,cutting,or scratching.Its rate generally obeys equation9and the wear coefﬁcients tend to be higher than the adhesive coefﬁcients(21).Corrosive wear is the wearing away of the products of galvanic or chemical corrosion of the surface.There is no simple equation that characterizes this type of wear.Current broader discussions of the friction and wear phenomena are found in Refs.13,25,and26.2.5.Viscosity.Viscosity,or resistance toﬂow is the most important property of a lubricating oil.It was deﬁned by Newton(27)as the ratio of the6LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS Vol.15 shear stress,T,divided by the shear rate,dU/dh,in aﬂuid duringﬂow. Newton’s law of viscosity is given in equation10(28).T¼F s=A s¼ ÁdU=dhð10ÞTheﬂuid in contact with the surface of the moving plate has the same velo-city,U,as the plate.Theﬂuid in contact with the stationary plate has zero velo-city.There is,therefore,a shear stress,T,on theﬂuid equal to the force,F s, required to keep the plate moving divided by the area,A s,of the moving plate, and is proportional to the velocity gradient,dU/dh,of theﬂuid.The parameterF s is a frictional force and the coefﬁcient,m,is the dynamic viscosity of theﬂuid(29).The unit of dynamic viscosity in the System International(SI)is pascal-second(PaÁs).The customary unit is centipoise(cP),which is PaÁsÂ10À3.Schoff and Kamarchik(30)describe methods of measuring the viscosity of a wide variety of materials.Standard methods for measuring the dynamic viscos-ity of lubricating oil can be found in Refs.31–34.Generally,however,it is easier to measure the kinematic viscosity,v,of a lubricating oil using a capillary viscometer.Kinematic viscosity is the dynamic viscosity divided by the density,d,of theﬂuid at the same temperature.v¼ =dð11ÞThe customary unit for kinematic viscosity is centistoke(cSt),which is equivalent to millimeters squared per second(mm2/s).The most common method for accurate measurement of kinematic viscosity over a wide temperature range is ASTM D445(35).Older literature may report kinematic viscosities of lubricat-ing oils in Saybolt Universal Seconds(SUS).ASTM D2161-04,has been retained for the purpose of calculating kinematic viscosity in centistokes from SUS or SFS data(36).Viscosity–Temperature Relationship.The MacCoull equation,also called the Walther equation,relates the kinematic viscosity,v,of a liquid to its temperature.log log Z¼AÀBðlog TÞð12ÞWhere Z¼(vþ0.7)for2.00cSt v2Â107cSt;A and B¼constants,and T¼absolute temperature,8K¼temperature,8Cþ273.2.It is applicable to homogeneous liquid lubricants with conventionally reﬁned hydrocarbon base oils and is valid between the cloud point at low tem-perature and the initial boiling point($3408C)at higher temperatures.(The cloud point is the temperature at which a cloud of wax crystalsﬁrst appears when it is cooled under conditions prescribed in ASTM D2500.)This equation is the basis of the viscosity–temperature charts described in ASTM D341(37).Oils with ester,phosphate,silicone,and synthesized hydrocarbon base oils follow the MacCoull(Walther)relationship over the range ofÀ18to1758C to within5%.Many esters,synthesized hydrocarbons,and low pour point mineral oils exhibit low temperature(À40toÀ548C)viscosities substantially below MacCoull equation predictions(38).Vol.15LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS7 Viscosity Index.Another widely used and accepted measure of the varia-tion of viscosity with temperature is the viscosity index(VI).The higher the VI, the lower is the variation of viscosity with temperature.The VIs for oils having values<100are calculated byVI¼100½ðLÀUÞ=ðLÀHÞ ð13Þwhere U¼kinematic viscosity at408C of the oil whose viscosity index is to be calculated;L¼kinematic viscosity at408C of a‘‘0’’VI oil with the same viscosity at1008C as the unknown;H¼kinematic viscosity at408C of a‘‘100’’VI oil with the same viscosity at1008C as the unknown.Values of H and L for viscosities of2cSt and above are given in ASTM D 2270(39).Equation13gives confusing results for VI values>100.Viscosity indexes of 100or greater are calculated by the empirical formula(39):VI¼½ððantilog NÞÀ1Þ=0:00715þ100 ð14Þwhere Y N¼H/U and Y¼kinematic viscosity at1008C of the oil whose viscosity index is to be calculated.Viscosity index is sometimes used as a measure of the quality of lubricating oil,especially for selecting base stocks for automotive engine oils and automatic transmissionﬂuids.This is not always applicable,however.The role of viscosity index in base stock selection is described later.Several aromatic typeﬂuids,polyphenyl ethers,aryl phosphate esters,and halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons have negative VIs.Effect of Pressure on Viscosity.The lubricantﬁlm pressure in the con-centrated contact areas of rolling element bearings,gears,cams,etc,can be as high as2000–3000MPa.The viscosity of theﬁlm at these pressures could be a million times higher than that of the lubricating oil at atmospheric pressure, as illustrated in Fig.1,or the lubricant may have solidiﬁed(38,40).The rate of viscosity increase with pressure of a liquid lubricant varies with its composition and chemical structure and with temperature and pressure.Traction drives,found in some industrial machinery and the toroidal drives in some continuously variable transmissions(CVTs)depend on this property of tractionﬂuids to transfer power.Generalized pressure–temperature–viscosity relationships from extensive data on petroleum and synthetic oils are described in Refs.(14,41,42).Newtonian Versus Non-Newtonian Behavior.If the viscosity of aﬂuid subjected to shear is independent of the rate of shear or magnitude of the shear stress,it is a Newtonianﬂuid.Most industrial lubricating and hydraulic oils are Newtonianﬂuids.If the viscosity changes with shear stress or shear rate,theﬂuid is non-Newtonian.This behavior is typical of multigrade engine oils and other oils con-taining polymeric viscosity improvers.The rate of decline in viscosity in a non-Newtonian lubricating oil is initially slow,then reaches a maximum,andﬁnally slows again.At very high shear rates, the viscosity tends to level out and approach that of the base oil.8LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS Vol.15 Grease also behaves in a non-Newtonian manner.At low shear rate,it acts like a high viscosity semisolid and‘‘stays in place’’.In a bearing,under high shear rate,it acts more like its base oil and supports fullﬂuid lubricatingﬁlms.2.6.Lubrication Regimes.In the fullﬂuidﬁlm regimes,the moving, load-bearing surfaces are completely separated.There is no contact between them.Resistance to motion arises solely from the internal friction of theﬂuid, a function of its viscosity.Adhesive wear is absent.Wear may occur from surface fatigue or from contamination of theﬂuid with corrosive or abrasive substances.The coefﬁcient of friction in a liquid lubricated system is dependent on, among other things,the lubricant viscosity,the relative speed of the surfaces, and the load on the surfaces.In a journal bearing,eg,the lubricantﬁlm thick-ness and the coefﬁcient of friction are functions of the dimensionless Sommerfeld bearing characteristic number S.S¼ðR2=C2ÞZN=Pð15Þwhere P is the average pressure on the bearing surface,W/2RL;Z is the dynamic viscosity, ,of theﬂuid;and N¼is the rotational speed of the journal,U/2p R.The relationship between the kinetic coefﬁcient of friction and the dimen-sionless quantity,ZN/P,is illustrated in Fig.2(10).This is known as a Stribeck curve.At values of ZN/P greater than$30,lubrication is in the fullﬂuidﬁlm regime.Friction increases with increasing ZN/P because of increasing resis-tance toﬂow.As ZN/P is reduced,by reductions in the speed or viscosity,or by increases in load,the coefﬁcient will reach a minimum value.Further reduc-tion in ZN/P leads to partial breakdown in theﬂuidﬁlm and lubrication is in the mixed-ﬁlm regime.Friction increases as ZN/P decreases in this regime,as more and more of the load is carried by asperity contact and less byﬂuid-ﬁlm pressure. Finally,a point is reached,as ZN/P gets smaller,where there is noﬂuid pres-sure,the rate of increase in the coefﬁcient of friction starts to level out,and lubri-cation is in the thin-ﬁlm boundary regime(43).Ideally,a bearing is designed to operate where the coefﬁcient of friction is at its minimum.Hydrodynamic Lubrication Regime.Rohde(44)and Dowson(45)remind us that the basic mechanism ofﬂuid-ﬁlm lubrication was explained by Reynolds (46)in1886,based on the earlier work of Petrov(47),and Tower(48).The fundamental requirements of lubrication in the hydrodynamic regime are the formation of a wedge-shapedﬁlm;and generation of pressure in theﬁlm, sufﬁcient to keep the surfaces apart,by the motion of the surfaces themselves.The pressure distribution in the lubricatingﬁlm of the sliding bearing illu-strated in Fig.3(29),moving with velocity U relative to a slanted stationary pad in aﬂuid with viscosity ,and assuming noﬂow out of the sides of the bearing, is(49)p¼6 UxðhÀh2Þ=h2ðh1þh2Þð16ÞVol.15LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS9 The total force P that the bearing will support per unit width isp¼½6 UB2=ðh1Àh2Þ2 ½lnððh1=h2Þ À2½ðh1Àh2Þ=ðh1þh2Þ ð17Þand the frictional force F required to move the slider at speed U isF¼½2 UB=ðh1Àh2Þ ½2lnðh1=h2ÞÀ3ðh1Àh2Þ=ðh1þh2Þ ð18ÞThe analysis of hydrodynamicﬂuidﬁlms assumes laminarﬂow in theﬁlm,ie,a Reynolds number,R e,<1000.R e¼U p h= ¼Uh= ð19Þwhere U¼velocity,r¼density,h¼averageﬁlm thickness,m¼dynamic visco-sity,n¼kinematic viscosity.Transition from laminarﬂow to turbulentﬂow starts when the Re is$1000 and theﬂow is completely turbulent at a Re of1600(50).In a journal bearing,the wedge is formed because the diameter of the jour-nal is smaller than that of the bearing.As the journal starts to rotate,its center-line moves away from that of the bearing.The rotating journal drags,or pumps the lubricant through the wedge,against the resistance toﬂow,and increases the pressure in theﬂuid until the journal is lifted off the bearing surface.The load carrying capacity W of a journal bearing is(51)W¼ð UR2L=C2Þ12 "=ð2þ"2Þð1À"2Þ1=2ð20Þwhere m¼lubricant viscosity,U¼journal peripheral speed,R¼journal radius, C¼clearance¼bearing radiusÀjournal radius,L¼axial length of the bearing, e¼eccentricity¼center offset distance e/clearance C.Bearings designed for hydrodynamic lubrication include journal and thrust bearings in steam and gas turbines,and main and rod bearings for automotive engine crankshafts.Elastohydrodynamic(EHD)Lubrication Regime.The shapes of sliding surface bearings designed for hydrodynamic lubrication have a high degree of conformity,a relatively large contact area,and low unit loading,such that the effect of pressure on viscosity can be neglected.In contrast,the surfaces in a roll-ing element bearing and on gear teeth are nonconforming.Surface contact is con-centrated at a point in ball bearings or along a line in roller bearings and gears. Contact pressure,therefore,is high enough to cause elastic deformation of the contacting surfaces,forming a small area of contact.The viscosity of liquid lubri-cants entering the contact area increases exponentially and may solidify.Since the viscosity of the lubricant is affected by the elastic deformation of the surfaces, as well as otherﬂuid properties,this lubrication regime is called elastohydrody-namic or EHD.The hydrodynamic pressure developed in the lubricant is sufﬁcient to sepa-rate the surfaces at the leading edge of the contact area.As the lubricant is10LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS Vol.15 drawn into the contact,its pressure and viscosity increase further,keeping the surfaces apart.During contact,theﬂuid acts like an elastic solid,so that it cannot escape the contact except in the direction of rolling(52).As the lubricant comes out of the contact area,there is a sharp pressure spike,followed by a sudden pressure drop so extreme that it causes a bulge in the rolling surfaces.The minimumﬁlm thickness is at the location of this bulge.The pressure spike and suddenﬁlm restriction directly affect the rolling element fatigue life(53).The Dowson-Higginson equation for minimumﬁlm thickness(54,55)ish min=R¼1:6ð E0Þ0:6ð U=E0RÞ0:7ðP=E0ÞÀ0:13ð21Þwhere R is the effective radius of the contacting surfaces,a is the viscosity–pressure coefﬁcient,E0is the effective Young’s modulus of the contacting surfaces,m is the dynamic viscosity at the inlet temperature and atmospheric pressure, U is the effective velocity,and P is the Hertz pressure at the line contact.Similar equations forﬁlm thickness in point contact are given by Dowson (2)and by Khonsari and Hua(53).The life of rolling element bearings is related to aﬁlm thickness parameter,l.¼h= ð22Þwhere h is the calculated EHDﬁlm thickness,and s is the composite surface roughness.In the absence of chemically active additives in the lubricating oil,damage to the bearing surface occurs,and reduces the life of the bearing,if theﬁlm thick-ness becomes less than the height of the surface asperities(l1).The life of the bearing increases signiﬁcantly at values of l>1.5(56).Hydrostatic Lubrication.In hydrostatic lubrication,ﬂuid is pumped under pressure to the load-carrying bearing.Almost anyﬂuid may be used, including gases(nitrogen,helium,air),water,and liquid metals.The principle applications of hydrostatic lubrication are gas bearings,mov-ing large masses on relatively small bearing areas and for startup of heavily loaded hydrodynamic bearings.Squeeze Films.Viscous lubricantﬁlms do not immediately collapse when sliding stops.During the time it takes for theseﬁlms to be squeezed out of the contact area,they can support peak loads higher than those supported in steady-state operation.This time delay also provides damping for shock loads and shaft vibration.These squeezeﬁlms are important in rod bearings of reciprocating automotive engines,damping in turbomachinery and in the lubri-cation of skeletal joints(hips etc).Ludema(55)estimates the time delay for a vis-cousﬂuid squeezed out of an elliptical contact area as1=h2¼1=h20þf½2Wða2þb2Þt =3 a3b3 gð23Þ。

lubricant翻译

lubricant翻译Lubricant：润滑剂用法：润滑剂通常用于润滑磨损或潮湿零部件，以防止运动部件之间的重叠摩擦。

1. 内燃机润滑剂是为了保护发动机部件和提高运转平稳性而所用的。

The lubricant for internal combustion engine is used to protect engine components and improve the running smoothness.2. 橡胶产品在制作过程中，常常需要润滑剂来保护它们免受磨损。

Lubricants are often needed in the manufacture of rubber products to protect them from wear.3. 润滑剂可以被喷射在这些零件上，以保持表面的光滑性和防止摩擦的发生。

Lubricants can be sprayed on these parts to maintain the smoothness of the surface and prevent friction from occurring.4. 润滑剂能够提高部件的耐久性，并降低磨损和损坏。

Lubricants can increase the durability of components and reduce wear and damage.5. 密封剂和润滑剂一起可以有效的防止水的渗入。

Sealants and lubricants can be used together toeffectively prevent water infiltration.6. 润滑剂可以有效的降低摩擦，从而减少部件之间的磨损。

Lubricants can effectively reduce friction, thus reducing wear between components.7. 我们也可以使用润滑剂来减少冲击，并均匀地扩散热量。

添加剂对聚脲润滑脂性能的影响

第44卷第2期2024 年4月辽宁石油化工大学学报JOURNAL OF LIAONING PETROCHEMICAL UNIVERSITYVol.44 No.2Apr. 2024引用格式：黎小辉,张泽,杨露露,等.添加剂对聚脲润滑脂性能的影响[J].辽宁石油化工大学学报,2024,44(2):7-13.LI Xiaohui,ZHANG Ze,YANG Lulu,et al.Effect of Additives on the Performance of Polyurea Lubricating Grease[J].Journal of Liaoning Petrochemical University,2024,44(2):7-13.添加剂对聚脲润滑脂性能的影响黎小辉1,2，张泽1，杨露露1,3，吴韦岐4，任晓辰4，马伟华5，李广涛5（1.西安石油大学化学化工学院，陕西西安 710065； 2.陕西省绿色低碳能源材料与过程工程技术研究中心，陕西西安710065； 3.西安市高碳资源低碳化利用重点实验室，陕西西安 710065； 4.西安玛珂特新材料科技股份有限公司，陕西西安710399； 5.西安石油大佳润实业（集团）有限公司，陕西西安 710003）摘要：　采用直接法制备聚脲润滑脂，考察了五种添加剂对聚脲润滑脂极压抗磨性能的影响。

结果表明，五种添加剂均与聚脲润滑脂具有良好的相容性，且对聚脲润滑脂的胶体安定性等基本无影响，并可增强其热稳定性；添加剂可显著强化聚脲润滑脂的极压抗磨性，含硫磷的复合多效添加剂对聚脲润滑脂极压抗磨性能的提升作用相对较好。

研究结果可为聚脲润滑脂极压抗磨性能的改善提供可参考的基础，使其综合性能达到相对最优，从而增强聚脲润滑脂在高负荷、高速机械设备等苛刻工况下的实际使用性能。

关键词：　添加剂；　聚脲润滑脂；　性能指标；　极压抗磨性中图分类号： TQ626.4 文献标志码：A doi：10.12422/j.issn.1672⁃6952.2024.02.002Effect of Additives on the Performance of Polyurea Lubricating GreaseLI Xiaohui1,2，ZHANG Ze1，YANG Lulu1,3，WU Weiqi4，REN Xiaochen4，MA Weihua5，LI Guangtao5（1.College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering， Xi'an Shiyou University， Xi'an Shaanxi 710065， China；2.Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Green Low⁃Carbon Energy Materials and Processes， Xi'an Shaanxi 710065， China；3.Xi'an Key Laboratory of Low⁃Carbon Utilization for High⁃Carbon Resources， Xi'an Shaanxi 710065， China；4.Xi'an Market New Materials Technology Co. Ltd.， Xi'an Shaanxi 710399， China；5.Xi'an Petroleum Dajiarun Industry （Group） Co. Ltd.， Xi'an Shaanxi 710003， China）Abstract:　The direct method was used to prepare polyurea lubricating grease, and the effects of several different types of additives on the extreme pressure and anti⁃wear performance for polyurea lubricating grease were investigated and studied. The results demonstrate that several types of additives have good compatibility with polyurea grease, and they have little undesirable influence on colloidal stability of polyurea grease, and they can also enhance thermal stability of polyurea grease. Moreover, the addition of additives can significantly improve the performance of extreme pressure and wear resistance for polyurea lubricating grease. And in the experiments, it was found that the composite multifunctional additive containing sulfur and phosphorus has a relatively better effect on improving the extreme pressure and wear resistance of polyurea lubricating grease. The research results can provide a reference basis for the improvement of extreme pressure and anti⁃wear property for polyurea lubricating grease, achieving a relatively optimized comprehensive performance, thereby enhancing its practical utilization performance under the harsh working conditions for high load and high speed mechanical equipment.Keywords:　Additives； Polyurea lubricating grease； Performance indicators； Extreme pressure and wear resistance自1954年聚脲润滑脂被首次开发成功以来，就以高滴点、高稳定性迅速成为高性能润滑脂的典型代表，被广泛应用于冶金、汽车轴承、航空航天等领域[1⁃4]。

分层接种对猪粪厌氧干发酵产气性能及微生物群落结构的影响

第37卷第1期农业工程学报V ol.37 No.1 2021年1月Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Jan. 2021 251分层接种对猪粪厌氧干发酵产气性能及微生物群落结构的影响李丹妮1，高文萱1，张克强1，孔德望2，王思淇1，杜连柱1※（1. 农业农村部环境保护科研监测所，天津300191；2.杭州能源环境工程有限公司，杭州310020）摘要：为避免厌氧干发酵酸抑制，提高产气效率，以猪粪和玉米秸秆为发酵原料，采用中温批式试验，在总固体（Total Solid, TS）为20%、接种比为25%的条件下研究分层接种和混合接种对猪粪干发酵厌氧消化性能的影响。

结果表明：2种接种方式下的发酵体系内挥发性脂肪酸（V olatile Fatty Acids,VFAs）均发生明显积累，其中，分层接种在第15天的TVFAs 质量浓度达到33.0 mg/g，之后明显降低，至发酵结束时VFAs消耗殆尽。

混合接种从第15天至发酵结束，TVFAs质量浓度维持在29.2～38.5 mg/g高水平范围内。

分层接种的累积挥发性固体甲烷产率为211.5 mL/g。

高通量测序结果显示，氢营养型产甲烷途径在2种接种方式下均占主导，但分层接种增加了发酵体系中微生物的丰富度和多样性，且群落结构更加稳定。

进一步分析表明，乙酸和pH值是影响厌氧干发酵中微生态结构的主要环境因子。

该研究结果为解除畜禽养殖废弃物酸抑制、提高产气效率提供理论依据与有益借鉴。

关键词：发酵；粪；微生物群落；分层接种；混合接种doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.01.030中图分类号：X705 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1002-6819(2021)-01-0251-08李丹妮，高文萱，张克强，等. 分层接种对猪粪厌氧干发酵产气性能及微生物群落结构的影响[J]. 农业工程学报，2021，37(1)：251-258. doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.01.030 Li Danni, Gao Wenxuan, Zhang Keqiang, et al. Influences of layer inoculation on biogas production and microbial community in solid-state anaerobic fermentation of pig manure[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(1): 251-258. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.01.030 0 引言近年来，中国的沼气产业发展迅速，已经成为最大的生物质能源产业之一[1]，随着畜禽养殖向集约化、规模化发展方式转变，沼气发酵成为消纳养殖废弃物应用最广泛的有效措施之一[2]。

Lubricants, lubricant additives, and methods for l

专利名称：Lubricants, lubricant additives, and methods for lubricating sump- lubricated fuel-injected alcohol-powered internalcombustion engines发明人：William B. Chamberlin, III申请号：US08/156047申请日：19931123公开号：US05422022A公开日：19950606专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：Lubricant compositions are disclosed which comprise (A) at least one neutral or basic metal salt of at least one acidic organic compound, wherein the metal in the salt is magnesium, barium or a mixture thereof, and (B) optionally at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted ashless dispersant in which each hydrocarbyl substituent has a number average molecular weight up to about 1500, provided that the compositions contain no more than 0.06 weight percent calcium, not more than 0.5 weight- percent hydrocarbyl-substituted ashless dispersant in which a hydrocarbyl substituent has a number average molecular weight greater than about 1, 500, and optionally not more than 0.5 weight-percent of polymeric viscosity improvers such as olefin copolymer, styrene-diene, and/or polymethacrylate viscosity improvers. Additive concentrate formulations for making such lubricant formulations are also disclosed. Methods for lubricating sump-lubricated fuel-injected alcohol-powered internal combustion engines are described which utilize these lubricant compositions to help prevent the formation of deposits in fuel injectors and provide advantageous rust and corrosion inhibition properties. These formulations canalso be useful for lubricating combustion engines powered by petroleum- and coal-derived fuels.申请人：THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION代理人：David M. Shold,Frederick D. Hunter更多信息请下载全文后查看。

润滑油漆膜的成因及其消除方法

2020年2月Feb2020润滑油LUBRICATING OIL第35卷第1期Vol.35,No.1D O I：10.19532/21 -1265/tq.2020.01.004 文章编号：1002-3119(2020)01 -0021 -04润滑油漆膜的成因及其消除方法韩旭，陆海迪，闫洪振，张杰，付代良，杨传富(中国石油大连润滑油研究开发中心，辽宁大连116032)摘要:文章介绍了润滑油漆膜的定义和形成过程，以及通过对润滑油漆膜形成过程的分析，得出影响漆膜形成的因素，以及润滑油的溶解性对漆膜形成过程的影响利用动态平衡过程，解释漆膜形成过程的模型图，通过薄膜比色法预测漆膜的形成倾向性。

最后，介绍了两种常用的漆膜消除方法,包括过滤法与离子树脂法。

关键词:漆膜;溶解性;薄膜比色法;过滤法;离子树脂中图分类号:TE626.3 文献标识码：ACauses of Lubricant Varnish and Its Elimination MethodsHAN Xu, LU Hai - di, YAN Hong - zhen, ZHANG Jie, FU Dai - liang, YANG Chuan - fu(PetroChina Dalian Lubricating Oil R&D Institute, Dalian 116032, China)Abstract：This paper introduces the definition and formation process of lubricant varnish. And through the analysis on the formation process of lubricant varnish, the factors affecting the formation of varnish and the influence of the solubility of lubricating oil on the formation process of varnish are obtained. The dynamic equilibrium process is used to explain the model diagram of the varnish formation process, and the formation tendency of the varnish is predicted by Membrane Patch Colorimetry. Finally, tw o common methods of varnish removal are introduced, including filtration and ionic resin.Key words：varnish；solubility；membrane patch colorim etry；filtration；ionic resin〇引言漆膜主要沉积在活塞环槽、裙部及连杆上。

肥皂公司L508迷你润滑器安装与维修指南说明书

Pneumatic DivisionRichland, Michigan 49083269-629-5000Installation & Service Instructions IS-L508L508 Miniature Lubricator ISSUED: September, 2005Doc. #ISL508, ECN #050388, Rev. 1IntroductionFollow these instructions when installing, operating, or servicing the product.Application LimitsThese products are intended for use in general purpose compressed air systems only. For other applications, consult factory before use.WARNINGTo avoid unpredictable system behavior that can cause personal injury and property damage:•Disconnect electrical supply (when necessary) before installation,servicing, or conversion.•Disconnect air supply and depressurize all air lines connected to this product before installation, servicing, or conversion.•Operate within the manufacturer’s specified pressure, temperature,and other conditions listed in these instructions.•Medium must be moisture-free if ambient temperature is below freezing.•Service according to procedures listed in these instructions.•Installation, service, and conversion of these products must be performed by knowledgeable personnel who understand how pneumatic products are to be applied.•After installation, servicing, or conversion, air and electrical supplies (when necessary) should be connected and the product tested for proper function and leakage. If audible leakage is present, or the product does not operate properly, do not put into use.•Warnings and specifications on the product should not be covered by paint, etc. If masking is not possible, contact your local representative for replacement labels.! WARNINGFAILURE OR IMPROPER SELECTION OR IMPROPER USE OF THE PRODUCTS AND/OR SYSTEMS DESCRIBED HEREIN OR RELATED ITEMS CAN CAUSE DEATH, PERSONAL INJURY AND PROPERTY DAMAGE.This document and other information from The Company, its subsidiaries and authorized distributors provide product and/or system options for further investigation by users having technical expertise. I t is important that you analyze all aspects of your application, including consequences of any failure and review the information concerning the product or systems in the current product catalog. Due to the variety of operating conditions and applications for these products or systems, the user, through its own analysis and testing,is solely responsible for making the final selection of the products and systems and assuring that all performance, safety and warning requirements of the application are met.The products described herein, including without limitation, product features,specifications, designs, availability and pricing, are subject to change by The Company and its subsidiaries at any time without notice.EXTRA COPIES OF THESE INSTRUCTIONS ARE AVAILABLE FOR INCLUSION IN EQUIPMENT / MAINTENANCE MANUALS THAT UTILIZE THESE PRODUCTS.CONTACT YOUR LOCAL REPRESENTATIVE.!!CAUTIONPolycarbonate bowls, being transparent and tough, are ideal for use with Filters and Lubricators. They are suitable for use in normal industrial environments, but should not be located in areas where they could be subjected to direct sunlight, an impact blow, nor temperatures outside of the rated range. As with most plastics, some chemicals can cause damage.Polycarbonate bowls should not be exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons,ketones, esters and certain alcohols. They should not be used in air systems where compressors are lubricated with fire-resistant fluids such as phosphate ester and di-ester types.Metal bowls are recommended where ambient and/or media conditions are not compatible with polycarbonate bowls. Metal bowls resist the action of most such solvents, but should not be used where strong acids or bases are present or in salt laden atmospheres. Consult the factory for specific recommendations where these conditions exist.TO CLEAN POLYCARBONATE BOWLS USE MILD SOAP AND WATER ONLY! DO NOT use cleansing agents such as acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, gasoline, toluene, etc., which are damaging to this plastic.Bowl guards are recommended for added protection of polycarbonate bowls where chemical attack may occur.With Plastic BowlkPa PSIG bar Operating Pressure Maximum 103415010.0Operating Temperature Range4°C to 49°C (40°F to 120°F)With Zinc BowlkPa PSIG bar Operating Pressure Maximum 206830021.0Operating Temperature Range4°C to 82°C (40°F to 180°F)ANSI SymbolsInstallationL508 Lubricators are individually tapped (NPT) to allow direct mounting to piping. Before installing, blow out pipe line to remove scale and other foreign matter. This unit has DRYSEAL pipe threads; use pipe compound or tape sparingly to male threads only. I nstall units in pipe line so that flow is into port stamped “IN” on body. Install as near as possible to equipment serviced.LubricantFor average conditions, the use of high quality SAE #10 (S.U.V .150-200 SEC @ 100°F) oil is recommended. Other lubricants,as specified by the maker of the equipment to be lubricated, may be used if not heavier than SAE #40 (S.U.V . 800 SEC @100°F).Dip TubeCheck BallL508 Miniature Lubricator IS-L508nspect for nicks, scratches, and surface imperfections.f present, reduced service life is probable and future replacement should be planned..1.2.3.456246P r e s s u r e D r o p - P S I GP r e s s u r e D r o p - b a rPrimary Pressure - PSIG1.7 bar 3.4 bar 6.9 bar5.2 bar Primary Pressure - barFlow - SCFM Flow - dm /s3n Product Bowl DescriptionNumber Type Bowl Replacement Kit*Plastic BK508Y B ZincBK509Y D Sight Dome Assembly(Includes Knob, Sight Dome, Needle RKL100—Valve, Hex Nut, Spring Washer,Drip Spout, O-Rings)Fill Plug SA508Y4—Gasket GSK-504Z101—Check Ball 506Y106—Disc 508Z37—Disc Holder 508Y47-1—Spring SPR-330—Dip Tube L05Y74-1—Valve Holder 508Y30-1—Mounting Bracket Kit †——*Bowl kits include bowl seal.†“X67” Mounting Bracket option must be ordered with lubricator from factory due to pre-drilled holes in lubricator head.Service Kits / Parts AvailableFillingL508 Lubricators may be filled only under no pressure. T o fill the lubricator, the air supply must be shut off and the remaining pressure in the system bled down to zero pressure. A long spout oil can must be used. Slowly remove fill plug and insert tip of spout to bottom of fill port recess. Fill to within 1/2" of top of bowl using correct oil.AdjustmentThe adjustment knob is factory set so that, when turned fully clockwise, no oil is delivered to the venturi for atomization, and equipment is not being lubricated. T o initially adjust oil drip rate,turn on the air, start flow and set knob to obtain the desired drip rate, which is visible through the sight dome. After system reaches normal operating temperature, fine tune the drip rate as needed. As a start, one to two drops per minute is suggested,correct lubrication being a matter of experience and demand.Clockwise rotation of knob decreases oil feed rate. T o check lubrication, hold a thumbnail or mirror near the equipment exhaust. A heavy film indicates over-lubrication and the drip rate should be reduced by turning knob to a lower setting. After final setting has been achieved, the knob may be removed to make the adjustment mechanism tamper resistant.Cycling Applicatorf the lubricator is to be used in a cycling application, the conditions must be as follows:The lubricator must stay pressurized during on AND off cycles.On cycle time must be at least 15 seconds, and the flow rate during each cycle must be at least 2 SCFM.Maintenance - CleaningIf both air and oil are kept clean, and the oil level never allowed below end of tube in the bowl, the lubricator should provide long periods of unattended service. Cessation of oil dripping through the sight dome, irrespective of knob adjustment, is an indication that cleaning is necessary. T o clean, it is not necessary to remove lubricator from the line. Depressurize and disassemble using the drawing as a guide. I n most instances, cleaning is needed only in the oil metering area. Pull off adjusting knob,unscrew sight dome assembly, remove inner drip spout and clean with household soap. PLASTI C BOWLS AND SI GHT DOME MUST BE CLEANED WITH HOUSEHOLD SOAP ONL Y .。

表面修饰硼酸盐润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能

表面修饰硼酸盐润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能AbstractBoric acid salts have been widely used as lubricant additives due to their excellent friction reducing and anti-wear properties. In this paper, the effects of boric acid salt additives on the frictional behavior of lubricating oils were investigated. The frictional performance tests were conducted on a four-ball tester under different loads and temperatures. The results showed that boric acid salt additives could significantly reduce the friction coefficient and wear scar diameter of the lubricating oil. This is mainly due to the formation of adsorption film on the contact surfaces of the balls, which can protect the surfaces from direct contact, thus reducing the wear.IntroductionAs one of the most important functional materials, lubricating oil plays a vital role in reducing friction and wear of mechanical parts. In order to improve the lubrication performance of the lubricating oil, various additives have been developed and applied. Among them, boric acid salts have been widely used as lubricant additives due to their excellent friction reducing and anti-wear properties. The boric acid salt additive consists of boric acid and metal salts, such as sodium, potassium, or lithium salts. The boric acid salt additive can improve the lubricating oil's thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and anti-wear performance.Experimental sectionIn this study, the frictional performance tests were conducted on a four-ball tester under different loads and temperatures. The test samples were made of mineral oil with different concentrations of boric acid salt additive. The friction coefficient and wear scar diameter were measured after each test.Results and discussionThe results showed that the addition of boric acid salt additives could significantly reduce the friction coefficient and wear scar diameter of the lubricating oil. Figure 1 shows the friction coefficient of lubricating oil with different concentrations of boric acid salt additive at different loads. It can be seen that the friction coefficient decreases with the increase of the concentration of boric acid salt additive. This is mainly due to the formation of adsorption film on the contact surfaces of the balls, which can protect the surfaces from direct contact, thus reducing the wear.Figure 1. Friction coefficient of lubricating oil with different concentrations of boric acid salt additive at different loads.Figure 2 shows the wear scar diameter of lubricating oil with different concentrations of boric acid salt additive at different loads.It can be seen that the wear scar diameter also decreases with the increase of the concentration of boric acid salt additive. This indicates that the boric acid salt additive can effectively reduce the wear of the contact surfaces of the balls.Figure 2. Wear scar diameter of lubricating oil with different concentrations of boric acid salt additive at different loads.In addition, the temperature also has a significant effect on the frictional performance of lubricating oil with boric acid salt additive. Figure 3 shows the friction coefficient of lubricating oil with different concentrations of boric acid salt additive at different temperatures. It can be seen that the friction coefficient decreases with the increase of temperature. This is due to the thermal decomposition of boric acid salt additive at high temperatures, which can form a solid lubricant film on the contact surfaces of the balls.Figure 3. Friction coefficient of lubricating oil with different concentrations of boric acid salt additive at different temperatures.ConclusionIn this paper, the effects of boric acid salt additives on the frictional behavior of lubricating oils were investigated. The results showed that the addition of boric acid salt additives could significantly reduce the friction coefficient and wear scar diameter of the lubricating oil. This is mainly due to the formation of adsorption film on the contact surfaces, which can protect the surfaces from direct contact, thus reducing the wear. Additionally, the temperature also has a significant effect on the frictional performance of lubricating oil with boric acid salt additive. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the application of boric acid salt additives in lubricants.Further investigation also revealed that the effectiveness of boric acid salt additives is related to the type and concentration of metal salts used. Sodium andpotassium salts have been found to be more effective than other metal salts in reducing friction and wear. However, the excessive addition of boric acid salt additives can also lead to the formation of harmful deposits, which may affect the performance of the lubricating oil.Moreover, boric acid salt additives have been found to have good anti-wear properties even under extreme pressure conditions. The formation of a protective adsorption film on the contact surfaces has been shown to improve the lubricating oil's anti-wear performance, especially under high load conditions. This makes boric acid salt additives suitable for use in heavy-duty machinery and equipment.However, it should be noted that boric acid salt additives may have adverse effects on certain types of seals and plastics. Therefore, it is essential to select appropriate seal materials and plastics when using boric acid salt additives in lubricants.In conclusion, the use of boric acid salt additives in lubricating oils has been found to significantly reduce friction and wear, improve anti-wear performance under extreme pressure conditions, and enhance the overall performance of the lubricating oil. However, the selection of suitable metal salts and appropriate concentrations is crucial to achieving the desired results. More research is needed to explore the optimal application of boric acid salt additives in lubricants, especially in different types of machinery and equipment.Another advantage of boric acid salt additives is that they can improve the thermal stability of the lubricant. When lubricants are subjected to high temperatures, they tend to degrade, which can lead to the formation of harmful deposits, increase wear and tear, and reduce overall effectiveness. However, boric acid salt additives have been shown to have a stabilizing effect on lubricants, which protects against thermal degradation and enhances the durability of the lubricant.In addition to thermal stability, boric acid salt additives can also help reduce oxidation and corrosion in lubricants. These additives form a protective layer on the surface of contact points, which helps prevent the oxidation of the base oil and the development of corrosive particles.Another advantage of boric acid salt additives is their compatibility with different types of lubricants. They can be used in both mineral oil and synthetic oil-based lubricants, and they are compatible with various additives commonly used in lubricants, such as detergent and dispersant additives.However, it is important to note that boric acid salt additives may have environmental impacts, especially when they are disposed of in large quantities. Therefore, it is essential to use them in accordance with appropriate environmental guidelines and regulations.In conclusion, boric acid salt additives are versatile and effective in improving the performance of lubricants. They offer several advantages, such as reducing friction and wear, enhancing anti-wear properties, improving thermal stability, and reducing oxidation and corrosion. However, their application should be carefully controlled to ensure safety and environmental protection.In addition to their application in lubricants, boric acid salt additives have been used in various industries, including electronics, ceramics, and metallurgy. In the electronics industry, they are used as a fluxing agent in soldering and in the production of LCD displays. In ceramics, boric acid is used as a flux to lower the melting point of materials and improve their workability. In metallurgy, boric acid is used as a coolant and a flux in the production of alloys.Moreover, boron-based materials are being extensively researched for their potential use in energy storage, as boron has unique properties that make it a promising candidate for the developmentof new types of batteries and supercapacitors. Boron-based materials have high energy densities, fast charging and discharging rates, and long cycle lives, making them attractive alternatives to conventional lithium-ion batteries.However, the use of boric acid salt additives and boron-based materials is not without challenges. For one, the production of boric acid is heavily reliant on mining, which can have negative environmental impacts. Additionally, the disposal of these materials should be carefully controlled to avoid contamination and environmental damage. Furthermore, their application in energy storage requires further research and development to fully understand their potential and limitations.In conclusion, the benefits of using boric acid salt additives extend beyond their application in lubricants. They have a wide range of uses in various industries and are being explored for their potential in energy storage. However, the production and use of thesematerials must be carefully managed to ensure safety, environmental protection, and sustainable development.One of the major challenges associated with the use of boric acid salt additives is their potential toxicity. Boric acid can be harmful to humans and animals if ingested or inhaled in large amounts. Therefore, proper safety measures should be taken during production, handling, and disposal of boron-based materials to avoid any health risks.Furthermore, the use of boric acid salt additives in lubricants has been associated with certain drawbacks. They can cause corrosion of some metals and plastics, and their viscosity may decrease over time, reducing their effectiveness as lubricants. Additionally, they may not be compatible with some types of machinery and equipment, leading to performance issues.Despite the challenges, the development of boron-based materials for energy storage has shown promising results. Research in thisarea has focused on designing and optimizing new materials with improved properties, such as higher energy density and reduced volatility. Moreover, advances in nanotechnology have allowed for the creation of nanostructured boron materials, which have shown superior performance in energy storage applications.In summary, boric acid salt additives have diverse applications in various industries, including lubricants, electronics, ceramics, and metallurgy. Their potential use in energy storage is also being researched, offering a promising alternative to conventional battery technologies. However, their production, handling, and disposal should be managed carefully to ensure safety and environmental protection. Furthermore, more research and development are needed to overcome the challenges associated with their application in lubricants and energy storage.。

润滑油基础LUBFUND_kf

vis. 粘度
SAE 40
15W-40 SAE 15W
Geo-Z:MOBIL-LUB-FUND slide: 8
T 温度
LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTAL 润滑基础
ISO Viscosity System for Industrial Fluid Lubrocants 工业用流体润滑油ISO ISO粘度系统工业用流体润滑油ISO粘度系统
LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTAL 润滑基础
zx
Geo-Z:MOBIL-LUB-FUND slide: 1
原油的来源
浮游生物及植物 (古时的大海 )
被淤泥及沙覆盖
热力、压力、化学反应 (形成碳氢化合物及岩石)
lide: 2
Geo-Z:MOBIL-LUB-FUND slide: 11
API 发动机油分类等级
油动 1.汽发机 SA SB 代期 1930年初
Since 1930
矿油，纯物，含加。油不添剂。剂
Mineral oil, no additives.
代期 1940年后
Late 1940
Better oxidation stability than SE and modified anti-wear performance.
SG
1989年
引沉，油化引磨的制 SF为对擎积机氧及擎损控较SF为。较 SF 佳
Better control on engine deposit oil oxidation and engine wear.
Geo-Z:MOBIL-LUB-FUND slide: 5

ホロリックス

Hologic, Inc.250 Campus Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA Main: +1.508.263.2900 Fax: +1.508.229.2795February 3, 2014Re: Lubricant use during Pap sample collectionDear Colleague,On occasion, Hologic personnel are asked to provide information concerning the use of lubricants when collecting a Pap sample using the ThinPrep® Pap Test. As part of Hologic’s continuing education for clinicians and laboratorians, this bulletin addresses the proper preparation of the cervix for an adequate Pap sample collection pertaining to the ThinPrep Pap Test and the use of lubricants on the speculum. Steps taken by the clinician, from patient education to improved sampling technique, may ensure that the sample collected maximizes the potential of the Pap test.1,2Patient Education:Women should be counseled to refrain from intercourse, douching, using tampons, or using intravaginal medication for at least 48 hours before the examination to decrease the possibility that the number of exfoliated cells will be diminished or obscured by personal lubricants or spermicides.1,2 In addition, the patient should avoid scheduling her appointment during heavy menstrual bleeding.1 If you would like Hologic patient education materials for your office, please cont act your Hologic representative.Sample Collection Options for Lubricating the Speculum:1.Lukewarm Water: For a patient without physical or physiologic reasons for needing lubricant,lukewarm water may be used to warm and lubricate the speculum. This protocol has the least risk to the quality of the Pap sample collected. 1,3 Professional organizations including ACOG and CLSI recognize that excessive use of lubricant may contaminate or obscure the Pap sample.2.Lubricant Gels: If lubricant must be used due to patient discomfort or other circumstances,lubricant should be used sparingly and applied only to the exterior sides of the speculum blades, avoiding contact with the tip of the speculum.1,2,3,4 (see pictures below) When a lubricant is used sparingly and appropriately, it poses little risk to the quality of the Pap sample. However, when a lubricant is used in excess, it can adversely affect the Pap sample. Hologic evaluated a variety of popular lubricants and found those containing carbomer or carbopol polymers (thickening agents) interfere with the ThinPrep Pap test when found in the sample vial.5 Hologic recognizes the varying availability of different types of lubricants and recommends that, if used, any lubricant should be applied sparingly as described below.Hologic, Inc. 250 Campus Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA Main: +1.508.263.2900 Fax: +1.508.229.2795 Appropriate Use of Lubricant for Pap CollectionApply a dime ‐sized amount of lubricant gel .Apply only to exterior sides of the speculum, avoiding the tip.Should you have further questions regarding this topic, please refer to the CLSI guidelines or contact Hologic Technical Support Department at 1‐800‐442‐9892, option 6. Sincerely ,Edward Evantash Medical Director1.Davey et al , 2008, “Cervical Cytology Specimen Adequacy: Patient Management Guidelines and Optimizing Specimen Collection”; American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, Volume 12, Number 2, 2008, 71‐812.Amies, AE.; Miller, L; Lee, Shu ‐Kuang; Koutsky, L, The Effect of Vaginal Speculum Lubrication on the Rate of Unsatisfactory Cervical Cytology Diagnosis, Obstet Gynecol. 100(5, Part 1):889‐892, November 2002.3.“Cervicovaginal Cytology Based on the Papanicolaou Technique; Approved Guideline – Third Edition”, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly NCCLS), Vol. 28 No. 28, 2008.4.ACOG Practice Bulletin, Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician Gynecologists, Number 109, December 2009, pg 2.5.Hologic internal study, Data on file.©2014 Hologic, Inc.MISC ‐00579 Rev. 006May 2016Dear Colleague:Hologic strives to provide you with processes and products to help you deliver targeted care for your patients. As part of this effort, we are pleased to announce the approval of a second lubricant option for use with the ThinPrep® Pap test. Surgilube® lubricant is a carbomer-free lubricant and approved for use with the ThinPrep Pap test in accordance with our lubricant letter (see attached, #MISC-00579 Rev. 006).Surgilube lubricant is the second carbomer-free lubricant approved for use with the ThinPrep Pap test, joining the previously approved Pap Test Lubricating Jelly from Aseptic Control Products, Inc. Both lubricants passed stringent testing by Hologic and meet established quality parameters without impacting ThinPrep Pap test results. Lubricants with carbomers, regardless of their quality, can affect test results and should not be used with ThinPrep Pap testing.Ultimately, healthcare providers are responsible for providing counsel to patients to refrain from using over-the-counter lubricants and vaginal medications 48 hours prior to the collection of any Pap sample. All healthcare providers should follow the guidelines for Pap collection as indicated in CLSI and ACOG guidelines.1,2Surgilube lubricant is available for purchase through numerous medical distributors and GPOs, listed on their website at . It is available in several packaging types:MFR # Item Description Volume Packaging281020536 Screw/Fez Cap (Metal Tube) 4.25oz (120.49gm) 12 ea/bx – 6 bx/cs (72) 281020502 Screw/Fez Cap (Metal Tube) 2oz (56.7gm) 12 ea/bx – 12 bx/cs (144) 281020555 Metal Tube – Elongated Tip 5gm 48 ea/bx – 3 bx/cn – 4 cn/cs 281020537 Flip Top Cap (Laminated tube) 4.25oz (120.49gm) 12 ea/bx – 6 bx/cs (72) 281020512 Flip Top Cap (Laminated tube) 2oz (56.7gm) 12 ea/bx – 12 bx/cs (144) 281020543 Foilpac® (Foil laminated film) 3gm 144 ea/bx – 12 bx/cs (1728) 281020545 Foilpac® (Foil laminated film) 5gm 144 ea/bx – 6 bx/cs (864) Part numbers, packaging configurations, and pricing are set by HR Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and are subject to change without notice.1Pap Test Lubricating Jelly is also available in several packaging options directly through its manufacturer or from various medical distributors:Aseptic Control Products, Inc.3831 Industrial Ave. Unit DRolling Meadows, IL. 60008P: (800) 448-0131P: (847) 342-1729F: (847) 342-1809**********************Description ACP Item# PackagingPap Test Lubricating Jelly, 3-gram packet, non-sterile 024-PKT 1,728/case 024-PKT-BX 144/boxPap Test Lubricating Jelly, 4-OZ flip top tube, non-sterile 024-4OZ 72/case 024-4OZ-BX 12/casePart numbers, packaging configurations and pricing are set by Aseptic Control Products, Inc., and are subject to change without notice.For any support related to this topic, please contact Hologic Technical Support Department at 1-800-442-9892, Option 6.The Pap Test Lubricating Jelly (PN#s 024-PKT, 024-PKT-BX, 024-4OZ, 024-4OZ-BX) tested by Hologic on August 21, 2013 and Surgilube Lubricating Jelly (PN#s 281020536, 281020502, 281020555, 281020537, 281020512, 281020543, 281020545) tested by Hologic on March 3, 2016, are the only lubricants approved by Hologic. If either vendor modifies the raw materials and/or the formulation is modified, approval by Hologic and this document shall be null and void.REFERENCES: 1. CLSI. Cervicovaginal Cytology Based on the Papanicolaou Technique; Approved Guideline – Third Edition (GP15-A3). Wayne, PA: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute; 2008. 2. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention. Practice Bulletin No. 157. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127:31-20. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000001256.MISC-02811-001 Rev. 002250 Campus Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA | +1.508.263.2900 | ThinPrep® Pap Test Lubricant Compatibility ListMISC-04037-001 Rev. 002 © 2016 Hologic, Inc. All rights reserved. Hologic, The Science of Sure, ThinPrep and associated logos are trademarksand/or registered trademarks of Hologic, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. All other trademarks, registeredtrademarks, and product names are the property of their respective owners. The content in this piece is for information purposes only and is notintended to be medical advice. Information is intended for medical professionals in the U.S. and is not intended as a product solicitation or promotionwhere such activities are prohibited. Because Hologic materials are distributed through websites, eBroadcasts and tradeshows, it is not alwayspossible to control where such materials appear. For specific information on what products are available for sale in a particular country, pleasecontact your local Hologic representative or write to ********************************.*The use of lubricants (e.g., KY Jelly) should be avoided prior to specimen collection. Lubricants can adhere to the filter membrane and may cause poor cell transfer to the slide. If its use is unavoidable, the lubricant should be used in minimum amounts. †Preferred: Lubricants have multiple lots run through periodic testing to ensure compatibility. ‡Compatible: Lubricants have been tested at least once, but periodic testing is not regularly performed. §Incompatible: Lubricants have either been tested and deemed incompatible or excluded from testing because they contain carbomer. ||Carbomethylcellulose ingredient does not perform like carbomer-containing lubricants. ¶Not recommended due to low viscosity and cell reduction percentage. #Not recommended due to borderline cell reduction percentage. **Not recommended due to low viscosity, personal lubricant.1. ThinPrep 2000 System Operator’s Manual. MAN-02585-001, Rev. 005. Marlborough, MA: Hologic, Inc.; 2014.The use of lubricants with the ThinPrep Pap test is not recommended. However, if alubricant is necessary, consult this list of common lubricant brands for compatibility.1 *。

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BLOCKING
POISONING
SINTERING
cracking
washcoat peeling
grinding from rust
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MODES OF CATALYST DEACTIVATION (2)
ATTRITION
Blocking: Cell plugging, deposits on catalyst surface, washcoat pore plugging
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OIL POISONING CHARACTERISTICS (2)
● SAE Paper 852099 - “..0.4 wt% phosphorus on..catalyst is enough to cause a sig. loss in activity……No xtalline zinc phosphorus compounds were detected by XRD.” ● SEM Images Show Layer of Deposits
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OIL POISONING CHARACTERISTICS (1)
● SAE Paper 890490 - “There is a strong link between lubricant phosphorus content and catalyst performance, but surprisingly, oil consumption does not appear significant.” ● SEM Image Shows Layer of Deposits on Washcoat Surface ● XRD showed clear evidence of xtralline deposits calcium zinc phosphates
LUBRICANT EFFECTS ON AFTERTREATMENT CATALYSTS
湛日景 Reggie Zhan, Principal Engineer
Dr. Gordon Bartley, Principal Scientist
Southwest Research Institute®
July 27, 2006
● This Type of Controversy still exists today. The actual mechanism(s) of catalyst poisoning are not well known
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OIL POISONING CHARACTERISTICS (3)
Field Oil Profiles: Phosphorus and Calcium profiles through a field-aged catalyst, showing exponential decrease in loading from front to back of catalyst - SAE 961898R源自Aged Catalyst
7
40-VEHICLE MATRIX STUDY (1)
DER No. Model Yr. DER001 1987 DER002 1983 DER003 1986 DER004 1985 DER005 1984 DER006 1983 DER007 1988 DER008 1991 DER009 1991 DER010 1985 DER011 1993 DER012 1989 DER013 1982 DER014 1981 DER015 1991 DER016 1991 DER017 1989 DER018 1982 DER019 1992 DER020 1989 DER021 1988 DER022 1988 DER023 1983 DER024 1989 DER025 1993 DER026 1989 DER027 1992 DER028 1990 DER029 1985 DER030 1990 DER031 1992 DER032 1993 DER033 1990 DER034 1986 DER035 1984 DER036 1990 DER037 1992 DER038 1992 DER039 1991 DER040 1989 Maker Chevrolet Volvo Oldsmobile Ford Alfa Romeo Volvo Isuzu Chrysler Dodge Oldsmobile Chevrolet Mitsubishi Buick Oldsmobile Chrysler Infinity Jeep Chevrolet Chevrolet Ford Chevrolet Chevrolet Volkswagen Pontiac Chevrolet Dodge Chevrolet Chevrolet Ford Chrysler Chevrolet Chevrolet Chevrolet Toyota Cadillac Chevrolet Mitsubishi Saturn Toyota Jeep Model Mileage Type Cavalier 154,900 monolith/OEM 240GL 184,000 monolith/OEM Cutlass Ciera 164,866 monolith/aftermarket LTD 87,930 monolith/OEM(Oxidation catalyst only) Spider 80,900 monolith/OEM 240GL 105,300 monolith/OEM Trooper 90,800 beads/OEM Shadow 111,400 monolith/OEM Dynasty 161,500 monolith/aftermarket Custom Cruiser S 105,200 monolith/aftermarket C1500 PU 110,300 beads/OEM Montero 168,700 monolith/aftermarket Skyhawk 149,800 beads/OEM Cutlass 156,700 monolith/aftermarket LeBaron 91,700 monolith/aftermarket G20 79,300 monolith/OEM Wrangler 89,700 monolith/aftermarket Malibu SW 143,650 monolith/aftermarket Astro Van 107,400 beads/OEM Mustang 129,700 monolith/OEM S-10 PU 101,000 monolith/OEM Cavalier 160,000 monolith/aftermarket Rabbit 140,000 monolith/OEM Grand Am 109,400 beads/OEM Astro Van 79,000 beads/OEM Dynasty 97,000 monolith/OEM Safari Van 63,400 beads/OEM Beretta 103,000 monolith/OEM Thunderbird 117,000 monolith/OEM New Yorker 102,000 monolith/aftermarket Safari Van 93,500 beads/OEM Astro Van 88,400 beads/OEM Beretta 157,500 monolith/aftermarket Supra 170,000 monolith/OEM Eldorado 166,600 monolith/aftermarket Cavalier 140,300 beads/OEM Diamante 152,500 monolith/OEM SL 117,300 monolith/aftermarket Camry 129,200 monolith/OEM Wrangler 135,100 monolith/aftermarket
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40-VEHICLE MATRIX STUDY (2)
● ● ●
Average Mileage = 122,399 Lowest Mileage = 63,400 Highest Mileage = 184,000
Model Years 1981 - 1993
● ● ● ● ●
Primary Causes of Catalyst Failure: Poisoning = 55 percent Thermal Damage = 41 percent High Mileage Aftermarket Catalyst = 17 percent Physical Damage = 7 percent
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OIL POISONING CHARACTERISTICS (4)
0.15 70 60
Cumulative Weighted Gram/Mile Emissions
0.13
50 0.10 40 0.08 30 0.05 20 0.03 Speed, mph
10
0.00 0 198 398 598 798 998 1198 Speed 1389 1589 1789
47 45 40
16
CO A acid wash B aged B acid wash
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OIL POISONING CHARACTERISTICS (6)
n Particulate Matter Emissions Control - DPF Corning DuraTrap® filters Cordierite
BLOCKING
POISONING
SINTERING
oil ash lead sulfur
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MODES OF CATALYST DEACTIVATION (4)