Chapter 13 the US Literature
The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem
Peripheral literatures in the Western Hemisphere tend to be identical with the literatures of smaller nations. Within a group of relatable national literatures, hierarchical relations have been established since the very beginnings of these literatures. (eg. The literatures of Europe)
Within this (macro-)polysystem, peripheral literatures were modeled upon an exterior literature. (TL is a major channel of renovating repertoire, and a source of reshuffling and supplying alternatives.) stronger literatures may adopt novelties from some periphery within their indigenous borders, “weak” literatures often depend on import alone.
At some historical moments, established models are no longer tenable for a younger generation, no item in the indigenous stock is taken to be acceptable, turning points or literary “vacuum” occurs, and translated literature may consequently assume a central position, whether they are strong or weak literatures.
英美文学赏析
Highlights of British and American Literature 《英美文学精品选读》Part I An Appreciation of English Literature 上篇：英国文学Chapter 1 Medieval Literature 中世纪英国文学Jeffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟The Canterbury Tales (General Prologue)Chapter 2 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期英国文学William Shakespeare 威廉•莎士比亚Sonnet 18Sonnet 29Romeo and Juliet: Part of Scene IIChapter 3 English Romantic Poetry 英国浪漫主义诗歌1. Robert Burns 罗伯特•彭斯A Red, Red RoseMy Heart’s in the Highlands2. William Wordsworth 威廉•华兹华斯I wandered lonely as a cloudComposed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 18023. Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西•比西•雪莱To---Ode to the West Wind4. Jane Austen 简•奥斯汀Pride and Prejudice (Chapter I)Chapter 4 The Victorian Age 维多利亚文学时期1. Charles Dickens 查尔斯•狄更斯A Tale of Two Cities ( Chapter I)2. Bronte Sisters 布朗特姐妹Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特•布朗特Jane Eyre (Chapter XXXVIII)Emily Bronte 艾米莉•布朗特Wuthering Heights (Chapter XV)3. Robert Browning 罗伯特•布朗宁My Last Duchess FerraraMeeting At NightParting at Morning4. Elizabeth Barrett Browning 伊丽莎白•巴雷特•布朗宁Sonnets from the Portuguese: 14Sonnets from the Portuguese: 43Chapter 5 Twentieth Century Literature 二十世纪文学时期1. Thomas Hardy 托马斯•哈代Tess of the D’Urberbilles (Chapter XXXV)2. Virginia woolf 维吉尼亚•沃尔夫Mrs. Dalloway (The beginning part)Part II An Appreciation of American Literature 下篇：美国文学Chapter 1: The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期文学1. Washington Irving 华盛顿•欧文Rip Van Winkle (The beginning part)2. Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫•瓦尔多•爱默生Nature (Chapter I)3. Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加•艾伦•坡The Raven4. Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) 纳撒尼尔•霍桑The Scarlet Letter (Chapter I, II)Chapter 2: The Literature of Realism 现实主义文学时期1.Walt Whitman 惠特曼Leaves of Grass: O Captain! My Captain!Leaves of Grass: I Hear America singing2. Emily Dickinson 艾米丽•狄金森HopeI’m NobodyI heard a Fly buzz—when I died—3. Mark Twain 马克•吐温The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （Chapter I）Chapter 3: Twentieth-century Literature 二十世纪文学时期1. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉•庞德In a Station of the MetroThe River-Merchant’s Wife: A Let ter2. Robert Frost 罗伯特•弗洛斯特The Road Not TakenStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening3. Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯•斯特尔纳斯•艾略特The Waste Land (Subtitles: The Burial of the Dead)4. Francis Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯•司各特•菲兹杰拉德The Great Gatsby （Chapter III）5. Ernest Hemingway 厄尼斯特•海明威The Old Man and the Sea （Chapter XXVII, XXVIII, XXXVIIII）6. William Faulkner 威廉•福克纳A Rose for Emily （Chapter I, II, III, IV）《英美文学精华选读》将简要介绍英美各时期的主要文学文化思潮,文学流派和代表作家。
英语第十三单元
how men reacted in their mind when they found they had done something wrong; exposed the evils of the society by describing the psychological activities of human beings. ❖ most famous novel—The Scarlet Letter ❖ other works
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
2.2.1 Washington Irving (1783-1859)
❖ “the father of American literature”
▪ the first to write using the local
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
1.3 Representative Figures
1.3.1 Jonathan Edwards 1.3.2 Benjamin Franklin
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
歌剧魅影第十三章剧情概括英文
歌剧魅影第十三章剧情概括英文Chapter 13 of the opera "The Phantom of the Opera" begins with the auction of various opera props and costumes. Raoul, the protagonist, attends the auction to bid on a few items. However, he is preoccupied with thoughts of Christine, the female lead, and her possible connection to the mysterious Phantom.Meanwhile, Christine is in her dressing room, feeling conflicted about her feelings for both Raoul and the Phantom. She still feels drawn to the Phantom, despite his manipulative and controlling behavior. In a moment of confusion, she gives in to the Phantom's allure and agrees to meet him.Raoul, determined to uncover the truth behind the Phantom's identity, confronts Madame Giry, a trusted member of the opera house. Madame Giry reveals that the Phantom was once a composer who had been wronged by the opera house. His pursuit of Christine is driven by a desire for revenge and recognition of his musical genius.As Raoul searches for clues about the Phantom's whereabouts, he stumbles upon a hidden passageway that leads him to the Phantom's lair. There, he finds a collection of music sheets and memorabilia, further confirming the Phantom's obsession with Christine.At the same time, Christine arrives at the lair, unaware of Raoul's presence. The Phantom tries to convince her to stay with him, promising her fame and success. However, Christine realizes the toxic nature of their relationship and rejects him, choosing to bewith Raoul instead.In a fit of rage and betrayal, the Phantom sets off explosions in his lair, trapping Raoul and Christine. As they struggle to escape, the Phantom disappears into the shadows, leaving them to face the danger alone.The chapter ends on a cliffhanger as Raoul and Christine's fate hangs in the balance, with the Phantom's wrath still looming over them.。
外研社美国文学史及选读(第三版)(第二册)教学课件0 Part V-Introduction
Waste Land, the most significant American poem of the 20th century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.
ICnhatprtoerd3uction
American society. Early in the century Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot published works that would change the nature of American poetry, but their impact (and that of other modernist writers) on the general reading public was slight. The genteel tradition and popular romanticism still dominated the nation’s literary tastes.
Chapters 13-14 英国文学简史ppt(English Literature)
Key Points in Chapter 13
Charlotte Bronte
✓ Introduction ✓ Jane Eyre
Emily Bronte
✓ Introduction ✓ Wuthering Heights
George Meredith
Charlotte Bronte
(1816-1855)
Three of his novels deserve mention: The Ordeal of Richard Feveral, The Shaving of Shagpat, and The Egoist. The last of these is his greatest work.
Meredith tends to talk and tell instead of letting his characters reveal themselves.
经典常谈第十三章文读后感
经典常谈第十三章文读后感（中英文实用版）After delving into the thirteenth chapter of "Classic Talks," a sense of enlightenment enveloped me.The profound insights and timeless wisdom imparted through the text have not only enriched my understanding of literature but also reshaped my perspective on life.在第十三章的文读之后，我感到一种启迪的光环围绕着我。
文本中所传递的深刻见解和永恒智慧，不仅丰富了我对文学的理解，还重新塑造了我对生活的看法。
The narrative style, intricate and yet accessible, weaves a tapestry of thoughts that resonates deeply with the reader"s innermost feelings.It"s as if the author has peeled back the layers of complexity, revealing the essence of human experiences that transcend time and space.叙述风格既复杂又易于理解，它编织出与读者内心情感深深共鸣的思想锦缎。
仿佛作者剥去了复杂的层面，揭示了超越时空的人类经验本质。
Each sentence in this chapter seems to be a gem, carefully polished to reflect the light of truth.The diversity in sentence structures and styles keeps the reader engaged, preventing the content from becoming monotonous.这一章的每一句话都像是一颗精心打磨的宝石，反射出真理的光芒。
语域理论视域下《干校六记》两个英译本对比分析
摘要《干校六记》是由中国著名散文家、剧作家和翻译家杨绛所写的一部以文化大革命为背景的回忆性散文集。
这本书主要记述了杨绛及其丈夫钱钟书去干校接受劳动改造时的所见所闻，所感所悟，给人们了解文化大革命这一历史以及在这一历史阶段下知识分子的生活状况和精神世界提供了一份真实有效的参考资料。
无论是其艺术表现，还是其忠实于“文化大革命”这段历史的内容，都有很大的研究价值。
《干校六记》一经发表，陆续被翻译成日语、英语和法语版本，在文学界引起广泛关注。
其中英语版本有三个。
基于译者的不同国籍、语言和文化背景，本文选取葛浩文和章楚的英译本来进行对比研究。
两位译者都有着丰富的翻译经验。
前者是专门研究汉语文化且多年来一直致力于中国文学英译的翻译家，后者是多年从事联合国公文翻译的中国译员。
两译者对原文风格的理解与诠释不甚相同。
两个英译本体现了《干校六记》中描写的这段文革历史是如何在译者的笔下向西方传播的。
本研究将在语域理论的指导下进行。
语域理论是系统功能语言学的基础理论之一。
语域指的是由语场、语旨和语式三个情景语境变量决定的语言变异。
情景语境三要素则分别体现为语言语义层的经验功能、人际功能和语篇功能。
相应地，这些功能又分别体现为词汇语法层的及物性、语气和主位等系统和结构。
本文在语域理论的框架下对《干校六记》的葛浩文译本和章楚译本进行对比分析，目的并非是比较两个译本的优劣，而是探讨从语域视角看，两个译本各有何特点，哪一个译本更大程度的实现了与原文的语域对等。
通过定性和定量相结合的研究方法对原文和两个英译本的概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能的分析发现，葛浩文译本在语域的三个情景变量——语场、语旨、语式的表达上都更加贴近原文。
而章楚译本也在一定程度上与原文语域相符，但相比之下，葛浩文译本略胜一筹。
关键词：语域理论，话语范围，话语方式，话语基调，三大元功能CONTENTS原创性声明 (ii)DECLARATION (iii)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (iv)ABSTRACT (v)摘要 (vii)CONTENTS (viii)Chapter One INTRODUCTION (1)1.1Research Background (1)1.2Research Objective (3)1.3Research Methodology (3)1.4Research Significance (4)1.5The Layout of the Thesis (4)Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW (6)2.1Previous Studies on Translation Based on Register Theory (6)2.1.1Previous studies on translation based on register theory abroad (6)2.1.2Previous studies on translation based on register theory at home (7)2.2Previous Studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and Its English Versions (10)2.2.1Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions abroad (10)2.2.2Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions at home (10)Chapter Three THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (13)3.1Brief Introduction to Register Theory (13)3.2The Relations between Meta-functions of Language and Register Parameters.143.2.1Field and experiential function (14)3.2.2Tenor and interpersonal function (16)3.2.3Mode and textual function (18)Chapter Four A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TWO ENGLISH VERSIONS OF GAN XIAO LIU JI FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF REGISTER THEORY..214.1The Analysis of Field (21)4.1.1Lexical choice (22)4.1.2Transitivity analysis of the source text and the target texts (28)4.2The Analysis of Tenor (39)4.2.1Mood system (40)4.2.2Modality system (46)4.3The Analysis of Mode (55)4.3.1Thematic and information structure (55)4.3.2Cohesion system (64)Chapter Five CONCLUSION (72)5.1Major Findings (72)5.2Limitations (77)REFERENCES (78)Chapter OneINTRODUCTION1.1Research BackgroundGan Xiao Liu Ji is written by Yang Jiang who is an outstanding writer, playwright and translator in China,after her return from the cadre school to Beijing. Gan Xiao Liu Ji is composed of six chapters which records that Yang Jiang and her husband Qian Zhongshu were forced to devolve to the cadre school from November 1969to March1972.In the Cultural Revolution,the cadre school(that is,the“May7”cadre school)is nominally a cadre school with labor and study as its main task,but in fact,it is a reform-through-labor farm that punishes revolutionary cadres and persecutes intellectuals.This event itself belongs to the absurd life in turbulent times, which contains the destruction and torture of cadres and intellectuals from the body to the spirit by far-left politics.However,the work does not straightforwardly describe the main content of life in the cadre school——to carry out endless political movements and struggles but takes the initiative to get away from political events, describing the trifles of life,comradeship and spousal love.Gan Xiao Liu Ji was serialized in China-Hong Kong Wide Angle magazine in1981,a single edition was published by SDX Joint Publishing Company in July of the same year.Soon after the publication of Gan Xiao Liu Ji,it was translated into Japanese by Japanese sinologist Nakajima,published by installments in Water Yan magazine in Japan in1982,and published in separate booklets.The three English versions were respectively translated by American sinologist Howard Goldblatt,Chinese scholar Djang Chu who was living in the United States and Australian scholar Geremie Barme.And the two French versions were published in Paris.In The History of Contemporary Chinese Literature,Hong Zicheng made comments on Gan Xiao Liu Ji,“Yang Jiang’s words are simple and implicit.Her tone is gentle.And She keeps a moderate distance to historical events and makes a calm examination of them.She focuses on the episodes of the events of the great age.In the account of her own experiences and feelings,shecan also see the times.”Gan Xiao Liu Ji is regarded as one of the most remarkable proses which describe the Cultural Revolution artistically.Based on the translators’different nationalities and linguistic backgrounds,this thesis makes a comparative study of two English versions of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu.Both Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu have rich experience in translation.While the former is a translator of Chinese literature with high status in the world,the latter is a Chinese translator who has been working in the United Nations for many years.Howard Goldblatt’s English version was evaluated as“the most prominent English translation of Chinese literature in the20th century”by the Times Literary Supplement.The two translators Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu represent the East and the West cultures.There are many differences in their educational backgrounds,views and values,their translation motivations and translation strategies so that the styles of their English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji are distinct.But each has its own virtues.It should be more appropriate to use these two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji to examine the translation events from the perspective of the register theory.Register theory originates from Malinowski’s thought of ter,Halliday, the founder of Systemic Functional Linguistics,put forward his thoughts of context and register,and incorporated register analysis into the theoretical system of the Systemic Functional Linguistics.Register refers to language variation determined by three situational context variables:field of discourse,tenor of discourse and mode of discourse,which are respectively called field,tenor and mode for short.Field refers to what happens in the world,including the topic,participant,time,place,etc.Tenor refers to the relationship between participants,including the status and role of participants.Mode refers to the role of language in communication,including communication channels(spoken/written),media,rhetorical way,etc.For the Systemic Functional Linguistics,the change of any situational factor will give rise to different language variation and different types of register.The differences between registers determine the grammatical and lexical selection.The three elements of situational context are respectively associated with three strands of meanings,or “discourse semantics”,in the text.These three strands are known as“metafunctions”,which are the experiential function,the interpersonal function and the textual function. Specifically,the discourse of field,the discourse of tenor and the discourse of mode respectively stimulate the experiential meaning,the interpersonal meaning and the textual meaning in the semantic system.In other words,the discourse of field,the discourse of tenor and the discourse of mode are realized by the experiential function, the interpersonal function and the textual function of language in the discourse, respectively.Correspondingly,these three functions are embodied in the system and structure of the lexico-grammatical level,such as transitivity,mood and thematic structures(Halliday,1985,1994).1.2Research ObjectiveThe purpose of this thesis is not to find out the pros and cons of the two English versions,but to explore the characteristics of the two versions from the perspective of register and which version achieves register equivalence to a greater extent. Meanwhile,this thesis discusses the contents and methods of register analysis, specifically,from the perspective of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,which discusses the method of register analysis of the English translation of Gan Xiao Liu Ji, as well as the direction and standard of evaluation of the translation.1.3Research MethodologyThe analytical method used in this study is a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis.First of all,the lexico-grammatical analysis of the source text and the two target texts is carried out,that is,the functional grammatical analysis is carried out in the unit of clauses at the semantic layer.Through the analysis of the transitivity system,mood system and modality system,theme system and information system of the source text and the target texts,it will be clear that what forms of expression are chosen and what meanings are expressed in the three texts,that is, experiential meaning,interpersonal meaning and textual meaning.And then to compare the meanings conveyed by the three texts can reveal whether the two target texts are“equivalent”or“deviated”from the source text.Then based on the analysis of experiential meaning,interpersonal meaning and textual meaning of the source text and the two translated texts,the thesis will analyze the situational context of the three texts,that is,field of discourse,tenor of discourse and mode of discourse.In other words,the content,the participants and their relationships which are expressed in the text outside the language,and the linguistic medium,channel,rhetorical devices in which the original author chooses to express social meaning in the communication are analyzed.Finally,according to the analysis of the register of the source text and the two target texts,and the final judgment is made on whether the register of the two translated texts are equivalent to that of the source text or not.1.4Research SignificanceIn this study,the Systemic Functional Linguistics is used to study translation practice.The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the English versions of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu from the perspective of the register theory,and to obtain the register analysis methods of translation studies including Gan Xiao Liu Ji, and to evaluate the criteria and principles of the translation.In practice,this thesis has reference significance for translation practice,discourse analyses and translation studies related to Gan Xiao Liu Ji.In general,the register theory links the context and the various levels of the language system,which is conducive to comprehensively interpreting the circular process between the context and the language in the process of translation.Register theory provides a theoretical platform for comparison between the source text and the source context,the target text and the target context of Gan Xiao Liu Ji.1.5The Layout of the ThesisAccording to the nature and content of the study,this thesis is divided into five parts.Chapter one is a brief introduction to the background,object,significance and framework of the study.Chapter two is a literature review,summarizing the previous studies on theregister theory,translation practice based on the register theory,as well as the source text and two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji.Chapter three is the theoretical framework on which this research relies,that is, the description of the register theory.Chapter four is of great significance in the thesis,which is the author’s comparative analysis of the two English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji using the combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis under the register theory.Chapter five is the conclusion made from the above analysis and the limitations of this study.Chapter TwoLITERATURE REVIEW2.1Previous Studies on Translation Based on Register TheoryThis part focuses on the studies at home and abroad of register theory and the combination of register theory and translation practice.2.1.1Previous studies on translation based on register theory abroadThere are many scholars studying translation from the perspective of register analysis abroad.Catford(1965)tried to establish a new theory of translation by analyzing the discourse involved in translation based on Halliday’s theory of Scale and Category Grammar.He also discussed the language variants in translation and introduced dialect,register,language type and way of language,and then put forward the concept of translation shift and classified the shift in translation.Ure(1971) initially defined the concept of the register from the perspective of lexical grammar, trying to distinguish the categories of register according to lexical categories.As far as Gregory(1988)concerned,in the translation studies,the research of the translatability can not leave the register equivalence alone.From the perspective of language use, Bell(1991)analyzed the three elements of the discourse:field,tenor and mode.He believes that social factors are closely related to the discourse,and the translator should analyze the original text based on the three parameters——field,tenor and mode before translating.As a translation theorist,Mona Baker(1992)investigated discourse analysis from a functional perspective.In her exploration of translation,she put emphasis mainly on the textual function of texts.Hatim and Mason(1990,1997) paid special attention to the meaning of context analysis.They studied the context from three aspects:communicative process,pragmatic behavior and symbolic communication.Among them,communicative process refers to the content of discourse theme,participants and their relationship,means of discourse and so on, which is actually the content of Halliday’s register analysis.House(1997,1981)putforward a systematic model of translation quality assessment based on register analysis.Steiner(1997)began to study translation from the perspective of the register in1997.Based on register analysis,Steiner(1998)explored the methods of analysis and evaluation of translation and put forward some new interpretations of some translation problems.Munday(2001)introduced and analyzed the main translation theories up to the end of the20th century.Among them,he analyzed and commented on the translation studies of House,Baker,Hatim and Mason whose studies were based on Halliday’s discourse analysis and register analysis.Matthiessen(2001) studied the translation in context,arguing that context is the greatest environment for translation and the value of the translation can be determined by using the field,the tenor and the mode.However,they only analyze the situational variables involved in the source text and lack systematic analysis of the target text.In recent years,the rise of Corpus Linguistics has provided a new tool for translation studies based on register theory. For example,Kruger(2012)focused on the register of the translated texts and found that there was relatively few register variation in the target text compared with the source text.Kreinkühle(2014)explored register shifts in scientific and technical translation.Neumann(2014)discussed the analysis of cross-linguistic register in translation studies at the theoretical and methodological level.These studies have achieved good results to a certain extent which provide a reference basis and direction for register research and make a certain contribution to the development of register theory.As for the related research of combining register theory and translation practice,it has gradually increased in recent years.However, more systematic methods that are used to analyse translation from the perspective of register theory need to be further improved,and the operational level of elaboration and examples need to be explored.2.1.2Previous studies on translation based on register theory at homeThe introduction of register theory into China was first done by Zhang Delu.He (1987)explained the status of this theory in the systemic functional grammar,thecharacteristics and functions of register.Guo(1989)also discussed the register theory in terms of the lexical level of language and language style.He introduced this theory into the Chinese to English translation and developed the application of this theory. Hu(2005)conducted the study on the equivalence of register in translation study.The equivalence in both the source and target text can be realized in both the form and content.Wu(2002)proposed how to grasp the register at the same time of “agreement”,and then achieve“fitness”in translation.Specifically,the target text is not only faithful to the content of the source text,but also faithful to the style of the source text.Tang(2002)elaborated on a combination of traditional stylistics with modern approaches to the analysis of language varieties and registers at various levels of comprehension of translation.Wang and Chai(2009)intended to integrate the concept of“register”in the Systemic Functional Linguistics into“transformation”, and put forward the concept of“register transformation”to expand the connotation of “transformation”at the level of pure language and connect the study of culture, context and text in the analysis of corresponding texts.Wang(2009)put forward the concepts of semantic drift and intertextual interference and analyzed the semantic drift and intertextual interference of polysemy.By comparing the Olympic slogan of China,the slogan of Asian Games in China and the slogan of Asian Games in Korea, Wang discussed how to evaluate the risk of translation choices in the context of semantic evolution to avoid possible negative intertextuality.Cao(2007)believes that in the process of translation,the translator’s grasp of the register of the original text helps the translator to understand the stylistic characteristics of the original text,so it is necessary to rebuild the register of the translated text corresponding to that of the original text.Then he(2016)chose specific examples in the translation of children’s literature to analyze and explore how the translator reproduces the register of the original text and what the suppositional social role of the translator acts in the context of the target text.While agreeing with Halliday’s thought of register,Gao(2013) found that register not only has the characteristics of situational context,but also has the characteristics of language.He(2014)applied the register analysis to the translation study and put forward the three-level model of register analysis oftranslation study.Then he(2015)proposed that the register has two sides,which provides the basis for the new concept of register reconstruction.Chen(Chen,Wang, &Zhang,2014)combined with the specific examples of Yang Xianyi’s and Hawkes’translation of Hong Lou Meng,exploring the correspondence of the register(field, register,tenor)of address translation in literary works,to ensure that the target text is faithful not only to the conceptual meaning of the original address,but also to the typological meaning of the potential structure of the text determined by the functional domain,in order to achieve its communicative and rhetorical functions.Liu(2016) compared the register space of English and Chinese with a qualitative method, concluding that the register level of Chinese is narrower than that of English.The root of the narrowing of register level in Chinese probably has a close relationship with the May4th Movement.From the perspective of register theory,Jing(Jing,&Duan,2017) discussed the equivalence of culture-loaded words in translation shift.Huang(Huang, &Sun,2017)conducted the research on the causes and methods of the register transformation in textual translation based on the register theory.And they put forward the strategy and type of three-step register transformation.Also,in recent years,many graduate students have written master’s degree theses in register and translation.These studies analyze different texts from the perspective of the register which have certain value and significance and provide different degrees of reference for further research.However,these studies are still in the introductory stage or primary stage in terms of research methods and perspectives.Most of these studies analyze different corpus based on the concept of three variables of situational context in the Systemic Functional Linguistics.The combination of register theory and analysis is not very close,that is,some analyses of translation are not built on lexical grammar which embodies the three language meta-functions,but on personal subjective impressions so that most of the analyses are interpreted at the linguistic level of words, sentences and so on.Some research is not deep and specific enough.2.2Previous Studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and Its English VersionsThis part combs the research thread of the source text and the two target texts of Gan Xiao Liu Ji at home and abroad.2.2.1Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions abroadHowever,according to the literature the author holds,few scholars are studying the translating characteristics of the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji,let alone studying that from the perspective of the register.The story itself is more welcome abroad.2.2.2Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions at homeGan Xiao Liu Ji is an outstanding work in the setting of the Cultural Revolution. It describes what the author Yang Jiang and her husband Qian Zhongshu saw,felt and realized in the special period of the Cultural Revolution,which not only shows people their difficult experiences,but also directly provides people with real and valuable materials for understanding this history.Yang Jiang has always enjoyed a high reputation in the Chinese literary world,and her literary attainments are quite high. The style of her article is unique,especially prose.Therefore,most of the domestic studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji focus on its plain and simple writing style and its historical or cultural significance.Zhang(1994)believes that Yang Jiang’s placid narration is to convey her inner feelings and depict her painful soul with moderation.Her self-soothing and self-deprecating words express the irony of this historical event.Li (2009)combed the process of publishing Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its increasing popularity in the literary circles at home and abroad and praised Yang Jiang’s plain and simple writing style and her pure and unfiltered aesthetic realm.Wu(1991) considers that it is narrow to put Gan Xiao Liu Ji into the type of“optimism”prose because there is the protest in calmness and sympathy.Thus,the author called it “indefinite-form prose”.Wei(2012)interpreted Gan Xiao Liu Ji from Yang Jiang’s female perspective and intellectual standpoint.Under the method of10“society-literature,”Zhu(2019)tried to utilize the theory of cultural memory to show how the memory of intellectuals was edited by the literature of that period in the Gan Xiao Liu Ji.These studies are based on Yang Jiang’s writing style and the deep implication conveyed in her writing,which slightly involves in the language level,but not in-depth.Since the publication of Gan Xiao Liu Ji,it has aroused widespread concern in Chinese academic circles.However,there is not much research on the English translation of the book.Chen(2010)explored the translation strategies adopted in the three English versions to reflect the salient meaning of reduplicative words and the translation model embodied by these translation strategies.Zhang(2010)pointed out that interpretation on the part of the translators could work out well only when it complied with the intention of the source texts and the authors by quoting examples of amplification from the two English versions(respectively translated by Goldblatt and Djang Chu)of Yang Jiang’s Gan Xiao Liu Ji.Deng(2011)tried to analyze the two English versions respectively translated by Djang Chu and Geremie Barme from three aspects:the translator’s interpretation of the source text,the translator’s translation strategy and translation style,in order to explain the embodiment of the translator’s subjectivity in the target text.Xu(2016)studied the translation process of Goldblatt’s English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji based on83letters between Goldblatt and editors, publishers,authors,scholars and readers in the period of translating Gan Xiao Liu Ji, which were collected by the Archives of Chinese Literature Translation at the University of Oklahoma.Besides,this topic has aroused many graduate students’attention in recent years. On the basis of the German scholar Albrecht Neubert’s viewpoint on the theory of translation competence,Wu(2017)made a comparative study of two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji which were respectively translated by Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu from aesthetic,thematic,linguistic,cultural,textual and transformational aspects combined with the characteristics of the source text.Based on the theory of adaptation,Wang(2018)discussed the adaptation made in the process of translating Gan Xiao Liu Ji by Howard Goldblatt,the corresponding translation methods and thefactors that affect the author’s choice of adaptation from four aspects:contextual relationship,structural object,the dynamics of adaptation and the degree of consciousness in the process of adaptation.Han(2018),from the perspective of social semiotics,studied the difficulties encountered in the process of the translation of the language meaning,and the compensation strategy adopted by Howard Goldblatt to minimize the loss of meaning in the translation process.There are not many pieces of research on the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji in China.Moreover,the above researches on the translation phenomena in the translated texts of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji is not thorough and comprehensive,and there are few examples revealing the characteristics of the translated texts.However,the above researches are of great significance to the study of the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji,which can enlighten future scholars.The author finds that no one has studied the translated texts of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji from the perspective of the register theory of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,and the results of the comparative study of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu are rare.Most domestic scholars tend to study Howard Goldblat’s English translation and his translation ability and style.Chapter ThreeTHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK3.1Brief Introduction to Register TheoryThe research of register analysis originated from Malinowski’s related researches.He put forward the concept of situational context in1923,he thought that language activities of human always occur in a specific context,and the use of language should consider the context in which it is located(Malinowski,1923). However,to succeed in verbal communication,especially when communicative activities occur between people who speak different languages,the role of culture can not be ignored,so Malinowski proposed the concept of cultural context in1935 (Malinowski,1935).The initial development of register analysis benefits from Firth. He incorporated Malinowski’s thought of situational context into his linguistic theory. In his opinion,linguistics is the study of meaning of language which is the function of language in context(Firth,1935).The concept of the register was first put forward by Reid when he studied bilingual phenomena in1956(Reid,1956).In the early1960s, Halliday,the funder of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,inheriting and developing the concept of situational context raised by Malinowski and relation theory of meaning presented by Firth,held that language varies with its function,and this linguistic variant distinguished by function was register.In1964,Halliday summarized that the situational context consists of three elements or variables,namely, field of discourse,mode of discourse and style of discourse.In1978,for the sake of avoiding ambiguity,Halliday transformed“style of discourse”into“tenor of discourse”(Halliday,1978).And these three situational variables are called the field, tenor and mode for short.Meanwhile,Halliday found that these three situational variables were related to the three metafunctions of language(experiential, interpersonal and textual function).He believed that a particular register was a given type of situation,which acted on the semantic system and selected and activated a specific semantic network.The meaning potential determined by this process is the。
table of contents 例子
table of contents 例子Table of Contents Example:Chapter 1: Introduction1.1 Background1.2 Purpose of the Study1.3 Research Questions1.4 Significance of the StudyChapter 2: Literature Review2.1 Theoretical Framework2.2 Previous Studies2.3 Gaps in the Literature2.4 Conceptual FrameworkChapter 3: Methodology3.1 Research Design3.2 Data Collection Methods3.3 Sampling Technique3.4 Data AnalysisChapter 4: Results4.1 Presentation of Findings4.2 Analysis of Results4.3 Discussion of FindingsChapter 5: Conclusion5.1 Summary of the Study5.2 Implications of the Study5.3 Limitations and Recommendations for Future Research ReferencesAppendices附录A: 调查问卷附录B: 原始数据以上是一个使用中文的目录示例，共包含五个章节，每个章节下分为几个小节进行细分。
章节1介绍研究的背景、目的、研究问题和研究的重要性。
章节2进行文献综述，包括理论框架、先前研究、文献的不足之处以及概念框架。
章节3详细描述了研究的方法论，包括研究设计、数据收集方法、抽样技术和数据分析。
章节4呈现了研究结果，并进行了结果分析和讨论。
《英美文学选读》复习指导资料
《英美文学选读》复习指导资料《英美文学选读》复习指导资料一．课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。
主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。
选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。
二．《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。
三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
Part 1 English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献二．练习：1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, theyear of ______.A. Old----RenaissanceB. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of EnglandC. Middle ---- RenaissanceD. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England2).. The Medieval period in English literature extends from 1066 up to the______ century.A. mid-13thB. mid-14thC. mid-15thD.mid-16th3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as thenational ______ of the Anglo-Saxons.A. sonnetB. essayC. epicD. novel4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. William ShakespeareC. Francis BaconD. William Langland5). For the Renaissance, ______ was regarded as the English Homer. His reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and ______.A. Geoffrey Chaucer----witsB. William Shakespeare----witsC. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanityD. WilliamShakespeare----humanity6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______.A. Old English, Greek, LatinB. Old English, French, LatinC. Old English, Greek, FrenchD. English, Greek, French7). Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of the Medieval period in English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______.A. coupletB. blank verseC. heroic coupletD. epic8). Thematically the poem “Beowulf” presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______.A. spiritual----heroB. natural----leaderC. spiritual----godD. natural----monster9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come.A. manB. theoryC. doctrineD. era10). Geoffrey Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse.A. rhymedB. alliterativeC. socialD. visionary2. Explain the following literal terms.1). Romance2). Heroic Couplet3). Epic3. Answer the following questions.1). How many groups do the Old English poetry divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why?2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?Chapter1. The Renaissance Period一．重点前言部分1．文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2．人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3．文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：Renaissance Period1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.A. Greek and RomanB. humanistC. religiousD. loyal2). Generally, the ______ refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.A. Medieval PeriodB. RenaissanceC. Old English PeriodD. Romantic Period3). ______ is the essence of the Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists.A. Humanity---- William ShakespeareB. Humanism-----Francis BaconC. Humanity---- Geoffrey ChaucerD. Humanism----William Shakespeare4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______.A. novel--- Geoffrey ChaucerB. poetry----Francis BaconC. drama----Ben JonsonD. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things.A. Roman ---- moralB. French---- reasonC. Roman---- manD. French---- God6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that people could understand.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Anglo-Saxon7). Wyatt, in the Renaissance period, introduced the Petrarchan ______ into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse.A. drama----freeB. sonnet----blankC. terzarima----blankD. couplet----free8). In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and ______ were the most outstanding forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.A. fictionB. dramatic fictionC. poetic dramaD. novel9). By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.A. humanistsB. ProtestantsC. CatholicsD. playwrights10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science inEngland.A. Edmund SpenserB. Christopher MarloweC. Francis BaconD. Ben Jonson2. Explain the following literal terms.1). the Renaissance Period2). blank verse3). Humanism3. Answer the following questions.1). Make a comment on the influence of Italian literary works upon the literature in the Renaissance England.2). Make a comment on humanism3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England?文艺复兴时期的主要作家。
我明天去上学看书的英文
我明天去上学看书Hey there, folks! Guess what? Tomorrow's a big day for me—I'm heading back to school to dive into those stacks of books again. Yeah, you heard me right, school! It might sound like a drag to some, but let me tell you, there's something really exciting about flipping those pages and soaking up all that knowledge.I've been counting down the days since the summer break started. It was fun, no doubt—hanging out with my buds, playing video games till late, and enjoying mom's home-cooked meals every day. But honestly, after a while, it felt like something was missing. You know, that routine, that sense of accomplishment when you solve a tricky math problem or finally understand a complex science concept. Yeah, I missed that.So, tomorrow, I'm packing my backpack with all the essentials: my trusty notebooks, a couple of fresh pens (you never know when one might run dry), and of course, my favorite water bottle—gotta stay hydrated, right? Oh, and let's not forget my lunchbox. Mom always packs the best sandwiches, with a little note tucked inside that makes my heart warm. She's the best.The walk to school is gonna be a blast. I'll catch upwith my friends along the way, sharing stories about our summer adventures. Who knows, maybe we'll even spot a cool animal or two. Our neighborhood is full of surprises. As we approach the school gates, there's always that rush of excitement and a bit of nervousness too. It's like seeing old friends after a long time, but also stepping into a new chapter of life.First thing's first, I'll drop by my locker to stash my stuff. Man, I love the sound of that lock clicking open. It's like a little treasure chest of memories and supplies. Then, it's straight to homeroom. Mrs. Thompson, our homeroom teacher, always greets us with a smile and a story. She's like the glue that holds our class together. I can't wait to hear what she has to say this time.Math class is next, and let's be real, it's not everyone's cup of tea. But for me, solving equations is like playing a game. I love the challenge of figuring out the right answer, especially when Mr. Lee gives us those brain-busters that make us scratch our heads. There's nothing quite like the satisfaction of finally getting it right and seeing Mr. Lee's nod of approval.Lunchtime is my favorite part of the day. It's a chance to unwind, grab a bite, and chat with friends. We usuallysit under the big oak tree in the courtyard. It's shady and cool, perfect for some good old-fashioned gossip and laughter. Sometimes, we even bring our books and read during lunch. Yeah, we're those kids.After lunch, it's English Lit. Mrs. Jenkins is a fantastic teacher. She makes Shakespeare come alive, you know? Her passion for literature is contagious. I've read so many amazing books because of her. Tomorrow, we're diving into a new novel. I can't wait to see where the story takes us. There's nothing quite like getting lost in a good book, especially when you're surrounded by friends who feel the same way.Science class is always a thrill ride. Mr. Robinson makes learning about the world so interesting. We do experiments, watch videos, and even sometimes get to take things apart to see how they work. It's like being a detective, solving mysteries of the universe.By the time the final bell rings, I'm usually pretty worn out but super satisfied. There's just something about a day full of learning that makes you feel accomplished. I'll walk home with my friends, chatting about our favorite parts of the day, maybe even planning a study group for the week.And then, there's homework. Yeah, I know it's noteveryone's favorite thing, but I actually enjoy it. It's like a little adventure that continues after school. I'll dive into my textbooks, tackle those assignments, and maybe even squeeze in some extra reading if I have the time.As I get ready for bed, I'll think about tomorrow and all the new things I'll learn. It's like opening a present every day, discovering something new and exciting. School might not be perfect, but it's a place where I can grow, challenge myself, and make some amazing memories.So, here's to tomorrow—another day at school, another chance to dive into those books, and another step towards becoming the best version of myself. Yeah, I'm excited. How about you?。
毕业论文英文目录
毕业论文英文目录Graduation Thesis: English Table of ContentsIntroduction- Background and significance of the research topic- Research objectives and research questions- Methodology and research designChapter 1: Literature Review- Overview of the existing literature on the research topic- Key theories and concepts related to the research- Gaps and limitations in the current literatureChapter 2: Research Methodology- Research approach and research design- Data collection methods and sources- Sampling techniques and sample size determination- Data analysis techniques and toolsChapter 3: Data Analysis and Findings- Presentation and analysis of collected data- Interpretation of findings based on research objectives- Comparison and discussion of findings with existing literature Chapter 4: Discussion and Interpretation- Synthesis and integration of findings from previous chapters - Discussion of implications and significance of research findings- Identification of limitations and suggestions for future researchChapter 5: Conclusion- Summary of research objectives and key findings- Contribution of the research to the field- Recommendations for practitioners and policymakersReferences- List of all sources cited in the thesis, following a specific citation style Appendices- Supplementary materials such as interview transcripts, survey questionnaires, etc.Acknowledgments- Expression of gratitude towards individuals or organizations that have provided support and assistance during the research processAbstract- Brief summary of the research topic, objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions, usually around 200-300 wordsNote: The above table of contents is just a general guideline and can be customized according to the specific requirements of the graduation thesis. It is important to consult with the thesis advisor or department guidelines for any specific formatting or content requirements.。
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates海盗. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1 The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3 The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court Chapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter the “the heroic couplet” to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1 LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2 The Faerie Queene masterpieceSpenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene published in 1589-1596, is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon father/founder of English essaythe founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash.Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine,The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1 Venus and Adonis2 The Rape of Lucrece3 Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1 Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2 The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3 The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery. But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac 1708Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe the forerunner of the English realistic novel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period …spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.”Ibid. This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1 Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding the father of English novel1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire. In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1 The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2 Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. masterpieceThe Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1 Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the no rthwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad. Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5 The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1 His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3 Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries. In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4 Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Becky SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen 1775-1817She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3 Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year 1850 he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island masterpiece3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2 Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureModernismChapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this . English language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land 1922 is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers1913, the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis,especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses 1922June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century. His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day. Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the SecondWorld WarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
美国文学史之填空题
填空题Part 1 Early American Literature: Colonial Period to 1815Chapter 1 The Literature of the New World1. Origin stories are those dramatizing ______of how the earth originated or of how people established relationships with plants, ______ and the cosmos.(tribal interpretations, animal)2. Trickster tales are humorous tales featuring______. (trickster characters)3. Historical narratives are diverse in kinds. Some of them are tribal records of historical events. Many other narratives feature ______ that move in recognizable historical settings. (legendary figures)4. The name of Captain John Smith is now associated with the English expedition that founded the ______ in 1607. (Jamestown colony)Chapter 2 The Literature of Colonial America: 1620-17631.The colonial period covers almost the entirety of ______ and a great portion of ______. (the 17th century,the 18th century)2.The year 1620 saw the Pilgrims settling in the tiny colony of Plymouth in Massachusetts which, due toWilliam Bradford’s influential work ______, is now regarded as a symbol for Puritan culture during colonial settlement. (Of Plymouth Plantation)3.In the earlier colonial period, much of the literature was produced by ______ and ______. (Puritan,Pilgrim writers)4.The term “Puritan” was first applied to those ______ who rejected Queen Elizabeth’s religious settlementsof 1560 because they were determined to “purify” their religion. (Protestant reformers)5.Calvinism is a specific and rather rigid brand of Puritanism. Calvinists are those who follow the teachingsof ______, a religious reformer in France. (John Calvin)6.Anne Bradstreet’s “domestic” poems and ______ are today recognized as her best literary achievement. Inthem, she conveyed her personal feelings for New England and ______. (the Contemplations, family life) 7.In general, meditative poetry is a contemplation of self and expression of hoped-for union with God orwith a ______. But Edward Taylor’s poetry also shows an anguished search for God, an intense personal struggle with his ______ and with ______. (transcendent reality, spirituality, Satan)8.Cotton Mather’s most important book is ______. (Magnalia Christi American a)9.Of the quarrels with Puritan beliefs in the 17th century, the cases of Anne Hutchinson and ______ are ofparticular significance. (Roger Williams)10.Jonathan Edward was a complex theologian in whom the fervor of the ______ and the thinking of ______converged, if not coexisted, in contradiction. (Great Awakening, Enlightenment)11.Today, Jonathan Edward is generally regarded as a pioneering philosopher and the greatest mind of the______ period. (colonial)12.The Middle colonies are ______ and ______ more diverse. (culturally, ethnically)Chapter 3 Literature and the American Revolution: 1764-18151.Literature in the period of American Revolution (before, during and after) was predominantly public and______. (utilitarian)2.The emergence of Deism in the 18th century America came directly from the ______. (Enlightenment)3.In his lifetime, Benjamin Franklin was an inventor, scientist, ______, ______, ______, an exemplaryself-made man, a revolutionary hero, and, of course, an ______. (printer, political statesman, diplomat, author)4.With his restless energy, his optimism and his innovative spirit, Franklin exemplifies the Age of ______ orwhat Franklin himself called the Age of Experiment. (Enlightenment)5.Partly because he was very good at promoting himself, Franklin established for the public the image of a______ man, and an archetypal American success story that has since become part of American popular culture. (self-made)6.Although Poor Richard’s Almanacs are not really in the vein of fiction, ______ could be the earliestcharacter of fiction created by an American author. (Poor Richard)7.Perhaps the best-known portion of Franklin’s Autobiography is where he speaks of the ______ heembraced and how he translated them into daily practices. (13 virtues)8.______, drafted in June, 1776, is at once a national symbol of liberty and a monument to Jefferson as astatesman and author. (The Declaration of Independence)9.William Hill Brown’s novel ______ followed the sentimental mode and its characteristic theme ofseduction. (The Power of Sympathy)Part 2 American Romanticism: 1815-186Chapter 1 The Age of American Romanticism1.Nationalism often goes hand in hand with ______. But the special psychological make-up of Americannationalism also gave American ______ its own particular characteristics. (romanticism, romanticism) 2.American romanticism was influenced by European romanticism, particularly German, ______ and______. While showing characteristics of European romanticism, American romantic writers differed from their European counterparts in that they did not show the kind of ______ as seen in European romanticism. (English, French, political radicalism)Chapter 2 Early Romanticism1.______ was the first American storyteller created in a literary text, and as a storyteller he resembles hisauthor, Washington Irving. (Rip)2.______ and ______ are today two of Irving’s best known stories. Both are included in ______, acollection of sketches and stories. (Rip Van Winkle, The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. )3.The Leather-stocking Series consists of five novels which, in the order of publications, are: ______,______, ______, ______, and ______. (The Pioneers, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslaye r)4.“Leather-stocking”is the nickname for ______ who is in the habit of wearing long deerskin leggings.(Natty Bumppo)5.Natty Bumpoo is both the friend and foe of ______. He seems to respect them, but he retains his ______superiority while living with them. (American Indians, Christian)6.Starting with ______, Copper wrote 11 sea stories. Among them, ______ is a tale of the adventure ofCaptain Heidegger who gives up privacy in order to aid the Americans. (The Pilot, Red Revor)7.______, one of Bryant’s best poems, served as a bridge over which the young poet moved towards hisfather’s religious liberalism (Deism and Unitarianism) and towards Wordsworth’s nature.(“Thanatopsis”)Chapter 3 Transcendentalism and Symbolic Representation1.The transcendental Club sponsored two major activities. First, they published 16 issues of ______, aquarterly, between 1840 ad 1844. ______ was the first editor. (The Dial, Margaret Fuller)2.______ is today regarded as the “Father” of American literature. (Emerson)3.As the leading spokesman for Transcendentalism, Emerson once explained that this philosophy meant______. (a little beyond)4.“The Over-Soul” presents the more mystical side of Emerson ad the basis of ______. The “Over-Soul”refers to the profound and all-encompassing ______ to which each individual soul should lie upon.(Transcendentalism, spiritual nature)5.Today Thoreau is primarily remembered by two of his works: ______ and the essay ______. (Walden,Civil Disobedience)Chapter 4 Hawthorne, Melville and Poe1.Hawthorne wrote well over a hundred stories, essays and sketches, and is the author of four remarkablenovels: ______, ______, ______and ______. (The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun)2.In Hawthorne’s writings there is a consistent concern with the psychological currents beneath the ______.______ is a typical Hawthornian metaphor for this concern. (conscious, A dream-like journey at night) 3.Hawthorne depicts “sin” not for its own sake. He allows us to study the effects of sin on the ______ andon people related to them. (sinners)4.Many of Hawthorne’s male characters live in ______. It seems extraordinarily difficult for them to knowsomeone else and to disclose themselves to another person. (isolation)5.If there was anything in the 19th century close to being the American epic, it was ______, published oneyear after The Scarlet Letter. (Moby Dick)6.The novel Moby Dick tells the strange story of the possessed and implacable Captain ______ risking hislife, those of his crew and his ship on the rough seas in search of a monstrous ______. (Ahab, white whale)7.Poe is a critic, poet and short story writer, and he is important in all three aspects. His contribution toFrench symbolist poetry was made not primarily through his ______ but his ______. (poetry, stories andcriticism)8.“The Raven” captures the mourning of the narrator for the loss of his beloved when a raven monotonouslyrepeats the word ______. (Nevermore)Chapter 8 Whitman and Dickinson1.______ and ______ were two major poets in the late 19th century. (Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson)2.Technically speaking, Whitman’s poetry is “free verse” in that the lack of ______ and ______ is known ashis major technical innovation. (meter, rhyme)3.The speaker in many of Dickinson’s poems is in ______ and ______. Frequently, the speaker speaks of a______. (anguish, pain, recurring pain)4.______ is the longest and one of the best in Whitman’s canon. (“Song of Myself”)5.Emily Dickinson wrote nearly ______ poems, although fewer than 20 of them were printed in her lifetime.(2000)Chapter 9 A House Divided: Writing Against Slavery1.______ boosted abolitionist sentiments and shook the conscience of the South. (Uncle Tom’s Cabin)2.the novel’s appeal comes from the extreme sentimentality that derives from the deaths of little Eva St.Clare and ______ as well as from melodramatic events such as ______’s escape across the ice of the Ohio River. (Uncle Tom, Eliza)3.Frederick Douglass wrote the powerful autobiography ______. (Narrative of the Life of FrederickDouglass, an American Slave)4.Harriet Ann Jacob’s first-person account, ______, is the only slave narrative written by a woman.(Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl)Part 3 American Realism: 1865-1914Chapter 1 The Age of Realism1.Realism reacts against romanticism’s emphasis on intuition, ______, a dreary (or innocent) sense ofwonder, ______, ______, and general optimistic belief in the goodness of things. (imagination, idealism, faith in nature )Chapter 2 Regional and Local Color Writings1. ______ and ______ writings may be considered the early stage of literary realism. They were instances of realism insofar as they depicted contemporary life, used the speech of ______ and avoided, in general, fantastic plotlines. (Regional, local, the common people)2.Ernest Hemingway once remarked: “All modern literature comes from on Book by Mark Twain called______.” (Huckleberry Finn)3.As an ironist, Mark Twain allows us to see the adult through the eyes of a ______, and to see the childthrough an ______’s perspective. (child, adult)4.Tom Sawyer is the story of the boy Tom Sawyer and his friends ______ and ______. (Huckleberry Finn,Joe Harper)5.“The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calavera County” is a “tall tale” filled with the kind of exaggerationand comedy that characterize ______life. (the frontier)6.There were many other regionalists and local colorists. Some of the prominent ones include _____ in NewEngland, ______ and ______ in the deep South, and ______ who wrote of the far West mining camps.(Sarah Orne, George Washington Cable, Kate Chopin, Brett Harte)Chapter 3 Henry James and William Dean Howells1.In Henry James’s texts, ______ and ______ are two different societies and cultural forces brought intocontact. (Europe, America)2.Henry James wrote 36 volumes of fictional works. A dozen or so are longer novels. The more completeversions of three of the best--______, ______, The Golden Bowl—were published posthumously. (The Wings of Dove, The Ambassadors)3.Henry James had a liking for the short-story form. However, his elaboration on details often led to theexpression of short story themes into short novels or novellas. The two best-known novellas are: ______ and ______. (Daisy Miller, The Turn of the Screw)4.While William Dean Howells was a journalist for the Ohio State Journal he wrote ______, a book whichhelped Lincoln become elected and which brought Howells recognition and an appointment as American Counsel in Venice. (The Campaign Life of Abraham Lincoln)5.In The Rise of Silas Lapham, Lapham is a sturdy country-bred man who becomes successful as a paintmanufacturer and has an opportunity to rise in ______ society. (Boston)Chapter 4 Literary Naturalism1.Under the influence of European writers such as Emile Zola, Thomas Hardy, George Eliot, Americanliterary ______ emerged in the 1890s as an outgrowth of American realism. (naturalism)2.In naturalist fiction, the characters are often ______ in the social stratum. (the lowest)3.The naturalist stories are often about those rendered helpless by uncontrollable forces. The mood is darkand _____. (pessimistic)4.Jack London’s masterpiece ______ is somewhat autobiographical. (Martin Eden)5.Norris’s novel ______ has been called “the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel”and “aconsciously naturalistic manifesto”. (McTeague)6.The first novel of Theodore Dreiser was ______. (Sister Carrie)7.The protagonist of Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire is ______. (Frank Cowperwood)Chapter 5 Women Writing on the “Woman Question”1.In literature, writing on the “woman question” mostly meant critiquing the Victorianist cultural code andpromoting ______. (women’s liberation)2.The Awakening presents the story of ______’s doomed attempt to find her own fulfillment through passion.(Edna Pontellier)3.The Awakening is simultaneously a ______ novel, a ______novel, a ______ novel, and a ______ novel.(local color, realist, romantic, feminist)4.Like Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, Kate Chopin’s______was condemned not because it was sexy butbecause it deviates from the sexual codes of “good society.”(The Awakening)5.As a fictionalized version of “rest cure,”“The Yellow Wallpaper” is a powerful feminist indictment of thenorms in a ______ culture. (patriarchal)6.Thematically, Edith Wharton’s novels reflect the struggles of the individual members of ______in theirattempts to actualize themselves within the rigid behavioral mores of their______. (elite societies, class)Part 4 American Modernism: 1914-1945Chapter 15 Modernism in the American Grain1.In its most apparent sense, “modernism”indicates an impulse towards creating something ______.(new)2.In modern fiction, ______ point of view—representing a given perspective—is used more often. (the firstperson)3.If American Romanticism was the first flowering of American literature, American ______ was the secondflowering. (modernism)4.Freud boldly and naturalistically explained that human behavior is largely the result of instinctual drives,such as______ and ______ urges. If the individual wished to enjoy the benefits of civilization, he/ she must control these urges. (sexual, aggressive)Chapter 16 The Evolution of Modernism1.Edwin Arlington Robinson created the ______ and ______ characters who believe they have failed. Hismain theme seems to be the agony of life and a hopeless wish for ______. (alienated, disillusioned, happiness)2.______ is the most popular modern poet in America. Towards the end of his life, he received more literaryawards, government recognitions, and institutional honors than any other poet of the 20th century. (Robert Frost)3.It was in England that Robert Frost published his first collection of poetry ______ in 1913. Ezra Pound,whom he met in England, helped him publish his second volume ______ which contains some of Frost’s most stunning poems, including ______, ______, ______and ______. (A Boy’s Will, North of Boston, “Mending Wall,”“Home Burial,”“The Road Not Taken,”“Apple-Picking.”)4.Willa Cather’s major novels fall into three groups. In three of her novels--______, ______ and ______--Cather explores the pioneer experience in the landscape of Nebraska, the Midwest and Colorado. (O Pioneers! The Song of the Lark, My Antonia )5.We can get better acquainted with Cather’s literary style by reviewing ______, and it was with this novelthat Cather made craft. (My Antonia)6.Sherwood Anderson is primarily remembered as the author of ______, Gathered into a loosely connectednovel are stories of ______ or ______ characters. (Winesburg, Ohio, grotesque, twisted)Chapter 17 American Modernism in Europe1.In 1936, Gertrude Stein remarked, “America is my country and Paris is my hometown and it is as it hascome to be.” She spoke not just for herself but also for a generation of _____. (American expatriates) 2.As evidence of her originality, Stein was the first American writer to try to transcribe banal daily speechinto literature. Specifically, in ______ and in ______, she used this kind of “natural” conversation in prose narrative. (Three Lives, The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas)3.______ is so far the only writer in the Western culture who has been able to turn the characteristics of theChinese language into a specific and “new” component in English/ American poetry. (Pound)4.Pound was the leader of a new movement in poetry which he called the ______ movement. (Imagist)5.Ezra Pound’s major work of poetry is the long poem called ______. (The Cantos)6.Hilda Doolittle always signed her name ______. (H.D.)Chapter 18 Modern Fiction between the Wars1.It is generally believed that the modernist innovativeness in American poetry was exemplified by ______,______ and a few others whose paradigmatic texts exerted a powerful influence on fiction writers. (T. S.Eliot, Wallace Stevens)2.Under Anderson’s guidance, William Faulkner published his first novel ______, but his first major successwas ______. (Soldier’s Pay, The Sound and the Fury)3.The first three sections of The Sound and the Fury are narrated by three Compson brothers: ______,______, ______. (Benjy, Quentin, Jason)4.As I Lay Dying is a comedy with a profoundly ______. The novel is also Faulkner’s attempt to translate______ in painting into a fictional form. (tragic center, cubism)5.In Light in August Faulkner makes an indictment of racism in the South by offering a profound analysis ofthe “truths”in a cultural discourse that mingles religious fanaticism, ______ and ______, a discourse shared by Southerners at various levels. (sexism, racism)6.“A Rose for Emily” seems to be a ______ story, at least initially. (detective)7.Hemingway’s trip to Africa on a hunting expedition in 1933-14 became the basis for ______. He went toSpain twice to cover the Civil War in 1936-37, which provided material for his novel ______. (Green Hills of Africa, For Whom the Bell Tolls)8.“The Big Two-Hearted River”, included in ______, shows ______who, bearing traumas of the war withinhim, has returned to a small town where he finds the river and trout as he remembers them. (In Our Time, Nick Adams)9.______ is the most important work Fitzgerald wrote. The title character, ______ is a very rich man whofought in World War I. (The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby)10.Tender is the Night is Fitzgerald’s ______ novel and it is a novel about ______. (mature, maturity)11.The best-known work by Dos Passos is ______, a trilogy consisting of ______, ______, and ______.(U.S.A. The Forty-Second Parallel, 1919, The Big Money)12.John Steinbeck is a modern writer, no doubt, but he can also be regarded as a ______ and a ______.(regionalist, naturalist)13.Today, Steinbeck is primarily remembered by three of his many novels: ______, ______, and ______.( In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, The Grapes of Wrath )14.Steinbeck consciously uses stylistic devices of the ______ and attempts to create his new ______.(folk tale, folklore)Chapter 19 Modern American Poetry1.The charm of Eliot’s poetry lies not only in the ______ but also in the ______ he has created. (images,mellow cadence)2.The “waste” in the title is not only a reference to the devastation and bloodshed of ______, but also to theemotional and spiritual sterility of the ______. (World War I, Western man)3.Eliot wrote seven plays, the best of which is ______, a verse play on an ancient historical subject, writtenin 1935. (Murder in the Cathedral)4.Eliot’s last important work was ______, a profound meditation on time and timelessness, written in fourparts. (Four Quartets)5.“Sunday Morning” is one of the best-known poems by Stevens. The poem introduces a woman who doesnot go to church on Sunday morning but stays at home to enjoy ______ and to contemplate ______.(the sunshine, what divinity is )6.The themes of William Carlos Williams’s poems are broad ranging, including the emergence of life,______, ______ in its many guises, sexuality and the erotic, the richness of everyday experience, and, last but not least, the realities of industrial America. (the nature of poetry, the unfortunate humanity)7.The odd appearance of E.E. Cummings’ verses on the page is meant as an aid to oral reading or, morespecifically, as a guide to timing, accentuation, syllabus stresses. To indicate stress, for example, he would ______ or _______. (break lines, capitalize key words)Chapter 20 African American Literature and Modernism1.Jean Toomer, poet and novelist, was for some time regarded as the most talented writer in the _______.(Harlem Renaissance)2.Between 1922 and 1929, Toomer wrote several plays in which he experienced with _______ techniques.(impressionist)3.The most important stage in Langston Hughes’s development was when he discovered Harlem, New York,and the cultural and literary circle of the ______ writers. (“New Negro”)4.Their Eyes were Watching God, Hurston’s best work, tells of Janie’s story, a young black woman’s searchfor ______. (self-knowledge)5.Native Son is a novel that explores the complex ______and ______ factors involved in a black boy’shorrendous crimes. (social, psychological)6.Black Boy is subtitled ______. This is an autobiographical novel that begins with ______’s Childhood andstops at the point when he leaves the South to head for the North. (“A Record of Childhood and Youth”, Wright)7.The Men Who Lived Underground appeared in its final form in a collection of short stories, ______.(Eight Men)Part 5 American Literature Diversified: 1945 to the New MillenniumChapter 21 Literature Diversified Under New Conditions1.Contemporary American literature is inclusive of ______, ______ and what is covered under the broadtitle “postmodern literature.” (ethnic literature, postcolonial literature)2.Existentialism is, strictly speaking, a philosophy formulated in the first half of the 20th century, with______, ______ and ______ being the three main representatives. (Heidegger, Sartre, Camus)3.In general, the distinction between postmodernism and modernism is perhaps less a matter of stylisticdifferences than a matter of attitude towards ______ and ______. (culture, literature)4.Derrida cites three thinkers as the precursors of deconstruction: ______, ______ and ______.(Nietzsche, Heidegger, Freud)5.The father of deconstruction is the French thinker ______ who did not specifically concern himself withliterature or literariness. (Jacques Derrida)6.Reading and writing are bound in the signifying process which is multilayered, continuous andnever-ending. For this insight, Derrida coined the word ______. (différence)Chapter 22 American Theater: Three Major Playwrights1.______ was America’s first dramatist of world renown. In the course of a long and prolific career, he wonfour Pulitzer prizes, gained international recognition, and in 1936 won the Nobel Prize. (Eugene O’Neil) 2.As an expressionist play, The Hairy Ape makes a protest against the ______ and______ in theindustrialized world. (dehumanization, alienation)3.______ was the most important dramatist that emerged after world War II. Like Arthur Miller, he adoptedmany of the experimental devices from the ______ and other avant-garde dramatists of the 1920s, but he integrated them into a entirely individualized. (Tennessee Williams, expressionists)4.Indeed, ______ is Tennessee Williams’s autobiographical play based on the family circumstances in1935-1936. (The Glass Menagerie)5.As seen in the majority of his plays, Miller’s favorite material is the conflict in the American middle-classfamily, with the tension often anchored on the father-son relationship as in ______ and ______ or, sometimes, on the strained relationship between a father and his stepdaughter, as in ______. (All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, A View From the Bridge)Chapter 23 Major Fiction Writers: 1945 till the 1960s1.If there was a tradition of novels that studied the waste of war and madness of war mentally, NormanMailer appeared to be a leader, with his ______ and ______ being the representative works. (The Naked and the Dead, Armies of the Night)2.Until he died in 1994, Ellison published one epic-scope novel, ______, and collections of short stories andessays. (Invisible Man)3.Baldwin is both a brilliant fiction writer and a brilliant essayist. His best-known novel is ______,published in 1953. (Go Tell It on the Mountain)4.O’Connor’s first novel Wise Blood consists of many gratuitous ad unrelated incidents. But it does have afocus on ______. (Hazel (Haze) Motes)5.The differences among Bellow’s works show the versatility of his talents. His earlier works include______, a comic and mordant existentialist tale set in wartime America, and ______, a parable of Gentile and Jew, and an unsentimental study of ______. (Dangling Man, The Victim, anti-Semitism)6.To speak of Salinger is to speak of ______. (The Catcher in the Rye)7.The phrase, “Catch-22,” is today a metaphorical expression in the English language, meaning a ______dilemma. The expression originates from ______’s novel. (self-contradictory, Heller)Chapter 24 Poetic Tendencies Since 19451.Confessional poems are conversational, bleak, brooding, showing a clear sense of alienation. Therecognized confessionals include ______, ______, W. D. Snodgrass, Anne Sexton, ______and others.(Robert Lowell, John Berryman.)2.In the term “beat generation” the word “beat” means: ______ and ______. (beat down, beatific)3.Allen Ginsberg’s best and most influential poem is ______. (Howl)4.Synder’s poetic power has much to do with his interest in ______. In Chinese and Japanese poetry, in theculture of ______, and in the natural landscape details of America. (Buddhism, American Indians) Chapter 25 Fictional Inclinations Since the 1960s1.In John Barth’s first novel, The Floating Opera, the narrator ______ spends ten years analyzing the day hecontemplated and decided against suicide. (Todd Andrew)2.American “postmodern” writers such as John Barth often write what is known as ______, namely, a pieceof fiction that is concerned with revealing the devices and conventions of making fiction and the process of making fiction. (metafiction)3.Simply speaking, meta-fiction is fiction about ______. Meta-fictional elements can also be found in suchmodernist writers as ______ and______. (Henry James, Marcel Proust)4.Pynchon wrote a short fiction titled ______ in which he used the whole range of meanings of ______.(Entropy, entropy)5.Joyce Carol Oates’s first novel ______, depicts an intense and violent love affair between a 17-year-oldgirl and a 30-year-old car racer, exposing emotional derangements, compulsive behaviors, and tragic love.(With Shuddering Fall)6.______ is perhaps the most accomplished short fiction writer since the 1960s. his fiction shows theadmired qualities of such short fiction masters as Hemingway and Anderson. (Raymond Carver) Chapter 26 Contemporary Multi-ethnic Literature and Fiction1.______’s The Woman Warrior, published in 1976, marked the beginning of Asian American writersbreaking into the mainstream. Amy Tan’s _______was another astonishing success commercially.(Maxine Hong Kingston, The Joy Luck Club)2.Morrison is praised for her powerful ______, her provocative ______, sophisticated narrative techniques,and poetic language. (fictional style, themes)3.______ is perhaps Morrison’s best novel, certainly her best-known. (Beloved)。
2024中考英语1600词汇表
2024中考英语1600词汇表1.confuse vt.使混乱，混淆2.purchase vt.购买n.购买；赃物3.title n.标题，题目；称号，头衔ck vt.缺乏，不足n.短缺的东西5.affect vt.影响，感动6.event n.事件，事变7.apart adv.相隔，分开，除去8.jazz n.爵士音乐，爵士舞曲9.budget n.预算10.former adj.在前的n.前者11.technical adj.技术的，工艺的12.legal adj.合法的13.aside adv.在旁边，到旁边14.represent vt.描绘；代表，象征15.resist vt.抵抗，抵制16.thus adv.如此，这样；因而17.lorry n.卡车18.seed n.种(子)，籽19.pin n.别针，钉子vt.钉住20.crew n.全体船员21.sympathy n.同情，同情心22.perform vt.执行；演出23.simply adv.简单地；朴素地；仅仅，只不过24.available adj.可利用的，通用的25.adopt vt.收养，采用，采取26.deliver vt.投递，送交27.shoot vt.发射；射门，投篮n.发芽28.orbit n.运行轨道vt.环绕29.relative adj.有关系的；相对的n.亲戚，亲属30.television n.电视，电视机31.valley n.山谷，流域32.powder n.粉末；火药33.obey vt.顺从vi.服从34.broad adj.宽的，阔的，广泛的35.mailbox n.邮箱36.exchange vt.交换，交流n.交换37.fiction n.小说，虚构，杜撰38.pretend vt.假装，装作vi.假装39.rude adj.粗野的，残暴的40.export vt.输出，出口41.fade vi.褪色，逐渐消失42.guilty adj.内疚的，有罪的43.self n.自我，自己44.dust n.灰尘45.waiter n.侍者，服务员46.gas n.煤气，气体47.arrest vt.逮捕，拘留48.risk n.风险，危险vt.冒险49.rate n.比率；速度；价格vt.评价，估价50.justice n.正义，公正，司法51.load vt.装，装满n.负载；负担52.musical adj.音乐的53.carpet n.地毯，毡毯，毛毯54.broadcast n.广播，播音55.ruin n.毁灭；废墟vt.毁坏56.folk n.人们，家属，亲属57.tractor n.拖拉机58.decorate vt.装饰59.bleed vi.流血60.aim vi.瞄准，针对，致力61.stair n.楼梯62.feather n.羽毛，翎毛，羽状物63.ought aux.应该64.native adj.本土的n.本地人65.league n.同盟，联盟66.potential adj.潜在的n.潜能67.housewife n.家庭主妇68.chain n.链，链条，项圈69.weed n.杂草，野草vi.除草70.hunt n.vt.打猎，搜寻71.bury vt.埋葬，埋藏72.failure n.失败，失败的人73.desire vt.相望，要求n.愿望74.discount n.折扣75.convenient adj.便利的，方便的76.chapter n.章，回，篇77.actress n.女演员78.illegal adj.非法的79.donate vt.vi.捐赠80.consume vt.消耗，消费81.visa n.签证；信用卡82.shadow n.阴影，影子83.differ vi.不同，相异84.brake n.闸，刹车vi.制动85.willing adj.心甘情愿的86.employ vi.雇用87.noun n.名词88.highway n.公路，大路89.battle n.战役，斗争vi.作战90.fist n.拳头91.foolish adj.愚蠢的92.continent n.大陆，洲93.nutrition n.营养94.benefit n.利益，恩惠，津贴95.amaze vt.使惊奇，使惊愕panion n.同伴97.telegram n.电报98.steel n.钢99.lifetime n.终身100.album n.集邮本，照相簿，唱片101.throat n.咽喉102.character n.性格，特性，角色103.fond adj.喜爱的，溺爱的104.cave n.山洞，洞穴，窑洞105.hire vt.雇用106.link vt.连接n.联系107.platform n.站台，讲台108.tick n.滴答声；记号vi.发出滴答声109.section n.切片；部门；章节110.essay n.短文，散文，小品文111.confirm vt.证实，肯定，批准112.pan n.平底锅113.curious adj.好奇的，稀奇古怪的114.type n.类型vi.打字115.slightly adv.轻微地116.cattle n.牛，牲口，家畜117.trend vi.伸向；倾向n.倾向118.extraordinary adj.非同寻常的，特别的119.cigarette n.香烟120.mix vt.使混合；混淆121.sunset n.日落122.secure adj.安全的123.onto prep.到…上124.literature n.文学(作品)125.waitress n.女侍者，女服务员126.biology n.生物学，生态学127.obtain vt.获得128.regular adj.规则的，整齐的；定期的，常规的129.headmaster n.英国中小学校长，男舍监130.conductor n.售票员，(乐队)指挥131.midnight n.午夜132.fireworks n.[pl.]爆竹，烟花133.globe n.地球，世界，地球仪134.alcohol n.酒精，乙醇135.adapt vt.使适应，改编136.expression n.词句，表达，表情137.partner n.伙伴，搭挡，合伙人；配偶138.passive adj.被动的，消极的139.pleased adj.高兴的140.department n.部，司，局，处，系141.violent adj.猛烈的，狂暴的142.tend vi.走向，趋向143.exit n.出口，退场vi.退出144.athlete n.运动员145.enjoyable adj.使人快乐的，有乐趣的146.indeed adv.真正地，确实147.ahead adv.在前，向前，提前148.likely adj.可能的ad.很可能149.suit n.起诉，诉讼vt.适合150.strength n.力量，力气151.fry vt.油煎，油炸，油炒152.trial n.试验；审判153.repeat vt.重说，重做n.重复154.pack vt.捆扎，打包；挤满n.包155.ceremony n.典礼，仪式，礼节156.scan vt.浏览；扫描157.forbid vt.禁止158.faith n.信任，信心，信仰159.specific adj.特有的；具体的160.puzzle n.难题；谜vi.使迷惑161.theme n.题目；词干；主旋律162.earthquake n.地震163.haircut n.理发；发型，发式164.best adj.最好的165.cupboard n.碗柜166.ripe adj.成熟的；时机成熟的167.border n.边缘，边界168.embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为难169.crowd n.群，大众，一伙人170.software n.软件171.tailor n.裁缝vt.裁制衣服172.march n.三月173.queue n.队列vi.排队等候174.seek vt.寻找，探索175.disadvantage n.缺点，弱点176.beginning n.开始，开端，起源rm vt.通知，向…报告178.behave vi.表现，举止179.band n.乐队，带，波段180.charge vt.索价，控告n.费用181.appreciate vt.欣赏，领会，感谢182.view vt.看待；看n.见解；风景183.beg vt.vi.乞求，请求184.principle n.原则，原理185.opposite adj.对面的n.对立物186.concrete n.混凝土a.具体的，实在的187.lecture vi.演讲；讲课n.演讲；讲课188.shopping n.购物189.entertainment n.娱乐，款待，娱乐表演190.powerful adj.强有力的b n.梳子vt.梳理192.shade n.树荫；遮光物vi.荫蔽bine vt.使结合，兼有194.otherwise adv.另外，要不然195.anniversary n.周年纪念日196.interpret vt.解释，说明，口译197.audience n.听众，观众198.spoken adj.口头讲的，口语的199.apply vt.应用，实施，使用200.vast adj.巨大的，广阔的201.mine pron.我的n.矿，矿山；地雷，水雷vt.开采202.evidence n.根据，证据，证人203.sex n.性别，性204.reputation n.名誉，声望205.abstract adj.抽象的n.摘要206.strike vt.打，击；罢工n.罢工；打击；207.inspire vt.鼓舞，给…以灵感208.custom n.习惯，风俗，海关209.bath n.洗澡，浴缸210.flight n.航班，飞行，逃跑211.brand n.商品，烙印vt.铭刻212.anxious adj.忧虑的，渴望的213.fee n.费，酬金，赏金214.needle n.针vt.缝补，编织215.valuable adj.值钱的，有价值的n.贵重物品216.edit vt.编辑，编纂，校订217.cock n.公鸡，龙头218.blame vt.责备，把…归咎于219.fold vt.折叠，合拢n.褶220.artist n.艺术家，美术家221.attend vt.出席，照顾，护理ment n.评论，意见，注释munist n.共产党员224.butcher n.屠夫，屠户225.detect vt.察觉，发觉，侦察226.worst adj.最坏的ad.最坏地227.afterward(s)adv.后来，以后，随后228.liquid n.液体a.液体的，流动的229.request n.请求，要求vt.请求，要求230.cream n.奶油231.trick n.诡计；窍门vt.哄骗232.central adj.中心的，主要的233.vote n.选举，投票234.calm adj.平静的235.average n.平均数adj.平均的236.delight n.快乐vt.使高兴tter adj.(两者中)后者的238.instant n.瞬间a.立即的mercial adj.商业的，商品化的240.concern n.关心，挂念，关系241.forever adv.永远，总是，老是242.packet n.小包243.defence n.防御，辩护244.therefore adv.因此，所以245.unite vi.联合vt.使联合246.nationality n.国籍，民族247.humour v.纵容，迁就248.minister n.部长，大臣249.entrance n.入口，进入250.explanation n.解释，说明，辩解251.concentrate vt.集中，聚集，浓缩252.pour vt.流，倾盆大雨vi.倾泻253.whistle n.口哨vi.吹口哨254.rescue vt.援救，营救255.check n.支票256.reliable adj.可靠的257.envelope n.信封，封套258.loss n.遗失；失败；损失259.brick n.砖块260.retire vi.退休261.crossing v.横越n.交叉口262.province n.省263.channel n.海峡，渠道，频道264.freedom n.自由265.fortunate adj.幸运的266.billion num.十亿267.urgent adj.紧急的268.anger n.怒，愤怒vt.使发怒269.accordingly adv.因此，依照270.suddenly adv.突然271.harmony n.协调，和谐272.bargain n.交易vi.议价，成交273.badminton n.羽毛球274.politics n.政治275.modest adj.谦虚的276.dot n.点，圆点vt.打点于277.lip n.嘴唇278.entire adj.全部的，彻底的279.courtyard n.庭院，院子280.tense adj.紧张的；拉紧的n.时态281.court n.法庭282.flow vi.流动，飘扬，涨潮283.wedding n.婚礼284.attack vt.vi.n.攻击，进攻285.production n.产品；产量286.debt n.债务，欠债287.conflict n.争论，冲突，斗争288.smooth adj.平滑的，平静的289.ray n.光线；射线290.grocer n.杂货商291.republic n.共和国292.parrot n.鹦鹉293.district n.地区，区域294.understanding n.理解，理解力295.hunger n.饥饿，渴望296.uniform adj.一样的n.制服297.broom n.扫帚298.sincerely adv.真诚地299.suffer vt.遭受，忍受vi.受害，受损失300.characteristic adj.特有的n.特性301.whisper vt.低声地讲vi.低语n.耳语，私语302.predict vt.预言，预测303.elect vt.选举，推选304.particular adj.特殊的，特定的305.junior adj.年少的，地位较低的n.晚辈306.typical adj.典型的，代表性的307.corn n.谷物，小麦308.settle vt.安排，安放；解决vi.定居309.academic adj.学院的，学术的310.shortcoming n.短处，缺点311.absorb vt.吸收，使专心312.quality n.质量；特性313.ignore vt.不顾，不理，忽视314.rob vt.抢劫，劫掠vi.抢劫，劫掠315.selfish adj.自私的，利己的316.weakness n.弱点mittee n.委员会318.counter n.柜台，计数器319.amount n.总数，数量，和320.beard n.胡须，络腮胡子321.exchange vt.交换，交流n.交换322.mineral n.矿物a.矿物的323.target n.靶；目标324.ban n.禁令vt.禁止，取缔325.engine n.发动机，引擎326.straight adj.直的；正直的ad.直接地327.distance n.距离，远处328.exact adj.确切的，精确的329.remark vi.评论n.评论；备注330.scene n.情景；景色331.variety n.多样化，种类332.crop n.农作物，庄稼333.birthplace n.出生地334.adventure n.冒险，惊险活动335.expense n.花费，消费，费用336.thinking n.思考；想法，见解337.voyage n.航海vi.航海，航空338.possession n.财产339.range vi.变动，变化n.范围340.dirt n.尘，土，污垢341.delete vt.删除，擦掉342.precious adj.珍贵的，宝贵的343.sacrifice vt.牺牲，献祭344.farther adv.更远地a.更远的345.bother vt.烦扰，迷惑n.麻烦346.skin vt.剥皮n.皮，皮肤；兽皮347.senior adj.年长者；资格老的348.rank n.军衔vt.归类于349.chat vi.n.闲谈，聊天350.observe vt.观察，注意到351.fierce adj.凶猛的，狂热的352.steam n.蒸汽vi.蒸发vt.蒸煮353.hopeless adj.没有希望的，绝望的edy n.喜剧，喜剧场面355.bucket n.水桶，吊桶356.certainly adv.一定，必定，当然357.occupation n.占领，占据；职业，工作358.expand vt.扩大，使膨胀359.medal n.奖章，纪念章360.immigrate v.移民361.profession n.职业362.temporary adj.暂时的，临时的363.register vt.登记，注册n.登记，注册364.ash n.灰，灰末，骨灰365.recycle vt.重复利用366.merchant n.商人367.chief adj.主要的，首席的368.slim adj.细长的，微小的369.clerk n.店员，办事员，职员370.wind n.风371.federal adj.联邦的，联盟的372.impress vt.给…深刻印象373.adult n.成年人adj.成年的374.regular adj.规则的，整齐的；定期的，常规的375.branch n.树枝，分部，分支376.fur n.软毛，毛皮，裘皮wyer n.律师378.blank adj.空白的n.空白379.update vt.更新，使现代化n.现代化，更新380.reform n.改革，改良vt.改革，革新381.slight adj.细长的；轻微的382.media n.媒体383.shore n.滨，岸384.talent n.天才，才能385.support vt.支持；供养；承受386.fault n.缺点，过失，故障387.independent adj.独立的，自主的388.rough adj.表面不平的；粗略的；大致的389.owe vt.欠；归功于390.navy n.海军391.cart n.二轮运货马车392.track n.行踪，路径；轨道393.approach vt.向…靠近n.靠近394.shallow adj.浅的，浅薄的n.浅滩395.dawn n.黎明，开端396.socialist adj.社会主义的397.pill n.药丸398.tobacco n.烟草，烟叶399.telegraph n.电报(机)v.发电报400.religion n.宗教信仰401.escape vi.逃跑，逸出n.逃跑402.frequent adj.经常的plex adj.结合的，复杂的404.alarm n.惊恐，忧虑，警报405.petrol n.汽油406.defend vt.保卫，防守407.reward n.报答；报酬vt.报答；酬金408.satellite n.卫星409.interrupt vt.打断，打扰，中止410.agent n.代理人，代理商411.shelter n.掩蔽处vt.遮蔽，掩护412.journey n.旅行，旅程413.dusty adj.多灰尘的，灰蒙蒙的；粉末状的；灰色的414.petrol n.汽油415.casual adj.偶然的，随便的416.finance n.财政，金融，财源rade n.同志418.web n.(蜘蛛)网，网状物；网络419.judge n.法官，裁判员420.generation n.一代，一代人，产生421.female n.a.女性的，雌性的422.loose adj.宽松的；自由的423.explore vt.vi.探险，探索424.deed n.行为，功绩，契约425.playmate n.玩伴，游伴426.reception adj.接待；接待处427.digest vt.消化，领会n.文摘428.athlete n.运动员429.fortunately adv.幸运地，幸亏430.mercy n.仁慈431.fence n.栅栏432.outstanding adj.突出的，杰出的433.anyhow adv.无论如何434.technique n.技巧，技能435.anniversary n.周年纪念日436.signal n.信号vi.发信号437.charge vt.索价，控告n.费用438.intelligence n.智力，理解力，情报439.drunk a.醉的，陶醉的440.bake vt.烤，烘，烧硬441.policy n.政策，方针442.depth n.深度，深处443.poison n.毒药vt.毒害；投毒444.tear n.泪滴，眼泪vt.撕开，撕裂445.harvest n.收获，收成vt.收割446.tank n.坦克；大容器447.youth n.青春；青年448.fool n.傻子vt.欺骗，愚弄449.diagram n.图解，图表，简图450.meanwhile adv.同时，当时451.system n.系统；制度452.parcel n.包裹，邮包453.appointment n.任命，约定，约会ter adv.后来455.process n.过程vt.处理456.astonish vt.使惊讶，使吃惊457.gravity n.重力，引力，严重性458.description n.描述；形容459.tough adj.坚韧的；健壮的460.luggage n.行李，皮箱461.fasten vt.扎牢，扣住，使固定462.roof n.屋顶ually adv.通常464.host n.主人，东道主465.blouse n.宽松的上衣466.earn vt.挣得，获得467.victim n.牺牲者，受害者468.participate vi.参与，参加469.exciting adj.令人兴奋的470.drawing n.绘画471.volunteer n.志愿者vt.志愿472.degree n.程度，度，学位473.atmosphere n.大气，气氛474.menu n.菜单475.reflect vt.反射，反映；思考476.pattern n.式样，模型477.scold vt.责骂478.annoy vt.使恼怒，打搅479.forecast n.预测，预报vt.预示480.indicate vt.标示，表示，表明481.typewriter n.打字机482.revise vt.校订，修改483.sheet n.被单；纸张，薄片484.slave n.奴隶，苦工485.relate vt.联系486.boil vi.沸腾，汽化vt.煮沸487.discriminate vt.vi.区别对待，歧视488.motor n.发动机，机动车489.firm adj.坚定的n.公司，商号490.neat adj.整洁的；简洁的491.file n.档案vt.把…归档492.length n.长度493.grey n./a.灰色(的)494.gradually adv.逐渐地，逐步地495.kindergarten n.幼儿园496.opinion n.意见，看法tely adv.最近498.immediate adj.立即的，直接的499.argue vi.争论，争辩，辩论500.diet n.饮食，食物501.admire vt.钦佩，羡慕，赞赏502.dictation n.口授503.aid n.帮助，救护，助手504.relevant adj.有关的；中肯的lion num.百万506.wire n.金属线，电缆507.candidate n.候选人，投考者508.material n.材料，原料；素材a.物质的509.wool n.羊毛，毛线510.reserve vt.储备，保留；预定511.consist vi.由…组成512.hesitate vi.犹豫，踌躇513.sharp adv.（时刻）整a.锋利的；敏锐的；刺耳的514.outdoor adj./ad.户外的，野外的515.cure vt.医治n.治愈516.witness n.证据；证人vt.目击517.urban adj.都市的518.wipe vt.揩，擦n.揩，擦519.congratulation n.祝词，贺辞520.apologize vi.道歉，谢罪，认错521.upset vt.使不适，使心烦n.混乱522.timetable n.时间表；时刻表523.bar n.酒吧间，条，杆524.phrase n.短语，习惯用语tely adv.最近526.powerful adj.强有力的527.bone n.骨，骨骼528.style n.风格，式样529.grand adj.宏伟的，重大的530.obvious adj.显而易见的531.announce vt.宣布，发表532.unknown adj.未知的，不知名的533.fax n.vt.传真534.customer n.顾客，主顾535.rocket n.火箭536.occupy vt.占领，占有；忙碌537.promote vt.促进，提升；推销538.downtown adv.在市区，往市区539.significance n.意义，意味；重要性540.spy n.间谍，特务vt.侦察，监视541.suck vt.吸，吮542.sign n.符号；征兆vt.签名543.confident n.确信的，自信的d adj.温柔的；温暖的545.sneaker n.鬼鬼祟祟做事的人，卑鄙者，运动鞋546.import vt.n.输入，进口547.occupation n.占领，占据；职业，工作548.hard-working adj.勤劳549.extremely adv.极其，非常550.desert n.沙漠vt.离弃，擅离551.reduce vt.减少，减小552.nest n.巢，窝553.explode vt.使爆炸vi.爆炸554.generally adv.一般地，通常地555.instrument n.仪器，工具，乐器556.infer vt.推论，推断，猜想557.civil adj.公民的，文职的558.envy vt.n.妒忌，羡慕559.attract vt.吸引，诱惑560.tax n.税（款）vt.征税561.worse adj.更坏的ad.更坏562.wild adj.野生的；野蛮的n.荒地563.ancestor n.祖宗，祖先564.content adj.满意的，满足的565.grasp vt.抓紧，掌握n.抓566.rely vi.依赖，依靠；信赖567.attempt vt.尝试，试图n.企图568.jar n.罐子，坛子，广口瓶569.partly adv.部分地570.diamond n.钻石，菱形571.damage vt.损害，毁坏n.损害572.affair n.事情，事件，事务573.burden n.担子，负担，装载量574.remind vt.提醒575.tap vt.轻打，轻敲n.塞子，龙头；轻叩，轻拍576.eastern adj.东方的，朝东的577.ambition n.雄心，抱负，野心578.aspect n.方面，样子，外表579.bend vt.使弯曲vi.弯曲580.dull a.枯燥的，阴暗的581.peaceful adj.和平的；平静的582.unique adj.唯一的583.attitude n.态度，看法，姿势584.declare vt.断言，声明585.beer n.啤酒586.recognize vt.认出，识别587.debate n.vi.争论，辩论588.overcome vt.战胜，克服589.professor n.教授590.scholarship n.奖学金591.cheek n.面颊，脸蛋592.novel n.小说a.新奇的，新颖的593.cage n.笼，鸟笼，囚笼594.socialism n.社会主义595.familiar adj.熟悉的596.select vt.选择vi.挑选597.deadline n.最终期限598.clothing n.衣服599.amuse vt.逗…乐，给…娱乐600.sigh vi.叹气，叹息n.叹息。
美国文学大纲
苏州科技学院外国语学院___美国文学史___(课程名称)课程考试大纲一、课程性质与特点美国文学史为“英语”和“英语（师范）”专业任意选修课，属于考查课，共24学时，1.5学分。
本课程涵盖美国文学史上从殖民地时期、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义、后现代主义至当代各个时期重要的文学思潮、流派及其发生的社会、文化、哲学背景以及各个时期重要作家的代表性作品。
本课程所讲授的知识是英语专业本科生知识结构不可或缺的一部分，是英语专业学生人文素养必要的组成成分，也是英语专业八级考试“人文知识”部分考核的内容之一。
鉴于本课程学时短，内容多，本课程的特点是以史为经，以作家作品为纬，详讲浪漫主义、现实主义和现代主义部分，略讲其它部分。
二、课程目标与基本要求学生在学习本课程后应该对美国文学史上殖民地时期、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义、后现代主义至当代各个时期重要的文学思潮、流派及其发生的社会、文化、哲学背景以及各个时期重要作家的代表性作品有个宏观的了解，能解释相关的名词，熟悉各个时期的主要特点和重要作家及其重要作品，并能结合文学外在与内在因素对文学作品做出初步评论。
三、教材及主要参考书教材：童明：《美国文学史》[增订版] ( A History of American Literature, Revised and expanded edition).北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2010.主要参考书：常耀信：《美国文学简史》[第二版](A Survey of American Literature,2nd edition).天津：南开大学出版社，2003.四、考核内容与考核目标Part 1Early American Literature: Colonial Period to 1815Chapter 1 The literature of the New World1. “discoverer” of America: Christopher Columbus, 1492; Amerigo Vespucci ( Hence“America”,1507 world map) （识记，次重点）2.Native (Indian) American Oral literature: origin stories, trickster tales , historical narratives (理解，次重点)Chapter 2The Literature of Colonial America: 1620-17633. Jamestown: first English settlement in North America（识记，重点）5. Captain John Smith: First author in the history of American literature (about Jamestown) （识记，一般）6.William Bradford: Father of American history, author of Of Plymouth Plantation（识记，一般）7. In 1620, the Bradford party sailed on the Mayflower and came to Cape Cod, Massachusetts.（识记，次重点）8. Anne Bradstreet: the first poetess in the colonial period: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up inAmerica（识记，一般）9.Jonathan Edwards: the great thinker of the “Great Awakening” （识记，一般）Chapter 3 Literature and American Revolution:1764—181510. American Puritanism (重点，理解)11. The 18th century, in America, as in Europe, is known as the Age of Reason and Enlightenment.（识记，次重点）12. Enlightenment in America （理解，次重点）13. Deism and Unitarianism（理解，一般）14. Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanacs; Autobiography（理解，重点）15.Thomas Paine: Common Sense; The American Crisis; The Rights of Man（识记，重点）16. Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence（理解，重点）17. Alexander Hamilton: The Federalist Papers (co-author) （识记，一般）18. Philip Freneau: the poet of “American Revolution”: The Wild Honey Suckle, The IndianBurying Ground（识记，重点）Part 2American Romanticism 1815—1865Chapter 4The Age of American Romanticism1.definition and characteristics of American Romanticism （应用，重点）2.First flowering of American literature（识记，次重点）Chapter 5Early Romanticism1.The three early romanticists: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William CullenBryant （识记，重点）3.Washington Irving: The Sketch Book, in which two of Irving’s best known stories“Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” are included（理解，重点）; A History of New York（识记，一般）; A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus（识记，一般）4.James Fenimore Cooper: The Leather-stocking Tales ( The Pioneers, The Last ofthe Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer), the mythic hero of this series is Natty Bumppo (理解，重点)5.William Cullen Bryant: Poems : Thanatopsis (meaning meditation on death); Toa Waterfowl (about Nature’s power) (识记，次重点)Chapter 6Transcendentalism and Symbolic Representation1.The Transcendental Club: 1) published 16 issues of The Dial; 2) establishedBrook Farm, a utopian community （识记，一般）2.Transcendentalism as a philosophy （应用，重点）3.Ralph Waldo Emerson:1)the leading spokesman for Transcendentalism(识记，重点).2)Nature: “the manifesto of American transcendentalism” (理解，重点).;3)Essays (First serirs,1941, Second series,1844): “The Over-soul”,“Compensation”, Self- Reliance ( from which comes the idea “Trust thyself’);“The Poet”.（识记，一般）4)Representative Men（识记，一般）5)Address: “The American Scholar”( called America’s “ intellectualDeclaration of Independence”); “Divinity School Address”. (识记，次重点)6)His poetry（识记，一般）7)His style（识记，一般）4.Margret Fuller: first editor of The Dial, author of Woman in the NineteenthCentury (advocating for women’s rights) （识记，一般）5.Henry David Thoreau:1)today primary remembered for two of his works: Walden and the essay “CivilDisobedience”. (识记，重点)2)Nature and Implications of Thoreau’s revolt as revealed in Walden and“Civil Disobedience”（理解，重点）3)Thoreau’s style: thinking in imagery （理解，一般）Chapter 7Hawthorne, Melville and Poe1.Hawthorne, Melville and Poe are masters of “negative capability”. （理解，重点）2. Nathaniel Hawthorne1)Hawthorne’s moral vision（理解，次重点）2)Hawthorne’s themes: sin and evil, internal contradiction, male withdrawalfrom marriage（识记，重点）3)Hawthorne’s style: 1) elevated in diction and restrained in rhetoric, thusgraceful and polished; 2) allegory and symbol; 3) irony and ambiguity（识记，重点）4)Novels: Scarlet Letter （应用，重点）; The House of Seven Gables（识记，一般）; The Blithedale Romance（识记，一般）; The Marble Faun（识记，一般）5)Short stories: Young Goodman Brown; The Minister’s Black Veil; MajorMolineux; Rappcinni’s Daughter; The Birthmark（识记，一般）3.Herman Melville1)His major works: Moby Dick（应用，重点）2)Other works: Typee; Omoo; Mardi; Redburn（识记，一般）; Billy Budd（理解，次重点）4.Edgar Allen Poe1)Father of American detective stories（识记，重点）;2)His only novel: Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym（识记，一般）3)Gothic fiction: E.g. The Fall of the House of Usher（识记，一般）;4)Short stories: Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque（识记，一般）5)Theme of his poems: Beauty associated with sadness (melancholy)（应用，重点）. E.g. The Raven; To Helen; Ulalume; Annabel Lee（识记，一般）Chapter 8Whitman and Dickinson1.Walt Whitman1) free verse （理解，重点）2) Collected poems: Leaves of Grass（识记，重点）E.g.Song of Myself (celebrating the Self and Individualism) （理解，重点）O Captain! My Captain! (in mourning of Lincoln) （识记，次重点）2. Emily Dickinson; wrote nearly 2000poems,but fewer than 20 were published1) Recluse of Amherst（识记，重点）2) Themes of her poems: individualism and spirituality; suffering, dying and death（识记，次重点）3) style: short words and phrases separated and joined by dashes. （识记，一般）Chapter 9A House Divided: Writing Against Slavery1. Harriet Beecher Stowe (Lincoln called her “the little lady who made this big war), author ofUncle Tom’s Cabin (1851-1852) （理解，重点）2. Frederick Douglass: Narrative of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845) （识记，次重点）3. Harriet Ann Jacobs : Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) （识记，一般）Part 3American Realism 1865—1914Chapter10The Age of Realism1. subdivided into two periods: the period of an expanding continental nation from 1865 till the1890s and the “progressive period” from the 1890s to 1914. （识记，一般）2. Realism as a broader term is also inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing.（识记，一般）3. Parameters (characteristics ) ofRealism （运用，重点）Chapter 11 Regional and Local color Writing1. Mark Twain1) Four Types of his writing:A) personalized fiction ( The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn; The Gilded Age: A Tale of To-day; The Tragedy of Puddd’nhead Wilson) （理解，重点）B) Travel fiction (The Innocents Abroad; Roughing It; A Tramp Abroad; Life on theMississippi; Following the Equator) （识记，一般）C) Historical romance ( T he Prince and The Pauper; A Connecticut Yankee in KingArthur’s Court; Personal Reflections of Joan of Arc by the Sieur Louis Conte) （识记，一般）D) Tall tales (The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County; The Man that CorruptedHadleyburg) （识记，次重点）2）“All Modern literature come from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.”(Ernest Hemingway) （识记，重点）Chapter 12Henry James and William Dean Howells1.William Dean Howells1)held a central position in the development of American realism,representative of Mid-western realism. （识记，重点）2)His long essay of criticism: Criticism and Fiction（识记，一般）3)Novels: The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885) （识记，重点）; A Hazard of New Fortune(1890) （识记，一般）2.Henry James1) Themes of his novels: （识记，重点）A. The international theme;B. the emotion-of-life theme;C. The artist theme;D. psychological realism2) Novels: Three of the best: The Wings of Dove; The Ambassadors; The Golden Bowl（识记，次重点）3) The two best-known novellas: Daisy Miller; The Turn of the Screw（识记，一般）4) Other works: The American; The Portrait of a Lady（识记，次重点）Chapter 13Literary Naturalism1. Philosophical elements and literary characteristics of Naturalism（应用，重点）2. Hamlin Garland’s “veritism” （理解，次重点）3. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)1) Two of his well-known novels: Maggie of the Streets（理解，次重点）; The Red Badge ofCourage（理解，重点）2) Three well-known short stories: The Open Boat; The Monster; The Bride Comes to YellowSky. （识记，一般）4. Frank Norris(1870-19020: American Zola1) The naturalist characteristics of Frank Norris’s “Romance “（理解，次重点）2) Novels: McTeague（理解，重点）; Octopus（识记，一般）; The Pit（识记，一般）5. Jack London(1876-1916)1) London’s naturalist view of life and Man（应用，重点）2) Works：The Call of the Wild（应用，重点）; White Fang（识记，一般）; The Sea Wolf（识记，一般）; Martin Eden（识记，一般）; Iron Heel（识记，一般）6. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)1) Major theme of Dreiser’s fiction（应用，重点）2) Works: Sister Carrie（应用，重点）; Jennie Gerhart;The Genius（识记，一般）; An American Tragedy（理解，次重点）;Trilogy of Desire: a. The Financier; b. The Titan; c. The Stoic（识记，次重点）Chapter 14Women Writing on the “Woman Question”1. “Woman question” in the late 19th century and early 20th century（理解，一般）2. Kate Chopin (1851-1904)1) Her theme （理解，一般）2) Her work: The Awakening（理解，重点）3. Edith Wharton (1862-1937)1) Her theme（理解，一般）2) Works: The Age of Innocence（应用，重点）; The House of Mirth（理解，次重点）; T he GreatInclination（识记，一般）; Ethan Frome（识记，一般）Part 4American ModernismChapter 15Modernism in American Grain1.American modernism: Second flowering of American Literature（识记，次重点）2.General observation （理解，一般）3.The formal dimensions（理解，一般）4. Philosophical paradigms for modernism（理解，次重点）5.Two short-hand definitions（理解，一般）Chapter 16The Evolution of Modernism1.Robert Frost (1874-1963)1)His vision and Style（理解，一般）2)Poems: The Road Not Taken (depicting a choice made that makes all thedifference)（理解，重点）; Mending Wall ( criticizing the famous line: Good fencesmake good neighbors) （理解，重点）; “ Stopping by the woods on a Snowy Evening（理解，重点）; A Boy’s Will（识记，一般）;After Apple-picking（识记，一般）; The Overn Bird（识记，一般）; Ice and Fire（识记，一般）2.Willa Cather (1873-1947): Author of My Ántonia（识记，重点）3.Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941): “The grotesques”in Winesburg, Ohio（理解，重点）.Chapter 17American Modernism in Europe1.Gertrude Stein (1874-1946): the coiner of “The lost Genration”.2.Ezra Pound (1885-1972)1)Imagist movement (eg. “In a Station of the Metro”) （运用，重点）2)The Cantos （some themes）（理解，次重点）Chapter 18Modern Fiction Between the Wars1.William Faulker (1897-1962)1）Style and Themes ( perspectivism / polyphonic novel; psychoanalysis/ “stream of consciouness”; types of families and characters in the South) （理解，次重点）2）Novels: The Sound and Fury（应用，重点）; As I Lay Dying（理解，次重点）; Light in August（理解，次重点）; Absalom, Absalom!（理解，次重点）3）Short story: “A Rose for Emily”（应用，重点）2.Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)1）recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954,one of the finest literary stylist of the 20th century.（识记，一般）2）Spokesman for “The Lost Generation”（应用，重点）3）His style (diction and syntax; the Iceberg Principle) （理解，重点）4）Hemingway Code Hero （应用，重点）5）Works: The Sun Also Rise（a fine example for “The Lost Generation”，理解，重点）s;A Farewell to Arms（理解，重点）;For Whom the Bell Tolls（理解，重点）; The Old Man and the Sea（理解，重点）; In Our Time（识记，一般）; Deathin the Afternoon（识记，一般）;The Green Hills of Africa（识记，一般）;A Clean,Well-lighted Place（识记，一般）;The Snow of Kilimanjaro（理解，一般）;To haveand Have not（识记，一般）;Indian Camp（识记，一般）3. F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)1）spokesman for “The Jazz Age” and “The Roaring Twenties”.（识记，重点）2）Works: The Great Gatsby（应用，重点）; Tender is the Night（识记，重点）4.John Dos Passos (1896-1970): author of USA, a trilogy consisting of TheForty-second Parallel; 1919, and The Big Money (理解，次重点)5.John Steinbeck (1902-1968): recipient of Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962,primarily remembered for three of his many novels: In dubious Battle; （识记，一般）Of Mice and Men; （识记，一般）The Grapes of Wrath(理解，重点)Chapter 19Modern American Poetry1.T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)1）His visionary of The Waste Land （理解，重点）2）His poems: The Waste Land（应用，重点）; The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock（应用，重点）; Ash Wednesday（识记，一般）; The Hollow Men（识记，一般）; FourQuartets（识记，一般）2.Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)1)“ Of Modern Poetry” is Stevens’s carefully considered statement ofmodernism. （识记，一般）2)“Sunday Morning” is one of the best-known poem by Stevens (depicting awoman not going to church but enjoy the sunshine and contemplating whatdivinity is.) （识记，一般）3.William Carlos Williams (1883-1963)1)His themes（理解，一般）2)The Red Wheelbarrow（应用，重点）4. e.e.cummings (1894-1962): His themes and style（eg. “ Buffalo Bill’s）(识记，一般）Chapter 20African American Literature and Modernism1.Harlem Renaissance (理解，重点)ngston Hughes ( 1902-1967): leading writer of the Harlem Renaissance, andone of the most original and versatile black writers in the 20th century;remembered for his poetry. (识记，一般）3.Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960)1) a major figure in the Harlem/New Negro Renaissance; (识记，一般）2)Her most important novel: Their Eyes were Watching God (1937) (识记，一般）5.Richard Wright (1908-1960): Author of Native Son(理解，重点); Black Boy(识记，一般）; The Man Who Lived Underground(识记，一般）.Part 5 American Literature Diversified: 1945 to the New MillenniumChapter 21Literature Diversified Under New Conditions1.Existentialism （理解，一般）2.Postmodernism（理解，一般）Chapter 22American Theater: Three Major Playwrights1.Eugene O’Neill, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller are unanimously the bestspecimens of American theater in the 20th century.（识记，重点）2.Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953): Winner of 1936 Nobel Prize for Literature（识记，一般）1）Expressionism（理解，一般）2）His plays: The Hairy Ape (理解，重点); The Emperor Jones(理解，次重点);Desire Under the Elms(理解，次重点);Beyond the Horizon（识记，一般）; The Iceman Cometh （识记，一般）;Long Day’s Journey into Night（识记，一般）3.Tennessee Williams （1911-1983）: the most important dramatist that emerged after WWII.1）The Glass Menagerie: Tennessee Williams’s autobiographical play. （识记，重点）2）A Streetcar Named Desire（识记，重点）4.Arthur Miller (1915-2005): Author of All My Sons（识记，一般）; Death of a Salesman（理解，重点）;The Crucible（识记，一般）Chapter 23 Major Fiction Writers: 1945 till 1960s1.Ralph Ellison(1914-1994): Black novelist, author of Invisible Man（识记，重点）2.James Baldwin (1924-1987): black writer, author of Go Tell it on the Mountain（识记，一般）3.Flannery O’Conner (1925-1964): a southern writer, author of Wise Blood. （识记，一般）4.Saul Bellow (1915-2005): Jewish writer1)winner of 1976 Nobel Prize for Literature.2)Works: Dangling Man（识记，重点）; The Victim（识记，一般）; The Adventures ofAugie March（识记，重点）; Henderson Rain King（识记，重点）;Seize the Day（识记，一般）;Herzog（识记，重点）;Humbolt’s Gift（识记，重点）;Mr. Sammler’s Planet （识记，重点）;The Dean’s December（识记，一般）; More Die of Heartbreak.（识记，一般）5.Bernard Malamud (1914-1986): Jewish writer, author of The Natural; TheAssistant; The Tenants; The Fixer; Dubin’s Lives（识记，一般）6.J.D. Salinger (1919-2010): author of The Catcher in the Rye（理解，重点）.7.Joseph Heller (1923-1999)1)Black Humor（理解，重点）2)Catch-22（理解，重点）Chapter 24Poetic Tendencies Since 19451.Sylvia Plath (1932-1963): a confessional poet（识记，一般）2.Allan Ginsberg (1926-1997)1)Beat Generation （应用，重点）2)Best and most influential poem: “Howl”（理解，重点）Chapter 25Fictional Inclinations Since the 1960s1.John Barth (1930-): postmodern writer, related with the term “metafiction”（识记，一般）2.Thomas Pynchon (1938-): postmodern writer, author of V（识记，重点）;Gravity’sRainbow (识记，重点）;The Crying of Lot 49（识记，一般）3.John Updike（1932-2009）: author of the Rabbit series: Rabbit, Run (1960) （识记，重点）;Rabbit Redux (1971) （识记，重点）; Rabbit is Rich (1981) （识记，重点）;Rabbit at Rest (1990) （识记，重点）Chapter 26Contemporary Multi-ethic literature and Fiction1.Toni Morrison (1931-)1)African American novelist, winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Literature.（识记，一般）2)Novels: The Bluest Eyes（识记，重点）; Sula（识记，一般）; Song of Solomon（识记，一般）;Tar Baby（识记，一般）;Beloved（识记，重点）.2.Alice Walker (1944-): African American novelist, author of The Color Purple（识记，次重点）.3.Maxine Hong Kingston (1940-): Chinese American writer, author of The WomanWarrior（识记，重点）;China Men（识记，重点）;Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book （识记，一般）4.Amy Tan (1952-): Chinese American writer, author of The Joy Luck Club（识记，重点）Chapter 27Globalization of American Literature: Diasporic Writers1.Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977): author of Lolita（识记，重点）2.Issa Bashevis Singer (1904-1991): 1978 winner of The Nobel Prize for Litearture,author of The Magician of Lublin; Gimpel the Fool（识记，重点）五，考试方式及试卷结构1．考试类型：闭卷、笔试2．记分方式：五级等级制（五等）3．考试时长：考查课、100分钟4．试题类型及比例：填空：20%；选择：30%；名词解释：20%；问答题：30%5．难度等级及比例：易：50%，中等难度：30%，难：20%；识记：50%，理解：30%，应用：20%6．课程总评成绩构成：平时成绩占60%，期末考试占40%。
六上词语表英语
六上词语表英语1.vehicle n.车辆2.prefer vt.宁可，宁愿3.phrase n.短语，习惯用语4.solar adj.太阳的，日光的5.endless adj.无止境的6.donate vt.vi.捐赠7.topic n.题目；论题，话题8.secure adj.安全的9.goods n.货物，商品10.load vt.装，装满n.负载；负担11.indicate vt.标示，表示，表明ck vt.缺乏，不足n.短缺的东西13.exchange vt.交换，交流n.交换14.outer adj.外部的，外面的15.chapter n.章，回，篇16.grasp vt.抓紧，掌握n.抓17.conductor n.售票员，(乐队)指挥18.luggage n.行李，皮箱19.crash vi.碰撞，坠落n.碰撞20.ray n.光线；射线21.noisy adj.嘈杂的，喧闹的22.cupboard n.碗柜23.defend vt.保卫，防守24.professor n.教授25.folk n.人们，家属，亲属26.remove vt.移动；搬迁27.event n.事件，事变28.mourn vi.哀痛，哀悼29.harm n.伤害，损害vt.损害30.bench n.长凳，条凳，工作台31.within prep.在…里面；不超过32.forever adv.永远，总是，老是33.distance n.距离，远处34.apply vt.应用，实施，使用35.risk n.风险，危险vt.冒险36.ancestor n.祖宗，祖先37.figure n.数字，外形，人物38.delete vt.删除，擦掉39.reject vt.拒绝；丢掉；驳回40.fee n.费，酬金，赏金41.speak的过去分词42.temporary adj.暂时的，临时的43.province n.省44.altogether adv.完全，总而言之45.salary n.薪水46.symbol n.象征；符号47.generous adj.慷慨的，宽厚的 adj.净的，纯的n.网，网状物plex adj.结合的，复杂的50.convenient adj.便利的，方便的51.reliable adj.可靠的52.therefore adv.因此，所以53.plough n.犁vt.犁，耕54.arrest vt.逮捕，拘留55.benefit n.利益，恩惠，津贴56.better adj.较好的ad.更好地57.theory n.理论，学说58.timetable n.时间表；时刻表59.courtyard n.庭院，院子60.constant adj.经常的，永恒的61.understanding n.理解，理解力62.conflict n.争论，冲突，斗争63.collar n.衣领64.paragraph n.(文章的)段，节65.whisper vt.低声地讲vi.低语n.耳语，私语66.pence n.penny的复数67.struggle n.斗争；奋斗vi.斗争；奋斗68.explode vt.使爆炸vi.爆炸69.style n.风格，式样70.due adj.预期的，应给的71.dust n.灰尘72.alarm n.惊恐，忧虑，警报73.politics n.政治74.valley n.山谷，流域75.pillow n.枕头76.sign n.符号；征兆vt.签名77.nephew n.侄子，外甥78.case n.情况，事实，病例79.roof n.屋顶80.menu n.菜单81.bathe vt.给…洗澡，弄湿82.queue n.队列vi.排队等候83.greatly adv.大大地，非常地；伟大地，崇高地84.tend vi.走向，趋向85.strength n.力量，力气86.relate vt.联系87.native adj.本土的n.本地人88.cigar n.雪茄89.ripe adj.成熟的；时机成熟的90.system n.系统；制度91.pot n.锅92.diet n.饮食，食物93.various adj.各种各样的94.digest vt.消化，领会n.文摘95.manner n.方式，态度；礼貌96.discount n.折扣97.enjoyable adj.使人快乐的，有乐趣的98.web n.(蜘蛛)网，网状物；网络99.expert n.专家a.熟练的100.hammer n.锤子vt.锤击101.nowhere adv.任何地方都不102.shot n.射击，发射；投篮103.belong vi.属于，附属104.legal adj.合法的105.eastern adj.东方的，朝东的106.ought aux.应该107.reduce vt.减少，减小108.burden n.担子，负担，装载量109.waiter n.侍者，服务员110.journey n.旅行，旅程111.miserable adj.痛苦的，悲惨的112.insert vt.插入，嵌入113.pollution n.污染114.poet n.诗人115.press vi.压，按vt.压；压榨n.印刷；新闻，报刊；出版社116.happiness n.幸福；满足117.concern n.关心，挂念，关系118.rescue vt.援救，营救119.thinking n.思考；想法，见解120.republic n.共和国121.guide n.导游vt.指导122.drunk a.醉的，陶醉的123.devote vt.将…奉献，致力于124.foolish adj.愚蠢的125.bite vt.咬，叮，螫126.rely vi.依赖，依靠；信赖127.recover vt.恢复，痊愈128.hire vt.雇用129.obvious adj.显而易见的130.purchase vt.购买n.购买；赃物131.rough adj.表面不平的；粗略的；大致的132.assume vt.假定，承担，呈现133.librarian n.图书馆馆员134.powder n.粉末；火药135.badminton n.羽毛球136.album n.集邮本，照相簿，唱片137.hunger n.饥饿，渴望138.expense n.花费，消费，费用139.fortunately adv.幸运地，幸亏140.castle n.城堡141.fortune n.命运，运气，财产142.teenager n.青少年143.gain vt.获得，增加n.增进144.champion n.冠军145.occupation n.占领，占据；职业，工作146.shoot vt.发射；射门，投篮n.发芽147.passive adj.被动的，消极的148.affect vt.影响，感动149.approach vt.向…靠近n.靠近150.opinion n.意见，看法151.crew n.全体船员152.mountainous adj.多山的153.identity n.身分，相同vt.确定身份154.attach vt.缚，系，贴，附加155.intelligence n.智力，理解力，情报156.bargain n.交易vi.议价，成交157.powerful adj.强有力的158.blanket n.毯子159.calculate vt.计算，估计，计划160.analyze vt.分析，分解，解析161.pray vt.请求；祈祷162.outdoor adj./ad.户外的，野外的d adj.温柔的；温暖的164.nowadays adv.现今，现在n.现今，当今165.highway n.公路，大路166.evaluate vt.评价，估…的价167.civil adj.公民的，文职的168.interpret vt.解释，说明，口译169.misunderstand vt.误解，误会170.exchange vt.交换，交流n.交换171.title n.标题，题目；称号，头衔172.grain n.谷物，谷粒，颗粒173.actual adj.实际的，现行的174.significance n.意义，意味；重要性175.promote vt.促进，提升；推销176.discriminate vt.vi.区别对待，歧视177.trap n.陷阱；诡计vt.诱骗178.favor n.好感，赞同，恩惠179.port n.港口180.self n.自我，自己181.player n.表演者，比赛者182.literature n.文学(作品)183.needle n.针vt.缝补，编织184.weed n.杂草，野草vi.除草185.earthquake n.地震186.verb n.动词187.drown v.溺死188.assistant n.助手，助教189.pack vt.捆扎，打包；挤满n.包190.positive adj.确定的；积极的；正的191.packet n.小包192.accurate adj.准确的，正确无误的193.outline n.轮廓；大纲194.declare vt.断言，声明195.deed n.行为，功绩，契约196.apartment n.一套公寓房间197.astonish vt.使惊讶，使吃惊198.liquid n.液体a.液体的，流动的199.fur n.软毛，毛皮，裘皮200.interrupt vt.打断，打扰，中止201.nation n.民族，国家202.chief adj.主要的，首席的203.exact adj.确切的，精确的204.tendency n.趋向，趋势205.thus adv.如此，这样；因而206.reflect vt.反射，反映；思考207.exist vi.存在，生存208.fuel n.燃料vt.给…加燃料209.volunteer n.志愿者vt.志愿210.scream vi.尖叫n.尖叫声211.goal n.球门，得分，目的212.wild adj.野生的；野蛮的n.荒地213.transport n.运输vt.运输214.opposite adj.对面的n.对立物215.apologize vi.道歉，谢罪，认错216.moral adj.合乎道德的n.道德，品行217.appointment n.任命，约定，约会218.aid n.帮助，救护，助手219.typist n.打字员220.aspect n.方面，样子，外表221.panic n.恐慌，惊慌222.repair vt.修理，修补n.修理223.tap vt.轻打，轻敲n.塞子，龙头；轻叩，轻拍224.agent n.代理人，代理商225.headmaster n.英国中小学校长，男舍监226.upset vt.使不适，使心烦n.混乱227.wire n.金属线，电缆228.shadow n.阴影，影子229.united adj.一致的；联合的230.slightly adv.轻微地231.envy vt.n.妒忌，羡慕232.precious adj.珍贵的，宝贵的233.export vt.输出，出口234.best adj.最好的235.adapt vt.使适应，改编236.minimum n.最小量a.最小的237.entire adj.全部的，彻底的238.instant n.瞬间a.立即的239.diagram n.图解，图表，简图240.cottage n.村舍，小屋241.clothing n.衣服242.demand vt.要求，需要243.resist vt.抵抗，抵制244.insurance n.保险，保险费245.equal adj.相等的，平等的246.argue vi.争论，争辩，辩论247.freedom n.自由248.spoken adj.口头讲的，口语的249.strike vt.打，击；罢工n.罢工；打击；250.court n.法庭251.violent adj.猛烈的，狂暴的252.immediate adj.立即的，直接的253.humour v.纵容，迁就254.rob vt.抢劫，劫掠vi.抢劫，劫掠255.youth n.青春；青年256.exactly adv.的确如此257.agriculture n.农业，农艺，农学258.universe n.宇宙，世界259.reality n.现实；真实260.unusual adj.不平常的，独特的261.certainly adv.一定，必定，当然262.oppose vt.反对，反抗263.clerk n.店员，办事员，职员264.amuse vt.逗…乐，给…娱乐265.partner n.伙伴，搭挡，合伙人；配偶266.pump n.泵vt.用泵抽，打气267.visa n.签证；信用卡268.jar n.罐子，坛子，广口瓶269.nut n.坚果270.adventure n.冒险，惊险活动271.institute n.研究所，学院272.lightning n.闪电273.rate n.比率；速度；价格vt.评价，估价274.rank n.军衔vt.归类于275.arrival n.到达，到达者276.section n.切片；部门；章节277.sacrifice vt.牺牲，献祭278.boil vi.沸腾，汽化vt.煮沸279.relative adj.有关系的；相对的n.亲戚，亲属280.happiness n.幸福；满足281.urban adj.都市的282.available adj.可利用的，通用的283.official adj.官方的n.官员，行政人员284.cheek n.面颊，脸蛋285.deadline n.最终期限286.flame n.火焰，光辉，热情287.mobile adj.运动的，移动的288.essay n.短文，散文，小品文289.sheet n.被单；纸张，薄片290.check n.支票291.petrol n.汽油292.minority n.少数派；少数民族293.track n.行踪，路径；轨道294.harvest n.收获，收成vt.收割295.beard n.胡须，络腮胡子296.particular adj.特殊的，特定的297.jungle n.丛林，密林298.update vt.更新，使现代化n.现代化，更新299.downtown adv.在市区，往市区300.biology n.生物学，生态学301.navy n.海军302.switch n.开关；转换vt.转换303.familiar adj.熟悉的304.stair n.楼梯305.variety n.多样化，种类306.painful adj.痛苦的307.opera n.歌剧308.recycle vt.重复利用309.minister n.部长，大臣310.convince vt.使确信，使信服311.wool n.羊毛，毛线312.architecture n.建筑学，建筑式样313.custom n.习惯，风俗，海关314.respond vi.回答；响应315.shore n.滨，岸316.unfair adj.不公平的317.flour n.面粉，粉末318.confuse vt.使混乱，混淆319.operate vi.操作；施行手术320.mental adj.智力的；精神的321.alcohol n.酒精，乙醇322.cushion n.垫子，坐垫，靠垫323.ambition n.雄心，抱负，野心324.flight n.航班，飞行，逃跑325.elect vt.选举，推选326.link vt.连接n.联系327.permit vt.允许n.执照，许可证328.desert n.沙漠vt.离弃，擅离panion n.同伴330.envelope n.信封，封套331.handle n.柄，把手vt.处理332.continent n.大陆，洲333.basis n.基础，根据334.brick n.砖块335.reading n.阅读；读物336.button n.扣子，按钮vt.扣紧anize vt.组织，安排；筹办338.worse adj.更坏的ad.更坏339.unique adj.唯一的340.shave vt.剃，刮vi.修面n.刮脸341.harmony n.协调，和谐342.disagree vi.不同意；不一致。
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1.1.4 Benjamin Franklin He was a completely worldly man. His Poor Richard’s Almanac (《穷理查的年 鉴》) is both a literary achievement and a profitable business. His most famous work is his Autobiography （《自 传》）.
2.1.4 Nathaniel Hawthorne He was a pioneer in psychological description. His most famous novel is The Scarlet Letter (《红字》). His other works include The House of the Severn Gables (《有七个尖角阁楼的房子 》), The Blithedale Romance (《福谷传奇 》) and The Marble Faun (《大理石雕像 》).
One of his great contributions is that he made colloquial白话 speech an accepted, respectable medium in American literary. Some 20th-century writers such as Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway and T.S. Eliot acknowledge their indebtedness to Mark Twain.
III. The Realistic Period (18651900)
This period stressed truthful treatment of material. It expressed concern for the world of experience, for the commonplace, for the familiar and the low.
2.1.6 Herman Melville His masterpiece is Moby Dick (《白鲸》 /《莫比· 迪克》).
2.2 Poetry 2.2.1 Walt Whitman (沃尔特·惠特曼 ) 2.2.2 Emily Dickinson (艾米莉·狄更 森)
2.2.1 Walt Whitman He is remembered for his poems Leaves of Grass (《草叶集》). He devised a poetic style called free verse.
1.2. The Revolutionary Period (1765-1790) The most representative work is Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence.
II. The Romantic Period (1790-1865)
I. The Colonial and Revolutionary Periods (1607-1790)
1.1 The Colonial Period (1607-1775)
1.1.1 The major topic American Puritanism stressing predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement or the salvation. 1.1.2 The epitome of this age Jonathan Edwards (乔纳森·爱德华兹 ) and Benjamin Franklin （本杰明·富兰克林）
2.1.1 Washington Irving Regarded as “the father of American literature”, he was the first American to achieve an international literary reputation. He was the first to write using the local color of America, and the details in his works add a note of symbolism to the basic themes. His famous stories are Rip Van Winkle (《瑞普· 温克尔》) and 凡· The Legend of Sleep Hollow (《 睡谷的传说》).
2.1.2 James Fennimore Cooper He devoted two great figures to American mythology: the brave frontiersman and the bold Indian. He is remembered today as the author of the “Leather Stocking Tales” (皮袜子五部曲), a series of five novels including The Pioneers (《开拓者》), The Last of the Mohicans (《最后的莫西干人》), The Prairie (《草原》), The Pathfinder (《探路 者》) and The Deerslayer (《杀鹿者》).
His masterpiece was The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (《哈克贝利· 费恩历险记》 ). His other famous novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (《汤姆· 索亚历 险记》), The Prince and the Pauper (《王子 与贫儿》), Life on the Mississippi (《密西西 比河上的生活》), The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (《败坏了哈德莱堡的人 》), The Mysterious Stranger (《神秘的陌生人 》), etc.
Chapter 13 Literature
Contents
I. The al and Revolutionary Periods (1607-1790) II. The Romantic Period (1790-1865) III. The Realistic Period (1865-1900) IV. The Naturalistic Period (19001914) V. The Modern Period (1914-1939) VI. The Contemporary Period (1939)
• This period, was also called “the American Renaissance”. • Most of American writings placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions, and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic state of their characters. • They celebrated America's landscape with virgin forests, meadows, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. • The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America.
3.1 Mark Twain (马克· 吐温) 3.2 Henry James (亨利· 詹姆斯) 3.3 William Dean Howells (威廉· 迪 恩· 豪威尔斯 )
3.1 Mark Twain He is considered “the true father of national literature”. He was the first major author to come from the interior of the country, and he well captured its distinctive, humorous slang and iconoclasm.
1.1.3 Jonathan Edwards His best-known is an intimidating sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (“落在愤 怒之神手中的罪人”, 1741). He initiated the Great Awakening Movement.
2.2.2 Emily Dickinson Her poems are short, the longest is but 50 lines. Nature with its marvelous creatures and phenomena dwell in her world, and metaphysical 形而上 学的 thinking like death and immortality occupies her mind.
• 超验主义(transcendentalism)的核心观点是 主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理， 认为人类世界的一切都是宇宙的一个缩影--" 世界将其自身缩小成为一滴露水"（爱默生 语）。超验主义者强调万物本质上的统一，万 物皆受"超灵"制约，而人类灵魂与"超灵"一致。 这种对人之神圣的肯定使超验主义者蔑视外 部的权威与传统，依赖自己的直接经验。"相 信你自己"这句爱默生的名言，成为超验主义 者的座右铭。这种超验主义观点强调人的主 观能动性，有助于打破加尔文教的"人性恶"、 "命定论"等教条的束缚，为热情奔放，抒发个 性的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础