Chapter 4 Political and Legal Environment

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英语国家概况 Chapter_4

宫廷总顾问塞西尔劝伊丽莎白暂时抛开儿女情长，把精力放到处理国事上。当时英国国力单薄，没有军队，周边国家对它存有领土野心。而伊丽莎白在宫廷内部也有政敌。为首的是诺福克公爵。塞西尔建议她尽快结婚，选择对象主要是法国的昂如公爵和玛丽的丈夫西班牙国王菲利普二世。伊丽莎白虽然表面上同意接见求婚使节，但私下里芳心早已暗属达德利。她面临的第一个真正的危机来自于法国的玛丽女王。这位热衷于用武的女王在苏格兰边境集结大量部队，准备伺机进犯。英国朝廷为开战或媾和展开了激烈争论。最后伊丽莎白屈于诺福克公爵的压力，未听从情报大臣沃尔辛厄姆的意见，仓促同意开战。结果英国惨败。倍尝屈辱滋味的伊丽莎白意识到，如果她要真正行使国王权利，必须树立自己的威信。
a. Edward VI Under his rule, real religious change to Protestant theology.
b. Bloody Mary On account of her mother and her husband (Philip II of Spain), Mary persecuted the Protestants to forcibly convert England to Roman Catholicism. At least 300 Protestants were burned as heretics.
A fleet of 130 vessels was sent to conquer England. The Armada sailed up the English Channel but proved no match for the more maneuverable and smaller British ships and dispersed by a strong gale.

黑格尔法哲学批判英文版

黑格尔法哲学批判英文版Hegel's critique of philosophical law (or philosophy of law) can be found in his major work, "Elements of the Philosophy of Right" (1821). In this book, Hegel critically examines the modern legal and political systems and offers his own philosophical analysis and critique.Hegel argues that the traditional understanding of law as a set of abstract and universal principles is insufficient. He believes that the law should be grounded in the concrete realities of society and historical development. According to him, the law is an expression of the collective spirit or Geist of a particular community or society.One of Hegel's main criticisms is directed towards formal legalism. He argues that focusing solely on the formal aspects of the law, such as abstract principles andindividual rights, neglects the social and historical contextin which the law operates. He believes that the law should embody the ethical values and norms of a particular society, rather than being detached from its social and historical realities.Hegel also critiques the idea of abstract natural rights, which he sees as overly individualistic. He argues thatrights are not inherent or natural, but rather emerge through social relations and obligations. According to him, rights should be understood in the context of the community and its shared ethical framework.Furthermore, Hegel critiques the modern legal system for its separation of the legislative, executive, and judicial powers. He argues that this separation leads to an alienation of power and undermines the unity and rationality of thelegal system. Hegel proposes that a more integrated and organic legal system is necessary for the realization of true justice.Overall, Hegel's critique of philosophical law in "Elements of the Philosophy of Right" centers around the need to ground the law in the concrete realities of society,rather than abstract principles or natural rights. He emphasizes the importance of the social and historical context in which the law operates and argues for a more integrated and ethical legal system.。

CHAP4-14

© 2005 Prentice Hall
5-3
Nation-States and Sovereignty
Government actions taken in the name of sovereignty occur in the context of a country„s stage of development and political and economic system.政府以主权之名而采取的行动发生在一国特定的发展阶段和政治经济体制的背景下
Political risk includes:
– Tax controls – Seizure of assets资产扣押
© 2005 Prentice Hall 5-7
Tax controls
Tariffs
– Import duties can lead to smuggle走私
Corporate taxation
© 2005 Prentice Hall 5-12
美国对“三一”构成“蚕食式征用”
2010年，三一在美国成立Ralls公司，在美国开展风电投资与建设的关联企业。2012年3月，Ralls公司从希腊电网公司Terna US处，收购了美国俄勒冈州Butter Creek风场项目，并取得了该项目建设的所有审批和许可。该项目包括四个相对独立的风场，每个风场均成立了独立的项目公司。这是一个不可多得的好项目，如未受干扰，按计划在年内并网发电，三一在该项目上除售电收入外，今年还可依据美国新能源发展政策从美国政府获得2500万美元税收返还，收益率约25%。 2012年8月29日，CFIUS（美国外资投资委员会）以涉嫌威胁美国国家安全为由，对三一做出以下裁决：1.命令三一撤出Butter Creek项目所有的股权和所有设备；2.除执行拆除任务的美国国籍员工外，禁止三一人员进入风场；3.不允许三一将产品和风场转让给第三方；4.不允许将三一在美注册的Ralls公司及其资产转让给第三方，除非拆除了风场所有三一生产的设备，且受让的第三方经其审核为美国人，且非三一员工。

英语国家概况谢福之chapter

Confederation: In 1867, the British North America Act was passed, creating the Dominion of Canada as a self governing entity within the British Empire Since then, Canada has gradually assigned its independence and developed its own identity, while maintaining close ties with the United Kingdom and the United States
Federalism
The United States has a federal system, meaning power is shared between the federal government and the state governments The states have authority over certificate materials like education and health care, while the federal government has authority over others like foreign policy and interstate commerce
Climate
The United States has a wide range of climates, from the cold winters and hot summers of the north to the cold winters and hot summers of the south The west coast has a Mediterranean climate, with dry summers and rainy winters

英语国家概况Chapter4 Parliament and Government

Countries
IV. Government
1. Departments P29 24 government departments offices, ministries and departments
the Home Office 内政部 Ministry of Defense 国防部 the Chacellor of the Exchequer财务大臣
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
The House of Commons
Center of parliamentary power
Three major functions
State opening of the Parliament
Royal assent to new law
Meeting with the Prime Minister at Buckingham Palace
Pay state visits to Commonwealth countries as head of state and non-Commonwealth countries on behalf of the British government
government) with the approval of Parliament.
Strictly speaking, the parliament consists of
the King or Queen, the House of Lords (上议
院), the House of Commons (下议院)

阅读教程3蒋静怡unit4 common sense or legal intervention1

英语阅读（三）
Step Two Reading Activities
Unit 4-1
• Section Two Detailed Reading
• Para 4
• 5. How do they deal with the “going cold turkey” period for the smokers?
英语阅读（三）
Step Two Reading Activities
• Section Two Detailed Reading • siren: 迷人的女子；妖妇; 汽笛，警报器
• Siren【希腊神话】塞任(半人半鸟的女海妖，常用美妙歌声引诱水手，令船触礁沉没)
Unit 4-1
英语阅读（三）
英语阅读（三）
Unit 4-1
Step Two Reading Activities
• Section Two Detailed Reading
• … and all the brawny cowpokes and tawny(黄褐色)haired sirens cannot blow enough advertising smoke to obscure the fact that one out of every seven deaths in this country is linked to smoking…
Unit 4 Common Sense or Legal Intervention
by Helen
英语阅读（三）
Teaching steps
Step 1 Lead-in Step 2 Reading Activities Step 3 Exercises Step 4 Homework

PEST分析模型

PEST 分析模型(PEST Analysis) PEST模型简介PEST分析就是战略咨询顾问用来帮助企业检阅其外部宏观环境得一种方法：，就是指宏观环境得分析，宏观环境又称一般环境，就是指影响一切行业与企业得各种宏观力量。

对宏观环境因素作分析，不同行业与企业根据自身特点与经营需要，分析得具体内容会有差异，但一般都应对政治(Political)、经济(Economic)、技术(Technological)与社会(Social)这四大类影响企业得主要外部环境因素进行分析：：简单而言,称之为PEST分析法：：如图所示：Economic 经济人□环境行业、企业社会文化环境social玄观经济政策经济某础结构I『家经济形势政治I预经济发展水平方针政策城市化程度政治扃势储釦j信贷I I体与政体消费结构收入水平人口变化Political政治环境国际关系典型得PEST分析下表就是一个典型得PEST分析PEST分析得内容(-)政治法律环境(Political Factors)政治环境包括一个国家得社会制度，执政党得性质:政府得方针、政策、法令等。

不同得国家有着不同得社会性质，不同得社会制度对组织活动有着不同得限制与要求。

即使社会制度不变得同一国家，在不同时期，由于执政党得不同，其政府得方针特点、政策倾向对组织活动得态度与影响也就是不断变化得：，重要得政治法律变量：•执政党性质•政治体制•经济体制•政府得管制•税法得改变•各种政治行动委员会•专利数量•专程法得修改•环境保护法•产业政策•投资政策•国防开支水平•政府补贴水平•反垄断法规•与重要大国关系•地区关系•对政府进行抗议活动得数量、严重性及地点•民众参与政治行为(―)经济环境(Economic Factors)经济环境主要包括宏观与微观两个方面得内容n宏观经济环境主要指一个国家得人口数量及其增长趋势，国民收入、国民生产总值及其变化情况以及通过这些指标能够反映得国民经济发展水平与发展速度。

环境政治学译丛

《环境政治学译丛》第一辑（2005年）1）安德鲁•多伯森：《绿色政治思想》，郇庆治（译）2）戴维•佩珀：《生态社会主义：从深生态学到社会正义》，刘颖（译）3）斐迪南•穆勒—罗密尔和托马斯·波格特克：《欧洲执政绿党》，郇庆治（译）4）克里斯托弗·卢茨：《环境运动：地方、国家和全球向度》，徐凯（译）第二辑（2007年）5）默里•布克金：《自由生态学：等级制的出现与消解》，郇庆治（译）6）约翰•德赖泽克：《地球政治学：环境话语》，蔺雪春、郭晨星（译）7）萨拉•萨卡：《生态社会主义抑或生态资本主义》，张淑兰（译）8）塔基斯•福托鲍洛斯：《多重危机与包容性民主》，李宏（译）第一辑1）安德鲁•多伯森：《绿色政治思想》，主译：郇庆治Andrew Dobson, Green Political Thought(London: Routledge,2000)作者简介：作者为英国开放大学教授、环境政治学专业最著名杂志《环境政治学》主编，被公认是西方生态政治学理论研究领域的最权威学者之一和生态自治主义学派的主要代表。

本书是他的主要代表性著作，它的1990年初版后不久就成为环境政治研究者的必读之作，并先后在1991年、1992年和1994年重印发行。

1995年，它又出版了第2个修订版本。

现翻译的是作者2000年最新修订后的第3版，现已成为欧美国家许多高校和研究机构的环境政治学理论教科书。

内容提要：本书提供了对生态政治观念和绿色运动目标与战略的、清晰而富有启发的思考。

在经过两次修订后的该书第3版中，通过对生态主义与其它政治意识形态的关系、激进与改革主义的绿色传统之间的差异和如何实现绿色社会变革等的系统分析，作者明确地主张，生态主义应该被视为一种独立的政治意识形态。

该书包括反思生态主义、生态主义的哲学基础、可持续社会、绿色变化的战略、生态主义和其它意识形态等部分。

2）戴维•佩珀：《生态社会主义：从深生态学到社会正义》，主译：刘颖David Pepper,Eco-Socialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice(London: Routledge,1993)作者简介：作者为牛津布鲁克斯大学教授，是西方生态政治理论中生态社会主义学派的主要代表之一。

西方文化的影响英语作文

In recent decades,the influence of Western culture has become increasingly evident around the globe.This cultural diffusion has touched various aspects of society,from language and education to fashion and entertainment.Here are some key areas where Western culture has made a significant impact:nguage and Communication:English,as the most widely spoken second language, has become a global lingua franca.It is the primary mode of communication in international business,academia,and diplomacy.The spread of English has facilitated the exchange of ideas and information across borders.cation Systems:Western educational models,particularly the American and British systems,have been adopted or adapted by many countries.The emphasis on critical thinking,research,and problemsolving skills is now common in educational institutions worldwide.3.Fashion and Beauty Standards:Western fashion trends often set the global standard, influencing what is considered stylish and attractive.Brands from the West have become household names,and their seasonal collections are eagerly anticipated by fashion enthusiasts.4.Cuisine:Fast food chains originating from the West,such as McDonalds and Starbucks, have spread to almost every corner of the world.These chains have not only introduced Western fast food but also a fastpaced dining culture.5.Entertainment and Media:Hollywood films and American television series dominate global entertainment markets.Western music,particularly pop and rock genres,has a significant following,and Western artists often top global music charts.6.Technology and Innovation:Western countries,especially the United States,are at the forefront of technological advancements.Innovations in areas such as information technology,telecommunications,and artificial intelligence have transformed the way people live and work.7.Political and Legal Systems:The principles of democracy,human rights,and the rule of law,which are deeply rooted in Western societies,have inspired political reforms and legal systems in many countries.8.Sports:Sports such as football soccer,basketball,and tennis,which have Western origins or are heavily influenced by Western countries,have become popular worldwide. Major sporting events like the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup draw global audiences.9.Art and Literature:Western art movements and literary works have had a profound influence on global artistic expression.The themes,styles,and techniques of Western artists and writers have inspired and shaped creative works in other cultures.10.Philosophical and Religious Ideas:Western philosophical thought and religious beliefs have spread beyond their regions of origin,influencing worldviews and ethical systems in various societies.While the influence of Western culture has brought about many positive changes,it has also sparked debates about cultural imperialism and the loss of local cultural identities.It is essential to balance the benefits of cultural exchange with the preservation of cultural diversity and autonomy.。

研究生英语阅读教程(提高级_第三版) 第四单元课文

Bill ClintonHillary Rodham Clinton[1] Bill Clinton was hard to miss in the autumn of 1970. He arrived at Y ale Law School looking more like a Viking than a Rhodes Scholar returning from two years at Oxford. He was tall and handsome somewhere beneath that reddish brown beard and curly mane of hair. He also had a vitality that seemed to shoot out of his pores. When I first saw him in the law school’s student lounge, he was holding forth before a rapt audience of fellows tudents. As I walked by, I heard him say: “. . . and not only that, we grow the biggest watermelons in the world!” I asked a friend, “Who is that?” [2]“Oh, that’s Bill Clinton,” he said. “He’s from Arkansas, and that’s all he ever talks about.”[3]We would run into each other around campus, but we never actually met until one night at the Y ale law library the following spring. I was studying in the library, and Bill was standing out in the hall talking to another student, Jeff Gleckel, who was trying to persuade Bill to write for the Y ale Law Journal. I noticed that he kept looking over at me. He had been doing a lot of that. So I stood up from the desk, walked over to him and said, “If you’re going to keep looking at me, and I’m going to keep lookin g back, we might as well be introduced. I’m Hillary Rodham.” That was it. The way Bill tells the story, he couldn’t remember his own name.[4]We didn’t talk to each other again until the last day of classes in the spring of 1971. We happened to walk out of Professor Thomas Emerson’s Political and Civil Rights course at the same time. Bill asked me where I was going. I was on the way to the registrar’s office to sign up for the next semester’s classes. He told me he was heading there too. As we walked, he complimented my long flower-patterned skirt. When I told him that my mother had made it, he asked about my family and where I had grown up. We waited in line until we got to the registrar. She looked up and said, “Bill, what are you doing here? You’ve already registered.” I laughed when he confessed that he just wanted to spend time with me, and we went for a long walk that turned into our first date.[5]We both had wanted to see a Mark Rothko exhibit at the Y ale Art Gallery but, because of a labor disp ute, some of the university’s buildings, including the museum, were closed. As Bill and I walked by, he decided he could get us in if we offered to pick up the litter that had accumulated in the gallery’s courtyard. Watching him talk our way in was the fir st time I saw his persuasiveness in action. We had the entire museum to ourselves. We wandered through the galleries talking about Rothko and twentieth-century art. I admit to being surprised at his interest in and knowledge of subjects that seemed, at first, unusual for a Viking from Arkansas. We ended up in the museum’s courtyard, where I sat in the large lap of Henry Moore’s sculpture Draped Seated Woman while we talked until dark. I invited Bill tothe party my roommate, Kwan Kwan Tan, and I were throwing in our dorm room that nigh t to celebrate the end of classes. Kwan Kwan, an ethnic Chinese who had come from Burma to Yale to pursue graduate legal studies, was a delightful living companion and a graceful performer of Burmese dance. She and her husband, Bill Wang, another student, remain friends.[6]Bill came to our party but hardly said a word. Since I didn’t know him that well, I thought he must be shy, perhaps not very socially adept or just uncomfortable. I didn’t have much hope for us as a coupl e. Besides, I had a boyfriend at the time, and we had weekend plans out of town. When I came back to Yale late Sunday, Bill called and heard me coughing and hacking from the bad cold I had picked up.[7]“You sound terrible,” he said. About thirty minutes later, he knocked on my door, bearing chicken soup and orange juice. He came in, and he started talking. He could converse about anything―from African politics to countr y and western music. I asked him why he had been so quiet at my party. [8]“Because I was interested in learning more about you and your friends,”he replied.[9]I was starting to realize that this young man from Arkansas was much m ore complex than first impressions might suggest. To this day, he can astoni sh me with the connections he weaves between ideas and words and how he makes it all sound like music. I still love the way he thinks and the way helooks. One of the firs tthings I noticed about Bill was the shape of his hands . His wrists are narrow and his fingers tapered and deft, like those of a piani st or a surgeon. When we first met as students, I loved watching him turn th e pages of a book. Now his hands are showing signs of age after thousands of handshakes and golf swings and miles of signatures. They are, like their owner, weathered but still expressive, attractive and resilient.[10]Soon after Bill came to my rescue with chicken soup and orange juice, we became inseparable. In between cramming for finals and finishing up m y first year of concentration on children, we spent long hours driving aroun d in his 1970 burnt-orange Opel station wagon―truly one of the ugliest car s ever manufactured―or hanging out at the beach house on Long Island So und near Milford, Connecticut, where he lived with his roommates, Doug E akeley, Don Pogue and Bill Coleman. At a party there one night, Bill and I ended up in the kitchen talking about what each of us wanted to do after gra duation. I still didn’t know where I would live and what I would do because my interests in child advocacy and civil rights d idn’t dictate a particular pat h. Bill was absolutely certain: He would go home to Arkansas and run for p ublic office. A lot of my classmates said they intended to pursue public serv ice, but Bill was the only one who you knew for certain would actually do it .11]I told Bill about my summer plans to clerk at Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein, a small law firm in Oakland, California, and he announced thathe would like to go to California with me. I was astonished. I knew he had signed on to work in Senator Georg e McGovern’s presidential campaign and that the campaign manager, Gary Hart, had asked Bill to organize the South for McGovern. The prospect of driving from one Southern state to another convincing Democrats both to support McGovern and to oppose Nixon’s p olicy in Vietnam excited him.[12]Although Bill had worked in Arkansas on campaigns for Senator J. William Fulbright and others, and in Connecticut for Joe Duffey and Joe Lieberman, he’d never had the chance to be in on the ground floor of a presidential campaign.[13]I tried to let the news sink in. I was thrilled.[14]“Why,” I asked, “do you want to give up the opportunity to do something you love to follow me to California?”[15]“For someone I love, that’s why,” he said.[16]He had decided, he told me, that we were destined for each other, and he didn’t want to let me go just after he’d found me.[17]Bill and I shared a small apartment near a big park not far from the University of California at Berkeley campus where the Free Speech Movement started in 1964. I spent most of my time working for Mal Burnstein researching, writing legal motions and briefs for a child custody case. Meanwhile, Bill explored Berkeley, Oakland and San Francisco. On weekends, he took me to the places he had scouted, like a restaurant inNorth Beach or a vintage clothing storeon Telegraph Avenue. I tried teaching him tennis, and we both experimented with cooking. I baked him a peach pie, something I associated with Arkansas, although I had yet to visit the state, and together we produced a palatable chicken curry for any and all occasions we hosted. Bill spent most of his time reading and then sharing with me his thoughts about books like To the Finland Station by Edmund Wilson. During our long walks, he often broke into song, frequently crooning one of his Elvis Presley favorites. [18]People have said that I knew Bill would be President one day and went around telling anyone who would listen. I don’t remember thinking that until years later, but I had one strange encounter at a small restaurant in Berkeley. I was supposed to meet Bill, but I was held up at work and arrived late. There was no sign of him, and I asked the waiter if he had seen a man of his description. A customer sitting nearby spoke up, saying, “He was here for a long time reading, and I started talking to him about books. I don’t know his name, but he’s going to be President someday.” “Yeah, right,” I said, “but do you know where he went?” [19]At the end of the summer, we returned to New Haven and rented the ground floor of 21 Edgewood Avenue for seventy-five dollars a month. That bought us a living room with a fireplace, one small bed room, a third room that served as both study and dining area, a tiny bathroom and a primitive kitchen. The floors were so uneven that plates would slide off thedining table if we didn’t keep little wooden blocks under the table legs to level them. The wind howled through cracks in the walls that we stuffed with newspapers. But despite it all, I loved our first house. We shopped for furniture at the Goodwill and Salvation Army stores and were quite proud of our student decor.[20]Our apartment was a block away from the Elm Street Diner, which we frequented because it was open all night. The local Y down the street had a yoga class that I joined, and Bill agreed to take with me―as long as I didn’t tell anybody else. He also came along to the Cathedral of Sweat, Y ale’s gothic sports center, to run mindlessly around the mezzanine track. Once he started running, he kept going. I didn’t. [21]We ate often at Basel’s, a favorite Greek restaurant, and loved going to the movies at the Lincoln, a small theater set back on a residential street. One evening after a blizzard finally stopped, we decided to go to the movies. The roads were not yet cleared, so we walked there and back through the foot-high snowdrifts, feeling very much alive and in love.[22]We both had to work to pay our way through law school, on top of the student loans we had taken out. But we still found time for politics. Bill decided to open a McGovern for President headquarters in New Haven, using his own money to rent a storefront. Most of the volunteers were Yale students and faculty because the boss of the local Democratic Party, Arthur Barbieri, was not supporting McGovern. Bill arranged for us to meet Mr.Barbieri at an Italian restaurant. At a long lunch, Bill claimed he had eight hundred volunteers ready to hit the streets to out-organize the regular party apparatus. Barbieri eventually decided to endorse McGovern. He invited us to attend the party meeting at a local Italian club, Melebus Club, where he would announce his endorsement.[23]The next week, we drove to a nondescript building and entered a door leading to a set of stairs that went down to a series of underground rooms. When Barbieri stood up to speak in the big dining room, he commanded the attention of the local county committee members―mostly men―who were there. He started by talking about the war in Vietnam and naming the boys from the New Haven area who were serving in the military and those who had died. Then he said, “Thiswar isn’t worth losing one more boy for. That’s why we should support George McGovern, who wants to bring our boys home.” This was not an immediately popular position, but as the night wore on, he pressed his case until he got a unanimous vote of support. And he delivered on his commitment, first at the state convention and then in the election when New Haven was one of the few places in America that voted for McGovern over Nixon. [24] After Christmas, Bill drove up from Hot Springs to Park Ridge to spend a few days with my family. Both my parents had met him the previous summer, but I was nervous because my dad was so uninhibited in his criticism of my boyfriends. I wondered what he would say to aSouthern Democrat with Elvis sideburns. My mother had told me that in my father’s eyes, no man would be good enough for me. She appreciated Bill’s good manners and willingness to help with the dishes. But Bill really won her over when he found her reading a philosophy book from one of her college courses and spent the next hour or so discussing it with her. It was slow going at first with my father, but he warmed up over games of cards, and in front of the television watching football bowl games. My brothers basked in Bill’s attention. My friends liked him too. After I introduced him to Betsy Johnson, her mother, Roslyn, cornered me on the way out of their house and said, “I don’t care what you do, but don’t let this one go. He’s the only one I’ve ever seen make you laugh！”。

何家弘法律英语课件_第四课

2014-10-26
法律英语
17
Federalism 联邦制度
• The presence of two parallel court system often raises questions concerning the relationship of the state and federal systems, presenting important issues of federalism. • 两种并列的法院系统的存在经常带来州与联邦系统关系的问题，提出了重要的联邦制度问题。
2014-10-26
法律英语
20
Two-tiered system 两级审判制 Nebraska 内布拉斯加
Three-tiered system 三级审判制
Any litigant Plead his case before
Trial court 初审法院 Two levels of appeal 两级上诉
2014-10-26
影响美国的25个司法大案》的第二章美国宪政法治的捍卫者：最高法院的九尊护法神
法律英语 4
• 联邦法院和州法院管辖的案件种类不同，在刑事领域内，联邦法院审理哪些违反联邦法律的犯罪案件；在民事领域内，联邦法院审理以合众国为一方当事人、涉及“联邦性质问题”、以及发生在不同州的公民之间且有管辖权争议的案件。 • 按照美国宪法的规定，凡是法律没有明确授予联邦法律法院的司法管辖权，都属于州法院。在实践中，绝大多数刑事案件和民事案件都是由各州法院审理的。
Should he lose
2014-10-26
法律英语
21
In the federal system
• Trial court(初审法院) – the U.S. District Court (94) – 联邦地区法院 • Intermediate appellate courts – The U.S. Court of Appeals

《新编MPA英语阅读教程教学参考书》部分译文

第一单元公共管理定义预习问题：1、公共管理指哪些活动？2、公共管理有哪些子域？3、与公共管理发生的具体形式和层次相关的专门领域和焦点有哪些？课文A公共管理一、重点词语释义：1. to refer to: to pertain; concern与…有关：涉及；关于例句：The term electronics refers to electronically induced action. 电子学这一术语涉及电子导致的作用。

2. to convey: to communicate or make known; impart交流或使知道；告知例句：When I returned home, I tried to convey the wonder of this machine to my husband. 回到家时，我竭力向丈夫传达了这种机器的神奇。

I can't convey my feelings in words. 我的情感难以言表。

The ambassador personally conveyed the president's message to the premier. 大使亲自向总理转达了总统的问候。

3. to cover:to extend over延伸，遍及例句：Introduction to Chemistry aims to cover important topics in organic chemistry. 《化学》一书的绪论打算包括有机化学中的重要话题。

4. to account for: to provide an explanation or justification做出解释，提出理由例句：The suspect couldn’t account for his time that night. 嫌疑犯不能说明那天晚上他的时间安排。

5. to recognize: to know or identify from past experience or knowledge认知，看出，从过去的经历或知识中得知或辨认出例句：The receptionist recognized him at once. 招待员立刻认出了他。

Political and Legal Censorship

Political and Legal Censorship
What is political censorship?

Political censorship exists when a government attempts to conceal, distort, or falsify information that its citizens receive by suppressing or crowding out political news that the public might receive through news outlets.
Historical and contemporary examples of political censorship
Cuba Eastern Block and the USSR North Korea

Historical examples of political censorship in the USSR
Historical examples of political censorship in the USSR

During this period, and even for 25 years after Stalin's death, the few diplomats and foreign correspondents that were permitted inside the Soviet Union were usually restricted to within a few miles of Moscow, their phones were tapped, their residences were restricted to foreigneronly locations and they were constantly followed by Soviet authorities. Dissenters who approached such foreigners were arrested.

The-American-Legal-System(chapter-4)(共31张)

– An intermediate court that hears appeals from trial courts
– Reviews the trial court record to determine if there have been any errors at trial that would require reversal or modification of the decision
第12页，共31页。
Federal Judicial System
Supreme Court
of the United States
U.S. Court of Appeals 13 Circuits
Direct Appeals from State Courts
Special Courts
U.S. District Courts
U.S. Supreme
Court
50 State Judicial
Systems
Original jurisdiction
第14页，共31页。
Federal Judicial System & DC
The Federal Court System (continued)
• Special Federal Federal Court Systems
State Supreme Court
U.S. Supreme
Court
State Court of Appeals Appeals
U.S. Court of
State Trial Courts
Administrative
• U.S. Bankruptcy Court(破产法院)

英语国家社会与文化第四章 politics,class and race

unit 4
pollitics, class and race
• 1. Importance of general elections 大选的重要性 • 2. Formation of the government 政府的形成 • 3. Vote of no confidence 不信任投票 • 4. Political parties: • The Conservative party保守党 • The Labour party 劳工党 • Liberal Democrats 自由民主党
“seats” in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister. A government can be in power for 5 years. • 651名国会议员在大选中被选出来代表英国的651个选区。在议会中获得多数席位的党派就成为执政党，该党派领袖就成为首相。一届政府可以执政5年，然后再进行下一届大选。
9/4/2020
6. Margaret Thatcher (ruled 1979-1990)
• She came into power as Britain’s first woman Prime Minister in 1979 when her Conservative party won the general election. She advocated the idea of small government and free-market economics. During her term as the Prime Minister, she carried out policies to privatize the nationalized industry and to cut tax rates. As a result, many businesses boomed but unemployment rate increase. She was later replaced by John Major in 1990.

glossaryforunit04_politician

glossaryforunit04_politicianGlossary for Unit #4 The PoliticianWords1.rogue (l.1) —an unprincipled, deceitful, and unreliable person; a scoundrel or rascal无赖，流氓，恶棍2.vagabond (l.2) —a vagrant or a tramp, esp. an idle or dishonest one 流浪汉，流氓3.fraud (l.2) — 1) one that defrauds; a cheat骗子; 2) one who assumes a false pose; an impostor装出假面目的人；冒名顶替者4.scoundrel (l.2) — a villain; a rogue 流氓；无赖5.enchant (l.9) — 1) to cast a spell over; bewitch 施魔力于；使心醉2) to attract and delight;entrance, charm 使消魂, 使神魂颠倒6.crooner (l.10) — a singer who sings old popular songs with too much feelings [美]低声吟唱感伤性流行歌曲的歌手7.austere (l.11) — ere or stern in disposition or appearance; somber and grave 严厉的；阴郁可怕8.statecraft (l.12) — the art of leading a country 治国艺术/本领/才能9.adamantine (l.14) — 1) having the hardness or luster of a diamond 似金刚石的; 2) unyielding;inflexible坚强不屈的；坚定的10.integrity (l.15) — steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code; honesty 廉正，诚实11.glamour(l.15) —1) an air of compelling charm, romance, and excitement, especially whendelusively alluring, (often used to modify another noun) 魔力，魅力：a glamour job令人向往的工作; a glamour stock 热门股票12.dipsomaniac (l.16) — a person suffering from dipsomania or craving alcohol嗜酒狂人，酗酒者/doc/c588559d50e2524de5187edb.ht ml rval (l.23) — newly hatched; inexperienced 幼虫的，未成熟的，无经验的14.hallelujah (l.25) — used to express praise or joy 哈利路亚，表示赞美或欢乐15.returns (l.25) — A report on the vote in an election 选举公告：在选举中的选票报告16.villain (l.29) — a wicked or evil person; a scoundrel 恶棍；流氓17.incumbent (l.34) — currently holding a specified office 在职的，现任的18.prudent (l.37) —1) wise in handling practical matters; exercising good judgment or commonsense精明的；2) careful about one's conduct; circumspect 审慎地：prudent in speech 慎言/ It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out.19.sagacity (l.42) — the quality of being discerning, sound in judgment, and farsighted; wisdom.聪慧，精明，智慧20.moron (l.46) — a person regarded as very stupid 白痴21.wallow (l.46) —1) to roll the body about indolently or clumsily in or as if in water, snow, ormud. 打滚; 2) to luxuriate; revel 沉湎；纵乐22.pap (l.46) — 1) soft or semiliquid food, as for infants. 半流质食物; 2) material lacking realvalue or substance:缺乏价值或实质的东西3) money and favors obtained as political patronage;pension 政治上的恩惠23.succor (l.54) —to give assistance to in time of want, difficulty, or distress 救济，援助24.dephlogisticate (l.55) — make less serious 减轻25.divest (l.58) — 1) to strip, as of clothes. 脱去，脱掉使脱去衣服等物; 2) to deprive, as of rightsor property; dispossess 剥夺…的权利或财产；剥夺；3) to free of; rid 脱离…；免除26.stupendous (l.67) —1) of astounding force, volume, degree, or excellence; marvelous卓越的；伟大的; 2) amazingly large or great; huge 巨大的，硕大的27.derision (l.69) —1) contemptuous or jeering laughter; ridicule. 嘲笑，嘲弄; 2) an object ofridicule; a laughingstock 笑柄，嘲笑的目标；笑柄28.hullabaloo (l.83) — great noise or excitement; uproar 喧闹，喧哗；喧闹声或吵闹声；鼓噪29.gabble (l.84) — to speak rapidly or incoherently; jabber 急促不清地说话：Mary gabbled outher prayers and jumped into bed.30.upbraid (l.85) — to reprove sharply; reproach 尖锐地批评；责备31.preposterous (l.88) —contrary to nature, reason, or common sense; absurd 荒谬的：That's apreposterous excuse! / What a preposterous idea!32.plight (l.95) — a situation, especially a bad or unfortunate one; predicament 境况，困境33.interlocutor (l.101) —someone who takes part in a conversation, often formally or officially对话者；参加谈话的人34.candid(l.4) —1) free from prejudice; impartial 公正的；2) characterized by openness andsincerity of expression; unreservedly straightforward 坦率的：In private, I gave them my candid opinion. / I will be quite candid with you, I think you acted foolishly.35.disquiet (l.20) — to deprive of peace or rest; trouble使不平静，使不安；使烦恼：The bad newsdisquieted him.36.literally (l.28) — 1) in a literal or strict sense 完全地，在确切或严格的意义上：Don't take myremarks literally. 2) really; actually 真实地；确切地：There are people in the world who literally do not know how to boil water.37.astrophysicist (l.36) —天体物理学家38.sound(l.37) —1) having a firm basis; unshakable 基础牢固的：a sound foundation; 2)financially secure or safe 财政上充实的或安全的：a sound economy 殷实的经济; 3) based on valid reasoning 合理的：a sound observation; 4) free from logical flaws 没有逻辑错误的：sound reasoning 符合逻辑的推理; 5) marked by or showing common sense and good judgment; levelheaded 有识别力的；头脑清醒的：a sound approach to the problem39.prudent(l.37) —wise in handling practical matters; exercising good judgment or commonsense精明的40.prodigy (l.41) —a person with exceptional talents or powers 天才：an infant prodigy 神童/ aprodigy of learning 非凡的学者/ a prodigy of energy 精力异常充沛的人41.unload (l.41) — 1) to give expression to (one's troubles orfeelings); pour forth表达，倾吐：Mary began to unload her trouble onto her mother. 玛丽开始把她的烦恼告诉她的母亲。

黄河保护，有法可依

大批候鸟在河南济源黄河湿地内越冬，河面波光粼粼，水鸟踏水游弋。

图／视觉中国A large flock of migratory birds overwinter in the Jiyuan Yellow River Wetland, Henan, where the sunlight shimmers on the water, and waterfowls swim there.文／李运恒黄河保护，有法可依黄河，是中华民族的母亲河，保护黄河是事关中华民族伟大复兴和永续发展的千秋大计。

党的十八大以来，黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展上升为重大国家战略。

2022年10月30日，第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第三十七次会议通过《中华人民共和国黄河保护法》（以下简称《黄河保护法》），于2023年4月1日起正式施行，这对于黄河流域以及国家“江河战略”法治化来说都是一件划时代的大事。

作为继《长江保护法》之后的又一部流域保护法律，《黄河保护法》是中国生态环境保护法律体系的一个重要而又特殊的组成部分。

《黄河保护法》的出台，对于全面推进国家“江河战略”法治化，破解流域保护与发展难题，意义十分重大。

在4月1日《黄河保护法》正式实施之际，我们专访了国家社科基金重大项目“黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展法律制度体系研究”首席专家、太和智库高级研究员、中国政法大学教授侯佳儒。

记者：生态环境脆弱是黄河流域面临的最大问题。

《黄河保护法》把生态保护与修复放在首位，在立法层面，为什么会这样突出？侯佳儒：黄河流域跨度大、面积广，流域内水资源短缺、水环境污染、水生态脆弱、水沙关系失调、高质量发展不充分等问题相互交织，面临着生态环境恶化、经济欠发达的双重压力。

黄河治理和保护工作要统筹发展和安全的关系，协调开发和保护之间的矛盾。

黄河立法工作的实质就是把黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展纳入法治轨道，目标是实现黄河流域的生态保护和高质量发展，实现黄河流域的良法善治。

Unit 4 Legal Education in America

Proverbs: A good conscience is a soft pillow心中无愧疚，不怕鬼敲门。

Guilty consciences make man cowards心中有愧疚，胆战又心惊。

Unit 4Legal Education in AmericaI. A Brief HistoryPrior to 1865 the intellectual origins of American legal training were predominantly English. Most American attorneys in the 19th century learned law through the English apprenticeship approach. William Blackstone (1723—1780) had established a place for student and practitioner use of legal treatises with his four-volume Commentaries on the Laws of England, which was widely used in American editions and emulated in Commentaries on American Law.The first law schools evolved out of law offices that took in apprentice clerks for a fee. A few attorneys preferred instructing clerks rather than practicing law and gained a reputation for teaching. The Litchfield Law School, which operated from 1784 to 1833 and attracted students from several states, or the 20 other law office-type schools patterned on it, clearly showed their English parentage.Harvard Law School, which opened in 1817, was an ordinary Litchfield-type law school at first. But at last it rose to prominence, which was attributable primarily to the appointment of Charles Eliot (1834—1906) as university president in 1869 and Christopher Columbus Landell (1826—1906) to the newly created post of law school dean in 1870. Of the two men, Eliot was the more important, initiating and supporting reform throughout the university actively. Landell’s most significant innovation was the introduction of an instructional method utilizing Socratic dialogue to discuss appellate court cases.The American law school student population from 1870 to 1900 grew from 1650 to 12500 while the number of law schools increased from 31 to 102. At the turn of 20th century three quarters of the schools were affiliated with a college or a university. But there were also 20 night law schools catering to the urban masses and emphasizing local law and practice much more than university law schools. Elite lawyers began to worry about standards and the influx of immigrant attorneys trained at the night schools. State bar associations began to tighten up qualifying examinations. The schools themselves in 1900 created the Association of American Law Schools (AALS), which together with the American Bar Association (ABA) went into the standards and accreditation business. The AALS initially accepted 32 schools as charter members. A school that failed to qualify for either list was at a competitive disadvantage in attracting students.II. Characteristics of American Legal Educationa. The basis of legal education in America is the common law.The principal distinction between common law and civil law is that the former relies on the English principle of the binding force of precedent. Thus, a case decided by a court today must be consistent with similar cases previously decided, even if the case is very old. The key concept is that the reasoning by the judges in prior cases must be applied to today’s cases so that the law is predictable. Yet the common law is flexible since judges can use prior legal reasoning to reach different but equitable outcomes in similar cases.b. American legal education is general rather than specialized.Every law school uses nearly the same course during first year: torts, contracts, property, criminal law, civil procedure, constitutional law, and legal research and writing. In the second and third year, elective courses are chosen by the students but most take other common courses in administrative law, business and commercial law, litigation, family law, intellectual property and technology law, and international and comparative law. Upon graduation, every student has been exposed to a broad spectrum of the law even through he or she may later specialize in some area.c. The development of the American legal system has beeninfluenced by the kind of education that lawyers have received,and legal education in turn reflects the diversity of that legalsystem.The evidence of this diversity flows from several sources: first, America has a large number of private university law schools. Virtually all states have a public university, and some large states have several. But there is no federal ministry of education that sets out the law curriculum, faculty salaries, or research project. But the greatest diversity stems from the existence and competition of private law schools. Second, the historic pattern of law school development established a hierarchy of prestige among law schools that further stimulates competition. Third, the composition of the typical student body and faculty changed from essentially a group of white males to more closely represent the diversity of American population.New Words:predominantlyɑd.主要的，最显著的attorney n. 律师，代理人apprenticeship n.学徒身分approach n. 方法，途径practitioner n. （医生、律师等）开业者，执业许可证持有者treatise n. 论文，专著commentary n.注释，评注edition n.版本emulate v.仿效evolve vi.演变，逐渐发展reputation n.名誉，声望pattern vt.模仿，仿造parentage n.出身prominence n.著名；杰出attributable ɑ. 可归于...的primarily ɑd. 首先，主要地initiate vt. 开始，发动innovation n.改革，创新instructional ɑ. 教学的，教育的utilize vt.利用affiliate vt.接纳…为分支机构，使隶属于cater vi. 迎合，投合elite n.精英，中坚分子influx n. 汇集，流入accreditation n.认证，鉴定…为合格initially ɑd. 最初，开始binding ɑ. 有约束力的precedent n. 先例equitable ɑ. 公平的，公正的spectrum n.范围，领域specialize vt.专门研究，专门从事hierarchy n.等级制度，阶层prestige n.声望，威望composition n. 组成，构成essentially ɑd. 本质上，基本上Phrases and Expressions:prior to 先于，在…以前at the turn of the century 世纪之交tighten up 加强，使更严qualifying examination 资格考试go into 从事charter member 创办人，发起人be consistent with 与…一致的be applied to 适用于，应用于be exposed to 受到，接触到flow from 从…产生，是…的结果stem from 出自，来源于Notes:1.apprenticeship approach学徒制。

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国际商会 The International Chamber of Commerce
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Governments and Party Systems
1. Government types 2. Party types 3. The role of governments 4. Government behavior goals
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Government types
Monarchy:资本主义国家以君主（国王、皇帝等）为国家元首，但其权利受到了宪法和议会不同程度的限制，是资产阶级和封建势力分享权力、互相妥协的产物。
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Political risks of global business
1. Confiscation, expropriation and domestication
2. Economic risks 3. Political sanctions 4. Political and social activities 5. Violence and terrorism 6. Cyber-terrorism
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Government behavior goals
Self-protection; Safety; Prosperous; Reputation; Ideology.
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Political Stability
1. Frequency of political power substitution; 2. The continuity of policies and regulations; 3. Political dispute; 4. Nationalism; 5. Pertinence horror and hostility.
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Economic risks
Exchange controls Local-content laws Import restrictions Tax controls Priceturn
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绑架“麦当劳叔叔”
protection method 《产品质量法》product quality law 《外商投资企业法》law of foreign investment
enterprises
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International laws and regulations
国际货物买卖公约 the UN convention on international sale of goods
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International Legal Environment Elements
Native laws and regulations; International laws and regulations; Host countries’ laws and regulations.
《产品责任法律适用公约》convention on the law applicable to products liability
《巴黎公约》Paris Convention 《建立世界知识产权组织公约》convention
establishing the world intellectual property organization 《马德里协定》the Madrid Agreement WTO, ISO
Host countries’ laws and regulations
英美法系Anglo-American law system：又称“判例法” case law或“习惯法” case law，是以英美为代表并受其影响的一些国家的法律，强调过去的判决是将来判决的依据（先例原则）doctrine of precedent。
Multi-party system: America, Japan, Italy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Israel
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The role of governments
The actor of economic affairs; The constitutor of economic statute.
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Decrease Political Vulnerability
1. Establish joint-venture enterprises; 2. Expand the Investment Base; 3. Issue of licenses; 4. Systemetic Localization; 5. Political Negotiation; 6. Political Bribe.
China Against Competition by Inappropriate Means 《涉外经济合同法》law on the foreign economic
contract of the peoples republic of china 《专利法》patent law 《商标法》merchandise marks act 《消费者权益保护法》consumer rights and interests
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Host countries’ laws and regulations
大陆法系Continental legal system:又称 “成文法” statute law; written law，指欧洲大陆各国及受其影响的一些国家的法律，强调系统地、条理化的、详尽的法律条文，是目前世界上最普遍采用的法律体系。
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Protection of intellectual property rights
Counterfeiting and piracy Inadequate protection Prior use versus registration International conventions
加拿大——美国商事仲裁委员会 The CanadianAmerican commercial Arbitration Commission 伦敦仲裁法庭 The London Court of Arbitration 美国仲裁协会 The American Arbitration of Association
Property Rights 《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》
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Native laws and regulations
《公司法》 corporation law 《广告法》advertisement regulation act 《反不正当竞争法》Law of the People‘s Republic of
The Great Britain
Republicanism:国家最高权掌握在由选举产生，并有一定任期的国家机关或公职人员手中的政权组织形式。
U.S.A., Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Egypt; Indonesia
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Party types
Single-party system: Mexico, China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea , Cuba
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International conventions
The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial property 《巴黎知识产权保护公约》
The Inter-American Convention 《泛美公约》
The Madrid Management 《马德里协定》 The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Chapter Four
Political and Legal Environment
Objectives:
When students finish this chapter, they should be able to accomplish the following:
1. Governments and Party Systems 2. Political Stability 3. International Political Risks 4. to decrease Political Vulnerability 5. Elements of International Legal Environment 6. Protection of intellectual property rights 7. to deal with International Disputes
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Settle International Disputes
1. Conciliation; 2. Arbitration; 3. Litigation.
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Arbitration
美洲商事仲裁委员会 The Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission