Development pattern of the industry form in mountains area： a case study of the Three Gorges Re
美国和英国的工业ppt
During the period 1764-1790s , Watts improved the steam engine five times, and received four patents
The scene of the steam engine works in the coal mine
Heterosexual greenhouse
The distribution of the U.S. Industry
The Northeast section
• The automobile industry is centred round Detroit, with half the national number of motor workers and sixty to seventy percent of the nation’s production of automobiles, Therefore, It known as the Motor City • The steel and iron industry is mainly distributed around Pittsburgh, providing sixty percent of the total output of the USA each year
The Western section
• Since the 1940s, industry in the West have developed very rapidly, particularly those related to military affairs such as space aviation, aircraft manufacturing, petrochemistry, machine-building and film making.
产业新趋势英文
产业新趋势英文Title: Emerging Trends in Industrial GrowthIntroduction:The ever-evolving global landscape has been witnessing the emergence and evolution of several new trends that are reshaping various industries. These trends are driven by advancements in technology, changing consumer preferences, sustainability concerns, and geopolitical developments. This article aims to explore some of these prominent trends that are expected to influence industrial growth in the coming years.1. Artificial Intelligence and Automation:Artificial Intelligence (AI) and automation are revolutionizing the industrial sector by improving efficiency, productivity, and quality. AI algorithms provide valuable insights and predictions that help optimize operations, reduce downtime, and enhance decision-making processes. Automation, on the other hand, allows businesses to streamline their manufacturing processes and improve overall operational efficiency. As AI and automation become more sophisticated, their adoption is expected to increase across various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and logistics.2. Internet of Things (IoT):The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnectivity of devices and systems through the internet. The integration of IoT technology into industries allows for better control, monitoring, and management of resources. IoT facilitates the collection and analysis of data that enables efficient supply chain management,predictive maintenance, and real-time decision making. Additionally, IoT devices enhance customer experiences by providing personalized and connected services. As the number of connected devices continues to grow, IoT will play a vital role in transforming industries and creating new business opportunities.3. Sustainable Practices and Circular Economy:Concerns about climate change and environmental degradation have led to a push for more sustainable practices across industries. The concept of the circular economy, which focuses on reducing waste and maximizing the value of resources, has gained traction in recent years. Companies are adopting sustainable practices to minimize their carbon footprint, reduce waste generation, and promote recycling and reuse. The circular economy approach not only helps preserve natural resources but also presents opportunities for economic growth and innovation.4. Cybersecurity:As industries become increasingly interconnected and digitalized, ensuring the security of information and systems has become critical. Cybersecurity threats pose a significant risk to businesses, as breaches can result in data loss, financial losses, and reputational damage. Consequently, organizations are investing in robust cybersecurity measures to protect their networks, data, and intellectual property. The demand for cybersecurity solutions is expected to rise with the growing digitalization of industries.5. Advanced Manufacturing Techniques:Advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing, robotics, and nanotechnology are transforming traditional manufacturingprocesses. 3D printing offers customization, cost reduction, and faster prototyping, enabling companies to bring products to market more quickly. Robotics and automation improve efficiency and precision in manufacturing operations, making them more cost-effective. Nanotechnology, on the other hand, enhances the performance and durability of products. Industries adopting these advanced manufacturing techniques are witnessing enhanced competitiveness and innovation.6. E-commerce and last-mile delivery:With the rise of e-commerce, the retail landscape has undergone a significant transformation. Consumers are increasingly shifting towards online shopping, prompting businesses to adapt their operations accordingly. The demand for efficient last-mile delivery solutions has surged as companies strive to provide fast and convenient delivery options. As a result, technologies such as autonomous vehicles and drones are being explored to streamline and improve the efficiency of last-mile delivery services.7. Shared Economy:The shared economy model, in which individuals or businesses share underutilized assets or resources, has gained popularity across several industries. Platforms such as Uber and Airbnb have disrupted the traditional transportation and hospitality sectors. This trend has expanded to other sectors, such as coworking spaces and equipment sharing. The shared economy presents new opportunities for businesses to optimize resource utilization and generate additional revenue streams.8. Data Analytics and Predictive Analytics:Data analytics and predictive analytics have emerged as crucial tools for businesses to gain valuable insights and make informed decisions. By analyzing vast amounts of data, organizations can identify patterns, trends, and correlations, helping them optimize operations and predict future outcomes. Predictive analytics enables businesses to forecast demand, manage supply chains efficiently, and anticipate maintenance needs. The ability to harness the power of data analytics provides a competitive advantage in an increasingly data-driven world.Conclusion:The industrial landscape is witnessing a rapid transformation driven by technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, sustainability concerns, and evolving business models. Industries that embrace these emerging trends will be better equipped to navigate the future and gain a competitive edge. By leveraging artificial intelligence, IoT, sustainability, advanced manufacturing, e-commerce, shared economy, cybersecurity, and data analytics, businesses can adapt, innovate, and thrive in the dynamic and ever-evolving global marketplace.。
Thedevelopmentofmanagement(新)
“The development of management”●Introduction:The Industrial Revolution separated us from the pre-modern era. After the dramatic change crossed the Atlantic to other parts of the world, it brought about the development of large organizations, so the theory for coping with the problems arose in running the organizations was needed. In consequence, there were theories stemmed from different times and focused on distinct aspects regarding management. However, two approaches, which are called the classical perspective and the human relations perspective, are the significant sector of management. Furthermore, they described different portion of management and both had great influences on the development of management.●The Classical Perspective:The theory of classical perspective developed about the end of the nineteenth century. In order to manage organizations more efficient, a group of innovators sought to the general principles as the theoretical foundation for management. Additionally, the classical perspective approach can be divided into three subcategories: scientific management, bureaucracy and administrative principles.1.Scientific managementThe theory stressed on operations and on treating individuals as machines. For thesake of describing the system, several pioneers struggled to carry out a rational approach as followings:1) Frederick W. Taylor: “Father of Scientific Management”Taylor created a clear guideline for improving production efficiency by using scientific techniques, which was called Taylorism. He advocated four principles of management which could be briefly described as followings: to discover the most efficient techniques of performing for each specific work factors to train, teach and develop the matching workers, and to ensure that they adopt the scientific methods to perform the task with a pay system that provides a reward for performance. Meanwhile, the work and responsibility needed to be reasonably distributed between the managers and workers. Furthermore, he thought up six key ideas that dovetailed nicely into the four principles. In conclusion, Taylor’s work has had a profound and lasting effect on the management of production systems and an extreme success from the economic standpoint. Thus, the initial attempt to use scientific management techniques was an access to the era of modern management.1)Frank Gilbreth and Lillian GilbrethThe Gilbreths reported on the motion-time study in order to facilitate the work process, so they investigated the bricklaying performance in motion picture films. After studying the motions, they eliminated wasted motions for the sake of shortening the work time. Compared with the observation of Taylor, the Gilbreths’ motion studywas more specific and wide.2) Henry GanttGantt, a colleague of Taylor, was a young engineer. He was noted for the Gantt chart—a planning chart expressed by lines that currently is used as a scheduling device. Besides, Gantt developed Taylor’s original ideas and simultaneously added a few of his own. For instance, he paid a bonus to the workers who completed their jobs over the standard by results, which added to the job salary whereas Taylor’s payment by results because this solution can provide a guarantee for workers and improve the enthusiasm.2.BureaucracyBureaucracy was to look at the problem of managing the organizations as a whole for organizational structure. Nevertheless, this theory also emphasized the organizations envisioned as a mechanism for achieving its goals in the most efficient way. The key participant is Max Weber.Max WeberAt almost the same time, while scientific management studied for industrial operation, Weber was endeavoring to observe the social problems. He formulated the rational-legal model of organizations rather than the charismatic and traditional models, so he argued that rationality, which he adopted and named this type ofauthority as bureaucracy, would replace blind worship and feudal custom and practice. In addition, he explained the principles of ideal-typical bureaucracy which encompassed six characteristics. At last, Weber believed that the depersonalized and legitimate type of organizations was a more efficient form for enforcing control and coping with variation tendency. The system, which was advanced in accuracy, stability and discipl inary rules, became a standard for many of today’s large organizations. Yet the bureaucratic superstructure laid stress on efficiency and hierarchy and ignored the “group dynamics” and innovation, limit ed the bureaucracy’s potential development.3.Administrative principlesAdministrative principles concentrated on general process of management. Henry Fayol and Mary Parker Follett were two prominent individuals who helped to develop general administrative theory.1) Henry FayolFayol’s theories of administrat ion were connected to bureaucracy thought up by Weber, which highlighted the personal duties of management while Weber laid out principles for a whole authority structure. Meanwhile, His attention was directed at the performance of managers whereas Taylor contributed to management at the supervisor level on account of their subjective experience. Besides, Fayol was best known by three themes:●Five principle rolesFayol defined that “manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to co-ordinate an d to control”, which was the competence required of managers.●14 general principles of managementFayol designated them to apply to every need as a universal standard. Sificantly, the last principles initiative and team spirit are the two exceptions to Web er’s theory. Weber restrained the interaction and communication between the groups while Fayol definitely claimed the esprit vitality was meaningful to supply the ideal structure.●Five elements of managementFayol then proceeded to state the elements that were some part of his definition of management and described the importance of seeking to appropriate method to train people and the personal abilities to give commands and management.Although Fayol’s themes now are deemed as out of date and criticized for unsuitable for the specific operation, his five principle roles of management are still active today even taught in schools and universities as a lecture. With other scholars’ efforts, the administrative principles have been continually upgraded and practiced.1)Mary Parker FollettFollett was another who highlighted the necessity for general principles; however, shedissimilarly realized the needs, abilities, and aspirations of employees. Simultaneously, she mentioned that people were not supposed to be paralleled as machines. Therefore, Follett’s attitude of the humanist provided a bridge to later views.The classical perspective emphasized the efficiency and mass production but neglected the social context and psychological needs of employees, which would inevitably result in the depression surroundings. What’ more, members gradually united as an informal group consequent on organizational power that was much stronger than the pressure of management. At the same time, the emerging influence of trade unions, further studies and humanism philosophy enlightened employers became attracted by human relations ideas.Human Relations PerspectiveDuring the 1920s, managers turned their concentration towards the organization’s human resources management. As a result, the observation of theorists what we has characterized as the human relations approach appeared. There are numerous individuals who recognized the value of the human factor.1. Elton MayoMayo conducted the Hawthorne Studies to examine the impact of work condition in employee productivity, which grew out of preliminary experiments on the effect of different illumination levels on worker productivity. After three studies on the relay assembly test room, the bank wiring observation room and the interview programme,the following conclusions were the result of his studies:1) The worker is a social not economic person. Except of the substantive interests, the need for social recognition and psychology significantly affects individual behavior.2) The informal organizations and work-group norms affect output. With working together, the members would perform a conventional sentimental tendency and then form the norms, after which became a system called “informal organizations” influencing the members’ job behavio r. Additionally, relations that leaders developed with workers had a dramatic impact on the productivity.3) Job attitude and relationship influence the work performance. Mayo stressed on employee satisfaction that would improve the initiative and activity for work.1.Need theory1)Abraham MaslowMaslow proposed a hierarchy of five needs: self- actualization, self- esteem needs, love and relationship needs, security needs and biological needs. He argued that the need that had been satisfied was useless to motivation and each step in the hierarchy must be satisfied before the next level can be motivated. Nowadays, the hierarchy of needs theory is still known as the famous theory of general motivation.2)Frederick HerzbergHerzberg designated the motivation-hygiene theory which described the relationship between individuals and work. He concluded that motivator factors most internal could increase the job satisfaction whereas the hygiene factors most external if that lacked could create job dissatisfaction. So the managers should first deal with the hygiene factors and then use the motivator factors to stimulate the initiative of employees for achieving the goals.3)David McClellandMcClelland suggested that people seldom inherently had the need for achievement, power and affiliation but obtained after living experience. Obviously, people who are strongly willing to possess power are most likely to become the leader of the organization. Compared with it, the people who have the need for achievement prefer to choose moderate risk, so they tend to become the manager with a lower power. On the other hand, people need for affiliation inclined to live in a cooperative not competitive surroundings.2.Douglas McGregorMcGregor had a reputation for his formulation of two kinds of assumption about human nature—Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X describe a negative viewpoint of workers, assuming that people inherently dislike work and will avoid the responsibility, and even people need to be directed and pushed to work. On the other hand, Theory Y presents a positive viewpoint, assuming that people enjoy work, andperforms self-direction and self-control with acceptance of responsibility. Ultimately, McGregor chose the Theory Y as the best guideline towards management practice. 3.John AdamsHe believed that an employee compared his job inputs-outcomes ratio with that of referents, so this comparison was a motivation to pursuit fairness and equity. If the employee perceives inequity, he will act to correct it. Consequently, the manager has the need for improving the management system in case of employee dissatisfaction. The setback of equity theory is that employees evaluate the equity from the standpoint of their own, which exerts a great pressure on managers.4.Victor VroomThe expectancy theory stressed on outcome and reported that only when people expected the performance followed by an attractive reward, they would perform in a particular manner. According to the theory, the motivation is influenced by expectancy and valence. Expectancy is the estimate whether better efforts will result in better performance; on the other hand, valence is the significance associated by an individual about the expected outcome. Thus, the responsibility of managers is to assist employees attaining their goals as well as the organizations'. In the meantime, deserving employees must be rewarded for their exceptional performance in order to improve the initiative and activity.ConclusionInnovators of human relations perspective collectively believed in the significance of employee satisfaction distinct from the classic perspective. Certainly, with the development of management, other approaches which merged into much of management theory also made contributions to the progress such as the management science perspective, integrating perspectives, and the contingency perspective. The whole system evolved to reflect the changing needs of organizations and society, so we would consider the management history as a non-stop process.。
第三产业经济 英语作文
The Growth and Importance of the Tertiary Sector in the Global EconomyIn the modern era, the tertiary sector, also known as the service sector, has emerged as a significant driver of economic growth and development. This sector encompasses a wide range of activities, from finance and insurance to healthcare, education, and tourism, among others. The rapid expansion of the tertiary sector can be attributed to several factors, including technological advancements, globalization, and the shifting demands of consumers.Technological advancements have revolutionized the way services are delivered, making them more efficient and convenient. For instance, the rise of the internet and mobile technology has enabled the provision of online services such as e-commerce, telemedicine, and virtual education. These innovations have not only increased access to services but have also created new businessopportunities and revenue streams.Globalization has further facilitated the growth of the tertiary sector by promoting cross-border trade and investment. The increasing interconnectedness of theworld's economies has led to the emergence of global service providers, such as multinational banks, consulting firms, and hospitality chains. These companies have expanded their operations across borders, tapping into new markets and customer bases.The shifting demands of consumers have also played a crucial role in the growth of the tertiary sector. As people's incomes rise and their lifestyles change, they demand higher-quality services that cater to their specific needs and preferences. This has led to the emergence of niche markets and specialized services, such as premium healthcare, luxury tourism, and customized education programs.The rise of the tertiary sector has brought numerous benefits to economies. Firstly, it has contributed significantly to employment growth. The service sector provides a vast array of job opportunities, ranging from high-skilled professions such as doctors and lawyers tolow-skilled jobs in retail and tourism. This diversity in job opportunities has helped to reduce unemployment and poverty, especially in developing countries.Moreover, the tertiary sector has been a key driver of innovation and creativity. The provision of services often requires continuous innovation to meet the changing needs of consumers. This has led to the development of new technologies, business models, and marketing strategies, which have in turn stimulated economic growth and competitiveness.However, the growth of the tertiary sector has also presented some challenges. One such challenge is the increasing polarization between high-skilled and low-skilled workers. As the demand for skilled services rises, the gap between those with the necessary qualifications and those without widens. This has led to wage disparities and social tensions in some countries.Another challenge is the increasing environmental impact of the service sector. The provision of services often requires significant energy and resource consumption, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions and waste generation. This has raised concerns about thesustainability of the sector's growth and the need for more environmentally friendly business practices.In conclusion, the tertiary sector has emerged as a crucial driver of economic growth and development in the global economy. Its growth has been facilitated by technological advancements, globalization, and shifting consumer demands. While the sector brings numerous benefits, it also poses some challenges that need to be addressed. Future policies and strategies should aim to promote sustainable and inclusive growth in the service sector, ensuring that its benefits are widely shared across society. **第三产业经济的增长与重要性**在现代社会，第三产业，即服务业，已经成为推动经济增长和发展的重要驱动力。
澳大利亚尽是不同
Footprint
领土面积处于世界第六位 南半球经济最发达国家 全球第四大农产品出口国 世界上最适宜居住的城市
骑在羊背上的国家
The national emblem
T h e n a tio n a l e m b le m O n th e le ft is a T h e ka n g a ro o ，T h e rig h t is a e m u , th e tw o a n im a ls a re u n iq u e to A u s tra lia , th e y a re o n e a s a sy m b o l o f a co u n try w ill a lw a y s m o v e fo rw a rd . A m o n g th e n a tio n a l e m b le m is a sh ie ld , sh ie ld o n th e s ix g ro u p p a tte rn re s p e c tiv e ly sy m b o liz e th e six sta te s o f th e co u n try . A ro u n d w ith A u s tra lia 's n a tio n a l flo w e ra c a c ia , a t th e b o tto m o f th e rib b o n is w ritte n E n g lis h "A u s tra lia ".
凯恩斯是北昆士兰的首府，是昆士兰 州北部主要的城市，距离布里斯班以 北约2,000公里，为进出澳大利亚主要 的国际门户之一。
John Maynard Keynes ,it is a tropical climate, summer all the year round. 凯恩斯地区,为热带气候,常年夏季。
产业研究英语作文
产业研究英语作文Title: Industrial Research: Unveiling the Potential and Challenges。
In today's dynamic global landscape, industrial research plays a pivotal role in driving innovation, fostering economic growth, and addressing societal challenges. This essay delves into the realm of industrial research, exploring its significance, potential, and the challenges it faces.First and foremost, industrial research serves as the cornerstone of innovation in various sectors, ranging from technology to healthcare to manufacturing. Through rigorous scientific inquiry and experimentation, researchers strive to develop novel products, processes, and technologies that enhance efficiency, improve quality, and meet evolving consumer demands. For instance, in the field of renewable energy, ongoing research efforts are focused on developing cost-effective solar panels, efficient wind turbines, andadvanced energy storage solutions to accelerate the transition to a sustainable energy future.Moreover, industrial research drives economic growth by fostering competitiveness and creating new opportunitiesfor businesses. By investing in research and development (R&D), companies gain a competitive edge in the market, allowing them to introduce cutting-edge products and services that capture consumer interest. Additionally, successful research outcomes often lead to the formation of new industries and the expansion of existing ones, generating employment opportunities and stimulating economic activity.However, despite its immense potential, industrial research faces several challenges that warrant attention and concerted efforts to address. One significant challenge is the high cost associated with R&D activities, including funding for equipment, personnel, and facilities. Securing adequate financial resources poses a barrier, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with limited budgets, hindering their ability to invest in researchinitiatives and innovate effectively.Furthermore, the pace of technological advancement and the increasingly complex nature of research topics pose challenges for researchers and organizations alike. Keeping abreast of the latest developments and breakthroughs requires continuous learning and adaptation, which can strain human and organizational resources. Additionally, interdisciplinary collaboration is often essential for tackling multifaceted problems, yet fostering effective collaboration across disparate fields remains a daunting task due to disciplinary boundaries and communication barriers.Moreover, the issue of intellectual property rights (IPR) presents a complex challenge in the realm of industrial research. Balancing the need to incentivize innovation through patent protection with the imperative of promoting knowledge sharing and collaboration is a delicate undertaking. Striking the right balance is crucial to fostering an innovation ecosystem that rewards creativity while facilitating the dissemination of knowledge for thebenefit of society as a whole.In conclusion, industrial research holds immensepromise for driving innovation, stimulating economic growth, and addressing pressing societal challenges. However, realizing this potential requires overcoming various obstacles, including financial constraints, technological complexity, and intellectual property concerns. Byfostering collaboration, investing in research infrastructure, and implementing policies that incentivize innovation, we can unlock the full potential of industrial research and harness its transformative power for the betterment of society.This essay has provided a comprehensive exploration of the significance, potential, and challenges of industrial research, highlighting its critical role in driving innovation and economic growth. Through concerted efforts and strategic investments, we can overcome the obstaclesthat impede progress and unlock the full potential of industrial research to create a brighter and moreprosperous future.。
新质生产力英语专四作文
新质生产力英语专四作文英文回答：The development of new and emerging technologies has brought about a paradigm shift in the way businesses operate. This has led to the emergence of a new production model, characterized by the increasing digitization, automation, and globalization of production processes. This new production model, often referred to as the "newindustrial revolution," has the potential to significantly increase productivity, reduce costs, and create newproducts and services.One of the key drivers of this new production model is the rapid pace of technological innovation. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are automating many tasks that were previously performed by human workers. This is freeing up workers to focus on higher-value tasks, such as innovation, creativity, and strategic planning.In addition, the new production model is also being driven by the increasing globalization of production. This is due in part to the rise of global supply chains, which allow businesses to source materials and components from anywhere in the world. This has led to a more efficient and cost-effective production process.The new production model has a number of potential benefits for businesses. First, it can lead to significant increases in productivity. By automating tasks anddigitizing processes, businesses can reduce the amount of time and resources required to produce goods and services. This can lead to lower production costs and higher profit margins.Second, the new production model can also lead to the creation of new products and services. By utilizing new technologies, businesses can develop new and innovative products that meet the changing needs of consumers. This can help businesses to stay competitive in the market and to grow their revenue.Third, the new production model can also lead to a more sustainable production process. By reducing the amount of energy and resources required to produce goods and services, businesses can help to reduce their environmental impact.However, the new production model also poses some challenges for businesses. One challenge is the need to invest in new technologies. This can be a significant financial burden for small businesses. In addition, the new production model can also lead to job displacement as tasks are automated. This can have a negative impact on workers and their families.Overall, the new production model has the potential to significantly increase productivity, reduce costs, and create new products and services. However, it also poses some challenges for businesses, such as the need to investin new technologies and the potential for job displacement.中文回答：新生产力英文专四作文。
教师资格认定考试初级中学英语分类模拟题3
教师资格认定考试初级中学英语分类模拟题3单项选择题1. What does B's response belong to? ______A: Hello, is it convenient fo（江南博哥）r you to help me carry this box up?B: Yes, of course.A.Adjacency pairs.B.Preference structure.C.Minimal pair.D.Pre-sequences.正确答案：B[考点] 考查语篇教学。
[解析] A说：“你好，你方便帮我把这个箱子提上去吗?”B说：“好的，当然可以。
”A提出这个问题当然是想让B帮助她的，B欣然接受A的请求，B的回应属于偏好结构。
A项意为“相邻语对”；B项意为“偏好结构”；C 项意为“最小对立体”；D项意为“预示语列”。
故本题选B。
2. Which textual pattern do the two sentences belong to? ______Only 30% of the residents agreed to the proposal to remove the seats in the elevator. So the proposal was not implemented.A.Claim-counterclaim pattern.B.Question-answer pattern.C.Cause-effect pattern.D.General-specific pattern.正确答案：C[考点] 考查语篇教学。
[解析] 句意：只有30%的居民同意移除电梯内座椅的提议。
因此，该提案没有得到实施。
根据所给句子的句意可知，两个句子之间是因果关系。
故本题选C。
3. ______ is the main rhyming pattern in "Mrs. White/Had afright/in the middle of the nigh t".A.AssonanceB.End rhymeC.AlliterationD.Reverse end rhyme正确答案：B[考点] 考查修辞学。
顺应产业链式发展趋势英文
顺应产业链式发展趋势英文The Trend of Industry Chain Development and its Implications IntroductionIn recent years, the concept of industry chain has gained significant attention in the field of business and economics. With the rapid development of technology and globalization, businesses are becoming increasingly interconnected through various stages of production and distribution. This interconnectedness forms the basis of the industry chain, which is a series of vertically and horizontally linked activities that contribute to the final product or service. As such, the industry chain has become an important factor in determining the competitiveness of a country or region in today's global economy. This essay will explore the trend of industry chain development and its implications on various sectors and actors.1. The Evolution of Industry ChainsThe concept of industry chains can be traced back to the early 20th century when industrialization was on the rise and businesses started to organize their production processes vertically. However, it was not until the late 20th century that the complexity and interdependence of industry chains became more apparent. The advent of information and communication technologies, as well as the growth of global trade, facilitated the integration of production and distribution activities across borders. This led to the emergence of global value chains (GVCs), which refers to the international division of labor where different stages of production take place indifferent countries.The evolution of industry chains can be seen in various sectors. For example, in the manufacturing sector, the traditional industry chain involves raw material extraction, component manufacturing, product assembly, and distribution. However, with the advancement of technology and the increasing importance of services, the industry chain has expanded to include design, research and development, marketing, and after-sales services. Similarly, in the agricultural sector, the industry chain now encompasses activities such as farming, processing, packaging, transportation, and retail. The evolution of industry chains has led to the creation of new business models and the emergence of service-based economies.2. Benefits and Challenges of Industry ChainsThe development of industry chains brings about several benefits. Firstly, it promotes specialization and efficiency by allowing businesses to focus on their core competencies. Through outsourcing and subcontracting, firms can take advantage of economies of scale and scope, reducing costs and improving quality. Secondly, industry chains facilitate innovation and technological advancements. By collaborating with partners along the chain, businesses can share knowledge and resources, leading to the development of new products and processes. Thirdly, industry chains promote economic development by attracting foreign direct investment and creating employment opportunities. By participating in global value chains, countries can integrate into the global economy and benefit from the transfer of technologyand know-how.However, the development of industry chains also poses challenges. Firstly, there is a risk of over-reliance on foreign partners and vulnerability to supply chain disruptions. Global value chains are susceptible to external shocks, such as natural disasters, political instability, and trade disputes. Secondly, industry chains require effective coordination and communication among stakeholders. Due to differences in language, culture, and legal systems, collaboration across borders can be complex and time-consuming. Thirdly, industry chains may lead to income inequality and social tensions. The concentration of value-added activities in certain regions or countries can result in uneven distribution of benefits, widening the gap between the rich and the poor.3. Implications of Industry Chain DevelopmentThe development of industry chains has profound implications for various sectors and actors.3.1. Implications for BusinessesFor businesses, the industry chain presents both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, companies can leverage the industry chain to enhance their competitiveness. By specializing in specific stages of production or by developing innovative business models, firms can create value and differentiate themselves from competitors. For example, in the computer industry, companies like Apple have established an integrated industry chain by controlling everything from design to retail, enabling them todeliver a seamless customer experience. On the other hand, businesses need to adapt to the changing dynamics of industry chains. They should continuously improve their processes, invest in research and development, and build strategic partnerships to stay relevant. With the increasing demand for sustainability, businesses should also consider environmental and social factors in their value chains.3.2. Implications for GovernmentsGovernments play a crucial role in promoting and regulating the development of industry chains. They need to create a conducive business environment by providing infrastructure, education and training, and access to finance. Governments should also formulate policies that support innovation and entrepreneurship, such as tax incentives and research grants. Furthermore, governments need to establish effective governance mechanisms to ensure fair competition, protect intellectual property rights, and enforce labor and environmental standards. In the era of global value chains, governments should also actively participate in regional and international trade agreements to secure access to global markets and protect the interests of domestic industries.3.3. Implications for WorkersThe development of industry chains has both positive and negative consequences for workers. On one hand, industry chains create employment opportunities by attracting investments and facilitating the expansion of businesses. In developing countries, the establishment of export-oriented industries has led to jobcreation and poverty reduction. On the other hand, industry chains can lead to job insecurity and the displacement of workers. Technology advancements and automation have resulted in the replacement of labor-intensive jobs with machines. In addition, industry chains may lead to labor exploitation and poor working conditions, especially in low-cost production countries. To address these challenges, workers need to acquire new skills and adapt to changing demands. Governments and businesses should also invest in social protection and promote responsible business practices to ensure the welfare and rights of workers.3.4. Implications for SustainabilityThe development of industry chains has significant implications for sustainability. On one hand, industry chains provide opportunities for businesses to adopt sustainable practices throughout their value chains. For example, by sourcing ethically and environmentally responsible raw materials, companies can contribute to the conservation of natural resources and reduce pollution. On the other hand, industry chains can lead to environmental degradation and carbon emissions. The transportation of goods across long distances contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Additionally, the pursuit of cost efficiency may lead to the exploitation of natural resources and the degradation of ecosystems. Therefore, it is crucial for businesses, governments, and stakeholders to work together to promote sustainable consumption and production patterns and to develop policies that encourage the adoption of green technologies and practices.ConclusionThe development of industry chains has become an integral part of our globalized economy. As businesses become increasingly interconnected, the industry chain has evolved and expanded to encompass various sectors and activities. Although industry chains bring about benefits such as specialization, efficiency, and innovation, they also pose challenges such as supply chain disruptions, coordination issues, and social inequalities. Therefore, businesses, governments, workers, and other stakeholders need to adapt to the changing dynamics of industry chains and work together to promote inclusive and sustainable development. By doing so, we can harness the potential of industry chains to drive economic growth, improve living standards, and address global challenges.。
标准助推第四次工业革命
Standards facilitate the Fourth Industrial Revolution 专访德国电气电子信息技术委员会（DKE）总裁迈克尔·泰格勒Interview with Mr. Michael Teigeler, Managing Director of German Commission Electrical and Electronic Information Technology in DIN andVDE (DKE)标准助推第四次工业革命BETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEIndustry 4.0 represents the Fourth Industrial Revolution. What is Industry 4.0 in your opinion? What is German standardization strategy in this process?Mr. Michael Teigeler: The fourth industrial revolution will affect the whole eco-system of the manufacturing industry. The previous industrial revolutions changed the way how products have been produced in a vertical dimension, with other aspects remained more or less unchanged. In the fourth industrial revolution, we will see an extended value chain connecting smart factories, smart products and smart services. These three dimensions form the three axis of the Reference Architecture Model “Industrie 4.0” (RAMI 4.0), a model which has been introduced by German experts and will guide the standardization work worldwide.The central building blocks of this process are seamless data structures. For example, the concept of “Digital Twin” foresees a complete digital representation of a product or system throughout its entire life cycle. This digital representation monitors in real time key requirements on interoperability, safety and security are conform to standards, which can be tested virtually. New services can also be created to extend the values of standardization and better serve industry and consumer needs.You said that the Standardization Council Industry 4.0 is the linchpin of the process in your presentation at the international symposium on standardization strategies held in Beijing in November 2018. Could you tell us a little more about it?The concept of “Industrie 4.0” covers many areas which have been treated in silos in the past, also for standardization work. Today, standardization activities need to be coordinated to interlink different aspects across functions and sectors. Therefore the Standardization Council “Industrie 4.0” was established. There are several key tasks. First, there is a need to initiate and coordinate the development of digital production standards at national and international level. This requires liaising with industry and standardization bodies, i.e. to coordinate the needs between the stakeholders represented through the German “Industrie 4.0” platform and the various standards developing organizations (SDOs). Second, the Standardization Council “Industrie 4.0” aims to facilitate the creation of international standards through, for example, partnering with ISO and IEC, and through regular technical discussion in the Sino-German standardization cooperation commission and the established Sub Working Group Smart Manufacturing/Industry 4.0.Moreover, the SCI 4.0 collaborates with pilot projects, which enables quick and tailored standardization activities utilizing the findings of these initiatives.Finally the Standardization Council “Industrie 4.0” coordinates the draft of Standardization Roadmap “Industrie 4.0”.The German Standardization Roadmap Industrie 4.0, released by DIN, DKE and VDE, is the most dowloaded document in the online library and highly interested by China. Could you introduce more about it? What benefits can it bring to industries and consumers across the globe?Standardization roadmaps address several targets. First of all they give an overview on the current standardization landscape. This includes the different players like standardization organizations and technical committees but also the different existing standards and ongoing standardization projects. Secondly the roadmap identifies needs for new standards based on a gap analysis. Recommendations for standardization work are derived based on this step. Altogether the roadmap describes the German standardization strategies to achieve “Industrie 4.0”. The roadmap is not a static document. It is written by a large number of technical experts from various disciplines and it is updated bi-annually.DKE is a trusted platform for standardization, cooperation and interaction of experts in the areas of electrical engineering, electronics and information technologies. How does DKE encourage SMEs to access standards and participate in standardization?BETTER COMMUNICATION ｜ GREATER VALUEFirst of all, DKE provides a level playing field for all technical experts regardless they are from a global enterprise or a SME. The participation in DKEs work is free of charge which is another benefit especially for SMEs.Additionally DKE offers free trainings to technical experts, including those from SMEs. We are as well offering a tailored program to ease the access to standards for SMEs, a help desk to support experts particularly from SMEs in participation in standardization activities, as well as tools to guide the use of standards.Reciprocally, SMEs also see the benefit by being active in drafting new standards.What benefits can SMEs receive in the participation in standardization?Typically SMEs have excellent know how about a specific technology. But due to their size they cannot cover all technical aspects of “Industrie 4.0”. Through participation in standardization, companies can make sure that their specific technology is recognized and forms part of a standard. In other words even SMEs can influence the wording of requirements in a standard in a way which supports the application of their specific technology.Another benefit is to sense technical trends through participation in standardization. For example if a new safety concept is adopted in a safety standard you can adapt the market introduction of new products to the foreseeable introduction of such a standard. As a consequence we see many ofthe German “hidden champion” SMEs in our technical committees.。
英文翻译
Sensor pattern of future industry Sensor technology is cutting-edge technology of modern technology, the sensor industry is also recognized at home and abroad with the development of future high-tech industry, with its high technological content, good economic returns, the penetration capability and broad market prospects, and other characteristics of the world's attention.Chinese automation experts called for: the current complex system more complex, automation has been a slump, is one of the main reasons behind the sensor technology, on the one hand for the performance of sensors in the perception of the information behind the other as well as sensors In its own intelligence network and the backward technology.Analysis equipment industry urgently needs a new sensor. Analysis of equipment is China's science and technology, sustainable economic and social development on the basis of both the industrial process control, agricultural facilities, biological medicine, environmental control, food safety and even the aerospace, defense engineering and other fields, are urgently needed all kinds of new sensors as an intake Source of small, exclusive, with Jane, the family of (or even personal) a new generation of analytical instruments, to achieve a more sensitive and more accurate, faster and more reliable real-time detection, analysis of China's rapid change to the backward state apparatus .And technologies is to accelerate the development of sensor technology guarantees and opportunities. Over the past decades, the microelectronicstechnology, has promoted the development of sensor technology. The next 10 to 20 years, the traditional silicon technology will enter a mature stage (projected for 2014 ~ 2017). By then, 300 mm diameter silicon wafers used in the production of large numbers, making the low-cost silicon manufacturing technology and the application of silicon technology will be an unprecedented development, which undoubtedly will develop and produce tiny sensors, smart sensors and other sensors to provide new technical support. Overall development, traditional silicon technology will have been extended to 2047 (the 100th anniversary of the invention transistors) to become saturated (that is, to limit the size of chip features) and the recession. The current microelectronics technology will continue to follow the "principle than shrink" and "Moore's Law," the basis of two down, in approaching the traditional silicon technology to the limit, the continued expansion of the silicon interdisciplinary horizontal applications (such as mems, etc.) and breakthroughs "Unsteady physical device" (quantum and molecular devices), while the microelectronics technology in the development of the two major current and future direction is the 20 sensor technology the main direction of development.At the same time, multidisciplinary, cross-integration of a variety of new and high technologies, promoting the birth of a new generation of sensors and development. For example: At present, China is focusing on the development of mems (micro-electronics and micro-mechanical integration), momes (mems and the combination of micro-optical), smart sensors (mems and cpu, the combinationof information technology control), biochemical sensors (mems and biological Technology, the combination of electrochemical), and will vigorously develop the network of sensors (mems the combination of network technology), nanotechnology sensor (nano-technology and the integration of sensing technology) is a multidisciplinary, multi-disciplinary integration of new technology Generation of sensors.(1) sensor industrial development model . To speed up the formation from the sensor research and development to large-scale production of industrial development through-train mode, and take independent innovation and international cooperation combination of leap-forward development path that China become the world's largest producer of sensors.(2) sensor product mix to the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development. Product variety to the high-tech and high added value tilt, in particular, to fill "gaps" variety.(3) production scale enterprises (production capacity) to the economies of scale or economies of scale suitable for development. Damian-General of the sensors in the scale of production will be 100 million dollars, some mid-range sensor with an annual output of the production scale will be 10 million (including the above) dollars, while some high-grade sensors and sensor for the scale of production will be an annual output of Some 100,000 to several millions of dollars.(4) production patterns to professional development. Specialized productionof content: 1. Sensor production categories Fewer but Better; 2. Specializes in the production of a certain application areas in need of a certain type of sensor products in order to obtain a higher market share; 3. Sensor all the professionalism of co-production enterprises.（5）Sensor technology to automate large-scale production development. Sensor categories, wide variety, the use of sensitive materials and have different decision of the sensor manufacturing technology of the diversity and complexity. Looking at the current sensor technology-profile, most single automated process has achieved, but from the entire production process automation surviving in a lot of difficulties, the future yet to be widely used cad, cam and advanced automation equipment and industrial robots, to break through.(6) technological transformation of enterprises should strengthen the focus from reliance on foreign technology to the digestion and absorption of imported technology and the shift in the direction of independent innovation.(7) business to speed up the domestic market mainly from domestic to foreign markets and international integration across the direction of development.(8) enterprise structure will be "large, medium and small simultaneously," "Group, specialized production coexistence," the pattern of development.。
烟草行业第四方物流管理模式设计_江涛
流业务特点, 摆脱目前烟草物流研究与建设工作以单 个烟草企业为核心的局限, 着重研究行业层面的物流 管理问题, 提出了一种适应于烟草行业的物流管理模 式。
1 烟草行业物流的特征及存在问题
社会经济领域中物流活动无处不在, 由于物流对 象、目的、范围、范畴等不同, 不同领域的物流活动往往 具有自身的特征 [ 2] 。烟草行业的物流特点表现为: 计划性。我国烟草行业实行专卖专营体制, 各企业的 物流受国家烟草专卖局 (简称 / 国家局 0 ) 计划约束; º 先进性。烟草企业的物流基础设施已具备国际先进水 平; » 网络化。烟草行业物流不是单独、狭义的 / 链 0 状结构, 而是多元的、主体相互作用、流程相互交叉的 网络结构, 具有行业物流一体化特征; ¼信息化。各企 业已建立了先进的物流信息化系统, 具有良好的信息
4PL 的精髓在于整合与集成, 通过集成烟草企业 的物流信息系统, 形成烟草行业统一的物流信息平台, 使烟草企业的物流业务依照统一标准、统一流程、统一 调度运作, 从而构建 T IFPLMP, 实现烟草行业物流的一 体化管理。 2. 2 烟草行业第四方物流管理模式的涵盖范围
烟草行业物流包括供应物流、生产物流、调拨物流 以及区域销售物流, 见图 1。本文的研究范围是调拨 物流, 其物流对象是卷烟成品。无论是原辅料供应物 流, 还是生产物流和区域销售物流都是属于单个烟草 企业的内部物流业务, 需要服务于企业的个性化管理 需求; 生产企业和分销企业之间的调拨物流涵盖了整 个烟草企业的、多对多的网络物流业务关系, 其成本与 效率水平, 直接影响着烟草行业供应链的运作水平, 实 现调拨物流的第四方物流管理可以提升整个供应链物 流的绩效。本文以调拨物流为例对第四方物流管理模 式进行探讨 [ 10-11 ] 。 2. 3 烟草行业第四方物流的管理模式
模具的发展--中英文翻译
Die history1 Die position in industrial productionMold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. The basis of the modern industrial economy.The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory." Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.2 China's mold industry and its development trendDie & Mould Industry StatusDue to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry,capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development. 2.1 Research on the Structure of industrial products moldIn accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part. Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the world's advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 ~ 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level. China's plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low. Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant. A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing. Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level.2.2 mold Present Status of TechnologyTechnical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap.The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacturemolds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.2.3 mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present condition Over the past 10 years, especially the "Eighth Five-Year", the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and othermold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap. In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed. In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current.Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization. Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property.China's mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size. Standard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just the beginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality.3 Die trend3.1 mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction(1) mold software features integratedDie software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc.. Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang HaierSoftware Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .(2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensionalTwo-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcam's Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimatron's software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.(3) mold software applications, networking trendWith the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.3.2 mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction(1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficientSophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. Precision Mould precision now reached 2 ~ 3μm, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity3250mm ×3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling th e establishment from the measurement of physical → model output of engineering drawings → → the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Roland's PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopson's TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on.(2) CNC EDMJapan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies.(3) high-speed milling machine (HSM)Milling is an important means of cavity mold. The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8μm, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min. Italy RAMBAUDI's high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm × 5000mm × 1800mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm.3.3 mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidly Industry to the level of mold, material application is the key. Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die. In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Cr12, Cr12MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2, SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.; used a new type of hot work die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.; used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D2,Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, etc.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD18 and KAS440), etc.; panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide. in the mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development; by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.; can use the coating are: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma Nitriding and electroplating (plating) enhanced anti-corrosion technologies are also more and more attention.3.4 mold industry new techniques, new ideas and new models have been gradually recognizedIn the forming process, the main function of composite stamping die, superplastic forming, plastic precision molding technology, plastic mold gas-assisted injection technology and hot runner technology, high-pressure injection molding technology. On the other hand, with the continuous development of advanced manufacturing technology and raise the level of mold industry as a whole, in the mold industry, there are some new design, production, management ideas and models. Concrete are: to adapt to the characteristics of mold-piece production flexible manufacturing technologies; to create the best management and effective teamwork, lean production; to enhance rapid response capabilities of Concurrent Engineering, Virtual Manufacturing and global agile manufacturing, manufacturing of new production networks philosophy; extensive use of standard parts common parts of the division of work mode of production; meet the environmental requirements of sustainable development and green design and manufacturing.SummaryThe 21st century, in the new situation of economic globalization, with capital, technology and labor market re-integration of equipment manufacturing in China after joining the WTO will become the world's equipment manufacturing base. In the modern manufacturing industry, no matter which industry, engineering equipment, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold industry. In order to meet the user's high-precision mold manufacturing, short delivery time, the urgent demand low-cost, mold industry is extensive application of modern advanced manufacturing technology to speed up the mold industry, technological progress, to meet the basic sectors of the mold process equipment urgent needs.模具的发展1模具在工业生产中的地位模具是大批量生产同形产品的工具，是工业生产的主要工艺装备。
第三次产业革命翻译Thethirdrevoloution
第三次产业革命翻译ThethirdrevoloutionA third industrial revolutionAs manufacturing goes digital, it will change out of all recognition, says Paul PaulMarkillie说:随着制造业迈向数字化,她会变的完全与以往不同。
部分制造业会返回发达国家。
Markillie. And some of the business of making things will return to rich countries Apr 21st 2012 |From the print editionOUTSIDE THE SPRAWLING Frankfurt Messe, home of innumerable German trade fairs,广阔的法兰克福展览中心是无数的德国贸易博览会的举办地，在中心外面站立着一个21米高的塑像“打铁匠”，正用锤子一上一下的砸一块金属。
制造他的艺术家Jonathan Borofsky 说这个塑像是为了颂扬工人们用大脑和双手创造了我们生活的世界。
那是一个我们都知道的故事。
但是如今那些工具正发生着显著的变化，将会改变制造业的未来。
stands the “Hammering Man”, a 21-metre kinetic statue that steadily raises and lowers its arm to bash a piece of metal with a hammer. Jonathan Borofsky, the artist who built it, says it is a celebration of the worker using his mind and hands to create the world we live in. That is a familiar story. But now the tools are changing in a number of remarkable ways that will transform the future of manufacturing.One of those big trade fairs held in Frankfurt is EuroMold, which shows machines for making prototypes of products, the tools needed to put those things into production and all manner of other manufacturing kit. Old-school engineers worked with lathes, drills,欧洲模具站是在法兰克福举办的大型展览之一，展示了一些制造产品原型的机器，把这些机器投入生产的工具，和各种其他制造设备。
产业介绍 英文作文
产业介绍英文作文1. The fashion industry is a vibrant and ever-evolving sector that encompasses various aspects of design, production, marketing, and retail. It is a world where creativity and innovation thrive, and trends change at the blink of an eye. From haute couture to streetwear, the fashion industry caters to a wide range of styles and preferences, making it a dynamic and exciting field to be a part of.2. The technology industry is at the forefront of innovation and advancement. It is a fast-paced and competitive sector that constantly pushes the boundaries of what is possible. From cutting-edge gadgets to groundbreaking software, the tech industry shapes the way we live, work, and communicate. It is a world where new ideas are celebrated and where the next big thing is always just around the corner.3. The tourism industry is a gateway to exploration anddiscovery. It offers a multitude of opportunities for individuals to experience different cultures, cuisines, and landscapes. From luxury resorts to budget backpacking, the tourism industry caters to a wide range of travelers with varying interests and budgets. It is a sector that not only provides leisure and relaxation but also contributes significantly to the economies of many countries.4. The entertainment industry is a realm of imagination and escapism. It encompasses various forms of entertainment, including film, television, music, and theater. From Hollywood blockbusters to indie films, from catchy poptunes to soul-stirring symphonies, the entertainmentindustry captivates audiences and provides a means of relaxation and enjoyment. It is a world where talent and creativity are celebrated, and where dreams can become a reality.5. The food and beverage industry is a feast for the senses. It encompasses everything from fine dining tostreet food, catering to a wide range of tastes and preferences. From exotic flavors to traditional recipespassed down through generations, the food and beverage industry offers a diverse and exciting culinary experience. It is a sector that not only satisfies our hunger but also brings people together and creates memorable moments.6. The healthcare industry is a field of compassion and care. It encompasses various sectors, including hospitals, clinics, pharmaceuticals, and medical research. Fromdoctors and nurses to scientists and pharmacists, the healthcare industry is filled with dedicated professionals who work tirelessly to improve the well-being ofindividuals and communities. It is a world where every life is valued and where the pursuit of better health is paramount.7. The automotive industry is a world of speed and innovation. It encompasses the design, production, and marketing of vehicles, from cars to motorcycles. From sleek sports cars to eco-friendly electric vehicles, the automotive industry is constantly evolving to meet the demands of consumers and the challenges of a changing world. It is a sector that not only provides transportation butalso represents freedom, adventure, and personal expression.8. The education industry is a realm of knowledge and growth. It encompasses various sectors, including schools, colleges, universities, and online learning platforms. From teachers and professors to researchers and administrators, the education industry is filled with individuals who are passionate about imparting knowledge and shaping the mindsof future generations. It is a world where curiosity is nurtured, and where lifelong learning is encouraged.9. The finance industry is a world of numbers and strategy. It encompasses various sectors, including banking, investment, insurance, and financial planning. From stock markets to financial institutions, the finance industry plays a crucial role in the global economy. It is a sector that not only manages money but also facilitates growth and stability. It is a world where risk and reward go hand in hand, and where decisions can have far-reaching consequences.10. The energy industry is a realm of power andsustainability. It encompasses various sectors, including oil, gas, renewable energy, and utilities. From fossilfuels to solar panels, the energy industry plays a vital role in powering our world. It is a sector that not only drives economic growth but also faces the challenge of finding sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. It is a world where innovation and conservation go hand in hand, and where the future of our planet is at stake.。
2023上半年教师资格证《初中英语》考试真题库及参考答案(通用版)
2023上半年教师资格证《初中英语》考试真题库及答案（通用版）—、单选题（在每小题列出的四个选项中，只有一个最符合题目要求的选项）1.Would you ** a cup of coffee_ shall we get down to businessrightaway?A.orB.andC.thenD.otherwise[答案] A2.Which of the following *** short vowel in English?A./j/B./e/C./au/D./w/ [答案] B3.Mr. Smith is surprised to ***** Siamak has written_ essays on Victorian novels in his class.A.the nextB.the otherC.the mostD.the more[答案] C4.That prestigious university has made it clear to all aoolicants that ***★can be_ for a scholarship this一quarter without a good internship.A.eligibleB.legiblepliablepliant[答案] A5.We are very sorry to announce that a couple of showrooms in thecastle are closed for ****A.permanentlyB.curentlyC.eventuallyD.perpetually6.Which of the following two-syllable words has adifferent stress patternfrom the***?A.TyphoonB.balloonC.shampooD.crayon[答案]D 7.Alex specializes in_ medical science in this graduate school and plansto ****_doctor upon graduation.A.a...theB.the...aC./..aD.a...[答案] C8.The reason why 1 want**** up the plan is__ if i don' t, my employerwill be mad at me.A.becauseB.thatC.forD.since[答案] B9.Which of the *** correctly describes ***semantic features of the word"girl"?A.[-Human-Male- Adult]B.[+Human+Male-Adult]C.[+Human-Male+Adult]D.[+Human-Male-Adult][答案] D10.What is the relationship between the two sentences “The stress is on documentary and rightly so. Arty photographs are a bore."A.Phenomenon-reasonB.Problem-solutionC.Instrument-achievementD.Cause-consequence[答案] A 11.Like and bike, bat and pat, look and book are examples of used in teaching pronunciation.A.alliterationB.rhythmC.weak formsD.minimal pairs[答案] D12.When students are ***to listen to a *** and read after it, they ** doingA.free practiceB.guided practiceC.meaningful practiceD.controlled practice[答案] D13.When designing a **, teachers should take the following aspects into*****EXCEPT_.A.pacing and groupingB.materials and sourcesC.learning skills and strategiesD.teachers' interest and preferences[答案] D14.Which of the *** activities is suitable to be conducted ** the"****"stage?A.DebatingB.****C.****D.Repeating[答案] A 15.Which of the fo1*** might be most appropriate to developing students*** *thinking through reading?A.Students read a story and study grammar rules.B.Students listen to a story and read it aloud.C.Students read a story and evaluate it.D.Students read a story and recite it. .[答案] C16.When a**** says,"Sory, 1 didn"t get what you said.Can you say it***?" , he/she is__A.offering an opinionB.asking for adviceC.asking for clarificationD.checking instruction[答案] C17.When students take an end-of-term exam to assess how well they have learnt in the past term, they are taking a(n)A.aptitude testB.proficiency testC.placement testD.achievement test[答案] D18.Which of the **** is least important in developing school-basedteaching ****?A.Students' level and interest.B.Teachers' professional expertise.C.The aim and need of your school.D.The form of the teaching materials.[答案] D 19.Which of the *** strategies *** best facilitate peer learning in writing?A.Asking students to their peers' writing.B Providing students with an evaluation checklist.C.Encouraging students to give only positive feedback.D.Instructing students to focus on only one type of eror. [答案] A20.According to the Input Hypothesis, a teacher shouldA.provide students with whatever materials he/she can findB.choose language materials lower than students' current levelC.provide students with as much authentic language as possibleD.choose language materials a lttle higher than students' current level[答案] D阅读理解，回答21-25题Passage 1I taught in a public*** for 10 years. Now, preparing pre-service teachers, I have a different perspective on their lives. Here are some truths I share with them.As a young teacher, I ** that loving to be with kids would be enough to get me through long days. I discovered early onthat teaching is a hardjob **.It'S so much more than helping kids and creating engaging assignments; it isconferences,***grading and paperwork.No one told me that annual class pictures would document my out-of-date clothes, unfashionable hairstyles, andfluctuating body mass. Luckily, in my younger years, I instead mindlessly tossed them in a ** drawer and let them accumulate over the years, I am so glad I did. Those embarrassing class pictures now make up the bulk of my "why I love teaching" emergency box. On a day when I need some reminding of why I keep plugging along, I pull those *** out and flip through the memories I made with them. Don' t get me wrong, there are some pictures that make me ask, "How did we ever survive?" But even those moments make me smile because we did survive and, in many cases,we thrived. They are a great reminder of how my work and passion have influenced those students'lives.You have to come to the classroom with a deep understanding of your role and how it extends.Early on in my career, I complained to a colleaguethat I was a classroom teacher, so why was I being asked to be a mom, nurse, custodian, therapist,social worker, cheer leader, and judge and jury? Mycolleague said,***are what the kids need you to be at that moment." At the time, her advice didn' t help,but I later realized how right she was. Students are people too, and justlike us grown-ups. Be empathetic and take care of your students' needs.That is the unwritten role of the teacher. I'm probably not the first or last teacher to strive for perfection in every ***** spent too much time in my younger days thinking that once I had more experience with the curriculum, once I had a different mix of students, and once I mastered classroom ****. I would be able to deliver flawless lessons. What I have come to realize is that the land of perfect lessons doesn' t exist. We are human beings who are tasked with working with other*****. That adds up to a whole lot of fallible human beings in one classroom. You' II never be able to predict how every student **** in every moment or how you will adjust to the hurdles you face each day. Be as gentle, patient, and *** with yourself as you are with your students.Those children in ** you are also the ***joy of their families. You've been given the privilege of educating them.Parents are not hiding the good ones at home and sending you the rambunctious ones for ****. Youare getting the best they' ve got. Spend time building relationships.You will want to quit and plan a new *** that has nothing to do with kid,****twice as much and provides the freedom to use the restroom on a whim. You' II**a time when you will sit down to eat lunch. ****..I hope you will spend some time thinking about your "bigger purpose." And with that *** of purpose, I hope that you will pause and remember what brought you to the profession in the first place.21. What has made the **** * understand those ***** roles ofa teacher?A.Her students' expectations.B.Her collague' S timely advice.C.Her sympathy with her students.D.Her awareness of student' s needs.[答案] D22. Why does the *** call her desk drawer an“emergency box” in Paragraph 4?A.Because it reminds her of her purpose of teaching when something unexpressed occurs.B.Because it wakes up her memory of how they have pulled themselves through hard times.C.Because it brings back her old and unfashionable image as a young teacher.D.Because it records all sacrifices she has made for her students over the years.[答案] A23. Which of the **** summarizes the *** idea of Paragraph 5? A.The notion of perfect lessons is not well grounded at all.B.Good classroom management is essential to flawless lessons.C.Kids are unaware of the mistakes their teachers make in class.D.Both teachers and students tend to make mistakes in classroom.[答案] A24. What does the author *** to share with pre-service teachers at****end of the****7A.Teachers are free to decide whether to quit or continue their jobs.B.Don' t easily give up your teaching career considering its significance.C.Don' t enter the workforce if you are not prepared with a bigger purpose.D.Teachers are able to find jobs that are less demanding yet more rewarding.[答案] B25. Which of the following******in meaning to.the underlined phrase "take a toll on "in the 1a*****.A.Be in charge ofB.Be dependent onC.Have an effect onD.Take advantage of[答案] C阅读理解，回答26-30题Passage 2As a species, **** *incredibly smart. We tell stories, create magnificent art and astounding technology,build cities, and explore space. We haven't been around nearly as long as many other species, but in many respects we' ve accomplished more than any *. We eat them and they don' t eat us. We even run scientific***on them--and are thinking about re-creating**** those that have gone extinct. But our intelligence comes with a curious caveat: our babies are among the dumbest-or,rather,the most helpless--that exist. A baby******an stand within an hour of birth, and can even***** flee predators on its frst day of life. A baby monkey can grasp its mother and hang on for protection and nourishment. **** infantcan' t even hold up its own head.The evolution of ***intelligence isn' t something that Celeste Kidd had ever pondered. A developmental cognitive scientist who currently works at the University of Rochester, her work had focussed mostly on learning and decision-making in children. Over years of ***oung children, she became impressed with the average child' s level of sophistication. But when she looked at the ****sh encountered, she saw a baffling **** ofhelplessness: How *** *they be so incompetent one second andso so soon ***** One day, she posed the question to her colleague Steven Piantadosi."Both of us wondered what could possibly justify the degreeof helplessness human infants ** she told me ****. "Evenother primate babies, like baby chimps, which are close in evolutionary terms, can cling onto their moms." She began to see a contradiction: ***are born quite helpless, far more so than any other primate, but, fairly early on, we start becoming quite smart, again far more so than any other primate. What if this weren' t *** so much as a causal pathway?That' s the argument that Kidd and ***make in their new paper, published in a June issue of PNAS.Humans become sointelligent because *** infantsare so incredibly helpless, they argue; the one necessitates the other. The theory is startling, but it isn't entirely new. *** have been pondering the peculiarities of our birth and its evolutionary significance for ***some ***. Humans *** to the subset of mammals,**** viviparous mammals, that give live birth to their young. This*** that infants must grow to a mature enough state inside the body to be born, but they can' t be so big that they are unable to come out. This leads to a trade-of: the more******an animal is, the larger its head generally is, but the birth canal imposes an upper limit o1n just how large that head can***it gets stuck. The brain, therefore,must keep maturing, and th*****continue growing,long after birth. *** intelligent an animal will eventually be, themor*****immature its brain is at birth.Researchers have long known **** * trade-off,***** the connection between brain size and neural density and intelligence. For instance, Robin **** found that the ratio of neocortical volume to brain size can predict the social-group size in a**** of species, **** bats, cetaceans, and primates,while Simon Reader has demonstrated links in tool use and innovation to brain size in primates. Kidd and * **** new idea is that increased helplessness******mandates increased **** in parents--and that a runawayselection dynamic can account for both. Natural selection favors humans with ******because those humans tend to be smarter. This may create evolutionary incentives forbabies**** born at an even earlier developmental stage,**** require more intelligence to ***.* This creates the dynamic: over time,helpless babies make parents more ****.which makes babies more helpless, which makes the***** intelligent, and so on.26.According to paragraph 1, *** of the following is true?A.Some species are smarter than human beings.B. Extinct species have been re-created by scientists.C.Babies of other species are smarter than human infants.D.Fewer species are earlier inhabitants than human beings. [答案] C27. What surprised* *** Kidd regarding children's *** maturation?A.Infants' helplessness when they are born.B.Children' S high intelligence when they grow up.C.Children' S leap from helplessness to sophistication.D.Children' S incompetence in learning and decision-making. [答案] C28. What can we *** form Paragraph 3 ** *brain development?A.Babies' helplessness at birth is an indication of human intelligenceB.Other mammal brains are more mature than human brain at birth.C.Only itelligent mammals give live birth to their babies.D.All animal brains are equally immature at their birth.[答案] A29. What is the main **** author intends toconvey?A.Newborns helplessness facilitates the development ofparent' s intelligence.B.The 1arger the brain of a species, the larger its social-group size.rge brain size contributes to better tool use and innovation.D.Human beings with large brains are not necessarily smarter. [答案] A30. Which of *** following title ***describes the passage?A.Why are babies so dumb if humans are so smart?B.Why do babies learn faster than other mammal babies?C.Why is human' S intelligence higher than that of other animals?D.Why is the development of human brains slower than that of other animals?[答案] A简答题针对相关问题作出简明扼要的回答。
(2023)上半年教师资格证《初中英语》考试真题库及参考答案(通用版)
（2023）上半年教师资格证《初中英语》考试真题库及答案（通用版）—、单选题（在每小题列出的四个选项中，只有一个最符合题目要求的选项）1.Would you ** a cup of coffee_ shall we get down to business rightaway?A.orB.andC.thenD.otherwise[答案] A2.Which of the following *** short vowel in English?A./j/B./e/C./au/D./w/[答案] B3.Mr. Smith is surprised to ***** Siamak has written_ essays on Victorian novels in his class.A.the nextB.the otherC.the mostD.the more[答案] C4.That prestigious university has made it clear to all aoolicants that ***★can be_ for a scholarship this一quarter without a good internship. A.eligibleB.legiblepliablepliant[答案] A5.We are very sorry to announce that a couple of showrooms in thecastle are closed for ****A.permanentlyB.curentlyC.eventuallyD.perpetually6.Which of the following two-syllable words has adifferent stress patternfromthe***?A.TyphoonB.balloonC.shampooD.crayon[答案]D7.Alex specializes in_ medical science in this graduate school and plansto****_doctor upon graduation.A.a...theB.the...aC./..aD.a...[答案] C8.The reason why 1 want**** up the plan is__ if i don' t, my employerwill be mad at me.A.becauseB.thatC.forD.since[答案] B9.Which of the *** correctly describes ***semantic features of the word"girl"?A.[-Human-Male- Adult]B.[+Human+Male-Adult]C.[+Human-Male+Adult]D.[+Human-Male-Adult][答案] D10.What is the relationship between the two sentences “The stress is on documentary and rightly so. Arty photographs are a bore."A.Phenomenon-reasonB.Problem-solutionC.Instrument-achievementD.Cause-consequence[答案] A11.Like and bike, bat and pat, look and book are examples of used in teaching pronunciation.A.alliterationB.rhythmC.weak formsD.minimal pairs[答案] D12.When students are ***to listen to a *** and read after it, they ** doingA.free practiceB.guided practiceC.meaningful practiceD.controlled practice[答案] D13.When designing a **, teachers should take the following aspectsinto*****EXCEPT_.A.pacing and groupingB.materials and sourcesC.learning skills and strategiesD.teachers' interest and preferences[答案] D14.Which of the *** activities is suitable to be conducted ** the"****"stage?A.DebatingB.****C.****D.Repeating[答案] A15.Which of the fo1*** might be most appropriate to developing students****thinking through reading?A.Students read a story and study grammar rules.B.Students listen to a story and read it aloud.C.Students read a story and evaluate it.D.Students read a story and recite it. .[答案] C16.When a**** says,"Sory, 1 didn"t get what you said.Can you say it***?" , he/she is__A.offering an opinionB.asking for adviceC.asking for clarificationD.checking instruction[答案] C17.When students take an end-of-term exam to assess how well they have learnt in the past term, they are taking a(n)A.aptitude testB.proficiency testC.placement testD.achievement test [答案] D18.Which of the **** is least important in developing school-basedteaching ****?A.Students' level and interest.B.Teachers' professional expertise.C.The aim and need of your school.D.The form of the teaching materials.[答案] D19.Which of the *** strategies *** best facilitate peer learning in writing?A.Asking students to their peers' writing.B Providing students with an evaluation checklist.C.Encouraging students to give only positive feedback.D.Instructing students to focus on only one type of eror.[答案] A20.According to the Input Hypothesis, a teacher shouldA.provide students with whatever materials he/she can findB.choose language materials lower than students' current levelC.provide students with as much authentic language as possibleD.choose language materials a lttle higher than students' current level[答案] D阅读理解，回答21-25题Passage 1I taught in a public*** for 10 years. Now, preparing pre-service teachers, I havea different perspective on their lives. Here are some truths I share with them.As a young teacher, I ** that loving to be with kids would be enough to get me through long days. I discovered early on that teaching is a hardjob **.It'S so much more than helping kids and creating engaging assignments; it is conferences,***grading and paperwork.No one told me that annual class pictures would document my out-of-date clothes, unfashionable hairstyles, and fluctuating body mass. Luckily, in my younger years, I instead mindlessly tossed them in a ** drawer and let them accumulate over the years, I am so glad I did. Those embarrassing class pictures now make up the bulk of my "why I love teaching" emergency box. On a day when I need some reminding of why I keep plugging along, I pull those *** out and flip through the memories I made with them. Don' t get me wrong, there are some pictures that make me ask, "How did weever survive?" But even those moments make me smile because we did survive and, in many cases,we thrived. They are a great reminder of how my work and passion have influenced those students'lives.You have to come to the classroom with a deep understanding of your role and howit extends.Early on in my career, I complained to a colleaguethat I was a classroom teacher, so why was I being asked to be a mom, nurse, custodian, therapist,social worker, cheer leader, and judge and jury? Mycolleague said,***are what the kids need you to be at that moment." At the time, her advice didn' t help,but I later realized how right she was. Students are people too, and just like us grown-ups. Be empathetic and take care of your students' needs.That is the unwritten role of the teacher.I'm probably not the first or last teacher to strive for perfection in every ***** spent too much time in my younger days thinking that once I had more experience with the curriculum, once I had a different mix of students, and once I mastered classroom ****. I would be able to deliver flawless lessons. What I have come to realize is that the land of perfect lessons doesn' t exist. We are human beings who are tasked with working with other*****. That adds up to a whole lot offallible human beings in one classroom. You' II never be able to predict how every student **** in every moment or how you will adjust to the hurdles you face each day. Be as gentle, patient, and *** with yourself as you are with your students.Those children in ** you are also the ***joy of their families.You've been given the privilege of educating them.Parents are not hiding the good ones at home and sending you the rambunctious ones for ****. Youare getting the best they' ve got. Spend time building relationships.You will want to quit and plan a new *** that has nothing to do with kid,****twice as much and provides the freedom to use the restroom on a whim. You' II**a time when you will sit down to eat lunch. ****..I hope you will spend some time thinking about your "bigger purpose." And with that *** of purpose, I hope that you will pause and remember what brought you to the profession in the first place.21. What has made the **** * understand those ***** roles of a teacher?A.Her students' expectations.B.Her collague' S timely advice.C.Her sympathy with her students.D.Her awareness of student' s needs.[答案] D22. Why does the *** call her desk drawer an“emergency box” in Paragraph 4?A.Because it reminds her of her purpose of teaching when something unexpressed occurs.B.Because it wakes up her memory of how they have pulled themselves through hard times.C.Because it brings back her old and unfashionable image as a young teacher.D.Because it records all sacrifices she has made for her students over the years.[答案] A23. Which of the **** summarizes the *** idea of Paragraph 5?A.The notion of perfect lessons is not well grounded at all.B.Good classroom management is essential to flawless lessons.C.Kids are unaware of the mistakes their teachers make in class.D.Both teachers and students tend to make mistakes in classroom.[答案] A24. What does the author *** to share with pre-service teachers at****end of the****7A.Teachers are free to decide whether to quit or continue their jobs.B.Don' t easily give up your teaching career considering its significance.C.Don' t enter the workforce if you are not prepared with a bigger purpose.D.Teachers are able to find jobs that are less demanding yet more rewarding.[答案] B25. Which of the following******in meaning to.the underlined phrase "take a toll on "in the 1a*****.A.Be in charge ofB.Be dependent onC.Have an effect onD.Take advantage of[答案] C阅读理解，回答26-30题Passage 2 As a species, **** *incredibly smart. We tell stories, create magnificent art and astounding technology,build cities, and explore space. We haven't been aroundnearly as long as many other species, but in many respects we' ve accomplishedmore than any *. We eat them and they don' t eat us. We even run scientific***on them--and are thinking about re-creating**** those that have gone extinct. But our intelligence comes with a curious caveat: our babies are among the dumbest-or,rather,the most helpless--that exist.A baby******an stand within an hour of birth, and can even***** flee predators on its frst day of life. A baby monkey can grasp its mother and hang on forprotection and nourishment. **** infantcan' t even hold up its own head.The evolution of ***intelligence isn' t something that Celeste Kidd had ever pondered. A developmental cognitive scientist who currently works at theUniversity of Rochester, her work had focussed mostly on learning and decision-making in children. Over years of ***oung children, she became impressed with the average child' s level of sophistication. But when she looked at the ****sh encountered, she saw a baffling **** ofhelplessness: How *** *they be so incompetent one second and so so soon ***** One day, she posed the question to her colleague Steven Piantadosi."Both of us wondered what could possibly justify the degree of helplessness human infants ** she told me ****. "Even other primate babies, like baby chimps, whichare close in evolutionary terms, can cling onto their moms." She began to see a contradiction: ***are born quite helpless, far more so than any other primate, but, fairly early on, we start becoming quite smart, again far more so than any other primate. What if this weren' t *** so much as a causal pathway?That' s the argument that Kidd and ***make in their new paper, published in a June issue of PNAS.Humans become so intelligent because *** infantsare so incredibly helpless, they argue; the one necessitates the other.The theory is startling, but it isn't entirely new. *** have been pondering the peculiarities of our birth and its evolutionary significance for ***some ***. Humans *** to the subset of mammals,**** viviparous mammals, that give live birthto their young. This*** that infants must grow to a mature enough state inside thebody to be born, but they can' t be so big that they are unable to come out. This leads to a trade-of: the more******an animal is, the larger its head generally is, but the birth canal imposes an upper limit o1n just how large that head can***it gets stuck. The brain, therefore,must keep maturing, and th*****continue growing,long after birth. *** intelligent an animal will eventually be, the mor*****immature its brain is at birth.Researchers have long known **** * trade-off,***** the connection between brain size and neural density and intelligence. For instance, Robin **** found that the ratio of neocortical volume to brain size can predict the social-group size ina**** of species, **** bats, cetaceans, and primates,while Simon Reader has demonstrated links in tool use and innovation to brain size in primates. Kidd and * **** new idea is that increased helplessness******mandates increased **** in parents--and that a runawayselection dynamic can account for both. Natural selection favors humans with******because those humans tend to be smarter. This may create evolutionary incentives for babies**** born at an even earlier developmental stage,**** require more intelligence to ***.* This creates the dynamic: over time,helpless babies make parents more ****.which makes babies more helpless, which makes the***** intelligent, and so on.26.According to paragraph 1, *** of the following is true?A.Some species are smarter than human beings.B. Extinct species have been re-created by scientists.C.Babies of other species are smarter than human infants.D.Fewer species are earlier inhabitants than human beings.[答案] C27. What surprised* *** Kidd regarding children's *** maturation?A.Infants' helplessness when they are born.B.Children' S high intelligence when they grow up.C.Children' S leap from helplessness to sophistication.D.Children' S incompetence in learning and decision-making.[答案] C28. What can we *** form Paragraph 3 ** *brain development?A.Babies' helplessness at birth is an indication of human intelligenceB.Other mammal brains are more mature than human brain at birth.C.Only itelligent mammals give live birth to their babies.D.All animal brains are equally immature at their birth.[答案] A29. What is the main **** author intends toconvey?A.Newborns helplessness facilitates the development of parent' s intelligence.B.The 1arger the brain of a species, the larger its social-group size.rge brain size contributes to better tool use and innovation.D.Human beings with large brains are not necessarily smarter.[答案] A30. Which of *** following title ***describes the passage?A.Why are babies so dumb if humans are so smart?B.Why do babies learn faster than other mammal babies?C.Why is human' S intelligence higher than that of other animals?D.Why is the development of human brains slower than that of other animals? [答案] A简答题针对相关问题作出简明扼要的回答。
黄土高原地区黄土洞穴的分类及发育规律
Peng J ianbing1 ,2 , Li Xiπan1 ,2 ,3 , Fan Wen1 ,2 , Chen Zhixin1 ,2 , Su Shengrui1 ,2 , So ng Yanhui1 ,2 , L u Quanzho ng1 ,2 , Deng Yaho ng1 ,2 , Chen Liwei2 , Sun Ping2第 14Biblioteka 卷 第 6 期 2007 年 11 月
地学前缘 (中国地质大学 (北京) ; 北京大学)
Eart h Science Frontiers ( China Universit y of Geosciences ,Beijing ; Peking Universit y)
Vol . 14 No . 6 Nov. 2007
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